Helminthic Therapy wiki - User contributions [en]

Helminthic therapy for pets

2019-11-01T01:15:37Z

Kate: /* Necator americanus (NA) */

{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}
== Helminthic therapy for pets ==

There has been some discussion in the Helminthic Therapy Support group about the possible use of this therapy in pets, especially cats and dogs, and there is evidence that helminth products can produce immunomodulatory effects in dogs. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28871165]

The deworming of animals can have similar adverse consequences to those seen in humans. For example it has been suggested that the routine deworming of dogs may be contributing to allergies, inflammation and autoimmune disease in these animals, in the same way that the loss of helminths has led to these conditions in humans.

{{Quote|indent}}I just want to caution everyone that unless you have seen an infestation of worm eggs or larvae on a slide done from a fecal float and your dogs are presenting with symptoms of a worm infestation, please - do NOT just routinely worm you dogs. Believe it or not, routine worming is being found to cause auto-immune deficiencies and diseases in our pets! [http://www.thewholedog.org/artoverwoming.html]{{Quote|/indent}}

The use of anthelminthic treatments in dogs has also resulted in the appearance of a multidrug-resistant strain of the canine hookworm, A. caninum, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30771359] and, in horses, the removal of adult cyathostomins has led to an altered faecal microbiota and the promotion of an inflammatory phenotype.

{{Quote|indent}}... we have observed significant indications of changes in the equine gut microbiome associated with anthelmintic treatment. These changes were associated with an inflammatory response and could be an indication of the immunoregulatory effects of cyathostomins either directly or through manipulation of bacterial microbiota. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30986403]{{Quote|/indent}}

Obviously, this is a topic that pet owners will want to discuss with their veterinarian/veterinary surgeon but, even when it is decided to worm a pet periodically, it is still possible for it to benefit from the immune modulation provided by ''therapeutic'' helminths. For example, dogs can be given worming medicine just before they are due to receive a fresh dose of a ''therapeutic'' helminth. This way, they and their owners will be protected against the possibility of a disease caused by pathogenic worms, but there will only be a minimal break in the benefits afforded by whichever symbiotic helminth is being used.

== Potentially appropriate species ==

Four species of helminth have been suggested as possibly being suitable for use in pets.

=== Hymenolepis diminuta (HDC) ===
When someone asked whether HDC might be safe to give to a 6 week old kitten to prevent it developing allergies, etc., an expert in the use of HDC in humans suggested that this species would indeed be safe for a kitten, and pointed out that HD normally lives in insects and that cats often catch and eat insects without ill effects. HDC can be purchased from two of the [[Helminth providers | helminth providers]] and are easy to [[HDC incubation: very simple method by Don | grow at home]].

{{Quote|indent}}I have been giving my dogs HDC for months now and they are distinctly less chewing on themselves. One in particular that used to whine loudly while chewing her feet is much much better -- about 95%. I have been growing my own beetles and I just give them each one beetle per week, wrapped in butter. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1551154174940532/] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1551154174940532/?comment_id=1551171328272150&reply_comment_id=1551229398266343&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7] (And the following update, one year later.) My dogs seem to be cured of their itch. They haven't had any HDC for months but no symptom at all. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/2084005684988709/]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I started our 11 year old Labrador, Zeb, on HDC about 12 months ago to try and see if they could help with arthritic back legs, which was causing a very obvious decrease in strength and mobility. While it is difficult to judge exact response, Zeb's mobility and back leg strength has definitely stabilized - a big change from the very fast deterioration we were observing 12 months ago. While we recognize that Zeb is getting very old for his breed, we are hoping that the HDC will continue to make his last years more comfortable and enjoyable. 12 months ago it seemed very likely that he would be unable to support his own weight within a very short period and this would be the factor that would shorten his life - but we are now hopeful that Zeb will be able to continue running around the woods and shores for the rest of his life. [http://campaign.r20.constantcontact.com/render?m=1114995636029&ca=17e04fea-a519-4814-9dfd-a94b128d3862]{{Quote|/indent}}

=== Necator americanus (NA) ===
NA may be suitable for use in dogs. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22492147]
{{Quote|indent}}… if you want to try anything readily available you could try NA. It's pretty good adapted to dogs as well. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1391404334248851/?comment_id=1391677470888204&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]{{Quote|/indent}}
However, caution is recommended when considering administration of NA to dogs. NA is closely related to the dog hookworm [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5785905/], so it is hypothetically possible that a canine host could expel NA eggs in its feces. Infective larvae could potentially result from even a small amount of dog feces left on soil or grass during warmer months. These larvae could infect other animals, and even humans.

=== Trichuris vulpis ===
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuris_vulpis Trichuris vulpis] may be appropriate for dogs. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1011907285531893/?comment_id=1012665232122765&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

=== Dipylidium caninum ===
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipylidium_caninum Dipylidium caninum] (also called the flea tapeworm, double-pored tapeworm or cucumber tapeworm) may be suitable for dogs and cats [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1177389245650362/?comment_id=1177408588981761&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] but may rarely infect human pet-owners, and especially young children.

== Sources of mutualistic helminths ==

Suppliers of HDC and NA can be found on the following page.

* [[Helminth providers | '''Helminth providers''']]

== Further reading ==

This topic has featured in the following discussions.

* Planning to protect a new puppy’s microbiome. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/694381873951104/]

* Skin problems in dogs. Are helminths the answer? [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1285802808142338/]

* Is veterinary helminthic therapy the next big application? [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/2924] [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/2925] [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/2926] [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/2927] [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/2930]

Also of possible interest.

* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29370855 Of dogs and hookworms: man’s best friend and his parasites as a model for translational biomedical research] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5785905/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5785905/pdf/13071_2018_Article_2621.pdf PDF]

Helminthic therapy for pets

2019-11-01T00:48:03Z

Kate: /* Necator americanus (NA) */

{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}
== Helminthic therapy for pets ==

There has been some discussion in the Helminthic Therapy Support group about the possible use of this therapy in pets, especially cats and dogs, and there is evidence that helminth products can produce immunomodulatory effects in dogs. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28871165]

The deworming of animals can have similar adverse consequences to those seen in humans. For example it has been suggested that the routine deworming of dogs may be contributing to allergies, inflammation and autoimmune disease in these animals, in the same way that the loss of helminths has led to these conditions in humans.

{{Quote|indent}}I just want to caution everyone that unless you have seen an infestation of worm eggs or larvae on a slide done from a fecal float and your dogs are presenting with symptoms of a worm infestation, please - do NOT just routinely worm you dogs. Believe it or not, routine worming is being found to cause auto-immune deficiencies and diseases in our pets! [http://www.thewholedog.org/artoverwoming.html]{{Quote|/indent}}

The use of anthelminthic treatments in dogs has also resulted in the appearance of a multidrug-resistant strain of the canine hookworm, A. caninum, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30771359] and, in horses, the removal of adult cyathostomins has led to an altered faecal microbiota and the promotion of an inflammatory phenotype.

{{Quote|indent}}... we have observed significant indications of changes in the equine gut microbiome associated with anthelmintic treatment. These changes were associated with an inflammatory response and could be an indication of the immunoregulatory effects of cyathostomins either directly or through manipulation of bacterial microbiota. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30986403]{{Quote|/indent}}

Obviously, this is a topic that pet owners will want to discuss with their veterinarian/veterinary surgeon but, even when it is decided to worm a pet periodically, it is still possible for it to benefit from the immune modulation provided by ''therapeutic'' helminths. For example, dogs can be given worming medicine just before they are due to receive a fresh dose of a ''therapeutic'' helminth. This way, they and their owners will be protected against the possibility of a disease caused by pathogenic worms, but there will only be a minimal break in the benefits afforded by whichever symbiotic helminth is being used.

== Potentially appropriate species ==

Four species of helminth have been suggested as possibly being suitable for use in pets.

=== Hymenolepis diminuta (HDC) ===
When someone asked whether HDC might be safe to give to a 6 week old kitten to prevent it developing allergies, etc., an expert in the use of HDC in humans suggested that this species would indeed be safe for a kitten, and pointed out that HD normally lives in insects and that cats often catch and eat insects without ill effects. HDC can be purchased from two of the [[Helminth providers | helminth providers]] and are easy to [[HDC incubation: very simple method by Don | grow at home]].

{{Quote|indent}}I have been giving my dogs HDC for months now and they are distinctly less chewing on themselves. One in particular that used to whine loudly while chewing her feet is much much better -- about 95%. I have been growing my own beetles and I just give them each one beetle per week, wrapped in butter. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1551154174940532/] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1551154174940532/?comment_id=1551171328272150&reply_comment_id=1551229398266343&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7] (And the following update, one year later.) My dogs seem to be cured of their itch. They haven't had any HDC for months but no symptom at all. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/2084005684988709/]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I started our 11 year old Labrador, Zeb, on HDC about 12 months ago to try and see if they could help with arthritic back legs, which was causing a very obvious decrease in strength and mobility. While it is difficult to judge exact response, Zeb's mobility and back leg strength has definitely stabilized - a big change from the very fast deterioration we were observing 12 months ago. While we recognize that Zeb is getting very old for his breed, we are hoping that the HDC will continue to make his last years more comfortable and enjoyable. 12 months ago it seemed very likely that he would be unable to support his own weight within a very short period and this would be the factor that would shorten his life - but we are now hopeful that Zeb will be able to continue running around the woods and shores for the rest of his life. [http://campaign.r20.constantcontact.com/render?m=1114995636029&ca=17e04fea-a519-4814-9dfd-a94b128d3862]{{Quote|/indent}}

=== Necator americanus (NA) ===
NA may be suitable for use in dogs. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22492147]
{{Quote|indent}}… if you want to try anything readily available you could try NA. It's pretty good adapted to dogs as well. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1391404334248851/?comment_id=1391677470888204&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]{{Quote|/indent}}
However, caution is recommended when considering administration of NA to dogs. NA is closely related to the dog hookworm [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5785905/], so it is hypothetically possible that a canine host could expel NA eggs in its feces. Infective larvae could result from even a small amount of dog feces left on soil or grass during warmer months. These larvae could infect other animals, and even humans.

=== Trichuris vulpis ===
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuris_vulpis Trichuris vulpis] may be appropriate for dogs. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1011907285531893/?comment_id=1012665232122765&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

=== Dipylidium caninum ===
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipylidium_caninum Dipylidium caninum] (also called the flea tapeworm, double-pored tapeworm or cucumber tapeworm) may be suitable for dogs and cats [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1177389245650362/?comment_id=1177408588981761&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] but may rarely infect human pet-owners, and especially young children.

== Sources of mutualistic helminths ==

Suppliers of HDC and NA can be found on the following page.

* [[Helminth providers | '''Helminth providers''']]

== Further reading ==

This topic has featured in the following discussions.

* Planning to protect a new puppy’s microbiome. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/694381873951104/]

* Skin problems in dogs. Are helminths the answer? [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1285802808142338/]

* Is veterinary helminthic therapy the next big application? [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/2924] [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/2925] [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/2926] [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/2927] [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/2930]

Also of possible interest.

* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29370855 Of dogs and hookworms: man’s best friend and his parasites as a model for translational biomedical research] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5785905/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5785905/pdf/13071_2018_Article_2621.pdf PDF]

Human helminth care manual

2019-03-28T13:53:46Z

Kate: /* Antidepressants */

{{Breadcrumb|[[Helminth_care|Helminth care]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=How to care for the two species of human helminth used in helminthic therapy: Necator americanus (NA) and Trichuris trichiura (TT/TTO).
|keywords=worm care, helminth care, Necator americanus, Trichuris trichiura, NA, TT, TTO, caring for my worms
|og:image=}}
<div class="noglossary" style="line-height:125%;max-width: 750px; background-color:#F5FAFF;border: 1px solid #CEDFF2; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; padding-bottom:4px; margin-bottom:12px;">
<div style="font-size:120%;border:1px solid #95BAE3;background-color:#CEDFF2;padding:12px;padding-left:8px;">'''Key'''</div>
<p>These classification codes are intended as a general guide only. The effects of a substance can vary considerably depending on
factors such as quantity, concentration and, in the case of herbal extracts, the part of the plant used. Even the
method of extraction can make a difference, so it is important to read the details for each item.</p>
<div style="line-height:125%;padding:9px;padding-left:12px;padding-bottom:12px">
{|
|❌
|Will or may kill, or cause the loss of, human helminths.
|-
|⚡
|May cause harm to human helminths in some people.
|-
|➿
|May cause a temporary reduction in the benefits provided by human helminths.
|-
|❓
|Insufficient evidence exists to support a judgement on possible effects.
|-
|✅
|Safe, or likely to be safe, for human helminths.
|}
</div>
Note that where a section is marked with a ✅, this indicates that all the substances listed within that section are "safe" unless marked otherwise.
</div>

<div class="toclimit-3">__TOC__</div>

== Introduction ==
<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
{{Columns|3}}
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>PLEASE READ THIS FIRST.</font></font>'''<br><br>
'''This manual is only concerned with the two ''human'' helminths''':
* Human hookworm - Necator americanus (NA) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necator_americanus]
* Human whipworm - Trichuris trichiura (TT/TTO) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuris_trichiura]

For the care of the non-human helminths, TSO and HDC, see the [[Helminth_care |'''Helminth care''']] page.<br>
There is less concern with the long-term health of the non-human helminths because they only live for two or three weeks in humans, so need to be replaced regularly anyway.

=== Using this manual ===
* '''<font color=#B40431><font size=2>It's best to use the search function on your device to find information about specific substances, rather than scanning the page visually.</font></font>''' Both UK and US spellings have been included.
* '''<font color=#B40431><font size=2>If no search results are found (and your spelling is correct) the substance is far more likely to be safe than unsafe for therapeutic human helminths, and anything not listed which might harm them is likely to be very obscure.</font></font>'''

=== General advice ===
* NA and TT are robust organisms [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1036058496450105/] and only a few things will kill them, e.g., anthelminthic drugs.

* '''<font color=#B40431><font size=2>Substances listed on the internet as being "antiparasitic" may have no effect whatsoever on NA and TT.</font></font>''' Helminths are only one of many different types of parasite. Among the other types in existence, there is a wide range of responses to substances claiming to be antiparasitic, and what kills one type of parasite may not even harm another.

* '''<font color=#B40431><font size=2>Most foods, drugs and other substances are perfectly safe for use while hosting human helminths, including normal dietary amounts of most unprocessed foods, spices and herbs. However, medicinal quantities of concentrates, extracts or tinctures, especially of certain herbs, are more likely to have an adverse effect.</font></font>''' For example, eating normal dietary amounts of ginger should be fine, as should occasionally taking a ginger supplement (e.g., to treat a migraine), but drinking ginger beer every day or taking ginger regularly as a supplement may adversely affect NA.

* People who have a robust immune response to helminths are likely to notice a greater effect on their worms than others. These individuals are the ones who need to top up their human helminth colonies more frequently in order to maintain remission from their disease. Typically, they have Crohn's, or one of the other intestinal diseases, but a few in this group have other conditions, such as allergies. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/966004180122204/?comment_id=966023830120239&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D]

* The phytochemical compounds, '''isomyristicin''' and '''bergaptenix''', are another good example of how the concentrated form of a substance can be harmful to helminths while foods containing the same substances are not. While the ''concentrated'' forms of isomyristicin and bergaptenix have shown significant anthelmintic activity against two helminth species, the parent chemicals from which they are derived ('''myristicin''' and '''bergapten''') are both found in several of the fruits, herbs and vegetables consumed by humans on a daily basis, e.g., parsley, celery, lemons, figs, carrots, grape juice, Earl Grey tea, nutmeg and dill, and the risk of an anthelmintic effect from this very limited dietary intake is negligible. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5004179/]

* Even substances that have shown an anthelminthic effect in test tube studies do not necessarily have an adverse affect on worms being hosted by humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27498843]

* Due to the way that TT feeds and attaches to the colonic mucosa, it is not likely to be as vulnerable as NA, as is illustrated by the fact that three times more mebendazole may be required to kill TT than is needed to kill NA.

* The effects that foods and other substances have on helminth egg production may not be the same as the effects they have on the prophylactic or therapeutic benefits of adult helminths. Consequently, the details below may not be relevant to the practice of helminth incubation. A tentative examination of the effect of substances on the production of hookworm eggs and larvae can be found in the page section, [[NA incubation: very detailed method by Alana#Promotion of egg viability by dietary manipulation | '''Promotion of egg viability by dietary manipulation''']].

* The posts in this [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1062770903778864/ support group sub-thread] contain good general advice on how to manage exposure to substances that can harm human helminths.

* It is thought to be less likely that anything will harm NA before it attaches to the gut mucosa towards the end of the third week post inoculation, although, once it enters the bloodstream, it does begin to feed on proteins in the blood. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1682302251825723/?comment_id=1682333608489254&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29566094]. After it arrives in the small intestine and begins feeding from the gut wall from day 21, NA will always be vulnerable to anything that will stun it long enough for it to be carried away from its feeding area, or when the host has very severe diarrhoea/diarrhea.

=== Updates & disclaimer ===
* This manual is updated regularly. See the page history (via the "View history" link at the top of the page) for a list of amendments.

* Although the most harmful substances have been identified, this manual continues to be a work in progress so should not be viewed as definitive. Also see the [[Wiki:General_disclaimer|'''General disclaimer''']].

* Details in this manual are based on first hand reports posted in the [[Helminthic_therapy_support_groups|'''Helminthic therapy support groups''']]. Additional reports and comments on this topic are welcomed, and should be posted to the [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/ Helminthic Therapy Support group] on Facebook.<br>
{{Columns}}

</div>

== Pharmaceuticals ==

<span id="Anaesthetics"></span>
=== Anaesthetics (anesthetics), General [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthetic] ===

==== ✅Nitrous oxide (N2O) (E942) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide] ====
<blockquote>
As a result of reports posted in the early days of the therapeutic use of NA, [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/897] [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/2137] [http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/2146] [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/2174] nitrous oxide (aka laughing gas, sweet air or nitrous) was assumed to kill hookworms. However, at least three people who have attempted to use nitrous oxide to deliberately kill their hookworm colonies have found that it was not effective. One subject reported inhaling “almost a full can of whipped cream” at 3 weeks post inoculation in an attempt to resolve severe side effects, but with no obvious effect on his hookworms. In another case, a ballon full of nitrous oxide failed to have any effect on a hookworm colony, some members of which were later confirmed by stool test to still be alive. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/759492150773409/] Finally, in May 2017, someone tested the long-held assumption that N2O kills hookworms by inhaling a lot of nitrous oxide over the course of an hour, and reported that, although he got a headache and giggled a lot, none of his worms were harmed.

✅ The following forms of nitrogen are also unlikely to be a problem for hookworms.
* Nitric oxide (NO) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide]
* Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide]
* Nitrate (NO3) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate]
* Pure nitrogen (N) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen], [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/6486 discussion]
* Liquid nitrogen (LN2) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen]
</blockquote>

==== Other general anaesthetics ====

<blockquote>
It has been suggested that the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that were used in the early days of anaesthesia might be a risk to hookworms, especially if inhaled in excessive quantity, due to the possibility that they might stun them and cause them to be expelled from the gut before waking up. For example:
* ✅[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_ether diethyl ether]
* ✅[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform chloroform]
However, a clinical scientist has reported that, while hosting both NA and TT, he worked around more organic solvents, including dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and chloroform (CHCl3), than most people are exposed to in a lifetime, and that his hookworms and whipworms continued egg production uninterrupted.

✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propofol Propofol] While propofol has been shown to adversely affect the mitochondria of roundworms in laboratory conditions, it is clear from the experience of hosts of both hookworms and whipworms that propofol does not harm human helminths in the concentrations used during surgery.

✅ [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090804145614.htm Regional nerve blocks] are worm-safe.

</blockquote>

<span id="localAnaesthetics"></span>

=== Anaesthetics (anesthetics), local [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaesthetics] ===

==== ➿ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anaesthetic Local anaesthetics] ====
<blockquote>
Local anaesthetics interfere with the production of white blood cells as well as the functioning of the cells in circulation, but they appear not to affect ova production by helminths and they certainly don't kill them. While local anaesthetics can cause a temporary return of disease symptoms for up to 8 weeks, helminths generally recover after only a few days, although this varies by person, drug and dosage, making it difficult to predict exactly what will happen in any particular situation.

For dental procedures requiring a local anaesthetic, short-acting drugs are less likely to affect helminths, e.g.
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articaine Articaine] (articadent, astracaine forte, septanest, septocaine, ubistesin forte, ubistesin, ultracaine, zorcaine)
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidocaine Lidocaine] (xylocaine, lignocaine)
These are a better choice than a longer-acting drug, such as
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbocaine Mepivacaine] (carbocaine, polocaine)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupivacaine Bupivacaine] (Marcaine, Sensorcaine and Vivacaine, etc.)
and one helminth host has reported[https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/3229] that the short-acting articaine had no adverse effect on his hookworms. If a patient explains that they don't want to be numb for several hours, the dentist will usually use one of the short-acting drugs, or one combined with a vasoconstrictor such as epinephrine, which helps to reduce the amount of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation.

If local anaesthetics are used, it can be a good idea to arrange for a small supplementary dose of worms (e.g., 5 hookworm larvae) to be available for administration the day after exposure to the drug. This small additional inoculation usually helps to reduce the time that established helminths are out of action.
</blockquote>

==== ✅ Alternatives to local anaesthetics ====
<blockquote>
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioids Opioid] pain killers ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl fentanyl], etc.)
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine benzodiazepine] anaesthetics ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versed versed], etc., routinely used during colonoscopies)
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotic_analgesic narcotic analgesics]
These drugs all appear to be harmless to helminths, so, taken orally at high strength, these may be a suitable substitute for local anaesthetics in many situations. For example, one helminth host has found that 30 mg [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrocodeine dihydrocodeine], taken along with 1,000 mg of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaminophen paracetamol] (acetaminophen) an hour or two before a dental appointment can be effective in avoiding all but a few brief moments of mild, dull pain, which he
found to be quite manageable. This subject even found that the combination of dihydrocodeine and paracetamol provided adequate pain relief when having a tooth sculpted to take a crown. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin Aspirin] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofen ibuprofen] are also harmless to helminths, so, if preferred, these might provide a suitable alternative to paracetamol.

Another option for completely avoiding any risk to helminths from local anaesthetics was the [https://www.facebook.com/GumEase GumEase] cryoallergenic mouthpiece. This device, which is apparently no longer available to purchase, provided pain relief for up to 20 minutes, and was appropriate for most procedures, including fillings, [http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/9847 crowns], extractions and root canals. Previously available from two sources [http://cryodevices.ecrater.com/c/902779/gumease-products], [http://www.dentakit.com/gumease.html] this device unfortunately never caught on with dentists who are firmly wedded to the use of injectable drugs.

Another pain-free alternative is [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcAwKvdqmKI laser dental surgery], which is likely to become increasingly available in the future. If more invasive dental surgery is required - where bone needs to be removed, for example - it may be best to request [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscious_sedation conscious sedation]. This renders the patient unaware of what is taking place, but is not the same as a general anaesthetic. Conscious sedation might involve a combination of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versed versed] (a short acting IV [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine benzodiazepine]) and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl fentanyl] (a short acting IV opiate), both of which are perfectly safe for worms.

</blockquote>

=== Anaesthetics (anesthetics), topical [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaesthetics] ===

<blockquote>
✅ Topical anaesthetics such as lidocaine are unlikely to affect helminths because not enough of the drug will get into
the blood stream to affect the worms. Topical lidocaine used before blood tests or the fitting of a catheter, or on the
mucous membranes in the mouth or nose, are therefore worm-safe. Alternatively, an ice pack can be very effective
on skin, including for punch biopsies, though some people may prefer lidocaine for a biopsy involving scalpel and
stitches.
</blockquote>

=== Anthelminthics [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthelminthics] ===

==== ❌ Antiparasitic drugs ====
<blockquote>
A number of drugs are used to terminate helminth infections, but the effectiveness of different anthelminthics
against a single species [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3250499/?report=classic varies] greatly. In [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181256/ one study],
a triple dose of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albendazole albendazole] (3×400 mg over 3 consecutive
days) showed a cure rate against hookworms of 92%, whereas a triple dose of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebendazole mebendazole] (3×500 mg over 3
consecutive days) only achieved a cure rate of 58%.

Each anthelminthic drug may have varying degrees of effectiveness against different helminths. For example, while
a triple dose of '''albendazole''' (3×400 mg over 3 consecutive days) showed a cure rate against hookworms of 92%, the
same regimen only achieved a 56% cure rate against whipworms [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181256/] and, in patients with an excessive whipworm
infection, '''albendazole''' may need to be taken for 5–7 days. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14754497?dopt=AbstractPlus]

Information about each of the anthelminthic drugs in use currently is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthelminthics readily available online], but, if it becomes
necessary to terminate a colony of helminths, the subject should obtain the advice of a medical doctor and follow
their directions. However, under no circumstances should '''mebendazole''' ever be combined with '''metronidazole''' (Flagyl),
and this is something about which many doctors and pharmacists may be unaware. There is a risk that this
combination may [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447769/ cause Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis].

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bephenium_hydroxynaphthoate Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate] (Alcopar, Alcopara, Befenium, Debefenium, Francin, Nemex). This is an
anthelmintic agent once used to treat hookworm and roundworm infections.

'''Isomyristicin''' and '''bergaptenix''' are two phytochemical compounds isolated from the Bhutanese medicinal plants,
Corydalis crispa and Pleurospermum amabile, which have shown significant anthelmintic activity against the
helminths, Schistosoma mansoni and Trichuris muris. In concentrated form, they may therefore be harmful to other
whipworms and possibly also hookworms. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27572696] However, it should be noted that myristicin (the parent chemical
from which isomyristicin is derived) and bergapten are both found in very small quantities in the vegetables, herbs
and fruits consumed by humans on a daily basis, e.g., parsley, celery, lemons, figs, carrots, grape juice, Earl grey tea,
nutmeg and dill, but the risk of an anthelmintic effect from this very limited dietary intake is negligible. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5004179/]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitazoxanide Nitazoxanide] (Alinia, Nitaxide) is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic and broad-spectrum antiviral drug used to treat
various helminthic, protozoal and viral infections. It has demonstrated activity against tapeworms, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27751770] so may
also have an adverse effect on hookworms and whipworms.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odanacatib Odanacatib] (codenamed MK-0822) is an investigational treatment for osteoporosis and bone metastasis developed
by Merck & Co., and possibly available for clinical use from 2016. Unfortunately, this drug has been shown to kill
the hookworm, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, in hamsters, decreasing worm burdens by 73%. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27751770] Consequently, it is
likely to be trialled as a potential alternative to '''albendazole''' and may have an adverse effect on the human
hookworm as well as other helminths, so should be avoided by helminth self-treaters.

[http://www.drugs.com/mmx/vanquin.html Pyrvinium] (Vanquin, viprynium). This anthelmintic was previously used to treat pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis)
infections, but has been largely replaced by other anthelmintics, e.g., mebendazole or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrantel pyrantel pamoate].

<span id="piperazine"></span>
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine Piperazine] (also Piperazine hydrate and piperazine) citrate are anthelminthic drugs that kill 60-70% of adult
roundworms.
</blockquote>

==== ❓ Piperazine-derived compounds ====

<blockquote>
There is a whole raft of ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine%23Piperazine_derivatives_as_drugs piperazine-derived compounds] that '''may potentially''' have an anthelmintic action.

* These include many antidepressants including
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazodone trazodone] (Depyrel, Desyrel, Molipaxin, Oleptro, Trazodil, Trazorel, Trialodine, Trittico),
* antipsychotics such as
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine olanzapine] (Lanzek, Zypadhera, Zyprexa and [https://www.drugs.com/international/olanzapine.html numerous other names]),
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine prochlorperazine] (Compazine, Stemzine, Buccastem, Stemetil, Phenotil),
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone ziprasidone] (Geodon, Zeldox),
* the migraine treatment
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraleve Migraleve Pink],
* and antihistamines including
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buclizine buclizine],
** ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetirizine cetirizine] (Zyrtec, Reactine),
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorcyclizine chlorcyclizine] (Di-paralene, Mantadil, Pruresidine, Trihistan),
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnarizine cinnarizine] (Stugeron, Stunarone, R5),
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclizine cyclizine],
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyzine hydroxyzine] (Vistaril, Atarax),
** ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levocetirizine levocetirizine] (Xyzal),
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meclizine meclizine] (Bonine, Bonamine, Antivert, Postafen, Sea Legs, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramamine dimenhydrinate] (Dramamine) and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niaprazine niaprazine])
** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebastine ebastine] (Evastin, Kestine, Ebastel, Aleva and Ebatrol) Listed as a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperidine piperidine].
* as well as antianginals, anxiolytics such as
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buspirone buspirone] (Buspar), (one self-treater found that the positive effects of NA were lessened in the days following a single dose of buspirone [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1944442368945042/])
* urologicals, e.g.
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sildenafil sildenafil] (Revatio, ✅ Viagra) and
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levitra vardenafil] (Levitra, Staxyn).
However, this does not mean that all these piperazine derivatives will kill helminths. For example, ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viagra Viagra] [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/2144 does not kill hookworms], and they [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/882635271792429/ can survive at least one 50mg dose] of dimenhydrinate (Dramamine), and possibly more. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1682302251825723/?comment_id=1682333608489254&reply_comment_id=1682358115153470&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R1%22%7D ]
</blockquote>

Anthelminthic residues may be encountered in farmed meats, especially the livers of cattle and fowl, but it is not known whether, or to what extent, these might affect therapeutic helminths in hosts who eat this meat.

Canine anthelminthics that have been applied to a dog’s skin should not be a problem for anyone who pets a treated animal so long as they wash their hands immediately after the contact. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/868843983171558/]

=== Antibiotics [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics] ===

(Also see [[#AlternativeTherapies|'''Alternative antibiotics''']])

==== ❌ Antibiotics possibly unsafe for human helminths ====
<blockquote>
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levaquin Levofloxacin] has been reported by one NA host as having "completely devastated" her colony. An egg count revealed only 14 ova, and she went from near total remission to a severe flare. "Back to ground zero." [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1626974844025131/?comment_id=1627023594020256&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R2%22%7D]
</blockquote>

==== ⚡ Antibiotics that may cause harm to human helminths in some people ====
<blockquote>

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxicillin Amoxicillin] While two hookworm hosts have said that they did not lose their worms following treatment with amoxicillin, two others have reported losing their colonies after taking this drug. Combination drugs that contain amoxicillin e.g., [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxicillin/clavulanic_acid amoxicillin/clavulanic acid] (co-amoxiclav, Augmentin) may therefore also be a threat to human helminths.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycin Azithromycin] (brand names include: AZIF-500, Azithral, Azithrocin, Azyth, Azin, Z pack, Zeto and Zithromax) <br>Someone has reported losing her hookworms to a combination of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycin azithromycin] (an azalide, a type of macrolide antibiotic) and doxycycline (see below) (a broad spectrum antibiotic of the tetracycline class), whereas a whipworm host [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/700908506631774/?comment_id=892732697449353&offset=0&total_comments=12&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D did not lose her colony] from taking this same combination of drugs. Azithromycin has been used on its own to treat a child with PANDAS and a female adult with an ear infection [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1230554160333870/?comment_id=1230564746999478&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] without any worm loss, although its use did result in a temporary suspension of benefits in both cases.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycycline Doxycycline] (Vibramycin, Monodox, Microdox, Periostat, Vibra-Tabs, Oracea, Doryx, Vibrox, Adoxa, Doxyhexal, Doxylin, Doxoral, Doxy-1 and Atridox, etc.) is a tetracycline antibiotic that also has antiprotozoal, antibacterial and some anthelminthic effects, although the latter have been claimed to only affect filarial nematodes. In this case, the drug kills a symbiotic bacterium in the worm’s reproductive tract, thus rendering it sterile. Moreover, an eight-week course of doxycycline may be necessary to achieve this effect. One hookworm host has reported that he took doxycycline for a total of 5 weeks without noticeable effect on his worms [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10055], but another has said that her hookworms “completely stopped working” after taking doxycycline for only three days. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/8488] She said that this happened “pretty much overnight”, and that, in spite of getting a supplementary dose of worms a month or so after taking the antibiotic, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/786180988104525/?comment_id=786946941361263&offset=0&total_comments=16] she didn’t feel right again for the following 6 months. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/786180988104525/?comment_id=786624918060132&offset=0&total_comments=15] (NB: doxycycline has also been found to have [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2015-03-antibiotics-unexpected-effects-mitochondria.html unexpected effects on mitochondria].)

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfomycin Fosfomycin] (also known as phosphomycin, phosphonomycin, Monurol and Monuril) A single, one-off, 3g dose if this broad-spectrum antibiotic that was taken by a hookworm host to treat a urinary tract infection had no obvious effect on her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/966600183395937/?comment_id=967794996609789&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] However, larger doses or a longer treatment period may produce a different result.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroimidazole Nitroimidazoles] (metronidazole, tinidazole, nimorazole, dimetridazole). Two hookworm hosts have reported losing their colonies to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroimidazole nitroimidazole] drug, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronidazole metronidazole] (Flagyl), [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/861694407219849/?comment_id=861879177201372&offset=0&total_comments=3&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1371228706266414/] which may be particularly harmful if taken in combination with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clindamycin clindamycin] (Dalacin, Lincocin, Daclin). [http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/3927]. '''Metronidazole''' and '''clindamycin''' are favoured by some dentists due to their proven efficacy against anaerobic bacteria. However, metronidazole does not always kill hookworms, as one host found when she had to take this drug along with amoxicillin for several weeks to treat septic gangrenous appendicitis, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1899197376802875/?comment_id=1899228090133137&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] and another found when he needed to take 750mg daily for 7 days to treat SIBO. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/2060266257362652/]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic Quinolones.] Drugs in the quinolone family have been shown to block a detoxification pathway required by helminths for blood feeding, resulting in arrested development of L3 larvae and adversely affecting the reproductive capacity of adult worms both in vitro and in vivo. [http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006931] (NB. The European Medicines Agency began to recommend restrictions on the use of fluoroquinolone and quinolone antibiotics on safety grounds in 2018. [https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/903029])
</blockquote>

==== ✅ Antibiotics that appear to be safe for human helminths ====
<blockquote>

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycophenolic_acid Mycophenolic acid] Also called mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, trade name CellCept) and mycophenolate sodium (trade name Myfortic), this antibiotic/immunosuppressant drug has broad-spectrum antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial properties, but has not been commercialised as an antibiotic due to its adverse effects. One hookworm host has taken CellCept (500mg x 3 per day), apparently without harming her colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1001001649955790/] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1978467308875881/?comment_id=1978498922206053&reply_comment_id=1979680825421196&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifaximin Rifaximin] (Xifaxan, Xifaxanta and Normix, etc.) This drug is poorly absorbed when taken by mouth and stays within the gastrointestinal tract, so is unlikely to affect NA, which feed directly on their host's blood, and will pass by TT while they are grazing on tissue secretions within the intestinal lining. The drug's lack of effect on NA was confirmed by one self-treater who took a 14 day course of the drug to treat SIBO and had no return of symptoms from his sinus condition, and only noticed a minimal effect on egg production by his worms. [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/index.php/Treating_SIBO_and_sinusitis_with_NA_and_TTO]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethoprim Trimethoprim] (Alprim) One hookworm host has reported continuing to enjoy full benefits from her worms after taking seven 300 mg doses of this drug to treat a urinary tract infection. Another has reported that, when used to treat UTIs, Alprim not only did not affect her hookworm colony, but did not even arrest the production of ova by her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1009048252484463/]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics Topical antibiotics] If applied to the skin, or used as eye drops, these are unlikely to affect helminths in most cases. Four drops of cyloxan (0.3%) applied to each eye 3 times per day, for 2 weeks, had no effect on the colonies of two hookworm hosts. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/874927972563159/?comment_id=875296599192963&offset=0&total_comments=8&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] However, as mentioned above, one hookworm host has reported experiencing a recurrence of significant disease symptoms after using 3 drops per day, for only 1½ days, of a solution of Tobramycin 3mg (0.3%) and Dexamethasone 1mg (0.1%).
</blockquote>

==== General discussion ====
<blockquote>
Short courses of most other antibiotics will typically only cause a temporary loss of benefit for between 2 and 8 weeks (e.g., ➿ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycin erythromycin] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/770548519667772/]), although it is possible for efficacy to be reduced for longer, e.g., [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1131267180262569/?comment_id=1134969589892328&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D 4 months], and even [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/700908506631774/?comment_id=951430548246234&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D 6 months], and there is anecdotal evidence suggesting a correlation between the length of a course of antibiotics and the length of time that affected helminths are out of action.

It is possible that even a small dose of antibiotic could cause a return of symptoms in some people. For example, one hookworm host has reported experiencing a recurrence of significant disease symptoms after using 3 drops per day, for only 1½ days, of a solution of Tobramycin 3mg (0.3%) and Dexamethasone 1mg (0.1%), although this one-off occurrence could have been a coincidence.

In cases of dental infection that would routinely be treated by a course of an oral antibiotic, it might be possible to avoid the use of a drug if the dentist is able to use localised ozone injections. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1252700651452554/] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1518817608174189/?comment_id=1519018198154130&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

When it is essential to take oral antibiotics, the duration of their negative effect on hookworms can be significantly reduced - perhaps to as little as 2 weeks - by taking a small top-up dose of 5-10 larvae after finishing the course of drugs. In most cases, this inoculation can be carried out 48 hours after the last dose of the drug, but it's worth asking a pharmacist exactly how long the drug that has been prescribed will take to clear completely from the body. Different antibiotics have different biological half-lives. For example, erythromycin's half-life is only a couple of hours, whereas penicillin's can be up to 56 hours.

It has been suggested that the reduction in the benefits derived from hosting human helminths that is seen after taking antibiotics might result, at least in part, from a loss from the gut microbiome of helpful bacterial species and
the proliferation of less beneficial ones. This suggestion, and the fact that taking probiotics alongside antibiotics is known to help [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130530192404.htm offset the gastrointestinal symptoms] typically associated with these drugs, has led to the suggestion that the use of high doses (perhaps 5 or 10 times the normal dose) of good quality probiotics might help to reduce the time that helminths are out of action after using these drugs, especially if the probiotics are taken at a different time from the drug. And this effect has been reported by one individual. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1257052664350686/?comment_id=1257367554319197&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] Taking a charcoal supplement alongside an antibiotic might provide additional help in protecting the microbiome [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29186529] and a fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) following treatment with an antibiotic might also help to restore worm benefits more quickly. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1149149175141036/?comment_id=1242073262515293&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

It is possible that the consumption of prebiotics such as galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) may also help to restore the gut biome, since GOS has been shown to help [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24925303 support the recovery of beneficial bifidobacteria] and increase the production of butyrate, after antibiotic treatment. GOS is available in the form of [http://www.bimuno.com/ Bimuno Prebiotic Powder]. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and xylooligosaccharides (XOS) may perform a similar function. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30113166]

In the case of someone needing to take antibiotics regularly, or on a long-term basis, there would be little point in them using hookworms until completely off these drugs. Some worm benefits may be maintained in users of the human whipworm, so long as doses of this organism are being taken regularly, every few weeks. Another solution for those who need to take antibiotics frequently, or for prolonged periods, would be to switch to TSO as these are less likely to be adversely affected by antibiotics. While ciprofloxacin is capable of blocking the action of TSO, other antibiotics just slow them down. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1343118199077465/?comment_id=1343598479029437&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] HDC may also be less susceptible to antibiotics than human helminths, although two users of HDC have reported that the antibiotic,
⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapsone Dapsone] (diamino-diphenyl sulfone), causes a return of their disease symptoms.
</blockquote>

==== ➿ Antibiotics best avoided for other reasons ====
<blockquote>
Some antibiotics are best avoided for other reasons.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroquinolone Fluoroquinolone antibiotics] can be extremely dangerous [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic#Adverse_effects] and can cause permanent nerve damage. [http://healthimpactnews.com/2013/warning-fluoroquinolone-antibiotics-may-cause-permanent-nerve-damage/] This group of drugs includes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprofloxacin ciprofloxacin] (cipro), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levaquin levofloxacin] (Levaquin, Tavanic, etc.) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequin gatifloxacin] (Gatiflo, Tequin and Zymar), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemifloxacin Gemifloxacin] (Factive), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin] (Avelox, Vigamox, Moxeza, etc.), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfloxacin Norfloxacin] (Noroxin) and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofloxacin Ofloxacin] (Floxin, Ocuflox, etc.). The European Medicines Agency began to recommend restrictions on the use of fluoroquinolone and quinolone antibiotics on safety grounds in 2018. [https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/903029]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarithromycin Clarithromycin] has been shown to increase the risk of a fatal heart attack by an estimated 76 per cent compared with penicillin V, [http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g4930] although no increased risk was seen with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxithromycin roxithromycin].
</blockquote>

=== Anticoagulants [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticoagulant] ===

==== ✅ Safe anticoagulants unless otherwise marked ====
<blockquote>
Anticoagulant medicines and herbs (which reduce the clotting ability of blood) do not harm helminths, but may prolong bleeding from the tiny feeding sites of hookworms, which, themselves, secrete minute amounts of anticoagulants to help their digestive process. Anticoagulant drugs include:
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warfarin warfarin]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heparin heparin]
Other drugs that have an anticoagulant effect include
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin aspirin] and products containing it, such as
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alka-Seltzer Alka-Seltzer]
** ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepto-Bismol Pepto-Bismol].

Herbs with an anticoagulant effect include:
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba ginkgo biloba]

All of these compounds may prolong bleeding at hookworm feeding sites to some extent, so may potentially contribute to anaemia (anemia) in susceptible individuals, especially if several of these drugs/supplements are taken at the same time.
</blockquote>

=== Antidepressants ===

<blockquote>
* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin Doxepin]. This tricyclic antidepressant and potent antihistamine has been marketed under many names, including Quitaxon, Aponal and Sinequan. One individual has taken Doxepin daily for several years while hosting hookworms, without noticing any adverse effect on his colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1682302251825723/?comment_id=1682894431766505&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duloxetine Duloxetine] (Cymbalta, etc.) This Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) was taken by one NA host for several years to treat generalised anxiety without any obvious effect on her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/2056263424429602/?comment_id=2058009587588319&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ⚡ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine Fluoxetine] (Prozac, Sarafem, etc.) This selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) is being taken by at least one hookworm host without issue [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1686522081403740/?comment_id=1687356354653646&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]. However, a study published in Nature reported that fluoxetine was harmful to the non-theraputic helminth species ''C. elegans''. [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-18457-w]

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citalopram Citalopram] (Celexa, Cipramil and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citalopram#Brand_names numerous other names].) This selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) has been used by at least one hookworm host with no ill effect on her colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1994977397224872/?comment_id=1995274433861835&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitalopram Escitalopram] (Cipralex and Lexapro.) One user found that the benefits conferred by NA were lost after 4 weeks of taking Lexapro. (Reported in a private message, March 2019).

* ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline Sertraline] (Sold under a very large number of trade names, [https://www.drugs.com/international/sertraline.html] including Zoloft.) This antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class has shown anthelminthic effects against three widely divergent helminth species. It kills C. elegans at multiple life stages and acts rapidly to inhibit its feeding within minutes of exposure. It also decreases motility in the adult mouse whipworm, Trichuris muris, prevents hatching and development of the dog hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, and kills the blood fluke flatworm, Schistosoma mansoni. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29343694]

* ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine Paroxetine] (Aropax, Brisdelle, Deroxat, Paxil, Pexeva, Paxtine, Paxetin, Paroxat, Paraxyl, Sereupin, and Seroxat.) This antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class, has shown anthelminthic effects against three widely divergent helminth species. It kills C. elegans at multiple life stages and acts rapidly to inhibit its feeding within minutes of exposure. It also decreases motility in the adult mouse whipworm, Trichuris muris, prevents hatching and development of the dog hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, and kills the blood fluke flatworm, Schistosoma mansoni. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29343694]
</blockquote>

=== Antifungals [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungals] ===

==== ✅ Safe antifungals unless marked otherwise ====
<blockquote>
The following appear to be safe for use with human helminths
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluconazole fluconazole] (Diflucan and Trican)
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nystatin nystatin] This has been used for many years by one hookworm host without harming his worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1995854040470541/?comment_id=1996211143768164&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]
* the fatty acid [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprylic_acid caprylic acid] also appears safe [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/935151783207444/?comment_id=935208789868410&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]. However, anyone with a coconut allergy/intolerance should note that ''caprylic acid'' is a coconut/palm kernel derivative.
* the enzyme-based anti-Candida product [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candex candex] is also worm-safe. One hookworm host took 4 ''Candex'' capsules twice a day for over a month without any obvious harm to his worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/821478984574725/?comment_id=821502387905718&offset=0&total_comments=1&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll Chlorophyll]. A chlorophyll-based solution has been found to be [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43335937_Antimicrobial_activity_of_chlorophyll-based_solution_on_Candida_albicans_and_Enterococcus_faecalis effective against Candida albicans] and there have been no reports to suggest this might be harmful to helminths. (Also see ❓'''Chlorophyllin'''.)

* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23965638 Some probiotics] may help to control candida, especially [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_boulardii Saccharomyces boulardii], which significantly inhibits [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20629753 adhesion by C. albicans], thus [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19732158 preventing the formation of biofilms and filamentation], and it is as [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23703468 effective as nystatin] in reducing fungal colonization and invasive fungal infection. '''S. boulardii''' has also been taken by at least two helminth hosts without any obvious effect on their worms. At least one strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus can reduce the population of Candida albicans in the gut microbiota. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29997616]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_butyrate Sodium butyrate] is a powerful antifungal that inhibits pathogenic yeast growth [http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/11/2573.long]. It is available as a food supplement and is also manufactured in the human intestines by the fermentation of vegetables. The bacteria responsible for butyrate production are vulnerable to antibiotics, but can be reintroduced, or supplemented, by means of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_bacteriotherapy fecal microbiota transplants] (FMT), or the addition of the butyrate-producing bacterial species, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_butyricum clostridium butyricum], which generates butyrate directly in the gut. C. butyricum is available as the probiotic, Miyarisan Tablets [https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10152806891616155&set=p.10152806891616155&type=1&theater], in Japan, and is available online, e.g., from eBay [http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/251578568400] and Amazon [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000FQUNBU?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creativeASIN=B000FQUNBU&linkCode=xm2&tag=tyfs19-20], and in the probiotic formulations, Bifilac and Bifilac HP [http://www.indiamart.com/abpl/probiotic-dietary-supplements.html], the first of which is available from [http://www.internationaldrugmart.eu/pharmacy/over-the-counter-meds/bifilac.html here]. C. butyricum is also available as an animal feed additive [http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/probiotic-clostridium-butyricum_1589202110.html]. Nutrients that help to increase butyric acid concentrations in the colon include pectin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin] and larch arabinogalactan [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabinogalactan], which is available as a supplement[http://www.iherb.com/Thorne-Research-Arabinex-3-5-oz-100-g/18737], although arabinogalactan can worsen rheumatic conditions. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/797203453668945/?comment_id=797204570335500&offset=0&total_comments=1], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/797203453668945/?comment_id=797261090329848&offset=0&total_comments=3]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascorbic_acid Ascorbic acid] (vitamin C) may interfere with the yeast-to-hypha transition [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25084864] of candida.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cider_vinegar Apple cider vinegar] is worm-friendly, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1516308765091740/?comment_id=1516658838390066&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R2%22%7D] has been revealed as a possible treatment for Candida species involved in denture stomatitis,[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25219289] and there have been suggestions that, if ingested, vinegar might induce the body's gut defence system to help combat a Candida albicans infection.[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150608151952.htm] Advice on using apple cider vinegar as part of an anti-Candida treatment regimen can be found here: [http://www.onegreenplanet.org/natural-health/how-to-treat-chronic-yeast-overgrowth-with-apple-cider-vinegar/] and [http://www.candida-cure-recipes.com/apple-cider-vinegar-cure.html].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine Iodine] appears to have antifungal properties, is worm-friendly, and has proved effective against Candida for one hookworm host.[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/11/29/iodine-protocol-destroying-candida/]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D Vitamin D] turns on genes that make antimicrobial peptides, including cathelicidin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathelicidin], which has been shown to kill Candida. However, dosage with this vitamin may be critical, and excessive amounts might be counter-productive [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25612733]. Aiming for the optimum blood level [http://www.vitamindcouncil.org/about-vitamin-d/how-do-i-get-the-vitamin-d-my-body-needs/] of vitamin D would therefore appear to be ideal. (Vitamin D3 has been shown to extend the median lifespan of one species of roundworm by 30-40%. [http://www.vitamindcouncil.org/vitamin-d-news/new-research-finds-vitamin-d-extends-the-life-of-roundworms-08-2015/#])

* Some foods [http://www.thecandidadiet.com/candida-fighting-foods.htm], eaten in normal dietary amounts, may help support an anti-Candida programme, but see the separate notes on ⚡'''cayenne''', ⚡'''coconut''' and ⚡'''ginger'''. Fresh ✅'''garlic''' may be particularly helpful [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC538912/], and dietary forms of garlic are known to be worm-safe. However, we don’t yet know what effect a garlic extract might have on helminths.

* When Candida is a problem, very low carbohydrate (VLC) diets are best avoided because these cause ketosis, and yeasts love ketones.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolaurin Monolaurin] (also known as lauric acid, glycerol monolaurate, glyceryl laurate and 1-Lauroyl-glycerol) is a fatty acid found naturally in coconut oil and human breast milk. Shown in test tube studies to have antibacterial and antiviral activity, it is commonly used as a surfactant in cosmetics, including deodorants, and as an emulsifier in foods. While it is active against candida [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008774], one subject has reported that taking two teaspoons of monolaurin daily, for a few weeks, produced no obvious effect on his worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/872052362850720/?comment_id=872137176175572&offset=0&total_comments=10&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R7%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/872052362850720/?comment_id=872142719508351&offset=0&total_comments=10&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R4%22%7D] Another believes that she probably ingested a significant dose of monolaurin by drinking full fat coconut milk daily, but that her hookworms and whipworms both survived this. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/872052362850720/?comment_id=872162672839689&offset=0&total_comments=10&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] Others have also confirmed that monolaurin is worm-safe. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/974642915924997/?comment_id=975547445834544&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1368090353246916/?comment_id=1369652509757367&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

A very worm-friendly way to reduce Candida is to brush one's teeth after every meal instead of just once each day. This has been shown to reduce the abundance of C. albicans in the stool by 10-fold to 100-fold. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5874442/] The addition of regular [https://wellnessmama.com/17951/coconut-oil-pulling/ oil pulling using coconut oil] (not to be swallowed) could further reduce the amount of candida. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1617823828273566/?comment_id=1618578738198075&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]
</blockquote>

==== ❓ More antifungals ====

<blockquote>

* ❓ '''Cellular silver''' (see [[#AlternativeTherapies|Alternative therapies]] section). The manufacturers of Advanced Cellular Silver (ACS) 200 Extra Strength [http://www.resultsrna.com/products/acs_200_overview/] claim that this product achieves a 99.9989% kill against C. albicans. Although there have been no reports to date of its possible effect on human helminths, its similarity to ➿'''colloidal silver''' (see [[#AlternativeTherapies|Alternative therapies]] section) suggest that it may not kill the worms but only cause a temporary reduction of benefits.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactoferrin Lactoferrin] (also known as lactotransferrin [LTF]) is found naturally in secretory fluids, such as milk, saliva, tears and nasal secretions. It has antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic properties, and is effective against candida. It’s antimicrobial properties are enhanced by the peptide, ❓[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactoferricin lactoferricin], the anti fungal effects of which exceed those of lactoferrin. However, there have been no reports so far of the possible effect of lactoferricin on helminths.

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavandula Lavender] has antifungal activity and may be of value in treating candida. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26550521]

* ❓ '''Propolis''' (see [[#NutritionalSupplements|Nutritional supplements]] section). Candida has been shown to be susceptible to propolis extract [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26149083], and to red propolis alcoholic extract. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26154370]

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygodial Polygodial], which has both antifungal and antimicrobial properties and is used as an insecticide, is an active constituent of
** ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata Dorrigo pepper],
** ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmannia mountain pepper],
** ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudowintera horopito],
** ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudowintera_colorata mountain horopito],
** ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudowintera_colorata Kolorex],
** ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drimys_winteri canelo] (Drimys winteri, winter's bark)
** ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acmella_oleracea paracress] and
** ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persicaria_hydropiper water pepper].
Whilst polygodial has been shown to be effective against single-celled parasites such as protozoa, the only report so far that it might also have an adverse effect on helminths comes from a hookworm host who suspects that she killed her colony by taking '''Kolorex''', which contains a mixture of horopito and ⚡'''aniseed'''.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambucus Sambucus], a form of elderberry, contains ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinoresinol pinoresinol], which has antifungal properties [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20657496]. However, the European elder, ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambucus_nigra sambucus nigra], also known as European elderberry, European black elderberry, elder, elderberry and black elder, may not contain pinoresinol, so may not be an effective antifungal. There have been no reports as yet about the effect on helminths of any form of elderberry, but this plant is known to stimulate the immune system, so might increase the symptoms of autoimmune diseases [https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/elderberry-01#references-7] [https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-434-elderberry.aspx?activeingredientid=434&activeingredientname=elderberry] which may give the impression that one’s worm colony has been affected. Also see the comments [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1570295849693031/?comment_id=1570536949668921&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D here] and [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1570295849693031/?comment_id=1570537809668835&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D here].

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undecylenic_acid Undecylenic Acid]. This is the common name for 10-Undecenoic Acid, which is used in the Thorne Research product, [https://www.thorne.com/products/dp/formula-sf722-reg Formula SF722]. It is a potent antifungal mono-unsaturated fatty acid extracted from coconut and the castor bean. It has been shown to be 11 times stronger than [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprylic_acid caprylic acid], and is also claimed to have antiparasitic properties, although there have been no reports about this from hosts of therapeutic helminths.

* ⚡ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcumin Curcumin] inhibits candida [http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/63/2/337.long], even at low concentrations, but see the main entry below for [[#Turmeric|Turmeric/curcumin]] for further details.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigella_sativa Black cumin] (nigella sativa). Also known as blackseed, black caraway, fennel-flower, nutmeg flower, Roman coriander, and 'Love in the Mist'. Extracts of this herb have shown antifungal effects [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3642442/] against different strains of Candida albicans, but it has also been used as an anthelminthic since ancient times. In India, today, nigella seeds are combined with various purgatives to help kill and expel intestinal parasites, and they have a synergistic effect with pharmaceutical anthelminthics. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30149818]

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnema_sylvestre Gymnema sylvestre] is effective against candida [http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html], but hydroalcoholic extracts of this herb have been found to have anthelminthic activity against the Indian earthworm, Pheretima posthuma. [http://www.ijrap.net/admin/php/uploads/525_pdf.pdf] Even though the research worm, C. elegans, appears to be unaffected by gymnema [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=gymnema+sylvestre+candida] and there are genetic similarities [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11812491] between C. elegans and N. americanus, one helminth host suspects that gymnema was responsible for the loss of his hookworm colony.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufenuron Lufenuron] is a benzoylurea pesticide used on crops and in veterinary medicine (in flea control, heartworm treatments and other anthelminthic products). Its powerful anti-fungal effects may be due to its ability to inhibit the synthesis of chitin, which is unfortunately an important constituent of the mouthparts of the hookworm.

Some herbal antifungal products may adversely affect helminths, especially if they are in a concentrated form, so any herbal medicine that claims to have antifungal properties should be approached with caution.

Some foods are coated with edible films containing antifungal compounds such as ❓[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natamycin natamycin] (pimaricin) and ❌ '''oregano oil''' (see [[#Oregano|Oregano reference]])
but the quantities used in this application are probably insufficient to affect helminths, and there is no evidence [http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v48je06.htm] to date that natamycin harms intestinal flora.

NB. Prolonged treatment with antifungal drugs can disrupt commensal fungal populations and cause an increase in
the severity of disease states, as seen in one study [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27237365] in acute and chronic models of colitis and allergic airway
disease.
</blockquote>

=== Antihistamines ===

==== Piperazine related antihistamines ====
<blockquote>
Popular antihistamines derived from, or closely related to, the anthelminthic drug ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine piperazine] (See the separate entry for [[#piperazine|piperazine]]).
These include:
* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetirizine cetirizine] (Zyrtec, Reactine),
* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levocetrizine_dihydrochloride levocetrizine] (Alcet, Allear, Curin, levcet, Seasonix, T-Day Syrup, Teczine, UVNIL, Vozet, Xaltec, Xozal, Xuzal, Xusal, Xyzal, Zilola, Zyxem),
* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylephrine phenylephrine],
* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desloratadine desloratadine] (NeoClarityn, Claramax, Clarinex, Larinex, Aerius, Dazit, Azomyr, Deselex and Delot)
* and possibly ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrivastine acrivastine] (Semprex-D in the US).

While some people have taken cetirizine, levocetirizine or desloratadine concurrently with helminthic therapy -
sometimes for very long periods - and had no loss of benefit from their worms (for example [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/892594554129834/?comment_id=892794274109862&offset=0&total_comments=16&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/893959107326712/?qa_ref=qd&comment_id=893959580659998&offset=0&total_comments=9&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R7%22%7D]), there
have been others who have suspected that these drugs have been responsible for adversely affecting or even killing
their worms.

Less common antihistamines derived from, or related to piperazine. At the present time, there is no indication whether or not these affect human helminths. They include:
* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buclizine buclizine],
* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorcyclizine chlorcyclizine] (Di-paralene, Mantadil, Pruresidine, Trihistan),
* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnarizine cinnarizine] (Stugeron, Stunarone, R5),
* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclizine cyclizine],
* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyzine hydroxyzine] (Vistaril, Atarax),
* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meclizine meclizine] (Bonine, Bonamine, Antivert, Postafen, Sea Legs),
* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramamine dimenhydrinate] (Dramamine)
* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niaprazine niaprazine]
</blockquote>

==== Antihistamines as marked ====

<blockquote>
* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphenamine Chlorphenamine] (chlorpheniramine, piriton) <br>While we don’t yet have any confirmation of the effect on helminths of this first-generation antihistamine, it has been suggested by someone who has investigated this that it is unlikely to be harmful to worms.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromoglicic_acid Cromoglicic acid] (cromolyn, cromoglycate or cromoglicate, sodium cromoglicate [Nalcrom] or cromolyn sodium, plus Gastrocrom and Intercron) <br>This is a mast cell stabiliser which prevents the release of histamine from mast cells and is used to treat some allergic conditions. One hookworm host has taken 8x100mg capsules of Nalcrom daily for periods of up to 10 days without any adverse effect on her colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/952539741468648/?comment_id=953466358042653&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D]

* ⚡ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxylamine Doxylamine] (Dozile, Restavit, Valocordin-Doxylamine and Vomentin) <br>One hookworm host believes that an unexpected return of gut symptoms and dry skin may have been caused by taking a quarter of a tablet of this first-generation antihistamine every night for a couple of weeks. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/927991007256855/?comment_id=1007272959328659&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketotifen Ketotifen] - This antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer, which has similar effects to cromoglicic acid (see separate listing), is sold under a large variety of trade names [https://www.drugs.com/international/ketotifen.html] that include Allerban, Allergan, Bentifen, Ketasma, Mastifen, Zaditen and Zylofen. In one study using the helminth, Trichinella spiralis, the addition of ketotifen resulted in a greater worm burden and worm size, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16886340] but in a small in vitro test, one hookworm self-treater found that exposing a sample of NA larvae to Naziden left them “a bit lethargic but alive” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1037890422933579/?comment_id=1039541612768460&reply_comment_id=1041766029212685&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R8%22%7D] and they were still alive the next day. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1037890422933579/?comment_id=1039541612768460&reply_comment_id=1042321262490495&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R3%22%7D] However, effects in vivo don’t always correspond with those observed in a petri dish, and ketotifen is a piperazine-related substance so it may have an adverse effect on human helminths in vivo in at least some users.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethazine Promethazine] (Phenergan, Promethegan, Romergan, Fargan, Farganesse, Prothiazine, Avomine, Atosil, Receptozine, Lergigan, and, in the UK, Sominex). This does not appear to kill helminths, whether taken orally or by intramuscular injection, and one self-treater who needs to take oral Phenergan daily says that her NA are unaffected. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1597006987021917/?comment_id=1597396203649662&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] However, another hookworm host has reported that this drug did reduce his worm benefits when it was taken orally.

* ✅ Worm-safe antihistamines are
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenhydramine diphenhydramine] -- most likely to cause drowsiness
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loratadine loratadine] (Claritin)
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fexofenadine fexofenadine] (Allegra, Fexidine, Telfast, Fastofen, Tilfur, Vifas, Telfexo, Allerfexo) -- least likely to cause drowsiness
* ✅ Most '''Benadryl-branded products''' sold in the '''US''' contain only diphenhydramine so are worm-safe, e.g.
** [http://www.benadryl.com/products/allergy/benadryl-ultratab-tablets Benadryl Allergy Ultratab Tablets]
** [http://www.benadryl.com/products/allergy/benadryl-liquid-gels Benadryl Allergy Dye-Free Liqui-gels]
** [http://www.benadryl.com/products/children-allergy/benadryl-allergy-liquid Children’s Benadryl Allergy Liquid]
* ⚡ except
** [https://www.benadryl.com/products/children-allergy/benadryl-allergy-and-sinus-liquid Childrens’ Benadryl Allergy Plus Congestion] which also contains ⚡ phenylephrine, which has anthelminthic properties [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6127426] and has caused a brief return of disease symptoms in one worm host after a single dose.

'''Benadryl products''' sold in the '''UK''' all contain drugs with anthelminthic potential - either
* ⚡ cetirizine
** [http://www.benadryl.co.uk/allergy-relief-products/benadryl-allergy-liquid-capsules Benadryl Allergy Liquid Release Tablets/Capsules]
** [http://www.benadryl.co.uk/allergy-relief-products/benadryl-allergy-one-day Benadryl One a Day Relief Tablets/Capsules]
** [http://www.benadryl.co.uk/allergy-relief-products/benadryl-allergy-aged-two-plus Benadryl Allergy Children’s (2+ years) 1mg/ml Oral Solution]
** [http://www.benadryl.co.uk/allergy-relief-products/benadryl-allergy-children Benadryl Allergy Children’s 6+ 1mg/ml Oral Solution]
* ⚡ acrivastine
** [http://www.benadryl.co.uk/allergy-relief-products/benadryl-allergy-relief-plus Benadryl Allergy Relief Plus Decongestant Capsules]
** [http://www.benadryl.co.uk/allergy-relief-products/benadryl-allergy-relief Benadryl Allergy Relief Capsules]
</blockquote>

==== ✅ H2 antagonists are safe ====

<blockquote>
H2 antagonists are a separate class of drugs from '''proton-pump Inhibitors''' (see separate section).

The term, “antihistamine” is usually reserved for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1_antagonist H1 antagonists] whose main therapeutic effect is mediated by
negative modulation of histamine receptors, but [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2_antagonist H2 histamine receptor antagonists] can also be considered to be a
type of antihistamine. H2 antagonists include
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranitidine ranitidine] (Zantac) which works by blocking histamine and thus decreasing the amount of acid released by the cells of the stomach.
Other common H2 antagonists are
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimetidine cimetidine] (Tagamet)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famotidine famotidine] (Pepcid)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizatidine nizatidine] (Axid, Tazac).
</blockquote>

=== Antimalarials ===

<blockquote>
*⚡ A cross-epidemiological study of the effect of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroquine chloroquine] treatment for malaria in hookworm-endemic areas found that treated patients presented with reduced helminth egg burdens and worm-related pathology, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4558454/] and there has been one tentative suggestion from a helminth self-treater that the antimalarial medication, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine hydroxychloroquine] (e.g., Plaquenil), ''might'' have harmed her hookworms, although this has not been confirmed definitively. Two other subjects who have taken hydroxychloroquine concurrently with helminthic therapy - one of them in quite large quantities - did not observe any adverse effect on their worms, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1626974844025131/?comment_id=1627098244012791&reply_comment_id=1627251250664157&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R6%22%7D] and no other antimalarial drug has been suspected of harming therapeutic helminths, including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine Quinine].
</blockquote>

=== Antiprotozoals ===

<blockquote>
* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronidazole Metronidazole] (Flagyl). This is one of three derivatives of ❌[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroimidazole nitroimidazole] that is used against anaerobic bacterial and parasitic, as well as protozoan, infections. One hookworm host has reported[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/861694407219849/?comment_id=861879177201372&offset=0&total_comments=3&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] losing her colony to this drug, which should never be combined with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebendazole mebendazole] due a risk that, together, they may cause [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447769/ Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis], something about which many doctors and pharmacists may be unaware, especially in the US.
</blockquote>

=== Antipsychotics ===

<blockquote>
* ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine] (Thorazine and Largactil, etc.) This antipsychotic medication has shown anthelminthic effects against three widely divergent helminth species. It kills C. elegans at multiple life stages and acts rapidly to inhibit its feeding within minutes of exposure. It also decreases motility in the adult mouse whipworm, Trichuris muris, prevents hatching and development of the dog hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, and kills the blood fluke flatworm, Schistosoma mansoni. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29343694]
</blockquote>

=== Antivirals ===

<blockquote>
* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famciclovir Famciclovir] (Famvir) -- One hookworm host took Famciclovir (500mg) 3 times per day for many months without any noticeable effect on her colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/884990498223573/?comment_id=885041121551844&offset=0&total_comments=6&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtrex Valaciclovir/valacyclovir] (Valtrex, Zelitrex) -- This antiviral drug was taken by one worm host for a week without any adverse effect on his hookworms or whipworms.

* ❌ Nitazoxanide (See separate entry under Anthelminthics)
</blockquote>

=== Immunoglobulin therapy (IVIG) ===

✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_therapy Immunoglobulin therapy], also known as normal human immunoglobulin (NHIG) is compatible with helminthic therapy and has been used effectively in combination with TSO. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10069] [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10516] There is no reason to think that it would harm human helminths.

=== Immunosuppressive drugs ===

<blockquote>
'''✅ Immunosuppressive drugs reported to be safe for use by hosts of human helminths are:'''
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclosporin ciclosporin] (cyclosporine, cyclosporin). See also [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclosporins cyclosporins].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid corticosteroids], including:
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisone prednisone] and its active metabolite, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisolone prednisolone]
** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluticasone_propionate fluticasone propionate] Also known as Flixotide (inhalatory), Flixonase and Flonase (nasal). At least three NA hosts have used this drug without any obvious impact on their worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1707473322641949/?comment_id=1707582379297710&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R1%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1707473322641949/?comment_id=1707720709283877&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1707473322641949/?comment_id=1707880315934583&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclophosphamide cyclophosphamide] (Sold as: Cytoxan, Lyophilized Cytoxan, Endoxan, Neosar, Procytox, Revimmune and Cycloblastin). This has been used repeatedly by one hookworm host who has reported that it had no adverse effect on her colony.

* the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiopurine thiopurines], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azathioprine azathioprine] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-MP mercaptopurine]/6-MP (purinethol)

* the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF_inhibitor TNF inhibitors]
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infliximab infliximab] (Remicade)
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalimumab adalimumab] (Humira)
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certolizumab_pegol certolizumab pegol] (Cimzia)
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golimumab golimumab] (Simponi)

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanized_antibody humanized antibody drugs], e.g. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omalizumab omalizumab] (Xolair)

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody%23.22Fully.22_human_monoclonal_antibodies humanized monoclonal antibody drugs] such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalizumab natalizumab] (Tysabri)

* and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_protein recombinant fusion protein] drugs such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etanercept etanercept] (Enbrel)

It can be an advantage to be taking one of these drugs in the early stages of helminthic therapy because they can reduce, or even prevent, the transient side effects triggered by helminths, and their anti-inflammatory action can also help human helminths to become established. So anyone who is already taking one of these drugs should resist the temptation to stop taking it too soon after starting HT.

This applies particularly to subjects with Crohn's and other intestinal diseases, who tend to have a very vigorous immune response to helminths. Suddenly withdrawing a drug that has been keeping this response in check will likely cause a rebound effect that could result in a flare and, potentially, a loss of worms. This is explained in more detail [[Introduction to helminthic therapy#Combining helminthic therapy with drug treatments | here]].
</blockquote>

=== Immunotherapy ===

<blockquote>
✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergen_immunotherapy Allergen immunotherapy] -- In the form of sublingual drops/tablets, subcutaneous injections, and [http://www.aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/treatments/allergy-shots-(immunotherapy).aspx allergy “shots”],
this is safe to be used concurrently with helminthic therapy. In fact, many who have used the two therapies together have been very pleased with the combined effects.
</blockquote>

=== Laxatives ===

<blockquote>
It is possible to lose hookworms to diarrhoea/diarrhea, but only if this is very severe, or severe and prolonged, i.e., lasting for several weeks. (More detail [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10756 here].) People who get diarrhoea/diarrhea as a side effect following their first inoculation with hookworms don't lose all their worms as as result of this, and hookworms are able to withstand the typical [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopy#Preparation colonoscopy prep] using products such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), Macrogol, Colyte, Picosalax, Bisacodyl, phospho soda, sodium picosulfate, or sodium phosphate and/or magnesium citrate.

It would seem logical to assume that hookworms might be better able to resist being flushed out after the point at which they attach to the gut wall, which is towards the end of the third week, post inoculation.

While adult hookworms do move around to feed, and are therefore theoretically more likely to be lost if diarrhoea/ diarrhea strikes while they are on the move, this is unlikely to lead to any significant loss. So, as long as laxatives are taken in the recommended amounts, they should not pose a problem for hookworms.

It is unlikely that laxatives would dislodge whipworms once these are mature and embedded in the colonic mucosa, but laxatives could potentially flush them out before this, especially around 21-22 days post inoculation. It may therefore be best to avoid the use of laxatives around this time. After 28 days, they should not be affected at all.
</blockquote>

=== Recreational drugs ===

==== ❌ Piperazine-based recreational drugs ====
<blockquote>
[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13102818.2008.10817529 Piperazine-based recreational drugs] are a group of stimulant drugs with similar effects to ecstasy.
(See separate entry for details on [[#piperazine|piperazine]]) The main piperazine-derivatives that have been used for
recreational purposes include
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylpiperazine BZP] (Benzylpiperazine, A2, Frenzy, Nemesis)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine TFMPP] (1-[3-(trifluoro-methyl) phenyl]piperazine)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine mCPP] (meta-chlorophenylpiperazine, 1- [3-Chlorophenyl]-piperazine).
These drugs were frequently mixed with caffeine and a range of vitamins and binders to make party pills that were marketed as
“natural” or “herbal” highs, but were actually purely synthetic. Other piperazine-derived designer drugs include:
* '''AcBZP''' (4-Acetyl-1-benzylpiperazine, AceticBenzylPiperazine)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylbenzylpiperazine MBZP] (1-methyl-4-benzylpiperazine)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B-BZP 2C-B-BZP] (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-1-benzylpiperazine) One user has reported that periodic use of 2C-B did not affect his colony of NA.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzylpiperazine DBZP] (1,4-Dibenzylpiperazine)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine MDBZP] (3,4 Methylenedioxy-1-benzylpiperazine)
</blockquote>

==== ❌ Yage (Ayahuasca) ====

<blockquote>
It has been opined that anything that enters the bloodstream and disorients a host has a potential to do the same to hookworms - since they feed on their host’s blood - and that, if the disorientation is excessive, it may cause the worms to lose their grip on the mucosa and possibly be flushed away from their home base in the small intestine, and be lost. Although the assumption that the worms will become inebriated by anything that inebriates their host has been questioned because the 'nervous system' of helminths is quite different from that of mammals, one recreational drug that might produce this effect and cause the loss of hookworms is the South American drug, yage, also known as ayahuasca, as well as by a number of other names. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayahuasca%23Nomenclature]

This psychedelic brew, which is concocted by combining a variety of plant materials, was used as part of S. American native religious rituals and, since being commercialised, has become much more mainstream. Available in Europe and N. America through "churches" set up for its import, this drug causes a deep and immersive hallucinogenic experience during a “trip” lasting 4-8 hours, or 12-18 hours if the subject is re-dosed, which is not uncommon.

"Its purgative properties are important (known as la purga or "the purge"). The intense vomiting and occasional diarrhea it induces can clear the body of worms and other tropical parasites [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2656954] and harmala alkaloids themselves have been shown to be anthelmintic. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02860378] Thus, this action is twofold; a direct action on the parasites by these harmala alkaloids (particularly harmine in ayahuasca) works to kill the parasites, and parasites are expelled through the increased intestinal motility that is caused by these alkaloids." [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayahuasca]

“Tropical plants used by South American natives produce an array of isoquinoline and tryptamine-related alkaloids that are not only hallucinogens, but powerful emetics with a wide range of other biological activities, in particular antimicrobial and anthelmintic properties… We propose that these alkaloid mixtures were initially discovered and developed by indigenous people for treatment of a variety of parasitic diseases and incorporated into religious ceremonies using psychoactivity as an effective dose marker.” [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378874182900538]
</blockquote>

==== ✅ Safe for human helminths unless marked ====

<blockquote>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnotic Hypnotics] are generally worm-safe, e.g.
** '''propofol''' (see Anaesthetics section) is an ultrashort-acting sedative with amnesiac effects
** anything in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine benzodiazepine] class of drugs (e.g. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valium valium])
** the short-acting nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolpidem zolpidem] (e.g. Ambien [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/865157116873578/?comment_id=866638886725401&offset=0&total_comments=6&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D], Ambien CR, Intermezzo, Stilnox, Stilnoct, Sublinox, Hypnogen, Lunata, Zonadin, Sanval, Zolsana, Zolfresh)
** the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotic_analgesic opioids] (e.g. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeine codeine], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene dextropropoxyphene], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrocodeine dihydrocodeine], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocodone hydrocodone], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxycodone oxycodone], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol tramadol] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine morphine])
** along with any of their synthetic or time release variants (e.g. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl fentanyl]); [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1080879281968026/?comment_id=1081015631954391&reply_comment_id=1081726205216667&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

*❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa Kratom] (aka kratum and ketum). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/868935276495762/] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/868935276495762/?comment_id=869019499820673&offset=0&total_comments=2&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] Extracts and leaves of kratom are reported to have been used as intestinal deworming agents in Thailand, and the FDA has warned consumers not to use any products labeled as containing kratom. [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/304821.php] However, one human whipworm host has taken small doses without any apparent effect on his worms [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1788272677895346/?comment_id=1796502977072316&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] and a hookworm grower has reported no reduction in yield from his cultures after he took kratom.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium Opium], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin heroin], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug) cannabis]/[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)%23Marijuana marijuana]/[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashish hashish], quat, etc., are all commonly and regularly used in areas where helminths are endemic - Africa, S.E. Asia, S. America, etc. If any of these were harmful to helminths they would have been identified as such long ago and would have become a folk remedy for one worm or another.<br> A paper published in 2015 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26031406] showed that, in the group of hunter-gatherers studied, those who consume cannabis have a significantly lower rate of helminth infection, from which the researchers concluded that the Aka foragers must consume cannabis to kill parasites, even though the scientists admit that, while cannabis kills worms in a petri dish, it has not been shown to kill worms in animals. A different explanation for the correlation seen in this study could be that those individuals with the most worms feel less need to smoke cannabis, and this ties in with the experience of the many helminth hosts who have seen a reduction in anxiety while hosting worms.<br> One host of both hookworms and human whipworms has confirmed the presence of eggs from both species after cannabis use, and another hookworm host who used 10 drops of hemp '''CBD''' ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol cannabidiol]]) oil twice daily, plus a few drops of '''THC''' ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol tetrahydrocannabinol]) oil to help with sleep, has reported that her hookworms were unaffected. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1037560152966606/?comment_id=1037577039631584&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] Someone else used '''CBD''' oil for several months and noticed no adverse effect on his hookworms, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1239928846063068/?comment_id=1240221499367136&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] and this lack of any adverse effect has been confirmed by numerous other cannabis users. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1406977876024830/?comment_id=1407227059333245&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1059227607466527/?comment_id=1059279190794702&reply_comment_id=1407016112687673&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine Cocaine], in its pure, unadulterated state, could be added to this list of worm-safe drugs, but it is commonly adulterated with other substances that might harm helminths, particularly ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levamisole levamisole].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel Betel leaves] -- The leaves of the Piper betle vine (part of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperaceae Piperaceae] family, which includes pepper and ⚡kava) are used as a mild stimulant and are thought likely to be safe for human helminths, although there have been no reports from helminth hosts to confirm or contradict this.

* ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areca_nut betel nut] (or areca nut) seed of the areca palm (and also known as the areca nut palm, betel palm, Pinang palm and Indian nut) is often chewed wrapped in betel leaves - a combination known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paan paan] that is used for its stimulant and psychoactive effects. Betel nuts contain the anthelminthic [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecoline arecoline] and have been used as a tapeworm remedy. Fresh betel nuts are also known to be used very effectively by Torres Straight Islanders as a treatment for all types of intestinal worm, and surveys have found that the betel chewers were almost all worm-free, while others weren't. (Prolonged use of the betel nut can create addiction and the World Health Organization classifies the betel nut as a carcinogen.)

Most other recreational drugs should be safe for use by helminth hosts, including '''tobacco''', '''nicotine''' and most forms of '''alcohol'''.

* ➿ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage Alcohol] -- Normal social drinking should not have any adverse effect on helminths, and small amounts of alcohol may in fact extend a worm's life. [http://www.newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/tiny-amounts-of-ethanol-dramatically-221986.aspx] However, there have been hints [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/848418981880725/] that overindulging in alcohol may cause a temporary reduction in worm benefits, although this clearly isn’t the case for everyone and the effect is likely to be dose-dependent. Excessive consumption of alcohol that results in the user going into a coma due to alcohol poisoning may incur a greater risk to helminths.
** ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absinthe Absinthe] is one alcoholic drink that might present more of a risk, as it was traditionally made using herbs reported to have antiparasitic properties, including ❌'''wormwood'''. (See separate entry). However, the risk from absinthe has been questioned because it only contains the essential oil of wormwood, while the anthelminthic activity of this herb has been linked more to the bitter principles and the alkaloids, which are not included in absinthe.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA MDMA] (ecstasy) -- As primarily a serotonin and dopamine agonist, this is thought unlikely to have much effect on helminths. However, serotonin agonism increases peristalsis, so using MDMA may not be a good idea until after the worms have attached to the intestinal mucosa. Once they are attached, the increased peristalsis alone would not dislodge them.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine DMT] (N,N-Dimethyltryptamine or N,N-DMT) This psychedelic compound with powerful hallucinogenic effects has been reported by one user to be safe for use with NA.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD LSD] (Lysergic acid diethylamide) is unlikely to harm helminths, and there has been one report to confirm this.

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myristicin Myristicin] -- This psychoactive drug, which is the traditional precursor for the psychedelic and empathogenic drug [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMDA_(drug) MMDA], is found in very small quantities in vegetables, herbs and fruits consumed by humans on a daily basis, e.g., parsley, celery, lemons, figs, carrots, grape juice, Earl grey tea, nutmeg and dill, but this dietary intake is unlikely to be harmful to helminths. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5004179/]

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyote Peyote] (Lophophora williamsii) -- This cactus, which contains psychoactive alkaloids, including mescaline, is thought unlikely to harm helminths, but there have been no reports to confirm this.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin Psilocybin], a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine substituted tryptamine], is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound produced by more than 200 species of mushroom. Although illegal in most countries/states, psilocybin is used for the [https://clusterbusters.org/treatments-options-choices-and-more/psilocybin-and-lsd-in-the-treatment-of-cluster-headache/ self-treatment of cluster headaches], and one hookworm host has reported using this compound for two months to treat severe migraines, without noticing any apparent effect on his worms. However, it is possible that higher doses of this hallucinogenic may disorient hookworms for long enough to cause their loss.
</blockquote>

===Vaccines===

Three helminth hosts have claimed that they may have lost their hookworms after receiving the ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine tetanus vaccine], although others have had tetanus shots without any loss of worms, and several people receiving flu vaccination have reported that this had no effect on their hookworms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1861574483898498/?comment_id=1861706373885309&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R3%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1861574483898498/?comment_id=1861973877191892&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] Nothing has been reported in respect of other vaccines. Also see [[Helminthic therapy and vaccines | '''Helminthic therapy and vaccines''']].

== Miscellaneous pharmaceuticals and chemicals ==

<blockquote>
''' ✅ Safe for worms unless marked otherwise'''
* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zovirax Aciclovir] (Cyclovir, Herpex, Acivir, Acivirax, Zovirax, Zoral, Xovir and Imavir). There have been no reported problems with this drug so far. See also the related drug, Valaciclovir/valacyclovir.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baclofen Baclofen] (Kemstro, Lioresal, Liofen, Gablofen, Beklo and Baclosan) is a derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). One host who took 20-30mgs of baclofen daily reported no loss of worm benefits.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbiturate Barbiturates] have now largely been replaced in routine medical practice by ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepines benzodiazepines], but they may still be encountered in general anaesthesia, for epilepsy, and in the treatment of acute migraines. These drugs depress the central nervous system, producing effects ranging from mild sedation to total anaesthesia, so, taken in sufficient quantity, they may disorient hookworms sufficiently to cause them to lose their grip on the intestinal mucosa and be flushed away from their feeding site.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines] (BZD, benzos). There have been no reports of this type of drug having any adverse effect on helminths. The short-acting anti-anxiety drug, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam alprazolam] (Xanax), was taken by one hookworm host (0.5 mg 3 or 4 times over the course of a month) without any apparent effect on his worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/912662098789746/?comment_id=912671848788771&offset=0&total_comments=2&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/912662098789746/?comment_id=912703545452268&offset=0&total_comments=4&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] Other self-treaters have found that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonazepam clonazepam] (Klonopin) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/912662098789746/?comment_id=912711478784808&offset=0&total_comments=7&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lormetazepam lormetazepam] are both worm-safe, as is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorazepam Lorazepam] (Ativan). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/912662098789746/?comment_id=1099405830115371&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_subsalicylate Bismuth subsalicylate] (pink bismuth, the active ingredient in various stomach-settling medications such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepto-Bismol Pepto-Bismol] and Kaopectate)<br>There has been one suggestion that bismuth may have a temporary adverse effect on human helminths, similar to that caused by local anaesthetics/anesthetics, but this has not been confirmed by others. Pepto-Bismol is [http://www.reyessyndrome.org/pdfs/medicationscontainingaspirin.pdf listed] as containing aspirin (acetylsalicylate) or an aspirin-like substance (see ✅ Anticoagulants section regarding this ingredient).

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)], also known as calcium channel antagonists or calcium antagonists. These medications, which disrupt the movement of calcium through calcium channels, and are commonly used to treat cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, have also shown activity against the non-therapeutic helminth, Schistosoma mansoni. And it has been suggested that the calcium blocking effect of these drugs might be exploited to enhance the effect of existing anthelminthic drugs, or to produce new ones. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30420417] While there have been no reports thus far of therapeutic helminths being affected by calcium channel blockers, this remains a theoretical possibility.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegretol Carbamazepine] (Tegretol, Equetro). This appears to be worm-safe. One host who took this for two weeks was still producing ample hookworm ova at the end of this period.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine Chlorine]. As a constituent of chlorinated water, e.g., municipal water supplies and at swimming baths, this is no threat to helminths. [http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/4685].

* ❓[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide Chlorine dioxide] (CD, also known as MMS, CDS, CDH) is used as a water purifier and detoxifier. Users of CD claim that it kills parasites, and that "rope worm" is often released during enemas. However medics and parasitologists say these rope-like forms are more likely to be pieces of gut lining, as they contain mostly human DNA. Researcher William Parker mentions CD and parasites in [https://www.autism.com/statement_helminths this talk]. The appearance of “rope worms” is also reported outside the CD user community.

* [http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=36f623df-2ae3-4858-9783-c058097951f4&type=display Cortifoam], a hydrocortisone rectal aerosol, uses propane and isobutane as propellants, neither of which is known to have any adverse effect on helminths.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COX-2_inhibitors COX-2 inhibitors], e.g., [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celecoxib&redirect=no celecoxib] (Celebrex), are safe for use with helminths.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromoglicic_acid Cromoglicic acid] (cromolyn, cromoglycate or cromoglicate, sodium cromoglicate [Nalcrom] or cromolyn sodium)<br>is a mast cell stabiliser with anti-allergy effects. One hookworm host has taken 8x100mg capsules of Nalcrom daily for periods of up to 10 days without any adverse effect on her colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/952539741468648/?comment_id=953466358042653&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D]

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry5B Cry5B]. This is one of a family of proteins produced by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis] (Bt), a bacterium that has been engineered into food crops such as corn and rice to render them pest resistant, and residues of B. thuringiensisbased insecticides have been found on fresh fruits and vegetables. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16672488] Cry5B can kill intestinal worms and is highly effective against all hookworm species tested in all models [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29772478]. It is also used as a natural insecticide on crops on some organic farms. However, the risk of therapeutic helminths being killed as a result of their hosts ingesting small amounts of the delta endotoxins produced by Bt is likely to be very low. When used as an insecticide, one of the many Bt strains available is selected for its specific toxicity against the target insect. The strains that produce toxins against nematodes are therefore unlikely to be used as agricultural insecticides. In addition to this, the toxins produced need to be ingested by the target organism to become active and, as proteins, they may be denatured by heat during cooking. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1270850719637547/?comment_id=1270971972958755&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] The probiotic bacterium, Bacillus subtilis, can also be engineered to express the Cry5B protein, a small dose of which has been shown to kill intestinal nematode parasites, achieving a 93 percent elimination of human hookworms in hamsters. [https://www.asm.org/index.php/asm-newsroom2/journal-tipsheets/88-news-room/journal-tipsheets/91749-natural-pest-control-protein-effective-against-hookworm-a-billion-could-benefit], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23835175] Although researchers may be pursuing this development as a means of delivering anthelminthics via foods and food supplements, the strain of Bacillus subtilis currently used in probiotics that have been manufactured for human consumption is not known to have been modified in this way, and one hookworm host has reported that his worms were unaffected after eating a lot of natto (made using Bacillus subtilis) and taking the Bacillus subtilis-containing probiotic product, Megasporebiotic. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1084149894974298/?comment_id=1084177824971505&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R6%22%7D]

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic_acid DMPS] (Dimercapto-propane sulfonate/2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid) and its sodium salt, Unithiol. There have been no reports so far about possible anthelminthic effects following the use of this drug, but there do appear to be some [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18568806 serious risks attached to its use].

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimercaptosuccinic_acid DMSA] (Dimercaptosuccinic acid, also called succimer). The meso isomer form of this organosulfur compound is used as a chelating agent for the treatment of heavy metal toxicity. One hookworm host has taken 25 mg DMSA every 3 hours around the clock for 5 days, and repeated this every 3 weeks for a year without harming her hookworm colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/860154964040460/?comment_id=991229547599667&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D] DMSA is apparently such an effective chelator that it may deplete levels of beneficial minerals, so should arguably be used under the guidance of a practitioner. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/860154964040460/?comment_id=860226537366636&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide DMSO] (Dimethyl sulfoxide) has been [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/5762 used by one helminth host] without adverse effect.

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid EDTA] (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). There are, as yet, no reports from helminth hosts about the possible effects on intestinal worms of this heavy metal chelator.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil Essential oils]. These are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetherolea, or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were extracted. Certain essential oils contain some of the most potent antimicrobial compounds available and can be considered to be [http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/01/the-new-antibiotics-might-be-essential-oils/384247/ natural antibiotics]. For example ❌'''oregano oil''' (see [[#Oregano|Oregano reference]]) and ⚡'''peppermint oil''' (see [[#Peppermint|Peppermint reference]]) can affect human helminths if ingested. However, small quantities of most essential oils should be safe for helminths when applied topically, since not all of the oil applied will reach the bloodstream. And when essential oils are diffused into the air using a nebuliser, heated over a candle flame or burned, these should not harm helminths, even when using blends containing oregano or peppermint oil. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/807989739256983/?comment_id=808058079250149&offset=0&total_comments=3] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/807989739256983/?comment_id=809316062457684&offset=0&total_comments=6&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] However, one hookworm host lost most of her colony when she walked into a room where a diffuser had been left running after a child had emptied an entire bottle peppermint essential oil into it. She only took one breath in the room before leaving, but her home incubations fell from 25-35 larvae per droplet to just 1 larva per 3 droplets. And, many months and 3 inoculations later, she was still only getting 7-8 larvae per droplet. This inhalation of diffused peppermint oil also caused blistering burns to her face, nostrils and lungs, and did significant damage to her gut microbiome. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/2017826074940004/?comment_id=2018762378179707&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/2017826074940004/?comment_id=2018762378179707&reply_comment_id=2018765664846045&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ⚡ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid GABA] (gamma-aminobutyric acid). It has been reported [http://www.livestrong.com/article/216236-medications-to-treat-human-worms/] that the anthelminthic drug, ivermectin, causes paralysis in worms by increasing GABA, and a hookworm host has mentioned [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/9826] that she “used to do really well with GABA, but worms don't like it.” On the other hand, a child with Type 1 diabetes was given GABA (750mg x4 per day) alongside hookworm therapy without any indication that the worms were affected by this [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/10126], and another hookworm host who took 20-30mgs per day of ✅'''baclofen''' (a derivative of GABA) reported no loss of worm benefits.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentin Gabapentin] (Neurontin). One hookworm host has taken this without any obvious adverse effect on her colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1447874731935144/?comment_id=1450229985032952&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genistein Genistein] is an isoflavone (phytoestrogen) with antioxidant and anthelminthic properties that has been found to be the main substance responsible for the deworming activity of the root-tuber peel extract of Felmingia vestita, the plant traditionally used as an anthelminthic by the Khasi tribes of India. Genistein is a potent cestocide, being highly effective against several species of tapeworm, as well as a pork trematode and a sheep liver fluke. (See also: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29844617]) Given the strength of its effect against these other helminths, it is reasonable to assume that concentrated or synthesised forms of genistein (such as KBU2046 and B43-genistein) may also harm or even kill therapeutic human helminths, although there is no evidence that eating soy products might be harmful to human helminths as a result of the naturally occurring genistein they contain.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaifenesin Guaifenesin]. This oral expectorant and muscle relaxant is sold under various brand names, including Mucinex, and is added to many other medicines. There have been no reports of this drug having any ill effect on helminths, and one hookworm host has reported [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10844] that he regularly takes between 2 and 6 x 400 mg guaifenesin tablets to treat congestion, without any apparent effect on his worms.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium Helium] appears to be worm-safe, based on the experience of one hookworm host who deliberately inhaled a small volume of the gas (to enjoy the timbre-changing effect on his voice!) while blowing up balloons, and had no loss of effect from his worm colony.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide Hydrogen peroxide] (H2O2). This may kill helminths in a petri dish but it is so highly reactive that, if ingested, there is likely to be little left by the time it reaches the stomach. It is therefore thought to be unlikely to be a problem for intestinal helminths, although no one has reported on this, one way or the other, so it may pay to be cautious with H2O2 until there is more certainty.

* ❓Hyoscyamine [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoscyamine]. (Also known as daturine and levo-atropine. Brand names include Symax, HyoMax, Anaspaz, Egazil, Buwecon, Cystospaz, Levsin, Levbid, Levsinex, Donnamar, NuLev, Spacol T/S and Neoquess.) It has been suggested that hyoscyamine is unlikely to be harmful helminths, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1459052987483985/?comment_id=1459076817481602&reply_comment_id=1459213767467907&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] but there have been no reports to confirm this.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine Iodine]. This appears not to have any anthelminthic effect in the case of [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02356443?no-access=true some species of roundworm and lungworm] and no reports of adverse effects have been posted by helminth hosts who are taking iodine supplements.

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotretinoin Isotretinoin] (13-cis retinoic acid, Roaccutane, Accutane, Amnesteem, Claravis, Absorica, Isotroin and Epuris) is used to treat acne and other skin conditions. Although there have been no reports of harm to helminths as a result of taking this drug, anyone considering its use might appreciate knowing that it has been linked to autoimmune disease, which is of course what many readers of this website are already dealing with. The link is controversial, but this paper [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4110532/] sets out the facts.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactulose Lactulose]. This synthetic, non-digestible sugar used in the treatment of chronic constipation and as a test for small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) has not been reported to have any untoward effects on human helminths.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loperamide Loperamide] (Immodium, Lopex, etc.) This drug has been taken by numerous worm hosts and there have been no reports of it harming their worms.

* [[Wikipedia:Low-dose naltrexone|Low dose naltrexone]] (LDN). This is compatible with helminthic therapy and several people have had good results from this combination, although the drug doesn’t suit everyone. More details [http://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/index.php/Helminthic_therapy_and_low-dose_naltrexone_(LDN) here].

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine Lisdexamfetamine / L-lysine-dextroamphetamine] (Tyvense, Elvanse, Aduvanz, Venvanse, Vyvanse) is used to treat ADHD and binge eating disorder. One hookworm host took vyvanse for several weeks without noticing any adverse effect on her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1462105477178736/?comment_id=1462409000481717&reply_comment_id=1729076717148276&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepacrine Mepacrine] (quinacrine [Atabrine]). This is an antiprotozoal drug that has also been used against tapeworms, so it could harm hookworms and whipworms. No one has so far reported any problem with it, but it's likely that few, if any, helminth hosts will have taken it, especially as, "Mepacrine is not the drug of choice because side effects are common, including toxic psychosis, and may cause permanent damage."

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metformin Metformin] [Glucophage], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenformin phenformin], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosiglitazone rosiglitazone] [Avandia] are [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-diabetic_medication anti-diabetic medications] (also known as oral hypoglycemic or antihyperglycemic agents) that have been shown to have antibiotic properties [http://www.cysonline.org/article.asp?issn=2229-5186;year=2011;volume=2;issue=4;spage=219;epage=221;aulast=Dash], so might therefore have some degree of anthelminthic effect when used in higher doses. However no reports of such an effect have been posted so far by hosts of therapeutic human helminths.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methotrexate Methotrexate]. Some people have taken methotrexate alongside HT without any problem [http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/9081] including one NA host who combined these two treatments for 1½ years, taking up to 15 mg methotrexate per day. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1262248410497778/?comment_id=1262259710496648&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R1%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1530311280358155/?comment_id=1530363560352927&reply_comment_id=1531077360281547&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R5%22%7D] However, one individual got no benefit from his worms for over a year, while he was taking this drug.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montelukast Montelukast] (Singulair, Montelo-10, Monteflo, Lukotas, Arokast and Pulmikast). This leukotriene receptor antagonist has been taken intermittently, in 10 mg doses, by one hookworm host with no apparent effect on her colony, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/904649709590985/?comment_id=904760852913204&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R3%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/904649709590985/?comment_id=904793842909905&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] and regularly by another. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1682302251825723/?comment_id=1683751361680812&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_relaxant Muscle relaxants]. Anything that relaxes a worm host has the potential to do the same to his or her human helminths, conceivably affecting the ability of hookworms to maintain their grip on the host’s mucosa, and therefore possibly causing their expulsion, although this effect will likely be dose-dependent. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carisoprodol Carisoprodol] (Soma, Sanoma and Carisoma) was suspected [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/1534] by one worm host of causing the loss of his hookworm population, although ✅'''Guaifenesin''' appears to be safe. Whipworms may not be as vulnerable as hookworms, due to the fact that they do not feed directly from the bloodstream and they anchor themselves in the colonic mucosa.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs] (NSAIDS, NSAIAs or NSAIMs) e.g: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin aspirin], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofenac diclofenac] (sold under many trade names [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofenac%23Trade_names]), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofen ibuprofen] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naproxen naproxen], are safe for use with helminths, but see Anticoagulants section regarding aspirin.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone Ozone]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_therapy Ozone therapy] is used as an alternative treatment for various diseases in humans but is still controversial. Ozone is also used to kill microorganisms, in some instances being employed in place of chlorine as a bactericide. It is also used to eradicate water borne parasites such as Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium, and to kill insects in stored grain. So there would appear to be a potential for ozone to have an adverse effect on human helminths, although this may depend on dosage and there have been no reports to date of the use of ozone by helminth hosts, so caution would seem to be warranted until more is known.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaminophen Paracetamol] (acetaminophen. Also sold under names tylenol, panadol, etc). This is safe for use with helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentobarbital Pentobarbital] (US), pentobarbitone (UK), e.g., Nembutal, is a short-acting '''barbiturate''' that has been used as a sleep aid, as well as to euthanise animals and to execute humans. It’s possible that the dosages used to encourage sleep might not have any deleterious effect on human helminths, but, if this drug were to disorientate hookworms, they could lose their grip on the intestinal mucosa and be flushed away. So far, there have been no reports about this drug from any helminth host, although few, if any, will have taken it.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracetam Piracetam]. This nootropic, cognition- and memory-enhancing drug (Nootropil, Qropi, Myocalm, Dinagen) was suspected as the cause in one case of sudden worm loss.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor Proton-pump inhibitors] (PPIs), including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeprazole omeprazole] (e.g., Losec) and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansoprazole lansoprazole] (e.g., Prevacid). These gastric acid inhibiting drugs appear to be safe for use with helminths.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine] is a stimulant nasal decongestant [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decongestant] that is sometimes added to antihistamine preparations and other products, including some formulations sold under the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudafed Sudafed] brand. Pseudoephedrine has not been reported to have any adverse effect on helminths.

* ➿ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-131 Radioactive iodine] (also known as radioiodine), which is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, can adversely affect hookworms, at least temporarily. One worm host found that '''isotope I-128''' (used in diagnostics) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/830004963722127/ put her colony out of action for a week or two], and has suggested that '''isotope I-131''' (used to kill thyroid tissue) may have a similar effect.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viagra Sildenafil] (Viagra). This does not kill hookworms [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/2144].

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeticone Simeticone], also known as simethicone (Gas-X, Infacol, Wind-eze, WindSetlers, etc…), is an anti-foaming agent used in different dosages, and in combination with a variety of other drugs, to reduce the bloating, pain and discomfort caused by excessive intestinal gas. Simethicone has been tested directly on pig whipworm ova (TSO) and found to have no effect on them, and one hookworm host has reported taking simethicone periodically with no noticeable adverse effect on her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1969827113073234/?comment_id=1970814692974476&reply_comment_id=1972925246096754&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_oxybate Sodium oxybate] (Xyrem, Alcover) is the sodium salt of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid γ-hydroxybutyric acid] (GHB), which is unlikely to harm helminths because it’s an endogenous substance found naturally in the human body [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/813700862019204/?comment_id=815965665126057&offset=0&total_comments=23&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D], and one hookworm/whipworm host has confirmed that it did not affect her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/813700862019204/?comment_id=815975511791739&offset=0&total_comments=24&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_hormone Steroid hormones]. One host of both hookworms and whipworms takes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone progesterone] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone testosterone] with [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/824719590917331/?comment_id=825008124221811&offset=0&total_comments=1&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D no adverse effect on her worms].

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpentine Turpentine]. Also known as spirit of turpentine, oil of turpentine, wood turpentine and, colloquially, turps, this is distilled from pine tree resins. If applied topically to the skin - for example as a treatment for lice - it is unlikely to harm helminths. However, it has been used traditionally as an anthelminthic, so it may be harmful to human helminths if taken internally. It may, however, also be toxic to humans!

* [http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/lung-problems/medicines/vicks-first-defence.html Vicks First Defence]. This cold preventative nasal spray does not contain antiviral chemicals, but forms a microgel that coats the lining of the nose to trap the cold virus and prevent this from reaching, and infecting, the cells within the nose. The microgel also reduces the pH inside the nose, which further helps by making it harder for the cold virus to multiply. It seems unlikely that any of this product’s ingredients [http://www.vicks.co.uk/products/cold-intervention/vicks-first-defence-nasal-spray/] would harm helminths, although there have been no reports to confirm this.

* <span id=VOCs></span>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_Organic_Compounds Volatile Organic Compounds] (VOCs), as found in paints, felt tip markers, etc., are unlikely to harm helminths. One helminth host who regularly worked with organic solvents (including CH2Cl2 and CHCl3) has reported that his helminths have not been affected.
</blockquote>

== Medical procedures ==

<blockquote>
''' ✅ Safe for human helminths unless marked otherwise'''
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopy Colonoscopy] As whipworms live in the colon, they may be at some risk of being struck by a colonoscope, but much of their body is embedded in the soft mucosa, and they are well lubricated with mucus, so few, if any, are likely to be damaged. Hookworms should not be affected by colonoscopy at all because they live in the small intestine, which is much higher up the GI tract. Hookworms might possibly be seen during a colonoscopy, but only if the colonoscope is advanced into the terminal ileum, and only then if any hookworms have taken up residence in the ileum, which is not common as they normally concentrate in the upper part of the jejunum, which is above the ileum, and is shown in red in this representation.<br><br><span style="width:auto; background-color:#F5FAFF;border: 1px solid #CEDFF2; padding:12px;"> mouth ➤ oesophagus ➤ stomach ➤ <span style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray;">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum duodenum] ➤ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunum <span style="color:red;">jej</span>unum] ➤ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileum ileum]</span> ➤ <span style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecum caecum] ➤ colon</span> ➤ rectum</span><br><br>Anaesthesia for colonoscopy is likely to involve the use of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioids opioid] pain killers ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl fentanyl], etc.), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine benzodiazepine] anaesthetics ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versed Versed], etc.) and/or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotic_analgesic narcotic analgesics], all of which appear to be harmless to helminths.<br>See also [[Human helminth care manual#Laxatives | Laxatives]] regarding [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopy#Preparation colonoscopy prep].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonic_hydrotherapy Colonic Hydrotherapy] This will not harm hookworms and is unlikely to harm whipworms unless the fluid used contains something to which the whipworms are vulnerable.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detoxification Detoxification] The use of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_sauna infrared saunas] is [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/860154964040460/?comment_id=860231720699451&offset=0&total_comments=7&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D safe for helminths], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelation_therapy chelation therapy] using the [http://www.livingnetwork.co.za/chelationnetwork/chelation-the-andy-cutler-protocol/ Andy Cutler protocol] has been used by one hookworm host with no obvious adverse effect[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/860154964040460/?comment_id=860208537368436&offset=0&total_comments=7&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D] on her colony. (Also see ❓'''DMPS''', ✅'''DMSA''' and ❓'''EDTA'''.)

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enema Enemas] These will not affect hookworms at all, and the liquid used is unlikely to have any adverse effect on whipworms unless this contains something to which they are susceptible.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopy Endoscopy] A standard upper endoscopy (via the mouth) will not reach past the duodenum, and probably only as far as the second of the four parts of this section of the small intestine. It would therefore not harm hookworms or even allow a doctor to see the jejunum, which is the predominant location of hookworms by 20 weeks post-inoculation, shown in red in this representation.<br><br><span style="width:auto; background-color:#F5FAFF;border: 1px solid #CEDFF2; padding:12px;"> mouth ➤ oesophagus ➤ stomach ➤ <span style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray;">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum duodenum] ➤ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunum <span style="color:red;">jej</span>unum] ➤ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileum ileum]</span> ➤ <span style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecum caecum] ➤ colon</span> ➤ rectum</span><br><br>For information about the anaesthetics used during an endoscopy, see the [[#Anaesthetics|general anaesthetics]] section.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidural_opioid_analgesia Epidural opioid analgesia] Opioids such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl fentanyl] are generally safe for helminths, and one hookworm host has reported that her colony was fine following epidural analgesia administered during labour. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1960341670688445/?comment_id=1960403224015623&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R1%22%7D] If an anaesthetic is added to the epidural, the effects of this may be similar to those of other local anaesthetics. (See the [[#localAnaesthetics|local anaesthetics]] section).
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging Magnetic resonance imaging] An MRI is unlikely to harm helminths, but it can cause a temporary adverse reaction in the patient which may overshadow the benefits being provided by their helminths. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1296754897047129/] The gadolinium-based contrast agents used for MRI may also have adverse effects on the patient. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28368880]

* ❌[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy Radiation therapy] (also known as radiotherapy, and abbreviated as RT, RTx, or XRT) is a treatment for cancer that used ionizing radiation. It had been thought unlikely that this would harm helminths [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1074039122652042/?comment_id=1074160752639879&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] but one hookworm host appears to have lost her colony after radiotherapy for breast cancer. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1074039122652042/?comment_id=1240655962657023&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology Radiology] Radiological procedures (e.g., [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiography radiography] using [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray X-rays]) and the contrast materials used in these (e.g., [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium barium] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI_contrast_agent%23Gadolinium_.28Gd.29:_Paramagnetic gadolinium]) have been found to be worm-safe by several hookworm users. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1014349448621010/?comment_id=1014377761951512&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1014349448621010/?comment_id=1014821705240451&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]
</blockquote>

<span id="AlternativeTherapies"></span>

== Alternative therapies ==

=== Alternative antibiotics ===
<blockquote>

* ➿ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloidal_silver Colloidal silver]. Some sources have claimed that, if taken orally, this may kill parasite eggs and possibly harm adult worms, but many helminth hosts have taken colloidal silver and there have been no reports of worms being lost as a result. Colloidal silver appears to be the most worm-friendly of the more effective natural antimicrobials, and it has also been shown to have no significant effect on the biodiversity of species in the gut microbiome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26525505]. Although it can reduce helminthic benefits in a dose-dependent manner while it is being taken, the benefits soon return after its use is discontinued - usually in a matter of days. (Use of this [http://www.silversafety.org/autocalculator.php Silver Safety Auto-calculator] will ensure that total silver intake remains at a safe level.)

* ❓ '''Cellular silver'''. The manufacturers of [http://www.resultsrna.com/products/acs_200_overview/ Advanced Cellular Silver (ACS) 200 Extra Strength] claim that it is “...effective against an enormous array of disease causing organisms; literally oxidizing the cell wall of gram positive and gram negative bacteria, spirochetes, virus, fungus, parasites and more without harming healthy flora or damaging human tissue”. Research[http://www.townsendletter.com/Jan2015/silver0115.html] shows that this form of silver may be more effective than ➿'''colloidal silver''' (see Colloidal silver, immediately above), but, so far, there have been no reports from helminth hosts to suggest what effect, if any, it might have on human helminths.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit_seed_extract Grapefruit seed extract] (GSE). Also known as citrus seed extract and grapefruit seed oil, and often labelled as citrus seed oil. It is used in herbalism and natural therapies as an antibiotic and preservative, and is claimed to be a powerful broad spectrum bactericide, fungicide and antiviral that is effective against a large number of single-celled and multi-celled parasites. However, research has shown that [http://cms.herbalgram.org/press/2012/Many_GFSE_Adulterated_Says_Nonprofit_Research_Consortium.html many “natural” GSE products are adulterated] with undeclared synthetic chemicals, commercially available preservatives and disinfectants, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan triclosan] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzethonium_chloride benzethonium chloride]. Some versions of GSE [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17468864 may not contain any authentic grapefruit seed extracts] whatsoever, such that its sale may well be one of the most insidious herbal product scams ever. Even if genuinely pure, natural GSE could be found - which, given the evidence, seems doubtful - there may be little point in taking it as an antimicrobial because pure GSE has been shown to have no intrinsic antimicrobial action. And, as the makeup of proprietary GSE products varies so widely, these can not be recommended for worm hosts due to the possibility that one or more of the undeclared ingredients may harm human helminths. (NB. The flesh of grapefruit will not harm helminths.)
</blockquote>

=== Ayurvedic remedies [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedic] ===

<blockquote>
The following ayurvedic remedies are used, in combination, to treat pinworms, so may also have an adverse effect
on other helminths:
* ⚡[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidanga vidanga] (Embelia ribes)
* ⚡[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmar Gymnema sylvestre] (cowplant, cowplant, gurmari, gurmarbooti, gurmar, periploca of the woods, meshasringa, Bedki cha pala and miracle fruit)
* ⚡[http://ayurveda-foryou.com/ayurveda_herb/trikatu.html trikatu] - a combination of (see Spices section)
** ⚡[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper black pepper] (Piper nigrum - see [[#Spices|local reference]]),
** ⚡[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Long_Pepper long pepper] (Piper longum)
** ⚡'''ginger''' (Zingiber officinale - see [[#Ginger|local reference]])

* ⚡[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphala Triphala]. This is an Ayurvedic herbal formula combining three myrobalans: Amalaki (Emblica officinalis), Bibhitaki (Terminalia bellirica/Terminalia bellerica), and Haritaki (Terminalia chebula). The latter two of these are reported to be anthelminthic, but they also have laxative properties, and this latter characteristic, rather than actual wormkilling ability, may be the source of any ‘anthelminthic’ effects.
</blockquote>

=== Chinese herbal medicines [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Herbal_Medicine] ===

==== ❌ Anthelminthic Chinese herbs ====

<blockquote>
* Bing Lang (Semen arecae). Used against roundworms and flukes.
* Chuan Lian Gen Pi (Cortex meliae radicis). Used against roundworms.
* Da Huang (Radix et rhizoma rhei). Used in combination remedies to treat flukes.
* Guan Zhong (Rhizoma dryopteris crassirhizomae). Used in combination remedies to treat hookworms.
* Ku Lian Gen Pi (Cortex meliae radicis). Used to treat pinworms, and in combination remedies to treat hookworms.
* Lei Wan (Sclerotium omphaliae). Used specifically to treat hookworms.
* Qian Niu Zi (Semen pharbitidis). Used in combination remedies to treat flukes.
* Qu Hui Wan (Dispel Roundworms Pill). Used against roundworms.
* Shi Jun Zi (Fructus quisqualis). Used against pinworms.
* Tu Jing Jie (Herba chenopodii ambrosioidis). Used in combination remedies to treat hookworms.
* Wu Mei Wan / Wu-Mei Wan (Mume Pill). A 10-herb classical formula used to treat intestinal parasite infections, including roundworms.
* Zi Su Ye (Folium perillae). Used in combination remedies to treat hookworms.
</blockquote>

=== Homeopathic remedies ===

✅ Most homeopathic remedies are unlikely to have any adverse effect on human helminths. For example, the influenza remedy, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillococcinum Oscillococcinum], has been taken occasionally by one hookworm host without harming her colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1590515217671094/?comment_id=1590860620969887&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

==== ❌ Antiparasitic homeopathic remedies [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy] ====

<blockquote>
* Cina (a homeopathically potentised form of Eurasian wormwood - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_cina Artemisia cina])
* Cuprum oxidatum nigrum
* Indigoz
* Podophyllum
* Sabadilla
* Santoninum
* Spigelia
* Stanum
* Teucrium marum
</blockquote>

== Foods, supplements, spices, herbs and fungi ==

{{Columns|3}}
There are lists on the internet claiming that common foods and spices such as pumpkin seeds, turmeric, and even carrots, will kill helminths, but '''normal dietary amounts of most ''unprocessed'' foods, spices and herbs, will not harm helminths.'''

For example, carrots and sweet potatoes are both claimed to be 'antiparasitic' in some online lists, but one individual who eats 400 g (14 oz) of one or other of these vegetables every day, is still able to maintain a thriving hookworm colony, and there are others who have eaten far more than this without harming their worms. There are several further reports confirming the safety of dietary amounts of foods and spices here
[http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/8280],
[http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/7627],
[http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/8287],
[http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/8484].

The only problem that is likely to arise with foods, spices or herbs is when these, and particularly herbs, are artificially concentrated or processed to create extracts or tinctures. Any herbal medicine that claims to have antiparasitic, or even antibacterial or antifungal properties may present a potential risk to human helminths and should therefore be approached with caution. The ultimate potency of these substances will depend on a number of factors, including, in the case of plants, the part used, the [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=21110041 method of extraction], the extent of concentration and/or processing, and dosage.

The effect of such substances also appears to vary between individuals, probably due to differences in the strength of their immune response to helminths, and some people, particularly those who have more difficulty holding on to a viable helminth colony and therefore need more frequent top-ups (especially a subset of patients with IBD or coeliac disease, and some with allergies) may find that ingesting certain substances that have no effect on the worms of other hosts may tip the balance in their case and cause a temporary dip in worm benefits, or even a loss of worms. For example, one helminth host has reported taking peppermint oil continuously without any apparent adverse effect on his worms, yet another individual could not keep a worm colony at all while taking peppermint oil.

In the case of some foods and herbs, a single part of the plant, usually a part that is not normally eaten - perhaps the bark or root - may have antiparasitic properties, while other parts of the same plant may be perfectly safe to eat. For example, the seeds of pomegranates are safe to eat, while the bark of the stems of this plant contains an anthelminthic compound, and the bark of the root contains an even more potent form of this alkaloid, which is used to treat roundworms, pinworms and tapeworms.

'''So, while bearing in mind the general principles set out in the Introduction and the last few paragraphs above, and using the details in the list below, helminth hosts need to observe their own responses and learn what they, as individuals, can and cannot safely consume while hosting helminths.'''

There will often be a warning indication whenever one's worms are not happy. This may be a general loss of wellbeing, or a return of specific symptoms. For example, one person always gets a marked increase in nasal congestion if something compromises the health of his worms.
{{Columns}}

=== Foods ===
<blockquote>
'''✅ Food items are considered safe unless marked otherwise'''

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_melon Bitter melon] (momordica charantia). This cucumber-shaped vegetable found in Asian markets is also known as karela, ampalaya and bitter gourd. Both fruit and seeds have been and still are used in a number of countries to treat pinworm infections, and for expelling parasites generally. However, the quantities quoted as being necessary in order to eradicate worms are rather large, for example two whole melons each day for seven to ten days, repeated after two months. It is therefore unlikely that normal dietary amounts of bitter melon will adversely affect helminths.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot Carrot] (Daucus carota, subsp. sativus). The taproot of the carrot is rich in beta carotene, a precursor for vitamin A, which has been claimed to increase resistance to penetration by larvae. Carrots have also been claimed to be offensive to all parasites and valuable in the elimination of threadworms, but normal dietary amounts are not harmful to therapeutic helminths, and many helminth hosts have regularly eaten significant quantities of this vegetable (e.g., up to 1kg daily [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1074474759275145/?comment_id=1084028951653059&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]) without adversely affecting their worms.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicory Chicory] (Cichorium intybus). This is well known for its toxicity to intestinal parasites, and studies have indicated that ingestion of chicory by farm animals results in reduced worm burdens. This plant contains volatile oils similar to those found in plants in the related genus Tanacetum, which includes ❌'''Tansy''', and is said to be similarly effective in eliminating intestinal worms, but eating dietary quantities of chicory has not been reported to adversely affect human helminths.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citron Citron] (Citrus medica). Alcoholic extracts of the rind of citron have shown ‘moderate’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies. These extracts may therefore also have an adverse effect on other helminths, though there is no evidence that eating normal dietary amounts of the flesh of this fruit might harm human helminths.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut Coconut]. Coconut products contain medium-chain-triglycerides (MCT), some of which have been shown to be effective against many parasites including giardia, other protozoa, and also tapeworms. The fats in '''coconut oil''' are 40% lauric acid, the MCT most well-known for its antibacterial, antimicrobial and antiviral properties, [http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2016/08/22/mct-oil-health-benefits.aspx] and the one that may be responsible for any adverse effect on helminths. '''Fractionated coconut oil''' contains primarily caprylic and capric acids [https://authoritynutrition.com/fractionated-coconut-oil/] which appear not to harm helminths.<br>'''Coconut fiber''', especially in the form of dried or ground coconut flesh (desiccated coconut, coconut flour) has long been used to expel intestinal worms, both in humans [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1412001672189117/] and animals, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21120531] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24271156] and becomes more effective as the quantity increases. Eating an entire cake baked with coconut flour brought a return of disease symptoms for one hookworm host. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/946802485375707/]<br>Most helminth hosts find that they can eat normal dietary amounts of coconut products without adversely affecting their worms, as can be seen in these examples. [http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/8287] [http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/8484] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/877714092284547/?comment_id=880956541960302&offset=0&total_comments=6&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/544122108977082/] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/872052362850720/?comment_id=872162672839689&offset=0&total_comments=10&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1026756790713609/?comment_id=1026771657378789&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1026756790713609/?comment_id=1026788797377075&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1726786724043942/?comment_id=1726865127369435&reply_comment_id=1726875977368350&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] Nevertheless, coconut products do have a potential to affect helminths in some individuals, especially '''coconut oil''' and '''coconut milk''', and the effect is often dose-dependent. For example, one hookworm host who checks the egg output of his worms has reported that they twice produced zero eggs for a period of time after he drank coconut milk. Another hookworm host gets increased pain a few hours after ingesting coconut milk or powder. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/966600183395937/?comment_id=967794996609789&reply_comment_id=968778733178082&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R3%22%7D]<br>Someone else found that, while consuming 200 mg of coconut milk caused a temporary return of mild symptoms of his disease, he regularly eats coconut oil without any obvious problem, but other hookworm hosts have reported a return of disease symptoms after consuming coconut oil. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1446457812076836/] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1408578419198109/?comment_id=1409474272441857&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]<br> A hookworm grower has reported that he can consume coconut products "somewhat regularly" and still be able to incubate plenty of larvae, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/678894952216125/permalink/1407193439386269/?comment_id=1407718306000449&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] but another grower has found that, while his colony continues to thrive and produce eggs when he takes 3 tablespoons of coconut oil each day, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1084278171628137/?comment_id=1088696887852932&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] about ⅓ of any larvae produced will be dead, and the rest “less energetic”, so he normally restricts himself to 2 tablespoons per day.<br> '''Coconut water''' may also adversely affect a hookworm colony, as one host found after drinking 1 litre of coconut water, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1051741958215092/] and another found after drinking coconut water kefir. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1696907597031855/?comment_id=1698709520184996&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]<br>One hookworm host finds that '''all coconut products''' have an adverse effect, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1408578419198109/?comment_id=1409105045812113&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] while two others have said that even small amounts of coconut quickly result in a loss of benefits. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1331489750240310/?comment_id=1339469669442318&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R2%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1526713510717932/?comment_id=1529128360476447&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]<br>Some '''CBD oils''' for vaping are suspended in coconut oil. However, most of these are only a 3% suspension, so *may* be safe for use while hosting human helminths.<br>'''Coconut sugar''' should not carry the same degree of risk because, whereas coconut milk, oil and flour are all obtained from the flesh of mature coconuts, and coconut water is also from inside the fleshy part of the coconut, coconut sugar comes from the sap of coconut palm flower buds and consists largely of sugars.<br>The seasoning sauce, '''Coconut Aminos''', is also made from coconut tree sap, and at least one hookworm host has used this regularly without issue. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1696907597031855/?comment_id=1697083593680922&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry Cranberry] (Vaccinium macrocarpon). This is claimed by some sources to contain antiparasitic enzymes, and cranberry powder is sometimes included in proprietary antiparasitic formulations, although evidence for its effectiveness in this context is lacking. Cranberry juice was used traditionally to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs), but it works by changing the bacteria in ways that [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/198711.php prevent bacterial adhesion] rather than killing them. While drinking 15 fl oz of cranberry juice per day is claimed to help arrest a mild urinary infection, [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/306498.php cranberry powder capsules are more effective], and '''D-mannose''', a cranberry derivative, is even more effective than the powder.

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub_(syrup) Date syrup], also known as “rub”. Laboratory tests have revealed that [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150330213949.htm some forms of date syrup may have antibacterial activity], possibly due to the presence of phenolic compounds that form naturally in the dates as they mature. Significantly, the syrup was able to inhibit the growth of bacteria faster than ⚡'''Manuka honey''', which several people have suspected of having adversely affected their worms. However, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/811693292219961/?comment_id=811695265553097&offset=0&total_comments=1&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D eating dates is unlikely to be harmful to helminths].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber Dietary fibre] (fiber). Some sources claim that eating a lot of fibre may reduce the number of intestinal worms, but fibre consumed as an integral part of a normal diet has not been reported to be a problem for human helminths.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_foods Genetically modified foods] (GMOs). Some food crops, such as corn and rice, have been genetically modified to produce ❌'''Cry5B''', a protein that can kill intestinal worms, including the human hookworm. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis] (Bt), the bacterium that produces Cry5B, is also applied as a [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-07/asfm-npc072313.php natural insecticide] on crops on some organic farms, but there is no indication yet that GM foods are a potential threat to human helminths.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit Grapefruit] (citrus paradisi). The flesh of the common grapefruit is perfectly safe to eat while hosting helminths, although ⚡'''grapefruit seed extract''' does have a potential to harm helminths due to the typical addition of synthetic adulterants. Also potentially harmful are some extracts of the rind of ❌'''Citrus decumana''', a close relative of the grapefruit.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_tea Green tea] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camellia_sinensis Camellia sinensis]). When taken as a drink, green tea presents no risk to therapeutic helminths. However, there ''may'' be a risk of harm to helminths if ❓medicinal quantities of concentrates, extracts or tinctures made from green tea are consumed. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5449030_Potential_anthelmintics_Polyphenols_from_the_tea_plant_Camellia_sinensis_L_are_lethally_toxic_to_Caenorhabditis_elegans]

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey Honey]. Honey can contain antivirals [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25333699] and powerful antimicrobials [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3074369/], some of which can have effects comparable with those of antibiotics such as clarithromycin, and certain types of honey have particularly potent antimicrobial activity. Several people have suspected that [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81nuka_honey Manuka honey] (which inhibits dental plaque as effectively as chlorhexidine mouthwash [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22114423]) has adversely affected their worms, while a few others have reported that raw honey reduces the benefits from their worms, for example causing increased pain several hours after ingestion, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/966600183395937/?comment_id=967794996609789&reply_comment_id=968778733178082&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R3%22%7D] and research reported in 2014 may explain why raw honey might have this effect. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/09/140908093741.htm] However, one hookworm host, who regularly takes a manuka honey/apple cider vinegar combination, has not noticed any loss of benefits, and another two have reported no apparent adverse effect on their worms after consuming raw honey. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/544122108977082/] One of these individuals reports having eaten quite large amounts of raw honey continuously during his first 3 years with NA and never noticed anything untoward. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1802586329797314/?comment_id=1807740622615218&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] Regular honey appears to be generally worm-safe. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1223658601023426/?comment_id=1224392167616736&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir Kefir]. Although kefir has been claimed online to kill “parasites”, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1116999411689346/ it doesn’t harm helminths].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(fruit) Lime] (Citrus acida). While alcoholic extracts of the rind of limes have shown ‘moderate’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], and extracts of the rind may have an adverse effect on other helminths, there is no reason to believe that eating the flesh of limes will harm human helminths.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-chain_triglyceride Medium-chain triglycerides] (MCTs) are extracted from ⚡'''coconut oil''', amongst other things, and can be divided into four groups: 1. caproic acid, 2. caprylic acid, 3. capric acid and 4. lauric acid. [https://blog.bulletproof.com/the-definitive-guide-to-mcts/] Of these, lauric acid is the most well-known for its antibacterial, antimicrobial and antiviral properties [http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2016/08/22/mct-oil-health-benefits.aspx] which may explain why coconut oil (which is 40-50% lauric acid) appears more likely to affect human helminths than products containing a mixture of all four types of MCT, such as the milk of cows, sheep and goats, the fatty acids in which contain 10-20% mixed MCTs.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion Onion] (Allium cepa). This is used as an ingredient in some proprietary deworming formulations and has been claimed to create an 'uninhabitable environment' for intestinal worms and to help eradicate tapeworms in particular. However, if eaten in normal dietary quantities, onion should not harm therapeutic human helminths.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_foods Organic foods]. While these are less likely to be contaminated with chemicals, some organic farmers apply [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis] (Bt) to their crops as a natural insecticide. This bacterium produces ❌'''Cry5B''', a protein that can kill intestinal worms, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-07/asfm-npc072313.php including human hookworms]. However many hosts of human helminths have eaten organic foods without them affecting their worms.

<span id="Papaya"></span>
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya Papaya] (Carica papaya, also known as or papaw, pawpaw or paw paw). The fruit and leaves contain both antiseptic and antiparasitic compounds, including one called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpaine carpaine], which is claimed to kill and expel intestinal worms. Papaya latex has been shown to be an [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26343287 effective anthelminthic] against a variety of nematode parasites. However, it is unlikely that eating normal dietary amounts of the flesh of the fruit will adversely affect human helminths and, when someone who grows his own hookworms added a large amount of papaya - comparable to a human eating 2 or 3 pawpaws - to a petri dish full of larvae, these were unaffected. However, ⚡'''Papaya seeds''' are also rich in caricin which is reportedly effective in expelling roundworms, and a randomized, placebo-controlled study [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17472487] concluded that air-dried papaya seeds are effective against various types of human intestinal parasites. Also see [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30526582 this paper].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate Pomegranate] (Punica granatum). ✅The flesh and seeds of the pomegranate fruit have not been reported to harm human helminths. However, ❌pomegranate extracts should be avoided because the bark and stems of this plant contain an anthelminthic compound, punicine, and the bark of the root contains an even more potent form of this alkaloid. Extracts of the bark of both the root and stems, and of the rind of the fruit, are used as traditional remedies to treat roundworms, pinworms and tapeworms, to which they are said to be highly toxic. Alcoholic extracts of the rind have also shown ‘moderate’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424] These extracts may therefore have an adverse effect on other helminths, and one hookworm host has reported losing benefits after accidentally consuming a small amount of pomegranate extract. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1166864270036193/]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin Pumpkin] (Cucurbita species). This is also referred to as squash or gourd, depending on species, variety and local parlance. Pumpkin seeds contain an antiparasitic compound called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitacin curcurbitacin] and they were used traditionally as a remedy for tapeworms and roundworms. However, their effect is likely to be dose-dependent, and large amounts are recommend by herbalists for deworming, e,g., up to 25 ounces for adults. One worm host has reported that eating moderate amounts of pumpkin seeds has not adversely affected her hookworms, but another NA host has reported that taking 1000 mg of '''pumpkin seed oil''' daily for 2 months significantly reduced the fecundity of his NA, resulting in incubations producing only a handful of L3 larvae after having previously always yielded hundreds of larvae per incubation over a 7 year period. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1635384559850826/?comment_id=1635389889850293&reply_comment_id=1635944229794859&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] Since this individual is not treating a disease, but only acting as a reservoir donor, it is not known whether this amount of pumpkin seed oil might affect disease remission. Eating the flesh of the pumpkin/squash/gourd is unlikely to have any adverse effect on any human helminth.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radish Radish] (Raphanus sativus). This has been used as an alternative treatment for intestinal parasites, and is included as an ingredient in some proprietary deworming formulations, but it is unlikely to have any adverse effect on human helminths if eaten as part of a normal diet.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(plant) Squash]. See '''Pumpkin''' above.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potatoes Sweet potato] (Ipomoea batatas). Like the carrot, this root vegetable is rich in beta carotene, a precursor for vitamin A, which it has been claimed can increase resistance to penetration by larvae. However, numerous hosts of human helminths regularly eat significant amounts of sweet potato (e.g., up to 1kg daily [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1074474759275145/?comment_id=1084028951653059&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]) without any adverse effect on their worms.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_regia Walnut], English (Juglans regia). Also known as the Persian, common, California, or Carpathian walnut. This does not appear to have gained a reputation as an anthelminthic, unlike the ⚡'''black walnut'''.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylitol Xylitol]. One hookworm host has reported [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/833127066743250/?comment_id=833225923400031&offset=0&total_comments=6&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] that he takes xylitol daily in place of sugar and has not noticed any effect on his colony.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_(vegetable) Yam] ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea Dioscorea]). Like carrot and sweet potato, the yam is rich in beta carotene, a precursor for vitamin A which is thought to increase resistance to penetration by larvae. However, numerous hosts of human helminths regularly eat this vegetable without adversely affecting their worms.
</blockquote>

<span id="NutritionalSupplements"></span>

=== Nutritional supplements ===

<blockquote>
'''✅ Supplements safe for human helminths, unless marked otherwise'''

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Hydroxytryptophan 5-HTP] (5-Hydroxytryptophan, also known as oxitriptan and marketed under trade names such as Cincofarm, Levothym, Levotonine, Oxyfan, Telesol, Tript-OH and Triptum) This is used as an antidepressant, appetite suppressant and sleep aid. One hookworm host has reported[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/811459492243341/?comment_id=811659322223358&offset=0&total_comments=3&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] taking 5-HTP without any adverse effect on her worms.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine] (Acetyl-L-carnitine, ALCAR or ALC) is produced naturally by the body, and has been taken by at least two hookworm hosts without issue. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1701733326549282/?comment_id=1701750936547521&reply_comment_id=1702741433115138&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1701733326549282/?comment_id=1702716603117621&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcysteine Acetylcysteine] (also known as N-acetylcysteine, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and NAC). One hookworm host has reported[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/832123420176948/?comment_id=832517453470878&offset=0&total_comments=3&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] taking this from time to time without causing any problem for his colony.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_charcoal_(medication) Activated charcoal] (also known as activated carbon). There has been one confirmation that charcoal doesn’t harm hookworms [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/513613715361255/?comment_id=514186115304015&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D], and another report that taking it didn't cause any return of symptoms in a Crohn’s patient. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/792437597478864/?comment_id=792881060767851&offset=0&total_comments=10&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R3%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoic_acid Alpha lipoic acid] (ALA), also known as Lipoic acid (LA), α-lipoic acid and thioctic acid. This organosulphur compound is made naturally in animals, where it is essential for aerobic metabolism. Because of its antioxidant properties, it is also sold as a dietary supplement and is available in some countries as a pharmaceutical drug. One host of both hookworms and human whipworms has taken between 300 and 600 mg of alpha lipoic acid per day without any harm befalling their worms.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine_oxidase Amine oxidase] (also known as diamine oxidase, DAO and histaminase). This enzyme, which is involved in the metabolism of histamine, is produced by the body and found in high concentrations in the digestive tract and placenta. It has therefore been suggested[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/883903308332292/?comment_id=883916171664339&offset=0&total_comments=2&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D] that it is unlikely to be harmful to helminths, although there are not yet any reports to confirm this.

* ❌ [https://atrantil.com/ Atrantil] contains three active botanicals: M. balsamea Willd (peppermint) leaf extract, quebracho extract and conker tree extract. While ⚡'''peppermint oil''' has proved to be a problem for some hosts of human helminths (see [[#Peppermint|peppermint reference]]), it is possible that the leaf extract may be worm-safe. However, quebracho extract has been shown to effectively reduce worm burdens in sheep. [http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/agrotech/1905/R7424%20(04)%20Embu%20proceedings.pdf]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_pollen Bee pollen]. One hookworm host has reported[https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/11152] that eating small amounts of this has had no obvious adverse effect on this worms.

* ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Sitosterol beta-Sitosterol] has demonstrated anthelminthic effects [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12587699] and two hookworm hosts have reported a return of their disease symptoms after taking beta-Sitosterol. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/1102220229833931/?comment_id=1135959856459968&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1143218725734081/?comment_id=1146128268776460&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D]

* [http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-312-BETAINE%20HYDROCHLORIDE.aspx?activeIngredientId=312&activeIngredientName=BETAINE%20HYDROCHLORIDE Betaine hydrochloride]. One hookworm host has reported using betaine HCL without noticing any loss of benefits from her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1103458306376790/?comment_id=1106534052735882&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1103458306376790/?comment_id=1106538649402089&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borax Borax]. One hookworm host has reported taking 1/2 teaspoon borax per day for 6-7 weeks without harming his colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1232677046788248/?comment_id=1404263146296303&reply_comment_id=1404577376264880&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R7%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1404253479630603/?comment_id=1404658099590141&reply_comment_id=1405046696217948&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R1%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorella Chlorella]. One hookworm host took ½ teaspoon of this single-cell green algae daily for a year without any obvious effect on her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1037512569638031/?comment_id=1037568506299104&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyllin Chlorophyllin]. This semi-synthetic derivative of chlorophyll is used as a food colouring agent (e.g., E number E141) and as a treatment aimed at reducing various bodily odours, but its suitability for use by helminth hosts has been questioned because of its apparent [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19009310 ability to kill mosquito larvae and other small animals] at low concentrations, although this effect appears to be dependent on the presence of sunlight. (Also see Chlorophyll.)

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate Chondroitin Sulfate]. In an animal study, chondroitin sulfate was shown to prevent threadworms from establishing in the digestive system, but one NA host has taken 900 mg daily for several years without any adverse effect on his worms.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colostrum Colostrum]. A hookworm host has taken this without any adverse effect on her colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1145589722163648/?comment_id=1145807582141862&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D]

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannose D-mannose]. This naturally occurring simple sugar is the ingredient in cranberries that makes their juice effective against urinary tract infections. Pure D-mannose is 10-50 times stronger than cranberry juice, making it more suitable for stubborn cases of UTI, and it reportedly resolves more than 90% of all UTIs within 1-2 days. [http://www.tahomaclinicblog.com/d-mannose-for-bladder-and-kidney-infections/], [http://www.townsendletter.com/May2014/gaby0514.html]<br>Taking steps to make the urine less acidic (e.g., by taking Tums[https://www.tums.com/]) might [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150625161623.htm make cranberry-based treatments even more effective]. D-mannose is non-toxic, produces no adverse effects and, while there have been no reports to confirm it’s lack of adverse effects on human helminths, it is unlikely to do them any harm.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_enzymes Digestive enzymes], such as papain and bromelain, are said to make the intestinal tract inhospitable to parasites by dissolving their outer layers. In particular, papain - the milky juice of the unripe papaya - is claimed to be a powerful agent for destroying roundworms. One subject has reported a return of symptoms after taking a product containing bromelain, protease, papain, lipase and amylase for several weeks, and another individual has reported losing their entire hookworm colony after taking ''Healthy Origins Broad Spectrum Digestive Enzymes''[http://www.healthyorigins.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=85736], which contain amylase, protease, peptidase, alpha-galactosidase, glucoamylase, acid maltase, cellulase, pectinase, protease, lipase, lactase, beta-glucanase, invertase and hemicellulase. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/11383], [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/11385] However, several other helminth hosts have taken digestive enzymes, including Terranova's quercetin nettle complex which contains bromelain, without any obvious effect on their worms [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/888731831182773/?comment_id=888738757848747&offset=0&total_comments=1&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] and one of these has regularly taken pancreatin-based products from different manufacturers, mostly from Pure Encapsulations, but also a lipase product by Integrative Therapeutics. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/11388] Another hookworm host who regularly takes digestive enzymes with his meals has never noticed any adverse effect on his colony. He generally avoids papain and bromelain, but regularly takes pancreatin, lipase, Acid Ease, and occasionally Udo's Choice enzymes, selecting them according to the size and contents of each meal. Udo's Choice brand does contain some bromelain, but only a small amount. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/821478984574725/?comment_id=821502387905718&offset=0&total_comments=1&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] See also ✅[[#Papaya|Papaya]].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acid Folic Acid] has been claimed to help prevent the proliferation of intestinal parasites at a dosage of 400 - 800 mcg (0.4 - 0.8 mg) per day. However, this is not a problem for human helminths because they do not proliferate within their hosts, and there have been no reports of adverse effects from hosts of human worms. One subject has taken a daily vitamin B-complex supplement containing 400 mcg of folic acid without any apparent effect on his hookworms, and another has [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10928 taken 800 mcg of folate] (as calcium L-5 methyltetrahydrofolate) every day for over 4 years with no adverse effect on his hookworms.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructooligosaccharide FOS] (fructooligosaccharide) is said to inhibit parasites from attaching to the intestines but no helminth host has reported any problem with this so far.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulvic_acid Fulvic acid]. This is a form of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humic_acid humic acid] which two hookworm hosts have taken without any apparent adverse effect on their colonies. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1132613460127941/] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1132472786808675/?comment_id=1132930603429560&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginseng Ginseng]. Members of the genus, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panax Panax], appear not to be harmful to human helminths, and one hookworm host has reported taking ginseng without noticing any untoward effect. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1453317641390853/?comment_id=1453345564721394&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosamine Glucosamine] may be beneficial for roundworms. Applying this amino sugar experimentally to one roundworm species caused the treated worms to live around 5% longer than their untreated counterparts. [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/275263.php]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione Glutathione]. One hookworm host who has taken [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome liposomal glutathione] says he’s confident that this did not harm his worms, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/803451913044099/?comment_id=803468529709104&offset=0&total_comments=6] and several people who have taken other oral glutathione supplements have reported no adverse effects. A hookworm host who received intravenous injections containing glutathione experienced no adverse effect on her NA colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1668651476524134/?comment_id=1668819739840641&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron Iron]. Supplementary iron taken orally does not harm helminths, but one hookworm host has reported having apparently lost her worms on two occasions after receiving ❓ intravenous iron infusions. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/2033546613367950/?comment_id=2033644093358202&reply_comment_id=2033832696672675&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ❓ [http://www.nutricology.com/Lumbricus-Tonic-150-Vegetarian-Caps-p-16510.html Lumbricus Tonic]. This Nutricology product, which contains a powdered earthworm extract, also contains ⚡'''sweet flag''' root extract. However, this herb is last on the list of ingredients, and there have been no reports by hosts of therapeutic helminths to suggest that the product might be a problem for worms.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin Melatonin]. This hormone, which is commonly used as a sleep aid, has been taken by many helminth hosts, none of whom have reported any adverse effects on their worm colonies.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_citrus_pectin Modified citrus pectin] (also known as citrus pectin, Pecta-Sol and MCP) is a complex carbohydrate extracted from citrus fruits using a chemical extraction process that makes it soluble, absorbable and more digestible. This is unlikely to have any effect on helminths.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleifera Moringa] (Moringa oleifera, also known as drumstick tree, horseradish tree, ben oil tree and benzoil tree) Although described as a “natural anthelmintic”, moringa has been taken by two helminth self-treaters with no apparent adverse effect on their hookworms. The first takes a 500 mg capsule of 10 to 1 extract (from 5000 mg of Moringa olifeira) twice a week, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1039296249459663/?comment_id=1039406139448674&reply_comment_id=1039533526102602&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R4%22%7D] while the second grows and harvests her own moringa. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1039296249459663/?comment_id=1040747242647897&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] Whatever anthelminthic properties moringa might have may depend on the part of the plant used.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylsulfonylmethane MSM] (Methylsulfonylmethane) is claimed by one source to be effective against many types of intestinal worm including Enterobius (pinworm [US], threadworm [UK]) and the roundworm, ascaris. It is suggested that MSM blocks the interface between the parasite and the host by competing with the parasite for binding sites at the surface of the mucous membrane, and that the parasites may find the resulting MSM 'film' impenetrable. However, it may be necessary to take 10,000 mg of MSM per day for three or four weeks to achieve this effect and one helminth host has reported that he has occasionally taken up to 1 heaped tablespoon of MSM while hosting helminths to treat eczema flare-ups, and has not noticed any loss of worm benefits.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaprose_S Oryzin] (Aspergillus alkaline proteinase, aspergillopeptidase B, API 21, aspergillopepsin B, aspergillopepsin F, Aspergillus candidus alkaline proteinase, Aspergillus flavus alkaline proteinase, Aspergillus melleus semi-alkaline proteinase, Aspergillus oryzae alkaline proteinase, Aspergillus parasiticus alkaline proteinase, Aspergillus serine proteinase, Aspergillus sydowi alkaline proteinase, Aspergillus soya alkaline proteinase, Aspergillus melleus alkaline proteinase, Aspergillus sulphureus alkaline proteinase, prozyme, P 5380, kyorinase, seaprose S, semialkaline protease, sumizyme MP, prozyme 10, onoprose, onoprose SA, protease P, promelase.) There have been no reports as yet about the possible effects on human helminths of taking this mould/mold-derived proteinase.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotic Probiotics]. It has been claimed that some probiotics can have an adverse effect on certain therapeutic helminths, particularly the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta (HD/HDC). It is also known that some bacteria are capable of mobilizing nematode-trapping fungi [http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms6776], that a number of probiotics - predominantly Lactobacillus species - can have strain-specific effects on certain “parasites”, most of which are not helminths [https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2011/610769/], and that Saccharomyces boulardii can have a protective effect against the dog roundworm, Toxocara canis. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26971490] However, there is no hard evidence to suggest that probiotics are harmful to any of the species of worm that are used in helminthic therapy. S. boulardii has been taken by at least two hookworm hosts without any obvious effect on their worms, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_salivarius L. salivarius] strain FDB89 was found to increase longevity in C. elegans by means of dietary restriction. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23625218]. A leading helminth researcher who is working with HDC said, in 2016, that probiotics may produce some tightening up of the communication between the lumen of the gut and the periphery, but that this is probably simply a matter of the probiotics reducing the ability of the immune system to respond to, or perhaps to sense, what is taking place in the gut. This scientist added that, firstly, even if this does happen, it may be a temporary phenomenon and, secondly, that this is all mere speculation and no basis to advise avoidance of probiotics while using any helminth. Additionally, there are many hosts of the human helminths, NA and TTO, who take probiotics regularly, yet there have been no reports by any of them that their worms have been adversely affected.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis Propolis]. An apitherapist speaking at the 2010 International BTeR Conference on Biotherapy spoke about the antiparasitic properties of this bee product, and suggested that it might harm helminths. This may have been a creative extrapolation from the belief that the role of propolis is to prevent diseases and “parasites” from entering the bee hive, and there has been no suggestion yet from helminth hosts that propolis might be a problem for human helminths.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrroloquinoline_quinone Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)] This enzyme cofactor has been taken by several hookworm hosts without issue. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1248482738541012/?comment_id=1248812458508040&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R1%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1248482738541012/?comment_id=1248893555166597&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D]

* [http://blog.restore4life.com/restore-function-usage-guidelines/ Restore]. This supplement, the active ingredient in which is Terrahydrite, was used by someone reporting that her colony is normally particularly sensitive, but was unaffected when she took Restore for long periods. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1967905053265440/?comment_id=1967995116589767&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrol Resveratrol]. This may have an adverse effect on some helminths, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19562377] but this is likely to depend on dose size, and three hosts of human helminths who regularly take this compound report no adverse effect on their worms. One has taken “Perfect Resgrape Max” (400 mg trans-resveratrol) daily for many months with no apparent ill effects on her NA. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1803160683073212/?comment_id=1803255516397062&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] (People with MS might want to avoid resveratrol anyway. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-09-resveratrol-red-wine-worsens-ms-like.html])

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serratiopeptidase Serrapeptase] (also known as serratiopeptidase, Serratia E-15 protease, serralysin, serratiapeptase, serratia peptidase, serratio peptidase, or serrapeptidase). This proteolytic enzyme (protease) has been taken occasionally by one TTO host two or three times per day over a 4 year period to treat intestinal spasm, without affecting her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1357761264279825/?comment_id=1357766200945998&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R3%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1357761264279825/?comment_id=1357787397610545&reply_comment_id=1385081271547824&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement) Spirulina]. This cyanobacterium is [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25599112 an effective anti-inflammatory] that is being used by a number of hosts of human helminths without causing any harm to their worms. One hookworm host takes 10 grams of spirulina every day without noticing any deleterious effects on his colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/2041940819195196/?comment_id=2043585499030728&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] However, it is worth noting that a significant proportion of algae-derived products tested in one study were found to contain an unhealthy amount of cyanotoxins caused by overgrowth of cyanobacteria due to the dumping of agricultural fertilisers into waterways. These bacterial products might not harm helminths, but they can contribute to neurological disorders like ALS in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5371831/]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulforaphane Sulforaphane / sulphoraphane] This organosulfur compound, which is obtained from cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts and cabbages, has been taken in large amounts by one hookworm host without it affecting his colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1724242074298407/?comment_id=1724765027579445&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1724242074298407/?comment_id=1724765027579445&reply_comment_id=1724935230895758&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D]

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine Taurine] is an organic acid that occurs naturally in food, especially seafood and meat (in which form it is no threat to helminths) but it is also produced synthetically and included in a number of products such as health drinks. In this form, it has been linked to a number of [http://www.healthiertalk.com/dangers-taurine-commonly-found-energy-drinks-0996 health problems], and has consequently been banned in some countries. It has also been shown to have anthelminthic effects, but only against a non-therapeutic helminth [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23832642 in mice].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc Zinc] is said to inhibit the proliferation of intestinal parasites by stimulating various aspects of the immune system in the digestive tract that counteract parasites. In one animal study[http://jn.nutrition.org/content/130/5/1412S.full] the rodent nematode worm, H. polygyrus, was found to be better able to survive in mice which had been deliberately made deficient in zinc. Those who claim that zinc is an effective antiparasitic in humans suggest a dosage of 15-50 mg per day, but several helminth hosts have taken supplements containing this amount of zinc, in some cases continuously, without issue. One hookworm host takes 10 mg on alternate days, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/930029970386292/?comment_id=930318850357404&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D],[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/930029970386292/?comment_id=930807120308577&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] another has taken 15 mg zinc gluconate or zinc picolinate daily for several years, while yet another has taken 23 mg zinc gluconate/citrate plus 18.75 mg zinc acetate daily, and previously took 30mg zinc picolinate daily[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/930029970386292/?comment_id=943449092377713&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D], all without any adverse effect on their worms. ❌[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide%23ZnO_nanostructures Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs)] have shown strong anthelmintic effects, in vitro, against at least two gastrointestinal nematodes encountered in veterinary medicine. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26177503] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29975659] As well as their topical use in sunscreens and cosmetics, zinc oxide nanoparticles are also used in some food products (in spite of the fact that they can cause DNA damage), but the amounts used in this application may be too small to harm human helminths.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A Vitamin A]. Supplementation with this vitamin has no adverse effect on helminths [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25127885] but a vitamin A deficiency may reduce colonisation by worms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24458645]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C Vitamin C]. This does not harm helminths [http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/7583], even in high doses.

* Xuezikhang, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_yeast_rice red yeast rice] product, appears to be harmless to hookworms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1347982335257718/?comment_id=1348392021883416&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]
</blockquote>

<span id="Spices"></span>

=== Spices and culinary herbs ===
<blockquote>

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asafoetida Asafoetida] has been used as an anthelminthic in traditional medicine in several parts of the world [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459456/] but there has only been one report to date of its use by someone hosting therapeutic helminths, and this user says that he hasn’t noticed any ill effect on his hookworms after occasionally consuming foods that list asafoetida as an ingredient.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper Black pepper] (Piper nigrum). This is often used as an ingredient in proprietary parasite cleanses due to its established antiparasitic effects. It could therefore have an adverse effect on human helminths, though this is likely to be dependent on the dosage and on the form taken. So, while use of the whole spice in small quantities as a condiment is unlikely to present a problem, taking medicinal quantities of black pepper may harm helminths.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne Cayenne] (Capsicum frutescens, Capsicum annuumis). This is claimed to irritate parasites, and often appears as an ingredient in proprietary parasite cleansing products for pets and humans. There have been a couple of reports of an adverse effect on hookworms, including from someone who says that even a smidgen of cayenne causes her to temporarily lose the benefits from her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1062770903778864/?comment_id=1063030367086251&reply_comment_id=1063315093724445&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D] Someone else who has reported a loss of benefits after taking a "lot" of cayenne, has said that their benefits also returned after they stopping taking the cayenne. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1950621241660488/?comment_id=1951098958279383&reply_comment_id=1951836918205587&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1950621241660488/?comment_id=1951098958279383&reply_comment_id=1956996454356300&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] Another cayenne user who reported that, in her early days with NA, she topped some meals with about ⅛ tsp of cayenne, has said that, in her case, the worms seemed to be unaffected. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1950621241660488/?comment_id=1952375724818373&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper Chili pepper] (chile, chilli). While this is used worldwide as a treatment of certain parasites, and has been demonstrated effective against fascioliasis in animals, evidence that chili might be a problem for therapeutic helminths is lacking, and one hookworm host has been reported[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/892904287432194/?comment_id=892912737431349&offset=0&total_comments=7&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D] to have eaten a HUGE amount of chile during 4 years as a worm host, without any obvious adverse effect on his colony.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon Cinnamon] is antimicrobial, as well as being claimed to be effective against parasites, including some parasitic worms, and it appears in lists of ingredients in proprietary parasite cleansing products. The main antimicrobial component of cinnamon is ⚡[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamaldehyde cinnamaldehyde], and this is most concentrated in cinnamon essential oil and cinnamon oleoresins (solid resin extracts produced using solvents) which can be very high in cinnamaldehyde. Forms containing somewhat less cinnamaldehyde are raw cinnamon, and cinnamon tinctures which are dissolved in alcohol and about half the strength of raw cinnamon. As cinnamaldehyde is steam-volatile and not water soluble, aqueous extracts of cinnamon should contain less of this substance, and dehydrated/powdered extracts (the form most likely to be encountered in dietary supplements) may contain little, if any at all, so should be less of a threat to helminths. Generally, the stronger the taste, the more cinnamaldehyde is likely to be present. Whilst there has been one report of someone with helminths relapsing after taking an unspecified supplement containing cinnamon, the raw spice should be [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/8799 safe for use in cooking].

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove Clove] (Syzygium aromaticum/Eugenia caryophyllus). Clove oil, which was used traditionally to kill intestinal worms and is claimed to anesthetize fish, contains several powerful antimicrobial agents. While one of these, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenol eugenol], is claimed to be anthelminthic, its use didn't produce any loss of benefit in one helminth host who applied it liberally to a dry socket following a difficult tooth extraction, and this was in spite of swallowing and breathing eugenol and a related compound called guaiacol.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennel Fennel] (Foeniculum vulgare). Fennel seed has a long history of use against pinworms and other parasites, with some authorities suggesting that the herb digests parasite eggs and intoxicates parasites. The leaves and oil are both used as dewormers, but one subject reports [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/7627 no adverse effect] from repeated consumption of dietary amounts of fennel seeds and another has reported [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/544122108977082/ no loss of worm benefits] after consuming significant quantities of fennel.

* ⚡ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenugreek Fenugreek] (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Both the leaves and seeds of fenugreek have been reported to have anthelminthic properties. Alcoholic extracts of the seeds have shown a dose-dependant inhibition of motility (paralysis) in earthworms, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49600762_In_vitro_anthelmintic_activity_of_Fenugreek_seeds_extract_against_Pheritima_posthuma] and an aqueous extract of fenugreek leaves has also shown noteworthy anthelmintic activity against earthworms. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303787324_In-vitro_anthelmintic_activity_of_fenugreek_leaves_aqueous_extract_in_Indian_earthworms] After taking half a teaspoon of powdered fenugreek seeds every day for a week, one hookworm host found that his allergies returned with a vengeance. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1426906954031922/] However, another hookworm host ate about 150 grams of fenugreek leaves in a 2 week period without affecting his worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1406562676066350/?comment_id=1406580359397915&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R2%22%7D]

* ✅ Garlic (Allium sativum). Garlic compounds have demonstrated anthelminthic activity against flatworms in mice, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28536879] garlic oil extract has shown anthelminthic effects against Schistosoma mansoni in mice [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1995764515002011] and allicin, the active principle of garlic extract, has also been shown to have anthelminthic properties, although one hookworm host has reported that taking a stabilized allicin extract for several weeks did not kill her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/859756094080347/?comment_id=1146360268753260&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R3%22%7D] Alcoholic extracts of garlic have also shown ‘moderate’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424]. However, the exact amount of garlic needed to kill intestinal parasites in humans has not been established. Some sources suggest 1,000 - 4,000 mg per day, using concentrated garlic capsules or tablets, and fresh garlic is said to be more effective than capsules. While chewing three cloves of garlic each day is recommended by some online sources as a treatment for ‘parasites’ in humans, the ingestion of 9 to 14 g of raw garlic daily (54 g total) or 15 to 21 g daily (89 g total) had no evident effect on the egg output of NA in one host, [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.1969.18.920] so hookworms may in fact be able to withstand up to 21 grams (approximately 10 cloves) of garlic per day. This means that garlic is unlikely to be an effective killer of mature worms, and its main anthelminthic effect may be to reduce the viability of ova. Cooking may reduce its effect against parasite eggs and larvae, but neither cooked or raw garlic appears to have any adverse effect on the efficacy of a therapeutic hookworm colony.

<span id="Ginger"></span>
* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger Ginger] (Zingiber officinale) contains a chemical called zingibain (aka. zingipain, or ginger protease) that has been claimed to dissolve some parasites and their eggs. One subject has reported that fresh ginger drinks depress the egg production of his worms and increase his symptoms, and another has reported that eating a LOT of ginger 6 weeks post-inoculation caused her hookworm side effects to disappear for a few days, but that these eventually returned. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/892594554129834/?comment_id=892620007460622&offset=0&total_comments=7&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R2%22%7D] Someone else, who said that his favorite brand of ginger beer was “pretty spicy”, so was probably made from raw, or only very briefly pasteurized, ginger juice, reported that, after going on a fairly significant binge of the stuff, his worms stopped producing eggs and their benefits diminished. Yet another worm host, who was putting at least a thumb-sized piece of fresh ginger in a smoothie every day, believes this was responsible for actually killing her hookworms. However, one subject has reported eating lots of fresh ginger (mostly cooked) without any problems, and several others have reported a similar lack of issues with ginger. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/7627] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/544122108977082/] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1568726056516677/?comment_id=1568873536501929&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1763989756990305/?comment_id=1764057080316906&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] One hookworm host says that she regularly takes dried ginger in 1g doses to help with migraines and has not noticed any problems with her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1062770903778864/?comment_id=1062777610444860&reply_comment_id=1062782733777681&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* ⚡ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum Holy basil] (Ocimum tenuiflorum, also known as Ocimum sanctum, tulsi and tulasi/thulasi) is claimed online to be antiparasitic. There is also evidence showing that its essential oil has potent anthelmintic activity against the research worm, C. elegans, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11543966] and it has shown some activity against the malaria parasite, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21643655] but this does not necessarily mean that it would harm therapeutic helminths. Eating the raw plant, or drinking tea made from it, may be harmless to human helminths, and one host of both hookworms and human whipworms has reported that she used to drink the tea and eat fresh leaves without issue. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/872768092779147/?comment_id=872772372778719&offset=0&total_comments=2&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D] However, extracts, tinctures and concentrates of holy basil should be treated with caution.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseradish Horseradish] (Amoracia rusticana) has been claimed to be antiparasitic, and it does contain volatile oils, notably [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_oil mustard oil], which has antibacterial properties and is used as an antiparasitic by some farmers, but evidence about the effects of its use by helminth hosts is lacking.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_(condiment) Mustard]. This condiment is claimed to be effective against intestinal worms, including roundworms and threadworms and, in India, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_oil mustard oil] is used as an antiparasitic by some farmers. However, its action is probably more as a laxative that helps to flush out worms rather than to kill them, and hookworms spend much of their time firmly attached to the gut mucosa. One hookworm host has reported taking about 2 grams of ground mustard seeds most days, with no adverse effect on his worms or their egg production. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1958129950909617/?comment_id=1958255070897105&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

<span id="Oregano"></span>
* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregano Oregano] (Origanum vulgare). Oregano oil, which contains isomeric phenols (primarily carvacrol but also including thymol and limonene), can destroy a number of bacteria, fungi and viruses in dilutions as low as 1/50,000, and is also antiparasitic. It is reported to be effective against protozoan parasites in particular as well as roundworm larvae, and somewhat effective against tapeworms. In one study [http://www.chirochat.org/article_files/Article-2953.pdf], 57 per cent of adults with intestinal parasites who were treated with 600 mg of oregano oil daily for six weeks experienced total eradication of their parasites. Several hosts of therapeutic helminths have reported adverse effects on their worms after ingesting oregano oil and, in at least two cases, it has resulted in a total loss of worms. However, one subject, who took oil of ''wild'' oregano sublingually twice each day for 2 weeks had a stool test sometime after this that was positive for hookworms, so perhaps either the wild form of the herb, or the sublingual route, helped reduce the effect on the worms in this case. Some foods, particularly soft cheeses, may be coated with an [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/11/141127082311.htm antimicrobial film incorporating oregano oil] to increase their lifespan, but the amount of oregano involved in this application is unlikely to be a serious threat to helminths. Even oregano ''leaf'' powder can be an issue. One host of both hookworms and whipworms has reported that there was no immediate effect on his worms when he applied a heavy sprinkling of oregano leaf powder to his food a couple of times in a day. But then he was plunged into such a self-critical and depressed mood that, before eventually regaining his usual mental balance, he struggled to do any work for several days.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyme Thyme] (Thymus vulgaris). This is also known as Common Thyme, Garden Thyme. Extracts of the leaves, flowering tops and stems are used to kill hookworms, roundworms, threadworms and skin parasites. However, these are unlikely to harm helminths when eaten in reasonable amounts as part of a normal diet. One helminth host has [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/544122108977082/ eaten significant quantities of thyme] without noticing any adverse effect on her hookworm or whipworm populations.

<span id="Turmeric"></span>
* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric Turmeric] (Curcuma longa), also known as tumeric, generally does not harm human helminths when eaten occasionally in normal dietary quantities in its natural, whole form, which only contains 3% of the active ingredient, curcumin. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/7627] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/544122108977082/] There has only been one report of food quantities of turmeric affecting hookworms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1084044901651464/?comment_id=1084640204925267&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] There is much more chance of helminths being harmed when ⚡[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcumin curcumin] is taken in medicinal quantities, especially as a standardised extract, and it has been reported that 300 mg of the extract has killed some types of parasites in test tube and animal studies, and that it may temporarily reduce the number of helminth eggs produced. One hookworm host believes that she may have lost her colony as a result of taking a curcumin supplement, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/792892197433404/?comment_id=794226897299934&offset=0&total_comments=11] and another who boiled and ground turmeric into a paste and twice drank 2 tbsp of this in her tea, experienced a return of her old symptoms, all of which persisted. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1874049555984324/?comment_id=1875375212518425&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] However, one hookworm host has reported experiencing a very enjoyable “bounce” after inoculating, in spite of taking 250 mg of curcumin daily, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/792892197433404/] and another took 500 mg of curcumin daily for the first 5 days after inoculation without doing any apparent harm to her new larvae. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/819496561439634/?comment_id=819767881412502&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D] The effect of curcumin may depend to some extent on the strength of the individual host’s immune response, as well as on the form of curcumin used. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/11/141106113204.htm Nano-emulsified curcumin] appears to be more effective, therapeutically, so may also have an increased impact on helminths. Another high-potency form of curcumin is BCM-95, which has been shown to be 6.93 times more bioavailable than normal curcumin, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792534/] and this product may have been responsible for a sudden return of disease symptoms for one hookworm host. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/792892197433404/?comment_id=808508489205108&offset=0&total_comments=21&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D] The beneficial effect of curcumin can be increased 5- to 10-fold [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814612001744 by adding ascorbic acid] (vitamin C) so taking this vitamin along with curcumin might make it possible to use curcumin therapeutically in much smaller doses, although the vitamin C might also increase its adverse effect on helminths.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Turmeric Turmeric, Wild] (Curcuma aromatica). While alcoholic extracts of the rhizomes of wild turmeric have shown ‘moderate’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424 test tube studies] and extracts of the rhizomes may therefore also have an adverse effect on other helminths, it is likely that consuming dietary amounts of this spice will do no harm to human helminths, though this has not yet been confirmed.
</blockquote>

=== Herbs ===
{{Columns|3}}
The majority of the herbs listed below have been reported, or claimed, to be antiparasitic, although clinical evidence for this effect is lacking in many cases. Furthermore, where they are indeed antiparasitic, herbs may be more effective against types of parasite other than helminths, although this is not to say that they may not also have some detrimental effect on helminths.

Where a herb is effective against helminths, quite large quantities may be required to dislodge or kill the worms, but consuming some of these herbs on a regular basis, or in the form of concentrates, extracts, tinctures and oils that are directed at the gastrointestinal tract may weaken therapeutic helminths, making them less effective.

It should not be assumed, from a cursory glance at the following list, that most herbs are potential threats to human helminths. This list only contains those herbs that have been mentioned specifically by self-treaters, and there are less than 100 herbs in the entire list. Many thousands of compounds are used in herbal medicine, so it will usually be possible to find a more hookworm-friendly alternative for whatever purpose one has in mind.

Many of the herbs listed below are used to treat a number of conditions in addition to parasite infections, so might be encountered in a range of herbal remedies. It may therefore be advisable for any helminth host who contemplates taking any herbal remedy to check its ingredients against the list below and, where an ingredient appears to have antiparasitic properties, to seek an alternative, if possible.

When taking herbs, an additional risk arises from the fact that the majority of herbal products [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/267363.php contain unlisted ingredients], in view of which it would seem wise to employ a cautious approach with all herbal products.
{{Columns}}
==== List of herbs ====

{{Columns|2}}
* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia Acacia]. Also known as thorntree, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistling_thorn whistling thorn], or wattle. One example of this genus of shrubs and trees, ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_mollissima Acacia mearnsii], previously known as Acacia molissima) contains tannin extracts that have been found to have an [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377840107003641 anthelmintic effect] on Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in lambs. For a more detailed consideration of the possible effects of tannins on nematodes, see this paper: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28426037 Abstract] [http://sci-hub.cc/10.1039/c6np00126b Full text].

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albizia_lebbeck Albizia lebbeck]. Alcoholic extracts of the bark of Albizia lebbeck have shown ‘moderate’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], so extracts of the bark may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera Aloe vera]. This contains an antimicrobial agent, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponin saponin], and the laxative chemical, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloin aloin]. Aloe is perhaps the best known laxative in history, and it may be this, rather than any actual anthelminthic property, that is the source of its reputation for expelling parasites. While extracts have been reported as showing inhibitory effects on two roundworm species, these only affected the hatching of eggs and the development of larval stages. One aloedrinking helminth host has reported that his habit has had no obvious detrimental effect on his worms, and another hookworm host failed to notice any adverse effects after drinking pure aloe juice or gel daily for a week or two, or after drinking one of the 16oz sweetened/flavored drinks. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/803451913044099/]

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinia Alpinia calcaratta]. Alcoholic extracts of the rhizomes of Alpinia calcaratta have shown ‘moderate’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424] so extracts of the rhizomes may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinia_galanga Alpinia galanga]. Alcoholic extracts of the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424] so extracts of these rhizomes may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrographis_paniculata Andrographis paniculata] (active component: andrographolide). Alcoholic extracts of Andrographis paniculata have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424] so these extracts may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

* ⚡ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anise Anise] (Pimpinella anisum). Also known as aniseed. Anise oil may have modest antiparasitic effects and has been recommended by some practitioners as a treatment for mild intestinal parasite infections, but there have not been any reports about this from helminth hosts.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecoline Arecoline]. This odourless oily liquid derived from the areca nut, fruit of the areca palm ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areca_catechu Areca catechu]), has long been used medicinally as an anthelminthic.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashwagandha Ashwagandha] (Withania somnifera). Also known as Indian ginseng, poison gooseberry, and winter cherry. A user of Applied Kinesiology has reported a negative response when testing ashwagandha in an HT user, but no other adverse reports have come to light. A user of human whipworms (TT) has reported that taking a teaspoon of ashwagandha every day did not have any apparent effect on this species. An NA host has reported that taking 380mg ashwagandha root and 95mg ashwagandha root extract twice each day for a month appeared not to affect her worms [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1831773386878608/?comment_id=1832855323437081&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] and someone else has taken 500mg ashwagandha twice a day while hosting NA, again without any adverse effect on their worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1874049555984324/?comment_id=1875375212518425&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] A naturopathic doctor has also reported that ashwagandha is OK to take while hosting hookworms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1831773386878608/?comment_id=1832031526852794&reply_comment_id=1833267093395904&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ⚡ [http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/b/balmon04.html Balmony] (Chelone glabra) A decoction or tincture prepared with all parts of the plant is said to be a highly effective remedy for parasites, including intestinal worms. It was used traditionally by Native Americans to expel worms and is used today in proprietary parasite cleansing preparations.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barberry Barberry] (Berberis vulgaris) contains ⚡'''berberine'''.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_bellirica Beleric] (Terminalia bellirica/Terminalia bellerica). Also known as bastard myrobalan or Bahera. This herb is said to be anthelmintic, but this reputation may be due more to its laxative properties than any actual worm-killing potential.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberine Berberine] is an amebicide which, in concentrated form, has been shown to kill various parasites such as tapeworms and giardia and to have anti adhesive effects which prevent pathogens from adhering to intestinal mucosal cells.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidens_alba Bidens alba] has been reported as not being a problem for helminths.

* ❌ [http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ijp.2013.211.226 Bitter cumin] (Centratherum anthelminticum). As its Latin name suggests, the seeds of this member of the daisy family are considered anthelminthic.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_melon Bitter melon] (Momordica charantia) is used as a folk medicine to treat gastrointestinal diseases, and extracts have shown activity against the nematode worm C. elegans in test tube studies[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874104003770].

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_nigra Black walnut] (Juglans nigra). Also known as eastern black walnut. This nut has been claimed to be one of the best overall dewormers for humans, killing both the adult and developmental stages of at least 100 parasites. However, according to the American Cancer Society, available scientific evidence does not support claims that the hulls of the black walnut remove intestinal parasites. Although this nut has a strong flavour, it is actually quite rare, as its shell is hard and difficult to remove. It is therefore only likely to be encountered in expensive baked goods. Most commercially available walnuts are hybrids of the ✅'''English walnut'''.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boswellia Boswellia] is a fragrant resin, extracts of which are used in pharmacology, particularly as anti-inflammatories. There have been no suggestions that boswellia might be a problem for helminths, and its anti-inflammatory action could be supportive of the beneficial effects that helminths produce, as demonstrated in Crohn’s disease in this study[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11215357].

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorus_calamus Calamus/Sweet Flag] (Acorus calamus) The bitter element in sweetflag, acorin, is claimed to have anthelminthic properties, and the standardised rhizome extract of A. calamus has been shown to have significant dose-dependent effects against the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, so may also harm other helminths. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27757269]

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_oil Castor oil]. This will not kill helminths, though it may help to expel worms after eradication, and this is probably the reason for its antiparasitic reputation and it's use in para-cleanse products.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat's_claw Cat’s Claw] is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat's_claw a common name for several plants] but it appears to be applied particularly to two species - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncaria_tomentosa Uncaria tomentosa] (samento), most commonly used in the US, and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncaria_guianensis Uncaria guianensis], typically used in Europe. Medicines made from the root and bark of these species have been claimed online to facilitate the elimination of intestinal parasites, but WebMD states that there is [http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-395-CAT'S%20CLAW.aspx?activeIngredientId=395&activeIngredientName=CAT%27S%20CLAW insufficient evidence] for its effectiveness against parasites, and there have been no reports so far from helminth hosts about these species causing problems for their worms.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larrea_tridentata Chaparral] (Larrea tridentata). Some cultures customarily bathe with chaparral annually to eliminate skin parasites, but use of the leaves of Larrea species is not advised, due to the possibility of damage to the liver and kidneys.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallopia_multiflora Chinese knotweed] (Fallopia multiflora, also known as Reynoutria multiflora (Thunb.) Moldenke, Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., tuber fleeceflower) has been shown to make one nematode live longer. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181009102529.htm]

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_verum Cinnamomum verum]. This was previously known as ⚡''C. zeylanicum'' and also referred to as ⚡"true cinnamon", ⚡''Ceylon cinnamon'' or ⚡''Sri Lanka cinnamon''. Alcoholic extracts of the bark of ⚡''C. verum'' have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424] so extracts of the bark may also have an adverse effect on other helminths. The spice, ⚡'''cinnamon''' is typically derived from related species within the genus, '''Cinnamomum'''.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_decumana Citrus decumana]. Alcoholic extracts of the rind of Citrus decumana have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], so extracts of the rind may also have an adverse effect on other helminths. Citrus decumana is a relative of the common ✅[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit grapefruit] (citrus paradisi) and, while commercially available forms of ⚡'''grapefruit seed extract''' have a potential to harm human helminths (due to the typical addition of synthetic adulterants), there is no evidence that the flesh of the grapefruit has any adverse effect on helminths.

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus_sativus Crocus sativus]. Also known as autumn crocus and saffron crocus, this plant is best known for the spice saffron, which is produced from parts of the plant's flowers. Two important bioactive compounds of Crocus sativus (crocin and safranal), and some semi-synthetic derivatives of safranal, have been found to be [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25766747 effective against some types of parasite] (Helicobacter pylori, the malaria parasite, plasmodium, and Leishmania). However, there have been no reports about their possible effects on therapeutic helminths.

* ⚡ '''Curled/Curly Mint''' (Mentha spicata variety crispii/Mentha crispa/Mentha crispata). This cultivar of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearmint Spearmint] (Mentha spicata), and close relative of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) (see [[#Peppermint|Peppermint reference]]), may be effective against giardia and amoeba infections, and may have anthelminthic properties. It is listed[http://health.kernan.org/altmed/articles/intestinal-parasites-000097.htm] on one website under, “herbs that your health care provider might consider using to treat intestinal parasites.”

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmodium_triflorum Desmodium triflorum]. Alcoholic extracts of Desmodium triflorum have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], so it’s extracts may also have an adverse effect on other helminths, possibly due to it containing a significant amount of a powerful psychedelic substance which might cause hookworms to lose their grip and be expelled.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinacea Echinacea]. This is not a single plant but a genus containing several different species. In the case of medicinal products labelled as echinacea, these are likely to have been obtained from one or more of the following sources: E. purpurea, E. angustifolia or E. pallida. Such products may also be either extracts, or the expressed juice of, different plant organs (e.g., roots and leaves) resulting in different products having very different chemical compositions. However, there have been no reports of human helminths being harmed by taking any echinacea products. As the polysaccharides found in Echinacea purpurea roots have been [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26190752 shown to have anti-inflammatory effects], water extracts of these roots may be of benefit to helminth hosts who require a supplementary anti-inflammatory.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epazote Epazote]. See [[#Wormseed|Wormseed]].

* ⚡ [http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceterach_officinarum Erba ruggine] (Ceterach officinarum) is listed[http://www.altmd.com/Articles/Worms--Encyclopedia-of-Alternative-Medicine] on one website under, “Herbals that may kill and expel worms.”

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurycoma_longifolia Eurycoma longifolia] (commonly called tongkat ali, pasak bumi or malaysian ginseng). While there has not yet been any feedback on this substance from helminth hosts, the root of the plant is used in Indonesia and Malaysia as a health tonic, the benefits of which are claimed to include the treatment of intestinal worm infections.

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankincense Frankincense] (olibanum). This aromatic resin is used in incense and perfumes, and is obtained from trees in the Boswellia genus. There have been no reports about it having any effect on helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentian_root Gentian root]. The root and underground stem of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiana_lutea Gentiana lutea] (yellow gentian) are said to assist in expelling 'harmful organisms'. One subject has reported that taking a form of gentian in large quantity on a daily basis for sinus inflammation was responsible for the [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/4473 loss of his whipworms], although possibly not his hookworms.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba Ginkgo biloba]. There has been one hint that ginkgo may have caused a mild reduction in hookworm benefits, but this was by no means certain, and two other helminth hosts have reported taking ginkgo regularly with no apparent adverse effect on their worms. (Also see Anticoagulants.)

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldenseal Goldenseal] (Hydrastis canadensis). This contains '''berberine'''.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptis_chinensis Goldenthread/Chinese goldthread] (Coptis chinensis) contains '''berberine'''.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goosefoot Goosefoot] (Chenopodium ambrosioides) is widely used to deworm animals, and the Japanese make a dewormer tea with the leaves. Goosefoot oil is a highly efficient anthelminthic, and extremely toxic. Human consumption of this herb has often produced strong side effects such as nausea and headaches, and even death in some cases.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagenia Hagenia] (Hagenia abyssinica). Also known as African redwood, brayera, cusso, hagenia, and kousso, hagenia has been used as a treatment for the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium), but is often only partially effective in this case.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Haritaki] (Terminalia chebula). Also known as Yellow Myrobalan, Chebulic Myrobalan, Kadukkai, Silikha, Himmej, Karakkaya and A-ru-ra. The fruits are reportedly anthelmintic, but this reputation may be due more to its laxative properties than any actual worm-killing potential.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana Hydnocarpus wightiana]. Alcoholic extracts of the seeds have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], so extracts of the seeds may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyssopus_officinalis Hyssop] (Hyssopus officinalis). The leaf contains an essential oil with antiseptic properties that has been claimed to have anthelminthic effects, but, if eaten as a herb, hyssop is unlikely to harm helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipecac Ipecac], syrup of. Alkaloids in ipecac, including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emetine emetine], are reported to kill several types of parasite, particularly amoebae, but also pinworms and tapeworms, although the amounts needed to produce these effects in humans are generally high and can lead to severe side effects. Emetine and the somewhat safer form, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroemetine Dehydroemetine], are usually reserved for rare cases of people infected with amoebae who are not cured by using anti-amoeba drugs.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper Juniper] (Juniperus communis) is a very effective natural antibiotic which is also said to have deworming properties, notably against liver fluke, and is used to treat worm infestations in animals. Juniper is also used as the primary flavouring in gin, but there have been no reports of any harm coming to helminths as a result of drinking gin.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaempferia_galanga Kaempferia galanga]. Alcoholic extracts of the rhizomes have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], so extracts of the rhizomes may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kava Kava/kava-kava] (Piper methysticum). According to this report[http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/index.cfm?id=3180], the active ingredients in Kava tea ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalactone kavalactones]) can create mild sedation without disrupting cognitive function, and can act as a muscle relaxant, with higher doses having an effect similar to that of a local anaesthetic. If Kava tea were to “relax” hookworms, this might conceivably affect their ability to keep their grip on their host’s mucosa, which might lead to them being expelled, especially if the drink is taken in quantity or at higher strength.

* ❓[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_balm Lemon balm] (Melissa officinalis), a member of the mint family also known as balm, common balm or balm mint. This has been found to exhibit high nematicidal activity against the roundworm, Meloidogyne incognita [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20527965] and, when included with other herbs, to help reduce the number of pigs infected with the roundworm, Ascaris suum. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19954891]. It is also listed as a vermifuge on some herbal websites, but there have been no reports thus far of lemon balm affecting either NA to TT.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemongrass Lemongrass] (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil has shown [http://www.academia.edu/3999135/Evaluation_of_in_vitro_anthelmintic_activity_of_Cymbopogon_citratus_lemon_grass_extract anthelminthic activity against earthworms]. However, one individual has consumed lemongrass tea [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/544122108977082/ without adverse effect] on her hookworm or whipworm colonies.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquorice Liquorice/licorice], the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra. One hookworm host has reported [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/798992926823331/?comment_id=799022316820392&offset=0&total_comments=2] taking “lots” of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deglycyrrhizinated_licorice deglycyrrhizinated licorice] (DGL) with no ill effect on his worms. And another NA host has reported taking liquorice extract without any problems. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1627189140670368/?comment_id=1627254150663867&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] Liquorice extracts may be useful as an adjunctive therapy [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26383911 for psoriasis, for colitis] and possibly other autoimmune diseases, but excessive consumption of liquorice containing glycyrrhizin/glycyrrhizic acid [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150302081147.htm may not be wise]. The World Health Organization's recommended daily maximum for liquorice is 2 mg/kg.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippia_nodiflora Lippia nodiflora]. Alcoholic extracts of this have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], so these extracts may also have an adverse effect on other worms.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_fern Male fern] (Dryopteris filix mas). Also once known as worm fern! The rhizomes and young shoots (fiddleheads) of the male fern have antiparasitic properties and the root has been used to treat tapeworms. However, this herb is seldom used today due to its side effects (e.g. headaches and nausea) and because large doses are extremely poisonous and may induce liver damage. The North American equivalent of the male fern is the evergreen [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryopteris_marginalis marginal shield-fern] (Dryopteris marginalis).

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_thistle Milk Thistle] (Silybum marianum). Also known as cardus marianus, blessed milk thistle, Marian Thistle, Mary Thistle, Saint Mary's Thistle, Mediterranean milk thistle, variegated thistle and Scotch thistle. There have been no adverse reports about this herb from worm hosts, and there are no reasons to believe that it might harm human helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morinda_citrifolia Morinda citrifolia]. Alcoholic extracts of the tender leaves of ⚡''M. citrifolia'' have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], so the same extracts may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugwort Mugwort] (Artemisia vulgaris). Also known as Moxa, Common Wormwood, Traveler's Herb and Felon Herb, and a relative of wormwood (Artemisia Absinthium), mugwort is said to make short work of roundworms, pinworms and tapeworms.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrrh Myrrh]. This has antiparasitic effects against various schistosome species and the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem Neem] (Azadirachta indica). Ayurvedic medicine holds that Neem is the best herb for treating worms and other parasites and that a simple decoction of Neem leaves can kill all parasites present in the intestines. Neem extract has also been shown to be [http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJBS/article/view/8836 more effective against rodent helminths] than standard chemotherapy with albendazole or mebendazole.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtica_dioica Nettle, stinging] (Urtica dioica) Stinging nettle was found to have anthelminthic effects in one study [https://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOPHARMCJ/TOPHARMCJ-3-38.pdf] but this was carried out ''in vitro'', using a nettle ''extract'', and in a non-therapeutic worm (the Indian earthworm) so these findings are not directly applicable to humans using human-adapted helminths. There have been no reports of any adverse effect on human helminths after their hosts have drunk nettle tea, and one hookworm host has reported regularly eating nettles without issue. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1265558373500115/?comment_id=1265700353485917&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noni Noni] (Morinda citrifolia, also known as great morinda, Indian mulberry, beach mulberry and cheese fruit). A test tube study[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424] found that noni helps to eliminate the roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, but, so far, no helminth hosts have reported using this.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_leaf Olive leaf extract] (Olea europaea). Known as 'nature's antibiotic', this extract contains a component called oleuropein that is able to degrade pathological microorganisms of all kinds, and inhibit or kill many types of intestinal parasites including flatworms, hookworms, roundworms and tapeworms. Two subjects have reported losing their helminths after taking this.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_grape Oregon grape] (Berberis aquifolium/mahonia aquifolium) contains '''berberine'''.

* ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroxylum_indicum Oroxylum indicum] (also known as broken bones plant, Indian calosanthes, Indian trumpet flower, kampong, midnight horror and tree of Damocles). The bark extract of O. indicum [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26660694 produces concentration-dependent effects against both larval and adult H. diminuta worms] so may also affect other helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmarosa Palmarosa] (Cymbopogon martinii). Also known as Indian geranium, gingergrass and rosha or rosha grass. This may kill helminths.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passionflower Passion flower] (Passiflora). This will not harm helminths.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handroanthus Pau D’arco] (Handroanthus). Also known as poui and ipê. The root bark has antiparasitic effects.

<span id="Peppermint"></span>
* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppermint Peppermint] (Mentha piperita, aka M. balsamea Willd) is used as an ingredient in some antiparasitic preparations. Several helminth hosts have strongly suspected that peppermint oil killed their worms, and one found he could not establish a worm colony at all while taking peppermint oil. Even eating a lot of peppermints caused a return of disease symptoms for one hookworm host. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/948433751879247/?comment_id=948595591863063&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] However, a number of others, who have used peppermint oil as a treatment for IBS, have noticed nothing untoward, and one subject has reported taking peppermint oil continuously without issue. Only the oil has been implicated. Eating ✅''peppermint leaves'', or drinking tea made from them, should not be a problem, as was found by one hookworm host who has reported drinking lots of peppermint tea without hurting her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1986080694781209/?comment_id=1986669308055681&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D]

* ❌ '''Pollia serzogonian'''. Alcoholic extracts of the rhizomes of ⚡''P. serzogonian'' have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424] so extracts of the rhizomes may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

* ❌ [http://www.starchild.co.uk/products/6564_3590_quassia-root-chips.aspx Quassia] (Picrasma excelsa) has, anecdotally, been used successfully to treat threadworms and roundworms, as well as giardiasis, especially when used as an enema. It is a favoured botanical anthelminthic because of its low toxicity.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodiola_rosea Rhodiola rosea]. Two hookworm hosts have reported taking rhodiola without any adverse effect on their colonies. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/995774170478538/?comment_id=996296763759612&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1627189140670368/?comment_id=1627254150663867&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary Rosemary] has been reported not to be a problem for helminths.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_officinalis Sage] (Salvia officinalis) was used traditionally as a treatment for intestinal worms and some forms of sage are still often included as an ingredient in modern proprietary antiparasitic remedies. However, the use of sage leaves as a culinary herb may not pose a problem for helminths, but there has not yet been sufficient feedback to be certain about this. ⚡[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_oil Sage oil] is likely to be much more of a problem for helminths, and one helminth provider cautions against the use of any concentrated form of sage.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santonin Santonin] is extracted from the dry buds of the desert plant ''Eurasian wormwood'' ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_cina Artemisia cina]). It acts against most parasites except Echinococcus, and is used to treat roundworms.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw_palmetto Saw palmetto] (Serenoa repens). Also known simply as Serenoa, or Sabal serrulatum. One individual has reported an inability to maintain a hookworm colony while taking this herb, but had success once the herb was discontinued.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilajit Shilajit] (mumijo). One hookworm host has taken this without any apparent adverse effect on his colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1132613460127941/]

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_rubra Slippery elm] (ulmus rubra). This is listed on at least one website[http://www.livestrong.com/article/395900-herbal-home-remedy-for-hookworms-in-a-human/] as a herb that may be helpful in treating various types of parasitic worms, including hookworms, but the only report[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/796860063703284/?comment_id=796869800368977&offset=0&total_comments=2] so far was from a hookworm host who said that she used a small amount of slippery elm powder on a few occasions without noticeably affecting her worms.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southernwood Southernwood] (Artemisia abrotanum) This European flowering plant has demonstrated effects against some helminths. It is also known as old man, boy's love, oldman wormwood, lover's plant, appleringie, garderobe, Our Lord's wood, maid's ruin, garden sagebrush, European sage, sitherwood and lemon plant. Spondias (Spondias mombin or Spondias purpurea var. lutea) This tropical fruit, which is also known as hog plums, Spanish plums, libas in Bikol, golden apples and mombins, may have anthelminthic effects.

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum St. John’s Wort] (Hypericum perforatum). Some of the chemical constituents of hypericum might conceivably have an adverse effect on helminths if taken in isolation (e.g., hyperforin has demonstrated some antibacterial properties, and hypericin has shown both antibacterial and antiviral activity), but the whole, powdered herb is unlikely to present a serious risk to human helminths.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_annua Sweet Annie] (Artemisia annua). Also known as sweet wormwood, sweet sagewort and annual wormwood. Both the herb and the pure form of its active ingredient, the sesquiterpene lactone, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinin artemisinin], have been used traditionally to treat malaria and intestinal parasites. Artemisinin is a potent anthelminthic and has been shown to be effective against [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosoma schistosomes]. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29727708]

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tansy Tansy] (Tanacetum vulgare) is highly toxic to internal parasites and, for centuries, tansy tea has been prescribed by herbalists to expel worms.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_tree_oil Tea tree oil] (Melaleuca alternifolia) has been claimed to kill intestinal worms, including roundworms, tapeworms and hookworms, though evidence for this is lacking. There are, however, [http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/5645 hints] that the use of tea tree products might have effects on those who are hosting helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephrosia_purpurea Tephrosia purpurea]. Alcoholic extracts of ⚡''T. purpurea'' have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], so these extracts may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymol Thymol], a monoterpene phenol found in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyme%23Medicinal_use oil of thyme] and ''oregano oil'', has antimicrobial and antifungal properties and is said to be highly effective against hookworms. It can also be toxic and has caused fatalities in children.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usnea Usnea] are lichen species with powerful antibiotic and antifungal properties. [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Usnea_florida Usnea florida] extract has been found to have a dose-dependent anthelminthic effect against the nematode worm, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinella_spiralis Trichinella spiralis].

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctostaphylos_uva-ursi Uva-ursi]. (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi). One of several related species referred to as bearberry, uva-ursi contains the glycoside [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbutin arbutin], which has antimicrobial properties. There are claims online that uva-ursi is also anthelminthic, but, so far, there have been no reports of its effect on therapeutic helminths.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_(herb) Valerian] (Valeriana officinalis). One hookworm host has reported taking valerian tincture without noticing any interaction with her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1300794123309873/?comment_id=1301681973221088&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasaka Vasaka] (Justicia adhatoda). Also known as Malabar Nut, Adulsa, Adhatoda and Vasa. From the same family as Adhatoda zeylanica. The leaves (which contain [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasicine vasicine], an alkaloid with significant antimicrobial activity), root, bark, fruit, and flowers are all said to help in removing intestinal parasites.

* ✅ [http://www.vitaxyn.com/index.php/info/ Vitaxyn] This alcoholic herbal concoction is unlikely to be a problem at the recommended dosage. An almost identical, but now discontinued, product, [http://mens-en-gezondheid.infonu.nl/natuurgeneeswijze/41458-tancosan-verhoogt-de-weerstand.html Tancosan], was taken by one hookworm host for over 2 years without any obvious adverse effect on her worms.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitex_agnus-castus Vitex agnus-castus]. Also known as vitex, chaste tree, chasteberry, Abraham's balm, lilac chastetree and monk's pepper. One hookworm host has taken 1000 mg of dried vitex agnus castus each day for many months without any noticeable ill effect on her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/986939411362014/?comment_id=986984301357525&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_cinerea White walnut] (Juglans cinerea). Also known as Butternut. This nut has been used to expel rather than kill worms, although both root bark and leaves have been used in combination with an equal amount of ❌''Mugwort'' to treat worms in children.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_rue Wild rue] (Peganum harmala). Also known as Esfand, Syrian rue, African rue and harmal. Its powdered seeds were used traditionally to expel tapeworms.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stachys_officinalis Wood betony] (Stachys officinalis). Also known as betony, purple betony, bishopwort, or bishop's wort. A tea made from this may kill helminths.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodsorrel Woodsorrel] (Oxalis) has been reported[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/544122108977082/] as not being a problem for worm hosts when eaten as a food.
<span id="Wormseed"></span>
* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphania_ambrosioides Wormseed] (Dysphania ambrosioides, formerly Chenopodium ambrosioides). Also known as epazote, goosefoot, Jesuit's Tea, Mexican Tea, Herba Sancti Mariae and paico. Wormseed is a traditional herbal remedy used in the tropics for expelling roundworms, hookworms and tapeworms. The oil, leaves or whole plants can be used, but one study[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Studies+on+the+traditional+herbal+anthelmintic+Chenopodium+ambrosioides+L.:+Ethnopharmacological+evaluation+and+clinical+field+trials] found that the powdered herb did not effectively eradicate hookworms, roundworms, or whipworms.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_absinthium Wormwood] (Artemisia Absinthium). Also known as common wormwood, green ginger or grand wormwood, this herb was used traditionally as an anthelminthic. Other members of the genus, artemisia, that were traditionally used as anthelminthics include white wormwood ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_herba-alba Artemisia herba-alba]) and Eurasian wormwood (Artemisia cina) - commonly known as santonica, Levant wormseed, and wormseed.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerba_mate Yerba mate] (also known as erva-mate). No adverse reports have appeared so far about the effect of this herb on human helminths, or of the beverage made from it, known as mate, maté, Chimarrão, cimarrón, Tererê or Tereré.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingiber_zerumbet Zingiber zerumbet]. Alcoholic extracts of the rhizomes of Z. zerumbet have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], so these extracts may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

{{Columns}}

=== Fungi ===
<blockquote>
* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inonotus_obliquus Chaga mushroom] (Inonotus obliquus). This fungus, which grows singly on birch and other trees, is claimed, in several places online, to be effective against intestinal parasites, and it has been used for this purpose in the traditional folk medicine of Russia and Eastern Europe. One hookworm host thinks that drinking tea made from chaga mushrooms may have caused the failure of several hookworm incubations. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/810579668997990/?comment_id=810664495656174&offset=0&total_comments=8&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R4%22%7D].

* ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomitopsis_betulina Fomitopsis betulina]. This edible fungus, which is usually found on birch trees, was previously known as Piptoporus betulinus, and is commonly known as the birch polypore, birch bracket, or razor strop. Wikipedia reports that F. betulina has been widely used in traditional medicines, and a paper referenced in the Wikipedia article suggests that polyporenic acid, found in the fruit body of the fungus, may be poisonous to the human whipworm, Trichuris trichiura (TT). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomitopsis_betulina#Research_on_chemical_constituents] F. betulina also contains toxic resins and an active compound, agaric acid, which are powerful purgatives that can result in strong though short-lived bouts of diarrhoea. [https://sci-hub.hk/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79939-6]
</blockquote>

== Miscellaneous ==
{{Columns|2}}
* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apitherapy Bee venom therapy] appears to be safe for worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/876826799039943/?comment_id=876902382365718&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R2%22%7D]

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth Diatomaceous earth]. This is made from the fossilized remains of tiny, aquatic organisms called diatoms which are mined from ancient sea beds and ground into a fine powder to produce food grade or medical grade diatomite. The finer grade diatomites are used as an insecticide and are also employed to deworm pets and humans. They are believed to work by dehydrating the organism, although the sharp edges of the particles may also be damaging to tiny creatures. A daily dose of one heaped teaspoon of diatomaceous earth has been claimed to be effective for human worm control, and one hookworm host has reported that three doses, of approximately one teaspoon each, quickly wiped out her colony and caused the return of all the symptoms of her disease.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay Clay] (e.g., bentonite, kaolin) Some clays have antibacterial properties [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26743034] [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180821112029.htm] that vary by type, and some have been claimed to be natural parasite preventives that inhibit the reproduction of organisms. One helminth provider at one time advised against the use of clay while hosting worms. However, clay is now thought much less likely to harm human hookworms and whipworms than it is tapeworms, and it may in fact not have any adverse effect at all on any type of ''therapeutic'' helminth.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting Fasting]. This [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/812582472131043/?comment_id=813100818745875&offset=0&total_comments=3&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D will not harm human helminths] because they feed from their host’s blood (hookworms), or from their tissue (whipworms), rather than sharing what their host eats. This is in contrast to the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta (HDC) which shares its host’s food as this passes along the intestine, and requires dietary carbohydrates to survive, so may be harmed by a prolonged fast.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever Fever]. Running a fever for several days will not harm helminths.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_oxygen Hyperbaric oxygen]. This is safe for use alongside helminthic therapy. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1281704005218885/?comment_id=1284905411565411&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D]

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketosis Ketosis] is a metabolic state in which most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood. This state is often induced deliberately by fasting or the adoption of a low-carbohydrate diet as a intervention in various medical conditions. One commenter has suggested that ketosis should not be harmful to helminths because, like fungi, they have mitochondria so can metabolise fat and therefore utilise ketones as a food source, unlike bacteria and viruses which require carbohydrates to survive. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1077988932257061/?comment_id=1078025565586731&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D] For more on keptogenic diets, see here[http://perfecthealthdiet.com/2011/02/ketogenic-diets-i-ways-to-make-a-diet-ketogenic/].

* ❓ [http://rifevideos.com/index.html Rife machines]. These devices are claimed to be capable of killing or "devitalizing" worms when set to 2,400 Hz. Therefore, assuming that they are able to do what is claimed (and this is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Rife contentious issue]) it would seem sensible to avoid this particular frequency if using these machines.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermidine Spermidine]. When fed to worms, this simple polyamine (found in large quantities in human sperm and grapefruit) significantly prolonged their lifespan. [http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2009/October/04100901.asp]

* ✅ '''Steam'''. Saunas, hot tubs and hot baths do not harm helminths because the body's core temperature remains relatively constant while the skin sweats.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Hof Wim Hof] breathing techniques. Someone who hosts hookworms and has done these exercises on and off for about a year has reported having no issues as a result of combining the two treatments. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1417893248266626/?comment_id=1417961461593138&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolite Zeolite] Zeolites are microporous, aluminosilicate minerals that are used widely in water purification systems. Questions about the possibility of zeolites harming human helminths have been asked in the helminthic therapy forums from 2013 onwards, but no one has yet reported that this substance has actually harmed their worms, or that it hasn’t. Nor has any credible evidence been advanced to suggest that zeolites might harm helminths, all of which suggests that they are likely to be harmless to NA and TT, although it is still impossible to be certain about this until self-treaters report on their experience with its use.

{{Columns}}

Helminthic therapy in the media

2019-02-24T16:41:01Z

Kate: /* Videos */

{{Breadcrumb}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=Media coverage of helminthic therapy. Lists of articles, videos, webinars, podcasts, lectures and books.
|keywords=
|og:image=}}
This page lists various forms of media coverage relating to helminthic therapy and closely related topics such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis Hygiene Hypothesis], the [http://evmedreview.com/?p=103 Old Friends' Hypothesis], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mismatch_theory Evolutionary Mismatch Theory] and [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481190 Biome Depletion Theory]/ [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133248 Biota Alteration Theory].

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''NB. There are details at some of the links on this page that are not factually correct, especially some of those presented by journalists, but also including details in comments made by some scientists and clinicians. Therefore, before acting on anything gleaned from these sources, readers are advised to check the details with the relevant pages in this wiki.'''</div>

<p>__TOC__</p>

<div style="background-color:#F5FAFF; border: 1px solid #CEDFF2; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:26px;margin-top:26px;">
<div style="border:1px solid #A3B0BF;background-color:#CEDFF2;padding-left:8px;"><h2 style = "margin-top:10px;border:0px solid #CEDFF2;">Featured media</h2></div>

===Features articles===

* [https://theconversation.com/they-might-sound-gross-but-intestinal-worms-can-actually-be-good-for-you-49868 '''They might sound gross, but intestinal worms can actually be good for you'''] - William Parker, The Conversation
: Dr. Parker is an Associate Professor of Surgery at Duke University, and the Conversation is a well-respected outlet for academic researchers to write about their work for a general audience.

* [https://www.wired.com/2012/11/whipworm-immune-regulation/ '''The Potential Health Benefits of Parasitic Gut Worms'''] - Brandon Keim, Wired

===Featured videos===

<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qD6fmHUXBEg</youtube>
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CL-trN00s2Y</youtube>
<youtube>https://youtu.be/sm5DcdZbnGA</youtube>
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=32&v=UfyE0pHHKt0</youtube>
</div>

==Articles==

'''2019'''

* 2019 Feb (accessed on) [https://www.ifm.org/news-insights/gut-hygiene-hypothesis-helminth-treatments/ The Hygiene Hypothesis & Helminth Treatments With Parasitic Worms] The Institute for Functional Medicine

* 2019 Jan 12 (accessed on) [https://blog.bulletproof.com/helminthic-therapy-autoimmune-disease/ Helminthic Therapy for Autoimmune Disease (Or, Why I Gave Myself Parasites on Purpose)] - Dave Asprey, Bulletproof Blog

* 2019 Jan 9 [https://www.noted.co.nz/health/health/parasitic-worms-solution-asthma-eczema-coeliac-disease/ Parasitic worms could be the solution to asthma, eczema and coeliac disease] - Nicky Pellegrino, New Zealand Listener

* 2019 Jan (accessed on) [https://goop.com/wellness/health/can-parasites-cure-autoimmune-diseases/ Can Parasites Cure Autoimmune Diseases?] - A Q&A with Will Cole, Goop

'''2018'''

* 2018 Oct 02 [https://bengreenfieldfitness.com/article/why-i-eat-tapeworms-whipworms-every-two-weeks-the-fascinating-world-of-helminthic-therapy/ Why I Eat Tapeworms & Whipworms Every Two Weeks: The Fascinating World Of Helminthic Therapy] - Ben Greenfield, Fitness
* 2018 Sept 25 [http://drstevenenningerdailyblog.blogspot.com/2018/09/the-treatment-of-autoimmune-disease.html The Treatment of Autoimmune Disease with Hookworms] - Dr. Steve Nenninger Blog
* 2018 Sept 20 [https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/should-you-deliberately-infect-yourself-with-an-intestinal-worm-for-your-health/all/ Should You Deliberately Infect Yourself With An Intestinal Worm For Your Health?] - Rosie McCall, IFLScience
* 2018 Jul 2 [https://kids.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/frym.2018.00032 Eating Worms to Treat Autoimmune Diseases?] - Nerissa Ora Zyskind Tunnessen and Michael H. Hsieh, Frontiers for Young Minds
* 2019 Jul [https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-07/exploring-helminthic-therapy Exploring Helminthic Therapy] - Karolyn Gazella interviews Sidney Baker, MD, for Natural Medicine Journal
* 2018 May 30 [https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12061538&ref=NZH_fb Why doctor working in New Zealand infected himself with hookworms] - Sarah Wilson, New Zealand Herald
* 2018 May [https://www.ifm.org/news-insights/hygiene-hypothesis-helminth-treatments/ The Hygiene Hypothesis & Helminth Treatments With Parasitic Worms] - Insights, the Institute for Functional Medicine
* 2018 Apr 27 [http://www.malaghan.org.nz/news/the-worms-within-us-how-parasites-could-help-beat-disease/ The worms within us: How parasites could help beat disease] - Republication by the Malaghan Institute of Medical Research of an article by Jamie Morton, first published in the New Zealand Herald.
* 2018 Mar 22 [https://www.acsh.org/news/2018/03/22/parasitic-worms-block-high-fat-diet-induced-obesity-mice-12744 Parasitic Worms Block High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity In Mice] - Alex Berezow, American Council on Science and Health
* 2018 Mar 2 [https://newatlas.com/tapeworms-inflammatory-bowel-disease/53649/ Could tapeworms prevent bowel disease in children?] - Ben Coxworth, New Atlas
* 2018 Feb 7 [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-02-07/hookworm-infection-could-help-solve-gluten-intolerance/9404770?sf181502307=1 Hookworms... could solve gluten intolerance] - Kathy Sundstrom and Annie Gaffney, ABC Sunshine Coast

'''2017'''
* 2017 Dec [https://drruscio.com/worms-the-next-probiotics-with-dr-william-parker/ Are Worms the Next Probiotic?] - Michael Ruscio interviews William Parker, Dr. Ruscio Radio
* 2017 Oct 11 [http://www.thewayofalpha.com/blog-1/2017/10/10/hook-me-up-treating-autoimmune-disease-with-hookworm-inoculation Hook me up! Treating Autoimmune Disease with Hookworms] - The Way of Alpha
* 2017 Aug 20 [http://www.healthline.com/health-news/why-people-subject-themselves-to-worm-therapy-treatments#1 Why Do People Subject Themselves to ‘Worm Therapy’ Treatments?] - Heather Cruickshank, HealthLine
* 2017 Aug 14 [http://www.healthline.com/health-news/patients-resorting-to-worm-therapy-to-treat-autoimmune-diseases#1 Patients Resorting to ‘Worm Therapy’ to Treat Autoimmune Diseases] - Constance Gustke, HealthLine
* 2017 Aug 7 [https://www.newscientist.com/article/2142925-i-tried-ingesting-rat-tapeworm-parasites-and-my-poo-turned-green/ I tried ingesting rat tapeworm parasites and my poo turned green] - Andy Coghlan, New Scientist Daily News
* 2017 Aug 7 [https://www.newscientist.com/article/2142897-parasitic-worm-eggs-may-soon-be-legally-sold-as-food-in-germany/?utm_campaign=RSS%7CNSNS&utm_source=NSNS&utm_medium=RSS&utm_content=life&campaign_id=RSS%7CNSNS-life Parasitic worm eggs may soon be legally sold as food in Germany] - Andy Coghlan, New Scientist Daily News
* 2017 July 28 [http://www.popsci.com/can-intestinal-worms-treat-autoimmune-disease Scientists are trying to treat autoimmune disease with intestinal worms] - Kate Baggaley, Popular Science
* 2017 July 16 [http://drstevenenningerdailyblog.blogspot.com/2017/07/the-treatment-of-chronic-lyme-with.html The treatment of chronic lyme with hookworms] - Dr. Steve Nenninger Blog
* 2017 Jun 20 [http://drstevenenningerdailyblog.blogspot.com/2017/06/the-treatment-of-chronic-lyme-with_20.html The treatment of chronic lyme with hookworms 2] - Dr. Steve Nenninger Blog
* 2017 May 30 [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-4553130/Would-swallow-glassful-worms-banish-allergies.html Would YOU swallow a glassful of worms to banish your allergies?] - Helen Thomson, Daily Mail
* 2017 Apr 24 [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11843946 Infected with hookworms to help cure gluten allergies] - Gabrielle Stuart, NZ Herald
* 2017 Apr 19 [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-4422218/Autistic-boy-4-road-recovery-thanks-WORMS.html Severely autistic boy, 4, is on the road to recovery after undergoing worm therapy despite being told he would never lead a normal life] - Stephen Matthews, Mail Online
* 2017 Mar 13 [http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2017/03/13/helminth-therapy.aspx Worm Therapy to Treat Inflammatory Disorders] - Dr Mercola
* 2017 Feb 16 [https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-02-parasites-clue-allergies-common-countries.html Parasites clue to why allergies are more common in developed countries] - Emma Rayner, MedicalXpress
* 2017 Feb 13 [https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/life/2017-02-13-how-dr-wriggly-wormed-himself-into-the-affection-of-the-ill/ How Dr Wriggly wormed himself into the affection of the ill] - Shaun Smillie, Business Day
* 2017 Feb 8 [http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/coeliac-disease-study-to-open-in-queensland-using-hookworms-20170208-gu8ksq.html Coeliac disease study to open in Queensland using hookworms] - Felicity Caldwell, Brisbane Times
* 2017 Jan 20 [http://darwinian-medicine.com/can-worms-cure-disease-17-questions-with-dr-william-parker/ Can Worms Cure Disease? 17 Questions With Dr. William Parker] - Eirik Garnas, Darwinian Medicine

'''2016'''

* 2016 Dec 27 [https://www.yahoo.com/news/germs-dirt-hookworms-boost-health-145951749.html How Germs, Dirt and Hookworms Can Boost Your Health] - Ruben Castaneda, Yahoo News
* 2016 Dec 21 [https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v540/n7634_supp/full/540S103a.html Worm charmer] - Neil Savage, Nature (Q&A with Joel Weinstock on his latest interpretation of the mechanisms by which helminths exert control over the immune system, with special reference to IBD.)
* 2016 Dec 20 [http://undark.org/article/helminths-ibs-worm-parasite-auto-immune/ Old Friends: The Promise of Parasitic Worms] - Leah Shaffer, Undark Magazine
* 2016 Oct 27 [http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/hookworm-saliva-can-treat-asthma-and-allergies-study_uk_5811eccde4b0672ea687edad Asthma And Allergies May Find An Unlikely Treatment In Hookworm Saliva] - Oscar Williams, Huffpost Tech
* 2016 Oct 26 [http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/health/ct-hookworms-asthma-20161026-story.html Bloodsucking parasitic hookworms could help treat asthma] - Sarah Kaplan, Chicago Tribune
* 2016 Oct 26 [http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/10/protein-found-hookworm-soup-could-fight-asthma-other-autoimmune-diseases Protein found in hookworm ‘soup’ could fight asthma, other autoimmune diseases] - Jennifer Couzin-Frankel, AAAS
* 2016 Oct 6 [http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/nights/audio/201819018/hookworms-to-treat-coeliac-disease Hookworms to treat coeliac disease?] - Includes a linked podcast from Nights, Radio New Zealand
* 2016 Sept 28 [http://bigthink.com/philip-perry/how-parasites-are-used-in-modern-medicine How Parasites Are Used in Modern Medicine] - Philip Perry, The Big Think
* 2016 Sept 4 [http://www.healthforhuman.info/2016/09/04/fecal-transplants-and-parasitic-infections-how-far-would-you-go-to-get-your-life-back/ Fecal Transplants And Parasitic Infections: How Far Would You Go To Get Your Life Back?] - Crohn, Health for Human
* 2016 Aug 20 [https://www.buzzfeed.com/stephaniemlee/crohns-experiment This Guy Swallowed Parasitic Worms On Purpose - Then Became A Published Scientist] BuzzFeedNews
* 2016 Aug 12 [http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/08/12/489619045/could-worms-in-your-gut-cure-your-allergies Could Worms In Your Gut Cure Your Allergies?] - Michaeleen Doucleff, NPR Goats and Soda
* 2016 Jul 6 [http://www.news-medical.net/news/20160706/New-research-highlights-need-to-abandon-modern-hygiene-hypothesis.aspx New research highlights need to abandon modern hygiene hypothesis] - News Medical
* 2016 Jul 5 [http://www.rheumatologynetwork.com/rheumatoid-arthritis/helminth-therapy-ra Helminth Therapy in RA] - Stephanie Pappas, Rheumatology Network
* 2016 Jul 1 [http://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bugbitten/2016/07/01/friend-foe-probiotic-power-of-helminths/ Friend or Foe; the probiotic power of helminths can prevent Crohn’s Disease] - Anouk Gouvras, BugBitten
* 2016 Jul 1 [http://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-think-parasitic-worms-could-be-the-key-to-treating-multiple-sclerosis Scientists want to use parasitic worms to treat multiple sclerosis] - Jacinta Bowler, ScienceAlert
* 2016 Jun 29 [http://www.news-medical.net/health/Old-Friends-Hypothesis.aspx Old Friends Hypothesis] - Yolanda Smith, News Medical
* 2016 Jun 16 [http://www.moisesvm.com/2016/06/16/notes-on-parasite-underground/ Notes on Parasite Underground] - Moises Velasquez-Manoff’s blog
* 2016 Jun 16 [http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/19/magazine/the-parasite-underground.html?rref=collection/sectioncollection/health&action=click&contentCollection=health&region=stream&module=stream_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=1&pgtype=sectionfront&_r=1 The Parasite Underground] - Moises Velasquez-Manoff, New York Times Magazine
* 2016 Jun 3 [http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/05/opinion/sunday/educate-your-immune-system.html Educate Your Immune System: Our bodies are confused by this 21st-century world] - Moises Velasquez-Manoff, New York Times
* 2016 May 17 [http://www.news-medical.net/news/20160517/Could-worm-infection-counter-IBD-An-interview-with-Dr-Loke-and-Dr-Cadwell.aspx Could worm infection counter IBD? An interview with Dr Loke and Dr Cadwell] - April Cashin-Garbutt, News Medical
* 2016 May [http://environmentalhumanities.dukejournals.org/content/8/1/57.full.pdf Gut Buddies - Multispecies Studies and the Microbiome] - Jamie Lorimer, Duke University Press
* 2016 Apr 21 [http://pamplinmedia.com/pt/9-news/302838-180108-hooked-on-hookworms-and-other-parasites Hooked on hookworms (and other parasites)] - Peter Korn, Portland Tribune
* 2016 Apr 17 [http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/well-good/teach-me/78818294/ive-got-parasitic-worms-living-inside-me-and-its-great.html I've got parasitic worms living inside me, and it's great] - Adam Dudding, Stuff NZ
* 2016 Apr 15 [http://www.medicaldaily.com/gut-microbiome-parasitic-worms-crohns-disease-381987?utm_source=internal&utm_campaign=right&utm_medium=related1 Parasitic Worms May Restore Balance To Gut Microbiome In People With Crohn's Disease] - Ed Cara, Medical Daily
* 2016 Apr 11 [http://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2016/04/11/meet-the-parasites-that-might-cure-crohns-disease-ms-and-more/#381fe6722e3f Meet The Parasites That Might Cure Crohn's Disease, MS, And More] - Tirumalai Kamala, Forbes and Quora. (multiple sclerosis)
* 2016 Mar 31 [http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/05/science/tapeworms-and-other-parasites-can-make-good-guests.html?_r=0 Tapeworms and Other Parasites Can Make Good Guests] - Carl Zimmer, The New York Times
* 2016 Mar 21 [http://www.seeker.com/life-sucking-parasites-can-help-save-species-1771085975.html Life-Sucking Parasites Can Help Save Species] - Talal Al-Khatib, Discovery
* 2016 Mar 11 [http://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bugbitten/2016/03/11/parasites-pigs-primates-origin-demography-trichuris-whipworms/ Parasites, pigs and primates – the origin and demography of Trichuris whipworms] - Anouk Gouvras, Bug Bitten
* 2016 Feb 8 [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/feb/08/why-a-diet-of-worms-could-be-good-for-you Why a diet of worms could be good for you] - David Kohn, The Guardian
* 2016 Jan 21 [http://drstevenenningerdailyblog.blogspot.com/2016/01/worms-1-mono-0.html Worms-1, Mono-0] - Dr. Steve Nenninger Blog
* 2016 Jan 13 [https://theconversation.com/if-being-too-clean-makes-us-sick-why-isnt-getting-dirty-the-solution-50572 If being too clean makes us sick, why isn’t getting dirty the solution?] - William Parker, The Conversation

'''2015'''

* 2015 Dec 3 [http://www.healthline.com/health-news/parasites-in-your-intestines-may-actually-be-good-for-you-120315 Parasites in Your Intestines May Actually Be Good for You] - Ann Pietrangelo, Healthline
* 2015 Nov 13 [https://theconversation.com/what-do-parasitic-worms-and-our-increasing-allergies-have-in-common-50032 What do parasitic worms and our increasing allergies have in common?] - Graham Rook, The Conversation
* 2015 Nov 11 [http://www.sciencealert.com/40-patients-are-about-to-be-infected-with-hookworms-to-treat-gluten-intolerance?utm_source=Article&utm_medium=Website&utm_campaign=InArticleReadMore 40 patients are about to be infected with hookworms to treat gluten intolerance] - Peter Dockrill, Science Alert
* 2015 Nov 11 [https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/want-a-stronger-defense-system-against-diseases-add-some-worms/ Want a Stronger Defense System Against Diseases? Add Some Worms] - Sheena Faherty, Scientific American
* 2015 Oct 30 [https://theconversation.com/they-might-sound-gross-but-intestinal-worms-can-actually-be-good-for-you-49868 They might sound gross, but intestinal worms can actually be good for you] - William Parker, The Conversation
* 2015 Oct 29 [http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/44372/title/An-Evolutionary-Basis-for-Allergies/ An Evolutionary Basis for Allergies] - Karen Zusi, The Scientist
* 2015 Sept [http://www.dukechronicle.com/article/2015/09/duke-scientists-treat-depression-with-intestinal-worms Duke scientists treat depression with intestinal worms] Teresa Meng, The Chronicle
* 2015 Sept (accessed on) [http://www.sicb.org/students/dohenyb.php The “Old Friends” hypothesis: Reopening a can of worms] - Brenna Doheny, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology
* 2015 Aug 3 [http://www.philly.com/philly/education/test-prep/20150802_The_Worm_Turns.html The Worm Turns] - Sheena Faherty, Philadelphia Inquirer
* 2015 Jul 16 [http://motherboard.vice.com/read/parasites-by-post-the-online-black-market-for-therapeutic-worms?utm_source=mbtwitter Parasites by Post: The Online Black Market for Therapeutic Worms] - Daniel Viola, Motherboard
* 2015 Jun 23 [https://www.listland.com/top-10-facts-about-hookworms-and-autoimmune-disease/ Top 10 Facts about Hookworms and Autoimmune Disease] - Dave Anderson, Listland
* 2015 May 31 [http://theprepperpages.com/should-preppers-eat-parasites/ Can Eating Worms Help Treat Allergies & Autoimmune Diseases?] - Ryan Chamberlin, The Prepper Pages
* 2015 May 29 [http://www.yourwildlife.org/2015/05/ecological-medicine-can-parasitic-worms-cure-us-of-our-modern-pandemics/ Ecological Medicine: Can intestinal worms cure us of our modern pandemics?] - Rob Dunn, Your Wild Life
* 2015 May 28 [http://discovermagazine.com/2015/july-aug/4-take-worms-call-me DIY Parasite Infection Treats Autoimmune Disorders] - Leah Shaffer, Discover
* 2015 Apr 6 [http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/842500_2 The Hygiene Hypothesis -- Redefine, Rename, or Just Clean It Up?] - Linda Brookes and Laurence Cheng, Medscape (Includes mention of the promotion of barrier integrity by parasites.)
* 2015 Apr [https://research.jcu.edu.au/bmdt/publications/publications-1/giacomin-australian-science-april-2015 Can Hookworms Cure Coeliac Disease?] - Paul Giacomin, Australasian Science
* 2015 Mar 26 [https://rheumatoidarthritis.net/living/a-miracle-cure-with-scientific-promise/ A “Miracle Cure” With Scientific Promise?] - Mariah Z. Leach, RheumatoidArthritis.net
* 2015 Mar 23 [http://dralexrinehart.com/lifestyle-benefits/hygiene-hypothesis-hookworm-infections-autoimmune-and-allergic-disease/ Parasitic Hookworm Infections and Autoimmune and Allergic Disease] - Dr. Alexander Rinehart
* 2015 [https://www.autism.com/statement_helminths Helminths: ASD Cause or Potential Treatment] - William Parker, Autism Research Institute
* 2015 [https://sfari.org/funding/grants/abstracts/testing-the-use-of-helminth-worm-ova-in-treating-autism-spectrum-disorders Testing the use of helminth worm ova in treating autism] - Eric Hollander, Simons Foundation

'''2014'''

* 2014 Nov 14 [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/intestinal-parasites-could-help-the-immune-system-researchers-say/article21592779/ Intestinal parasites may help the immune system, researchers say] - Sharon Oosthoek, The Globe and Mail
* 2014 Aug 12 [http://www.futurity.org/hookworm-autoimmune-diseases-745302/ ‘Wormy’ pills might fend off autoimmune diseases] - Glynis Smalley, Futurity
* 2014 Aug 8 [http://sciencenotes.ucsc.edu/2014/pages/hookworm/hookworm.html Health by Hookworm] - Julia Calderone, Science Notes
* 2014 Jul 23 [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-07/cifa-ipa072314.php Intestinal parasites are 'old friends,' researchers argue] - Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (anemia)
* 2014 May 12 [https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/parasitic-worms-wiggle-into-modern-medicine-q-amp-a/ Parasitic Worms Wiggle Into Modern Medicine] - Julia Calderone interviews William C. Gause for Scientific American Blogs
* 2014 Feb 19 [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03vrwj8 Infested: Living with Parasites] - Michael Mosley, BBC
* 2014 Jan 23 [http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/38977/title/Vitamin-Deficit-Can-Boost-Innate-Immunity/ Vitamin Deficit Can Boost Innate Immunity] - Laasya Samhita, The Scientist
* 2014 Jan 21 [http://www.marksdailyapple.com/are-parasites-primal/ Are Parasites Primal?] - Mark Sisson, Mark's Daily Apple
* 2014 Jan 7 [http://ndnr.com/gastrointestinal/helminthic-therapy/ Helminthic Therapy: An Emerging Intervention in the Era of Immune Dysregulation] - Mark Davis, Naturopathic Doctor, News and Review

'''2013'''

* 2013 Dec 1 [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/dec/01/extreme-science-hookworms-james-logan Extreme science: diet of hookworms to tackle a bread allergy] - Josh Davis, The Guardian
* 2013 Oct 24 [https://health.clevelandclinic.org/2013/10/pig-whipworm-smoothie-may-help-crohns/ Pig Whipworm ‘Smoothie’ May Help Crohn’s Digestive] - Health Team, Health Essentials
* 2013 Sep [http://www.foodsmatter.com/natural_medicine_comp_therapies/helminthic_therapy/articles/diabetes-scott-09-13.html Diabetes – could helminths be relevant?] - Foods Matter
* 2013 Apr 22 [http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20130422-feeling-ill-swallow-a-parasite Worm Therapy: Why Parasites May Be Good For You] - Rachel Nuwer, BBC Future
* 2013 Feb 26 [http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2013/02/26/in-the-magazine/health-in-the-magazine/good-bacteria.html Why We Need Germs] - Sharon Begley, The Saturday Evening Post
* 2013 Feb 21 [https://www.cell.com/ccbio/pdf/S1074-5521(13)00049-5.pdf Parasites R Us: Coronado Biosciences Recruits Parasitic Worms to Treat Autoimmune Disease] (PDF) - Wendy Wolfson, Chemistry & Biology Innovations
* 2013 Jan 15 [http://humanfoodproject.com/can-parasites-prevent-autoimmune-diabetes/ Can parasites prevent autoimmune diabetes?] - Moises Velasquez-Manoff, The Human Food Project
* 2013 Jan 10 [http://www.moisesvm.com/2013/01/10/what-do-breast-milk-and-parasites-have-in-common/ What do breast milk and parasites have in common?] - Moises Velasquez-Manoff’s blog

'''2012'''

* 2012 Nov 21 [http://www.menshealth.com/health/immune-system-worms?fullpage=true The New (Ancient) Cure for Immune Disorders] - Jim Thornton, Men’s Health
* 2012 Nov 20 [https://www.wired.com/2012/11/whipworm-immune-regulation/ The Potential Health Benefits of Parasitic Gut Worms] - Brandon Keim, Science
* 2012 Apr 18 [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/244238.php Hookworms And Allergies - Doctor Infects Himself For Experiment] - Catharine Paddock, Medical News Today
* 2012 Mar 2 [http://www.healthline.com/health/crohns-disease/hook-worms Hook Worms as a Treatment for Crohn’s Disease] - Stephanie Faris, Healthline
* 2012 Mar [http://www.foodsmatter.com/natural_medicine_comp_therapies/helminthic_therapy/articles/amazing-dr-wriggle-03-12.html The Amazing Dr Wriggly] - John Scott, Foods Matter
* 2012 Feb 14 [http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204795304577220993641557460 In a Squeaky-Clean World, a Worm Might Help Fight Disease] - Shirley S Wang, Wall Street Journal
* 2012 Feb [http://www.foodsmatter.com/allergy_intolerance/food_intolerance/articles/reintroducing_food_02_12.html Reintroducing Food After Hookworm Treatment For Food Allergy/Intolerance] - John Scott, Foods Matter
* 2012 Jan 27 [http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/12/0126/2250/ At UMDNJ, Researchers Seek Healing Powers from Parasites] - Beth Fitzgerald, NJSpotlight

* 2012 Jan 15 [http://www.livescience.com/17923-parasitic-worms-wound-healing.html Swallowing Parasitic Worms May Heal Your Ails] - Christopher Wanjek, Live Science

'''2011'''

* 2011 Jul [http://www.foodsmatter.com/natural_medicine_comp_therapies/helminthic_therapy/articles/headache_migraine.html Helminths Give Chronic Headaches the Old Heave-ho] - John Scott, Foods Matter
* 2011 Jun 28 [http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304314404576413303666083390 Parasitic Worms May Offer Hope on MS] - Sten Stovall, Wall Street Journal (multiple sclerosis)
* 2011 Jun 5 [http://thesmartset.com/article05061101/ Take Two Hookworms and Call Me in the Morning] - Jennifer Fisher Wilson, The Smart Set
* 2011 May 26 [https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/evolutionary-psychiatry/201105/the-parasite-ate-your-depression The Parasite Ate Your Depression] - Emily Deans, Psychology Today
* 2011 Mar [http://www.foodsmatter.com/natural_medicine_comp_therapies/energy_medicine/articles/worms_eft.html Don't let worms give you the squirms!] - John Scott, Foods Matter
* 2011 Feb 1 [https://www.the-scientist.com/features/opening-a-can-of-worms-42771 Opening a Can of Worms] - Bob Grant, The Scientist
* 2011 Jan [http://www.foodsmatter.com/asthma_respiratory_conditions/hay_fever/articles/nasal_allergies_nuked_by_worms.html Nasal Allergies Nuked by Worms] - John Scott, Foods Matter

'''2010'''

* 2010 Dec 1 [http://articles.latimes.com/2010/dec/01/news/la-heb-worm-healing-20101201 New hints on how helminth worms heal ulcerative colitis] - Thomas H. Maugh II, Los Angeles Times
* 2010 Dec 1 [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/helminthic-therapy-mucus/ For the Good of the Gut: Can Parasitic Worms Treat Autoimmune Diseases?] - Ferris Jabr, Scientific American
* 2010 Jun 10 [http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/29085/title/New-gut-ecosystem-model-/ New gut ecosystem model?] - Bob Grant, The Scientist
* 2010 May 23 [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/may/23/parasitic-hookworm-jasper-lawrence-tim-adams Gut instinct: the miracle of the parasitic hookworm] - Tim Adams, The Guardian (UK)
* 2010 May 20 [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-05-20/a-new-prescription-parasite-eggs A New Prescription: Parasite Eggs] - Elizabeth Lopatto, Bloomberg Businessweek
* 2010 May 17 [http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703315404575250390129070502 Can Dirt Do a Little Good?] - Melinda Beck, Wall Street Journal
* 2010 Apr 9 [https://www.technologyreview.com/s/418389/fighting-allergies-by-mimicking-parasitic-worms/ Fighting Allergies by Mimicking Parasitic Worms] - Emily Singer, MIT Technology Review
* 2010 Apr 2 [http://www.scotsman.com/news/medicines-made-from-worms-could-cure-asthma-and-arthritis-1-797492 Medicines made from worms 'could cure asthma and arthritis'] - The Scotsman
* 2010 Mar 24 [http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex_health/2010/03/which_dirt_should_your_baby_eat.html Which Dirt Should Your Baby Eat?] - Amanda Schaffer, Slate
* 2010 Mar 10 [http://www.acupuncturebrooklyn.com/alternative-health/why-a-parasite-cleanse-can-make-you-worse Why a Parasite Cleanse Can Make You Worse] - Karen Vaughan, Natural Health
* 2010 Mar 3 [https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-imprinted-brain/201003/dirt-disease-and-depression-the-hygiene-hypothesis-clears-diametric Dirt, Disease, and Depression: the hygiene hypothesis clears up a diametric difficulty] - Christopher Badcock, Psychology Today
* 2010 Feb 18 [http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/2823795.htm Hook Worms (and coeliac disease)] - Catalyst, ABC Australia

'''2009'''

* 2009 Nov [http://www.foodsmatter.com/allergy_intolerance/food_intolerance/articles/worms_for_food_intolerance.html Wriggling out of Food Intolerance] - John Scott, Foods Matter
* 2009 Oct 22 [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-10-22/worms-linked-to-coeliac-relief/1113232 Worms linked to coeliac relief] - Dina Rosendorff, News Online, ABC Australia
* 2009 Aug [[Media:Can_parasites_be_good.pdf | Can Parasites Be Good For You?]] - David Pritchard, The Biochemical Society
* 2009 Jul 31 [http://www.acupuncturebrooklyn.com/uncategorized/our-symbionts-ourselves Our Symbionts Ourselves] - Karen Vaughan, Natural Health
* 2009 Jul 31 [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090706171542.htm Parasites May Have Had Role In Evolution Of Sex] - Science Daily
* 2009 Jul 22 [http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/discoblog/2009/07/22/are-hookworms-the-next-claritin/#.WG2sGRt95aQ Are Hookworms the Next Claritin?] - Boonsri Dickinson, Discover Magazine Blog
* 2009 Jul 22 [http://www.dana.org/News/Details.aspx?id=42985 Immune Gene Evolution May Be Driven By Parasites] - Kayt Sukel, The Dana Foundation
* 2009 Jun 6 [http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2009/06/06/How-Parasites-Can-Trick-Your-Immune-System-into-Health.aspx How Parasites Trick Your Immune System Into Health] - Mercola.com
* 2009 Apr 27 [https://www.wired.com/2009/04/goodparasites/ Parasites Could Be Good for You] - Brandon Keim, Science
* 2009 Jan 29 [http://www.nhs.uk/news/2009/01January/Pages/WormsImmuneSystem.aspx Are worms key to health?] - NHS Choice
* 2009 Jan 28 [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/4375170/Infecting-patients-with-worms-could-hold-key-to-treating-asthma.html Infecting patients with worms 'could hold key to treating asthma'] - Kate Devlin, The Daily Telegraph
* 2009 [http://www.foodsmatter.com/natural_medicine_comp_therapies/helminthic_therapy/articles/helminthic_therapy.html Replacing lost worms to regain health] - John Scott, Foods Matter

'''2008'''

* 2008 Jul 10 [https://evmedreview.com/pig-worms-and-multiple-sclerosis-the-unintended-consequences-of-hygiene/ Pig worms and multiple sclerosis: the unintended consequences of hygiene] - Stephen Stearns, Evolution and Medicine Review
* 2008 Jul 1 [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/01/health/research/01prof.html The Worms Crawl In] - Elizabeth Svoboda, New York Times
* 2008 Jun 29 [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/29/magazine/29wwln-essay-t.html?_r=1 The Worm Turns] - Moises Velasquez-Manoff, New York Times
* 2008 Jun [http://www.foodsmatter.com/natural_medicine_comp_therapies/helminthic_therapy/articles/appetite_worms.html An Appetite for Worms] - John Scott, Foods Matter
* 2008 Mar 16 [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/14/AR2008031403386.html Diseases like mine are a growing hazard] - Donna Jackson Nakazawa, Washington Post
* 2008 Mar 4 [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/03/AR2008030303200.html Immune systems increasingly on attack] - Rob Stein, Washington Post

'''2007'''

* 2007 Winter [http://emerald.tufts.edu/alumni/magazine/winter2007/features/good-worms.html The Good Worms] - Bruce Morgan, Tufts University Magazine
* 2007 Dec 31 [http://archive.boston.com/news/science/articles/2007/12/31/his_parasite_theory_stirs_a_revolution/ His parasite theory stirs a revolution] - Billy Baker, The Boston Globe
* 2007 Nov 30 [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071130223834.htm Could Stem Cells Be Used To Cure Crohn's Disease?] - Science Daily
* 2007 Sept 15 [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/sep/15/healthandwellbeing Scientists recruit worms for fight against asthma] - James Randerson, The Guardian
* 2007 Sept 15 [http://news.bioscholar.com/2007/09/blood-sucking-hookworms-may-harbour-asthma-cure.html Blood-sucking hookworms may harbour asthma cure] - BioScholar

'''2005'''

* 2005 Nov 2 [http://www.wormdigest.org/content/view/157/2/ Worm Therapy: a New Treatment for IBD?] - Patrick Perry, Saturday Evening Post c/o EarthWormDigest.org (Scroll down page to locate article.)

'''1999'''

* 1999 Aug 31 [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/31/health/in-pursuit-of-autoimmune-worm-cure.html In Pursuit of Autoimmune Worm Cure] - Andy Newman, New York Times

== Videos ==

* 2018 Jan 25 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qD6fmHUXBEg Why You Might Want Parasitic Worms] - Hank Green, SciShow, You Tube
* 2017 Aug 4 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fMIILJ_C7uQ Worm eggs could become food supplement] - New Scientist, You Tube
* 2017 Jun 8 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CL-trN00s2Y Worms inside us: Lecture on therapeutic helminths to the North Carolina Science Museum] Helminth education for children, by William Parker.
* 2017 Mar 15 [https://youtu.be/AIwp1P8V3so Israeli ‘worm treatment’ successfully fights autoimmune disease] - World Israel News
* 2017 Feb 8 [https://www.facebook.com/abcnews24.au/videos/1467000060000199/ Crawler cure: hookworms used to alleviate coeliac symptoms] - ABC New 24
* 2016 Nov 29 [https://youtu.be/sm5DcdZbnGA Worming your way to good health] - TEDx Talk with Paul Giacomin
* 2016 Nov [http://lifeonus.vhx.tv Life On Us: A Microscopic Safari]. A two hour, two-part documentary. The second part has a segment on helminths and helminthic therapy starting from 15 minutes. - VHX (Free on Amazon Prime)
* 2016 Aug 10 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOjHCaLq7Kk My Experience With Helminthic Therapy] - Sisters Undercover
* 2016 Jun 6 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9lVjF9BPKc&list=PLcvEcrsF_9zKLSoCLErh0PKLfk7egWtHy&index=3 Is a hookworm good for you?] - Clip from [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcvEcrsF_9zKLSoCLErh0PKLfk7egWtHy Infested! Living with Parasites], BBC Teach (Crohn's disease)
* 2016 May 20 [https://youtu.be/kDhB_kQjjYA Sid Baker: Beetlejuice! Beetlejuice! Beetle Larvae? – #311] - Dave, Bulletproof (autism)
* 2016 Apr 21 [https://youtu.be/pQd1RkgJGjM Worm infection counters intestinal inflammation by changing gut microbiome] - The Cadwell and Loke Labs
* 2016 Mar 23 [https://youtu.be/xk-YBevOJiE Parasites, Autoimmunity & Allergies] - Moises Velasquez Manoff, High Intensity Health
* 2015 Jul 20 [http://globalnews.ca/video/2121799/experimental-helminth-therapy-used-to-treat-autoimmune-disease Experimental helminth therapy used to treat autoimmune disease] - Global News
* 2015 Jul 9 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmG27XasIB4 The Science of Hay Fever... Are Parasitic Worms The Cure?] - The Royal Institution
* 2014 Sept 28 [https://youtu.be/JUVNKOcXQC0 Biome normalization using Hymenolepis diminuta (HDC)] - Judith Chinitz, CDePalma (autism)
* 2014 Sept 22 [https://www.educator.com/biology/microbiology/carpenter/helminths-+-immunity.php Helminths & Immunity] - Catherine Carpenter, Educator.com
* 2014 May 6 [https://youtu.be/UfyE0pHHKt0 Parasites Lost: The Journey from Woeful Worms to Helpful] - Monsters Christopher Blanar, TEDxNSU
* 2014 Apr 1 [https://youtu.be/zoOscroun5A Reshaping the immune system] - Moises Velazquez-Manoff at TEDxCibeles
* 2014 Jan 29 [https://youtu.be/5jtTDSP3BOo Rachel Clarke on conscious infestation of the gut with worms] (Parkinson’s disease)
* 2013 Aug 1 [https://youtu.be/A3s3NRtssS8 Why Parasites May Not Be All That Bad] - Trace Dominguez, DNews
* 2011 Feb 10 [https://youtu.be/AdEvISZFGUE The Worm Crew] - Joel Weinstock on studying the effects of helminths on IBD
* 2010 Mar 12 [https://youtu.be/llyCGNB9smg Medical Alert: Worms Used As Therapy] - Donna Hamilton, WBAL-TV 11 Baltimore
* 2010 Feb 18 [http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/2823795.htm Hook Worms] - Jonica Newby, Catalyst (coeliac disease)
* 2009 Nov 16 [https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxTp0mFHWOX9Q0lUNF82bkMzS28/view House MD, Season 6, Episode 8: “Teamwork”] - A patient’s has a Crohn’s flare after deworming. mp4
* 2009 May 26 [https://youtu.be/rl-mbGF2fys Helminthic therapy allergies asthma] - Interviews with scientists and patients using helminthic therapy to control allergies and asthma
* 2009 Mar 15 [https://youtu.be/v3oTHKUac-E Todd Troutman Interview, Part 2] - A patient finds relief from severe allergies, YouTube
* 2009 Mar 15 [https://youtu.be/2rSA3uAtP7U Todd Troutman Interview, Part 1] - A patient finds relief from severe allergies, YouTube
* 2009 [http://parasites-film.com/ Parasites: A User's Guide (long trailer)] - Sharon Shattuck, Sweet Fern Productions
* 2009 [https://youtu.be/C2LbuJEbtIQ?t=18m5s Bang Goes the Theory, Season 4 Episode 6] (Starts 20.25 minutes) YouTube
* 2008 May 24 [https://youtu.be/uzEI5wKO13Y Helminth Therapy] - Video about helminthic therapy by Asphelia Pharmaceuticals
* 2008 Mar 14 [https://youtu.be/qlHzLSRKfBI Helminthic therapy - Autoimmune Therapies] - Jasper Lawrence collects hookworms from Cameroon

== Webinars ==

* 2016 Jan 20 [http://ariconference.com/?p=1766 Autism & Helminths: The Good, the Bad, and the Rumors] - William Parker, Autism Research Institute
* 2015 May 6 [https://youtu.be/yGqTPM10wrY Microbiome Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders] - William Parker (Helminths mentioned from 34 minutes)

== Podcasts ==

* 2018 Mar [https://drruscio.com/self-administering-helminth-therapy-with-dr-nancy-ohara/ Guidelines for Self-Administering Helminth Therapy (using HDC)] - Michael Ruscio interviews Dr Nancy O'Hara, Dr. Ruscio Radio
* 2018 Jan 27 [https://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/saturday/audio/2018629676/dr-kara-filbey-lessons-from-parasitic-worms Lessons from parasitic worms] Kim Hill interviews Dr Kara Filbey for Saturday Morning, Radio New Zealand
* 2018 Jan [https://drruscio.com/healthy-worms-with-garin-aglietti/ Healthy Worms to Repair the Gut & Immune System] - Michael Ruscio interviews Garin Aglietti, Dr. Ruscio Radio
* 2017 Dec [https://drruscio.com/worms-the-next-probiotics-with-dr-william-parker/ Are Worms the Next Probiotic?] - Michael Ruscio interviews William Parker, Dr. Ruscio Radio
* 2017 Oct 13 [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csv3f2 Can We Worm Our Way Into Better Health?] Crowd Science, BBC World Service
* 2017 June 5 [http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/healthreport/hookworms-against-diabetes!/8590092 Hookworms against diabetes!] - Norman Swan interviews Robyn McDermott on Health Report, Radio National
* 2016 Dec 28 [http://undark.org/2016/12/28/undark-podcast-helminth-hackers/ Undark Podcast #10: The Helminth Hackers] - David Corcoran interviews Leah Shaffer
* 2016 Oct 6 [http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/nights/audio/201819018/hookworms-to-treat-coeliac-disease Hookworms to treat coeliac disease?] - Nights, Radio New Zealand
* 2016 July 1 [http://www.kcrw.com/news-culture/shows/to-the-point/the-re-education-of-the-immune-system The Re-education of the Immune System] - (9.00 to 42.00 minutes) To the Point, KCRW, with Moises Velazquez-Manoff, Dave Elliot, Mikael Knip and Shabaana Khader. Click on the Mini-Player button at top right, to jump straight in at 9.00 minutes.
* 2015 Nov 2 [http://www.carrytheoneradio.com/2015/11/65-enemy-of-my-enemy.html The Enemy of my Enemy, Part 2: A Can of Worms] - Sam Ancona Esselmann interviews Moises Velasquez Manoff for Carry the One Radio
* 2015 Jun 19 [https://www.voiceamerica.com/episode/85967/the-future-of-healing-the-immune-system-biome-reconstitution The Future of Healing the Immune System: Biome Reconstitution] - Neil Nathan interviews William Parker for The Cutting Edge of Health, and Wellness Today
* 2012 Jan 25 [http://www.autismone.org/content/got-bugs-dr-william-parker-phd Got Bugs!] - William Parker, AutismOne
* 2010 Apr 2 [http://www.radiolab.org/story/91951-an-update-on-hookworms/ An update on hookworms] - Patrick Walters, Radiolab
* 2010 Apr 2 [https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/404/enemy-camp-2010?act=3 Enemy Camp 2012: Act Three. As The Worm Turns] - This American Life
* 2009 Sept [http://www.radiolab.org/story/91691-sculptors-of-monumental-narrative/ Sculptors of Monumental Narrative] - Dickson Despommier and Pat Walters, Radiolab

== Books ==

* 2017 [https://www.stevenenninger.com/worm/ Worm Booklet: Treating Autoimmune Diseases with Hookworms] - Steve Nenninger
* 2017 Mar 11 [https://www.amazon.com/kindle/dp/B06XK56T1G The Worms Inside Me: My experiment with helminthic therapy] - Beth Anderson
* 2016 [http://www.springer.com/gb/book/9783319297149?wt_mc=ThirdParty.SpringerLink.3.EPR653.About_eBook Evolutionary Thinking in Medicine: From Research to Policy and Practice.] Ed: Alvergne, Jenkinson and Faurie. This book, which is [https://www.amazon.com/Evolutionary-Thinking-Medicine-Research-Behaviour/dp/3319297147/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1468875756&sr=8-1&keywords=Evolutionary+Thinking+in+Medicine available from Amazon], contains a chapter by Jorge Correale (“Helminth Immunoregulation and Multiple Sclerosis Treatment”) and one by Gabriele Sorci, et al., entitled, “Microbes, Parasites and Immune Diseases” (page 211 in Part VI: Immunology). This latter chapter is available, in full, as a FREE download via a link in the Table of Contents on [http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-29716-3 this page].
* 2015 Dec 1 [https://www.amazon.com/Body-Darwin-Evolution-Transforms-Medicine/dp/022605988X/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1449074923&sr=1-1&keywords=Body+by+Darwin:+How+Evolution+Shapes+Our+Health+and+Transforms+Medicine Body by Darwin: How Evolution Shapes Our Health and Transforms Medicine] - Jeremy Taylor. There’s an extended excerpt of this book on Live Science, [http://www.livescience.com/52953-how-parasitic-worms-and-microbes-keep-you-healthy.html here].
* 2012 Sept 4 [https://www.amazon.com/Epidemic-Absence-Understanding-Allergies-Autoimmune/dp/1439199388/ An Epidemic of Absence: A New Way of Understanding Allergies and Autoimmune Diseases] - Moises Velasquez-Manoff
* 2011 Jun 21 [https://www.amazon.com/The-Wild-Life-Our-Bodies/dp/006180648X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1402855367&sr=8-1&keywords=rob+dunn The Wild Life of Our Bodies: Predators, Parasites, and Partners That Shape Who We Are Today] - Rob Dunn
* 2009 Sept 18 [https://www.amazon.com/Hypothesis-Darwinian-Medicine-Progress-Inflammation/dp/3764389028/ref=sr_1_8?ie=UTF8&qid=1332700157&sr=8-8 The Hygiene Hypothesis and Darwinian Medicine (Progress in Inflammation Research)] Edited by Graham Rook
* 2007 Apr 2 [https://www.amazon.com/Riddled-Life-Friendly-Ladybug-Parasites/dp/0151012253/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1402855886&sr=8-1&keywords=Riddled+With+Life:+Friendly+worms,+ladybug+sex+and+the+parasites+that+make+us+who+we+are Riddled with Life: Friendly Worms, Ladybug Sex, and the Parasites That Make Us Who We Are] - Marlene Zuk

== Lecture/slide presentation ==

* 2014 [http://ndt-educational.org/shoenfeld_slide_2014.html Infections and autoimmunity; how to harness nature to treat autoimmunity] - Yehuda Shoenfeld

Helminthic therapy in the media

2019-02-24T16:27:45Z

Kate: /* Features articles */

{{Breadcrumb}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=Media coverage of helminthic therapy. Lists of articles, videos, webinars, podcasts, lectures and books.
|keywords=
|og:image=}}
This page lists various forms of media coverage relating to helminthic therapy and closely related topics such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis Hygiene Hypothesis], the [http://evmedreview.com/?p=103 Old Friends' Hypothesis], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mismatch_theory Evolutionary Mismatch Theory] and [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481190 Biome Depletion Theory]/ [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133248 Biota Alteration Theory].

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''NB. There are details at some of the links on this page that are not factually correct, especially some of those presented by journalists, but also including details in comments made by some scientists and clinicians. Therefore, before acting on anything gleaned from these sources, readers are advised to check the details with the relevant pages in this wiki.'''</div>

<p>__TOC__</p>

<div style="background-color:#F5FAFF; border: 1px solid #CEDFF2; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:26px;margin-top:26px;">
<div style="border:1px solid #A3B0BF;background-color:#CEDFF2;padding-left:8px;"><h2 style = "margin-top:10px;border:0px solid #CEDFF2;">Featured media</h2></div>

===Features articles===

* [https://theconversation.com/they-might-sound-gross-but-intestinal-worms-can-actually-be-good-for-you-49868 '''They might sound gross, but intestinal worms can actually be good for you'''] - William Parker, The Conversation
: Dr. Parker is an Associate Professor of Surgery at Duke University, and the Conversation is a well-respected outlet for academic researchers to write about their work for a general audience.

* [https://www.wired.com/2012/11/whipworm-immune-regulation/ '''The Potential Health Benefits of Parasitic Gut Worms'''] - Brandon Keim, Wired

===Featured videos===

<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qD6fmHUXBEg</youtube>
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CL-trN00s2Y</youtube>
<youtube>https://youtu.be/sm5DcdZbnGA</youtube>
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=32&v=UfyE0pHHKt0</youtube>
</div>

==Articles==

'''2019'''

* 2019 Feb (accessed on) [https://www.ifm.org/news-insights/gut-hygiene-hypothesis-helminth-treatments/ The Hygiene Hypothesis & Helminth Treatments With Parasitic Worms] The Institute for Functional Medicine

* 2019 Jan 12 (accessed on) [https://blog.bulletproof.com/helminthic-therapy-autoimmune-disease/ Helminthic Therapy for Autoimmune Disease (Or, Why I Gave Myself Parasites on Purpose)] - Dave Asprey, Bulletproof Blog

* 2019 Jan 9 [https://www.noted.co.nz/health/health/parasitic-worms-solution-asthma-eczema-coeliac-disease/ Parasitic worms could be the solution to asthma, eczema and coeliac disease] - Nicky Pellegrino, New Zealand Listener

* 2019 Jan (accessed on) [https://goop.com/wellness/health/can-parasites-cure-autoimmune-diseases/ Can Parasites Cure Autoimmune Diseases?] - A Q&A with Will Cole, Goop

'''2018'''

* 2018 Oct 02 [https://bengreenfieldfitness.com/article/why-i-eat-tapeworms-whipworms-every-two-weeks-the-fascinating-world-of-helminthic-therapy/ Why I Eat Tapeworms & Whipworms Every Two Weeks: The Fascinating World Of Helminthic Therapy] - Ben Greenfield, Fitness
* 2018 Sept 25 [http://drstevenenningerdailyblog.blogspot.com/2018/09/the-treatment-of-autoimmune-disease.html The Treatment of Autoimmune Disease with Hookworms] - Dr. Steve Nenninger Blog
* 2018 Sept 20 [https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/should-you-deliberately-infect-yourself-with-an-intestinal-worm-for-your-health/all/ Should You Deliberately Infect Yourself With An Intestinal Worm For Your Health?] - Rosie McCall, IFLScience
* 2018 Jul 2 [https://kids.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/frym.2018.00032 Eating Worms to Treat Autoimmune Diseases?] - Nerissa Ora Zyskind Tunnessen and Michael H. Hsieh, Frontiers for Young Minds
* 2019 Jul [https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-07/exploring-helminthic-therapy Exploring Helminthic Therapy] - Karolyn Gazella interviews Sidney Baker, MD, for Natural Medicine Journal
* 2018 May 30 [https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12061538&ref=NZH_fb Why doctor working in New Zealand infected himself with hookworms] - Sarah Wilson, New Zealand Herald
* 2018 May [https://www.ifm.org/news-insights/hygiene-hypothesis-helminth-treatments/ The Hygiene Hypothesis & Helminth Treatments With Parasitic Worms] - Insights, the Institute for Functional Medicine
* 2018 Apr 27 [http://www.malaghan.org.nz/news/the-worms-within-us-how-parasites-could-help-beat-disease/ The worms within us: How parasites could help beat disease] - Republication by the Malaghan Institute of Medical Research of an article by Jamie Morton, first published in the New Zealand Herald.
* 2018 Mar 22 [https://www.acsh.org/news/2018/03/22/parasitic-worms-block-high-fat-diet-induced-obesity-mice-12744 Parasitic Worms Block High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity In Mice] - Alex Berezow, American Council on Science and Health
* 2018 Mar 2 [https://newatlas.com/tapeworms-inflammatory-bowel-disease/53649/ Could tapeworms prevent bowel disease in children?] - Ben Coxworth, New Atlas
* 2018 Feb 7 [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-02-07/hookworm-infection-could-help-solve-gluten-intolerance/9404770?sf181502307=1 Hookworms... could solve gluten intolerance] - Kathy Sundstrom and Annie Gaffney, ABC Sunshine Coast

'''2017'''
* 2017 Dec [https://drruscio.com/worms-the-next-probiotics-with-dr-william-parker/ Are Worms the Next Probiotic?] - Michael Ruscio interviews William Parker, Dr. Ruscio Radio
* 2017 Oct 11 [http://www.thewayofalpha.com/blog-1/2017/10/10/hook-me-up-treating-autoimmune-disease-with-hookworm-inoculation Hook me up! Treating Autoimmune Disease with Hookworms] - The Way of Alpha
* 2017 Aug 20 [http://www.healthline.com/health-news/why-people-subject-themselves-to-worm-therapy-treatments#1 Why Do People Subject Themselves to ‘Worm Therapy’ Treatments?] - Heather Cruickshank, HealthLine
* 2017 Aug 14 [http://www.healthline.com/health-news/patients-resorting-to-worm-therapy-to-treat-autoimmune-diseases#1 Patients Resorting to ‘Worm Therapy’ to Treat Autoimmune Diseases] - Constance Gustke, HealthLine
* 2017 Aug 7 [https://www.newscientist.com/article/2142925-i-tried-ingesting-rat-tapeworm-parasites-and-my-poo-turned-green/ I tried ingesting rat tapeworm parasites and my poo turned green] - Andy Coghlan, New Scientist Daily News
* 2017 Aug 7 [https://www.newscientist.com/article/2142897-parasitic-worm-eggs-may-soon-be-legally-sold-as-food-in-germany/?utm_campaign=RSS%7CNSNS&utm_source=NSNS&utm_medium=RSS&utm_content=life&campaign_id=RSS%7CNSNS-life Parasitic worm eggs may soon be legally sold as food in Germany] - Andy Coghlan, New Scientist Daily News
* 2017 July 28 [http://www.popsci.com/can-intestinal-worms-treat-autoimmune-disease Scientists are trying to treat autoimmune disease with intestinal worms] - Kate Baggaley, Popular Science
* 2017 July 16 [http://drstevenenningerdailyblog.blogspot.com/2017/07/the-treatment-of-chronic-lyme-with.html The treatment of chronic lyme with hookworms] - Dr. Steve Nenninger Blog
* 2017 Jun 20 [http://drstevenenningerdailyblog.blogspot.com/2017/06/the-treatment-of-chronic-lyme-with_20.html The treatment of chronic lyme with hookworms 2] - Dr. Steve Nenninger Blog
* 2017 May 30 [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-4553130/Would-swallow-glassful-worms-banish-allergies.html Would YOU swallow a glassful of worms to banish your allergies?] - Helen Thomson, Daily Mail
* 2017 Apr 24 [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11843946 Infected with hookworms to help cure gluten allergies] - Gabrielle Stuart, NZ Herald
* 2017 Apr 19 [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-4422218/Autistic-boy-4-road-recovery-thanks-WORMS.html Severely autistic boy, 4, is on the road to recovery after undergoing worm therapy despite being told he would never lead a normal life] - Stephen Matthews, Mail Online
* 2017 Mar 13 [http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2017/03/13/helminth-therapy.aspx Worm Therapy to Treat Inflammatory Disorders] - Dr Mercola
* 2017 Feb 16 [https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-02-parasites-clue-allergies-common-countries.html Parasites clue to why allergies are more common in developed countries] - Emma Rayner, MedicalXpress
* 2017 Feb 13 [https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/life/2017-02-13-how-dr-wriggly-wormed-himself-into-the-affection-of-the-ill/ How Dr Wriggly wormed himself into the affection of the ill] - Shaun Smillie, Business Day
* 2017 Feb 8 [http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/coeliac-disease-study-to-open-in-queensland-using-hookworms-20170208-gu8ksq.html Coeliac disease study to open in Queensland using hookworms] - Felicity Caldwell, Brisbane Times
* 2017 Jan 20 [http://darwinian-medicine.com/can-worms-cure-disease-17-questions-with-dr-william-parker/ Can Worms Cure Disease? 17 Questions With Dr. William Parker] - Eirik Garnas, Darwinian Medicine

'''2016'''

* 2016 Dec 27 [https://www.yahoo.com/news/germs-dirt-hookworms-boost-health-145951749.html How Germs, Dirt and Hookworms Can Boost Your Health] - Ruben Castaneda, Yahoo News
* 2016 Dec 21 [https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v540/n7634_supp/full/540S103a.html Worm charmer] - Neil Savage, Nature (Q&A with Joel Weinstock on his latest interpretation of the mechanisms by which helminths exert control over the immune system, with special reference to IBD.)
* 2016 Dec 20 [http://undark.org/article/helminths-ibs-worm-parasite-auto-immune/ Old Friends: The Promise of Parasitic Worms] - Leah Shaffer, Undark Magazine
* 2016 Oct 27 [http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/hookworm-saliva-can-treat-asthma-and-allergies-study_uk_5811eccde4b0672ea687edad Asthma And Allergies May Find An Unlikely Treatment In Hookworm Saliva] - Oscar Williams, Huffpost Tech
* 2016 Oct 26 [http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/health/ct-hookworms-asthma-20161026-story.html Bloodsucking parasitic hookworms could help treat asthma] - Sarah Kaplan, Chicago Tribune
* 2016 Oct 26 [http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/10/protein-found-hookworm-soup-could-fight-asthma-other-autoimmune-diseases Protein found in hookworm ‘soup’ could fight asthma, other autoimmune diseases] - Jennifer Couzin-Frankel, AAAS
* 2016 Oct 6 [http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/nights/audio/201819018/hookworms-to-treat-coeliac-disease Hookworms to treat coeliac disease?] - Includes a linked podcast from Nights, Radio New Zealand
* 2016 Sept 28 [http://bigthink.com/philip-perry/how-parasites-are-used-in-modern-medicine How Parasites Are Used in Modern Medicine] - Philip Perry, The Big Think
* 2016 Sept 4 [http://www.healthforhuman.info/2016/09/04/fecal-transplants-and-parasitic-infections-how-far-would-you-go-to-get-your-life-back/ Fecal Transplants And Parasitic Infections: How Far Would You Go To Get Your Life Back?] - Crohn, Health for Human
* 2016 Aug 20 [https://www.buzzfeed.com/stephaniemlee/crohns-experiment This Guy Swallowed Parasitic Worms On Purpose - Then Became A Published Scientist] BuzzFeedNews
* 2016 Aug 12 [http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/08/12/489619045/could-worms-in-your-gut-cure-your-allergies Could Worms In Your Gut Cure Your Allergies?] - Michaeleen Doucleff, NPR Goats and Soda
* 2016 Jul 6 [http://www.news-medical.net/news/20160706/New-research-highlights-need-to-abandon-modern-hygiene-hypothesis.aspx New research highlights need to abandon modern hygiene hypothesis] - News Medical
* 2016 Jul 5 [http://www.rheumatologynetwork.com/rheumatoid-arthritis/helminth-therapy-ra Helminth Therapy in RA] - Stephanie Pappas, Rheumatology Network
* 2016 Jul 1 [http://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bugbitten/2016/07/01/friend-foe-probiotic-power-of-helminths/ Friend or Foe; the probiotic power of helminths can prevent Crohn’s Disease] - Anouk Gouvras, BugBitten
* 2016 Jul 1 [http://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-think-parasitic-worms-could-be-the-key-to-treating-multiple-sclerosis Scientists want to use parasitic worms to treat multiple sclerosis] - Jacinta Bowler, ScienceAlert
* 2016 Jun 29 [http://www.news-medical.net/health/Old-Friends-Hypothesis.aspx Old Friends Hypothesis] - Yolanda Smith, News Medical
* 2016 Jun 16 [http://www.moisesvm.com/2016/06/16/notes-on-parasite-underground/ Notes on Parasite Underground] - Moises Velasquez-Manoff’s blog
* 2016 Jun 16 [http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/19/magazine/the-parasite-underground.html?rref=collection/sectioncollection/health&action=click&contentCollection=health&region=stream&module=stream_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=1&pgtype=sectionfront&_r=1 The Parasite Underground] - Moises Velasquez-Manoff, New York Times Magazine
* 2016 Jun 3 [http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/05/opinion/sunday/educate-your-immune-system.html Educate Your Immune System: Our bodies are confused by this 21st-century world] - Moises Velasquez-Manoff, New York Times
* 2016 May 17 [http://www.news-medical.net/news/20160517/Could-worm-infection-counter-IBD-An-interview-with-Dr-Loke-and-Dr-Cadwell.aspx Could worm infection counter IBD? An interview with Dr Loke and Dr Cadwell] - April Cashin-Garbutt, News Medical
* 2016 May [http://environmentalhumanities.dukejournals.org/content/8/1/57.full.pdf Gut Buddies - Multispecies Studies and the Microbiome] - Jamie Lorimer, Duke University Press
* 2016 Apr 21 [http://pamplinmedia.com/pt/9-news/302838-180108-hooked-on-hookworms-and-other-parasites Hooked on hookworms (and other parasites)] - Peter Korn, Portland Tribune
* 2016 Apr 17 [http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/well-good/teach-me/78818294/ive-got-parasitic-worms-living-inside-me-and-its-great.html I've got parasitic worms living inside me, and it's great] - Adam Dudding, Stuff NZ
* 2016 Apr 15 [http://www.medicaldaily.com/gut-microbiome-parasitic-worms-crohns-disease-381987?utm_source=internal&utm_campaign=right&utm_medium=related1 Parasitic Worms May Restore Balance To Gut Microbiome In People With Crohn's Disease] - Ed Cara, Medical Daily
* 2016 Apr 11 [http://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2016/04/11/meet-the-parasites-that-might-cure-crohns-disease-ms-and-more/#381fe6722e3f Meet The Parasites That Might Cure Crohn's Disease, MS, And More] - Tirumalai Kamala, Forbes and Quora. (multiple sclerosis)
* 2016 Mar 31 [http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/05/science/tapeworms-and-other-parasites-can-make-good-guests.html?_r=0 Tapeworms and Other Parasites Can Make Good Guests] - Carl Zimmer, The New York Times
* 2016 Mar 21 [http://www.seeker.com/life-sucking-parasites-can-help-save-species-1771085975.html Life-Sucking Parasites Can Help Save Species] - Talal Al-Khatib, Discovery
* 2016 Mar 11 [http://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bugbitten/2016/03/11/parasites-pigs-primates-origin-demography-trichuris-whipworms/ Parasites, pigs and primates – the origin and demography of Trichuris whipworms] - Anouk Gouvras, Bug Bitten
* 2016 Feb 8 [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/feb/08/why-a-diet-of-worms-could-be-good-for-you Why a diet of worms could be good for you] - David Kohn, The Guardian
* 2016 Jan 21 [http://drstevenenningerdailyblog.blogspot.com/2016/01/worms-1-mono-0.html Worms-1, Mono-0] - Dr. Steve Nenninger Blog
* 2016 Jan 13 [https://theconversation.com/if-being-too-clean-makes-us-sick-why-isnt-getting-dirty-the-solution-50572 If being too clean makes us sick, why isn’t getting dirty the solution?] - William Parker, The Conversation

'''2015'''

* 2015 Dec 3 [http://www.healthline.com/health-news/parasites-in-your-intestines-may-actually-be-good-for-you-120315 Parasites in Your Intestines May Actually Be Good for You] - Ann Pietrangelo, Healthline
* 2015 Nov 13 [https://theconversation.com/what-do-parasitic-worms-and-our-increasing-allergies-have-in-common-50032 What do parasitic worms and our increasing allergies have in common?] - Graham Rook, The Conversation
* 2015 Nov 11 [http://www.sciencealert.com/40-patients-are-about-to-be-infected-with-hookworms-to-treat-gluten-intolerance?utm_source=Article&utm_medium=Website&utm_campaign=InArticleReadMore 40 patients are about to be infected with hookworms to treat gluten intolerance] - Peter Dockrill, Science Alert
* 2015 Nov 11 [https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/want-a-stronger-defense-system-against-diseases-add-some-worms/ Want a Stronger Defense System Against Diseases? Add Some Worms] - Sheena Faherty, Scientific American
* 2015 Oct 30 [https://theconversation.com/they-might-sound-gross-but-intestinal-worms-can-actually-be-good-for-you-49868 They might sound gross, but intestinal worms can actually be good for you] - William Parker, The Conversation
* 2015 Oct 29 [http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/44372/title/An-Evolutionary-Basis-for-Allergies/ An Evolutionary Basis for Allergies] - Karen Zusi, The Scientist
* 2015 Sept [http://www.dukechronicle.com/article/2015/09/duke-scientists-treat-depression-with-intestinal-worms Duke scientists treat depression with intestinal worms] Teresa Meng, The Chronicle
* 2015 Sept (accessed on) [http://www.sicb.org/students/dohenyb.php The “Old Friends” hypothesis: Reopening a can of worms] - Brenna Doheny, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology
* 2015 Aug 3 [http://www.philly.com/philly/education/test-prep/20150802_The_Worm_Turns.html The Worm Turns] - Sheena Faherty, Philadelphia Inquirer
* 2015 Jul 16 [http://motherboard.vice.com/read/parasites-by-post-the-online-black-market-for-therapeutic-worms?utm_source=mbtwitter Parasites by Post: The Online Black Market for Therapeutic Worms] - Daniel Viola, Motherboard
* 2015 Jun 23 [https://www.listland.com/top-10-facts-about-hookworms-and-autoimmune-disease/ Top 10 Facts about Hookworms and Autoimmune Disease] - Dave Anderson, Listland
* 2015 May 31 [http://theprepperpages.com/should-preppers-eat-parasites/ Can Eating Worms Help Treat Allergies & Autoimmune Diseases?] - Ryan Chamberlin, The Prepper Pages
* 2015 May 29 [http://www.yourwildlife.org/2015/05/ecological-medicine-can-parasitic-worms-cure-us-of-our-modern-pandemics/ Ecological Medicine: Can intestinal worms cure us of our modern pandemics?] - Rob Dunn, Your Wild Life
* 2015 May 28 [http://discovermagazine.com/2015/july-aug/4-take-worms-call-me DIY Parasite Infection Treats Autoimmune Disorders] - Leah Shaffer, Discover
* 2015 Apr 6 [http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/842500_2 The Hygiene Hypothesis -- Redefine, Rename, or Just Clean It Up?] - Linda Brookes and Laurence Cheng, Medscape (Includes mention of the promotion of barrier integrity by parasites.)
* 2015 Apr [https://research.jcu.edu.au/bmdt/publications/publications-1/giacomin-australian-science-april-2015 Can Hookworms Cure Coeliac Disease?] - Paul Giacomin, Australasian Science
* 2015 Mar 26 [https://rheumatoidarthritis.net/living/a-miracle-cure-with-scientific-promise/ A “Miracle Cure” With Scientific Promise?] - Mariah Z. Leach, RheumatoidArthritis.net
* 2015 Mar 23 [http://dralexrinehart.com/lifestyle-benefits/hygiene-hypothesis-hookworm-infections-autoimmune-and-allergic-disease/ Parasitic Hookworm Infections and Autoimmune and Allergic Disease] - Dr. Alexander Rinehart
* 2015 [https://www.autism.com/statement_helminths Helminths: ASD Cause or Potential Treatment] - William Parker, Autism Research Institute
* 2015 [https://sfari.org/funding/grants/abstracts/testing-the-use-of-helminth-worm-ova-in-treating-autism-spectrum-disorders Testing the use of helminth worm ova in treating autism] - Eric Hollander, Simons Foundation

'''2014'''

* 2014 Nov 14 [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/intestinal-parasites-could-help-the-immune-system-researchers-say/article21592779/ Intestinal parasites may help the immune system, researchers say] - Sharon Oosthoek, The Globe and Mail
* 2014 Aug 12 [http://www.futurity.org/hookworm-autoimmune-diseases-745302/ ‘Wormy’ pills might fend off autoimmune diseases] - Glynis Smalley, Futurity
* 2014 Aug 8 [http://sciencenotes.ucsc.edu/2014/pages/hookworm/hookworm.html Health by Hookworm] - Julia Calderone, Science Notes
* 2014 Jul 23 [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-07/cifa-ipa072314.php Intestinal parasites are 'old friends,' researchers argue] - Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (anemia)
* 2014 May 12 [https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/parasitic-worms-wiggle-into-modern-medicine-q-amp-a/ Parasitic Worms Wiggle Into Modern Medicine] - Julia Calderone interviews William C. Gause for Scientific American Blogs
* 2014 Feb 19 [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03vrwj8 Infested: Living with Parasites] - Michael Mosley, BBC
* 2014 Jan 23 [http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/38977/title/Vitamin-Deficit-Can-Boost-Innate-Immunity/ Vitamin Deficit Can Boost Innate Immunity] - Laasya Samhita, The Scientist
* 2014 Jan 21 [http://www.marksdailyapple.com/are-parasites-primal/ Are Parasites Primal?] - Mark Sisson, Mark's Daily Apple
* 2014 Jan 7 [http://ndnr.com/gastrointestinal/helminthic-therapy/ Helminthic Therapy: An Emerging Intervention in the Era of Immune Dysregulation] - Mark Davis, Naturopathic Doctor, News and Review

'''2013'''

* 2013 Dec 1 [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/dec/01/extreme-science-hookworms-james-logan Extreme science: diet of hookworms to tackle a bread allergy] - Josh Davis, The Guardian
* 2013 Oct 24 [https://health.clevelandclinic.org/2013/10/pig-whipworm-smoothie-may-help-crohns/ Pig Whipworm ‘Smoothie’ May Help Crohn’s Digestive] - Health Team, Health Essentials
* 2013 Sep [http://www.foodsmatter.com/natural_medicine_comp_therapies/helminthic_therapy/articles/diabetes-scott-09-13.html Diabetes – could helminths be relevant?] - Foods Matter
* 2013 Apr 22 [http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20130422-feeling-ill-swallow-a-parasite Worm Therapy: Why Parasites May Be Good For You] - Rachel Nuwer, BBC Future
* 2013 Feb 26 [http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2013/02/26/in-the-magazine/health-in-the-magazine/good-bacteria.html Why We Need Germs] - Sharon Begley, The Saturday Evening Post
* 2013 Feb 21 [https://www.cell.com/ccbio/pdf/S1074-5521(13)00049-5.pdf Parasites R Us: Coronado Biosciences Recruits Parasitic Worms to Treat Autoimmune Disease] (PDF) - Wendy Wolfson, Chemistry & Biology Innovations
* 2013 Jan 15 [http://humanfoodproject.com/can-parasites-prevent-autoimmune-diabetes/ Can parasites prevent autoimmune diabetes?] - Moises Velasquez-Manoff, The Human Food Project
* 2013 Jan 10 [http://www.moisesvm.com/2013/01/10/what-do-breast-milk-and-parasites-have-in-common/ What do breast milk and parasites have in common?] - Moises Velasquez-Manoff’s blog

'''2012'''

* 2012 Nov 21 [http://www.menshealth.com/health/immune-system-worms?fullpage=true The New (Ancient) Cure for Immune Disorders] - Jim Thornton, Men’s Health
* 2012 Nov 20 [https://www.wired.com/2012/11/whipworm-immune-regulation/ The Potential Health Benefits of Parasitic Gut Worms] - Brandon Keim, Science
* 2012 Apr 18 [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/244238.php Hookworms And Allergies - Doctor Infects Himself For Experiment] - Catharine Paddock, Medical News Today
* 2012 Mar 2 [http://www.healthline.com/health/crohns-disease/hook-worms Hook Worms as a Treatment for Crohn’s Disease] - Stephanie Faris, Healthline
* 2012 Mar [http://www.foodsmatter.com/natural_medicine_comp_therapies/helminthic_therapy/articles/amazing-dr-wriggle-03-12.html The Amazing Dr Wriggly] - John Scott, Foods Matter
* 2012 Feb 14 [http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204795304577220993641557460 In a Squeaky-Clean World, a Worm Might Help Fight Disease] - Shirley S Wang, Wall Street Journal
* 2012 Feb [http://www.foodsmatter.com/allergy_intolerance/food_intolerance/articles/reintroducing_food_02_12.html Reintroducing Food After Hookworm Treatment For Food Allergy/Intolerance] - John Scott, Foods Matter
* 2012 Jan 27 [http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/12/0126/2250/ At UMDNJ, Researchers Seek Healing Powers from Parasites] - Beth Fitzgerald, NJSpotlight

* 2012 Jan 15 [http://www.livescience.com/17923-parasitic-worms-wound-healing.html Swallowing Parasitic Worms May Heal Your Ails] - Christopher Wanjek, Live Science

'''2011'''

* 2011 Jul [http://www.foodsmatter.com/natural_medicine_comp_therapies/helminthic_therapy/articles/headache_migraine.html Helminths Give Chronic Headaches the Old Heave-ho] - John Scott, Foods Matter
* 2011 Jun 28 [http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304314404576413303666083390 Parasitic Worms May Offer Hope on MS] - Sten Stovall, Wall Street Journal (multiple sclerosis)
* 2011 Jun 5 [http://thesmartset.com/article05061101/ Take Two Hookworms and Call Me in the Morning] - Jennifer Fisher Wilson, The Smart Set
* 2011 May 26 [https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/evolutionary-psychiatry/201105/the-parasite-ate-your-depression The Parasite Ate Your Depression] - Emily Deans, Psychology Today
* 2011 Mar [http://www.foodsmatter.com/natural_medicine_comp_therapies/energy_medicine/articles/worms_eft.html Don't let worms give you the squirms!] - John Scott, Foods Matter
* 2011 Feb 1 [https://www.the-scientist.com/features/opening-a-can-of-worms-42771 Opening a Can of Worms] - Bob Grant, The Scientist
* 2011 Jan [http://www.foodsmatter.com/asthma_respiratory_conditions/hay_fever/articles/nasal_allergies_nuked_by_worms.html Nasal Allergies Nuked by Worms] - John Scott, Foods Matter

'''2010'''

* 2010 Dec 1 [http://articles.latimes.com/2010/dec/01/news/la-heb-worm-healing-20101201 New hints on how helminth worms heal ulcerative colitis] - Thomas H. Maugh II, Los Angeles Times
* 2010 Dec 1 [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/helminthic-therapy-mucus/ For the Good of the Gut: Can Parasitic Worms Treat Autoimmune Diseases?] - Ferris Jabr, Scientific American
* 2010 Jun 10 [http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/29085/title/New-gut-ecosystem-model-/ New gut ecosystem model?] - Bob Grant, The Scientist
* 2010 May 23 [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/may/23/parasitic-hookworm-jasper-lawrence-tim-adams Gut instinct: the miracle of the parasitic hookworm] - Tim Adams, The Guardian (UK)
* 2010 May 20 [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-05-20/a-new-prescription-parasite-eggs A New Prescription: Parasite Eggs] - Elizabeth Lopatto, Bloomberg Businessweek
* 2010 May 17 [http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703315404575250390129070502 Can Dirt Do a Little Good?] - Melinda Beck, Wall Street Journal
* 2010 Apr 9 [https://www.technologyreview.com/s/418389/fighting-allergies-by-mimicking-parasitic-worms/ Fighting Allergies by Mimicking Parasitic Worms] - Emily Singer, MIT Technology Review
* 2010 Apr 2 [http://www.scotsman.com/news/medicines-made-from-worms-could-cure-asthma-and-arthritis-1-797492 Medicines made from worms 'could cure asthma and arthritis'] - The Scotsman
* 2010 Mar 24 [http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex_health/2010/03/which_dirt_should_your_baby_eat.html Which Dirt Should Your Baby Eat?] - Amanda Schaffer, Slate
* 2010 Mar 10 [http://www.acupuncturebrooklyn.com/alternative-health/why-a-parasite-cleanse-can-make-you-worse Why a Parasite Cleanse Can Make You Worse] - Karen Vaughan, Natural Health
* 2010 Mar 3 [https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-imprinted-brain/201003/dirt-disease-and-depression-the-hygiene-hypothesis-clears-diametric Dirt, Disease, and Depression: the hygiene hypothesis clears up a diametric difficulty] - Christopher Badcock, Psychology Today
* 2010 Feb 18 [http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/2823795.htm Hook Worms (and coeliac disease)] - Catalyst, ABC Australia

'''2009'''

* 2009 Nov [http://www.foodsmatter.com/allergy_intolerance/food_intolerance/articles/worms_for_food_intolerance.html Wriggling out of Food Intolerance] - John Scott, Foods Matter
* 2009 Oct 22 [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-10-22/worms-linked-to-coeliac-relief/1113232 Worms linked to coeliac relief] - Dina Rosendorff, News Online, ABC Australia
* 2009 Aug [[Media:Can_parasites_be_good.pdf | Can Parasites Be Good For You?]] - David Pritchard, The Biochemical Society
* 2009 Jul 31 [http://www.acupuncturebrooklyn.com/uncategorized/our-symbionts-ourselves Our Symbionts Ourselves] - Karen Vaughan, Natural Health
* 2009 Jul 31 [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090706171542.htm Parasites May Have Had Role In Evolution Of Sex] - Science Daily
* 2009 Jul 22 [http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/discoblog/2009/07/22/are-hookworms-the-next-claritin/#.WG2sGRt95aQ Are Hookworms the Next Claritin?] - Boonsri Dickinson, Discover Magazine Blog
* 2009 Jul 22 [http://www.dana.org/News/Details.aspx?id=42985 Immune Gene Evolution May Be Driven By Parasites] - Kayt Sukel, The Dana Foundation
* 2009 Jun 6 [http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2009/06/06/How-Parasites-Can-Trick-Your-Immune-System-into-Health.aspx How Parasites Trick Your Immune System Into Health] - Mercola.com
* 2009 Apr 27 [https://www.wired.com/2009/04/goodparasites/ Parasites Could Be Good for You] - Brandon Keim, Science
* 2009 Jan 29 [http://www.nhs.uk/news/2009/01January/Pages/WormsImmuneSystem.aspx Are worms key to health?] - NHS Choice
* 2009 Jan 28 [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/4375170/Infecting-patients-with-worms-could-hold-key-to-treating-asthma.html Infecting patients with worms 'could hold key to treating asthma'] - Kate Devlin, The Daily Telegraph
* 2009 [http://www.foodsmatter.com/natural_medicine_comp_therapies/helminthic_therapy/articles/helminthic_therapy.html Replacing lost worms to regain health] - John Scott, Foods Matter

'''2008'''

* 2008 Jul 10 [https://evmedreview.com/pig-worms-and-multiple-sclerosis-the-unintended-consequences-of-hygiene/ Pig worms and multiple sclerosis: the unintended consequences of hygiene] - Stephen Stearns, Evolution and Medicine Review
* 2008 Jul 1 [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/01/health/research/01prof.html The Worms Crawl In] - Elizabeth Svoboda, New York Times
* 2008 Jun 29 [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/29/magazine/29wwln-essay-t.html?_r=1 The Worm Turns] - Moises Velasquez-Manoff, New York Times
* 2008 Jun [http://www.foodsmatter.com/natural_medicine_comp_therapies/helminthic_therapy/articles/appetite_worms.html An Appetite for Worms] - John Scott, Foods Matter
* 2008 Mar 16 [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/14/AR2008031403386.html Diseases like mine are a growing hazard] - Donna Jackson Nakazawa, Washington Post
* 2008 Mar 4 [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/03/AR2008030303200.html Immune systems increasingly on attack] - Rob Stein, Washington Post

'''2007'''

* 2007 Winter [http://emerald.tufts.edu/alumni/magazine/winter2007/features/good-worms.html The Good Worms] - Bruce Morgan, Tufts University Magazine
* 2007 Dec 31 [http://archive.boston.com/news/science/articles/2007/12/31/his_parasite_theory_stirs_a_revolution/ His parasite theory stirs a revolution] - Billy Baker, The Boston Globe
* 2007 Nov 30 [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071130223834.htm Could Stem Cells Be Used To Cure Crohn's Disease?] - Science Daily
* 2007 Sept 15 [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/sep/15/healthandwellbeing Scientists recruit worms for fight against asthma] - James Randerson, The Guardian
* 2007 Sept 15 [http://news.bioscholar.com/2007/09/blood-sucking-hookworms-may-harbour-asthma-cure.html Blood-sucking hookworms may harbour asthma cure] - BioScholar

'''2005'''

* 2005 Nov 2 [http://www.wormdigest.org/content/view/157/2/ Worm Therapy: a New Treatment for IBD?] - Patrick Perry, Saturday Evening Post c/o EarthWormDigest.org (Scroll down page to locate article.)

'''1999'''

* 1999 Aug 31 [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/31/health/in-pursuit-of-autoimmune-worm-cure.html In Pursuit of Autoimmune Worm Cure] - Andy Newman, New York Times

== Videos ==

* 2018 Jan 25 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qD6fmHUXBEg Why You Might Want Parasitic Worms] - Hank Green, SciShow, You Tube
* 2017 Aug 4 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fMIILJ_C7uQ Worm eggs could become food supplement] - New Scientist, You Tube
* 2017 Jun 8 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CL-trN00s2Y Worms inside us: Lecture on therapeutic helminths to the North Carolina Science Museum] Helminth education for children, by William Parker.
* 2017 Mar 15 [https://worldisraelnews.com/watch-israeli-autoimmune-disease-treatment-with-parasitic-worms-has-marvelous-results/ Israeli ‘worm treatment’ successfully fights autoimmune disease] - World Israel News
* 2017 Feb 8 [https://www.facebook.com/abcnews24.au/videos/1467000060000199/ Crawler cure: hookworms used to alleviate coeliac symptoms] - ABC New 24
* 2016 Nov 29 [https://youtu.be/sm5DcdZbnGA Worming your way to good health] - TEDx Talk with Paul Giacomin
* 2016 Nov [http://lifeonus.vhx.tv Life On Us: A Microscopic Safari]. A two hour, two-part documentary. The second part has a segment on helminths and helminthic therapy starting from 15 minutes. - VHX (Free on Amazon Prime)
* 2016 Aug 10 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOjHCaLq7Kk My Experience With Helminthic Therapy] - Sisters Undercover
* 2016 Jun 6 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9lVjF9BPKc&list=PLcvEcrsF_9zKLSoCLErh0PKLfk7egWtHy&index=3 Is a hookworm good for you?] - Clip from [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcvEcrsF_9zKLSoCLErh0PKLfk7egWtHy Infested! Living with Parasites], BBC Teach (Crohn's disease)
* 2016 May 20 [https://youtu.be/kDhB_kQjjYA Sid Baker: Beetlejuice! Beetlejuice! Beetle Larvae? – #311] - Dave, Bulletproof (autism)
* 2016 Apr 21 [https://youtu.be/pQd1RkgJGjM Worm infection counters intestinal inflammation by changing gut microbiome] - The Cadwell and Loke Labs
* 2016 Mar 23 [https://youtu.be/xk-YBevOJiE Parasites, Autoimmunity & Allergies] - Moises Velasquez Manoff, High Intensity Health
* 2015 Jul 20 [http://globalnews.ca/video/2121799/experimental-helminth-therapy-used-to-treat-autoimmune-disease Experimental helminth therapy used to treat autoimmune disease] - Global News
* 2015 Jul 9 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmG27XasIB4 The Science of Hay Fever... Are Parasitic Worms The Cure?] - The Royal Institution
* 2014 Sept 28 [https://youtu.be/JUVNKOcXQC0 Biome normalization using Hymenolepis diminuta (HDC)] - Judith Chinitz, CDePalma (autism)
* 2014 Sept 22 [https://www.educator.com/biology/microbiology/carpenter/helminths-+-immunity.php Helminths & Immunity] - Catherine Carpenter, Educator.com
* 2014 May 6 [https://youtu.be/UfyE0pHHKt0 Parasites Lost: The Journey from Woeful Worms to Helpful] - Monsters Christopher Blanar, TEDxNSU
* 2014 Apr 1 [https://youtu.be/zoOscroun5A Reshaping the immune system] - Moises Velazquez-Manoff at TEDxCibeles
* 2014 Jan 29 [https://youtu.be/5jtTDSP3BOo Rachel Clarke on conscious infestation of the gut with worms] (Parkinson’s disease)
* 2013 Aug 1 [https://youtu.be/A3s3NRtssS8 Why Parasites May Not Be All That Bad] - Trace Dominguez, DNews
* 2011 Feb 10 [https://youtu.be/AdEvISZFGUE The Worm Crew] - Joel Weinstock on studying the effects of helminths on IBD
* 2010 Mar 12 [https://youtu.be/llyCGNB9smg Medical Alert: Worms Used As Therapy] - Donna Hamilton, WBAL-TV 11 Baltimore
* 2010 Feb 18 [http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/2823795.htm Hook Worms] - Jonica Newby, Catalyst (coeliac disease)
* 2009 Nov 16 [https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxTp0mFHWOX9Q0lUNF82bkMzS28/view House MD, Season 6, Episode 8: “Teamwork”] - A patient’s has a Crohn’s flare after deworming. mp4
* 2009 May 26 [https://youtu.be/rl-mbGF2fys Helminthic therapy allergies asthma] - Interviews with scientists and patients using helminthic therapy to control allergies and asthma
* 2009 Mar 15 [https://youtu.be/v3oTHKUac-E Todd Troutman Interview, Part 2] - A patient finds relief from severe allergies, YouTube
* 2009 Mar 15 [https://youtu.be/2rSA3uAtP7U Todd Troutman Interview, Part 1] - A patient finds relief from severe allergies, YouTube
* 2009 [http://parasites-film.com/ Parasites: A User's Guide (long trailer)] - Sharon Shattuck, Sweet Fern Productions
* 2009 [https://youtu.be/C2LbuJEbtIQ?t=18m5s Bang Goes the Theory, Season 4 Episode 6] (Starts 20.25 minutes) YouTube
* 2008 May 24 [https://youtu.be/uzEI5wKO13Y Helminth Therapy] - Video about helminthic therapy by Asphelia Pharmaceuticals
* 2008 Mar 14 [https://youtu.be/qlHzLSRKfBI Helminthic therapy - Autoimmune Therapies] - Jasper Lawrence collects hookworms from Cameroon

== Webinars ==

* 2016 Jan 20 [http://ariconference.com/?p=1766 Autism & Helminths: The Good, the Bad, and the Rumors] - William Parker, Autism Research Institute
* 2015 May 6 [https://youtu.be/yGqTPM10wrY Microbiome Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders] - William Parker (Helminths mentioned from 34 minutes)

== Podcasts ==

* 2018 Mar [https://drruscio.com/self-administering-helminth-therapy-with-dr-nancy-ohara/ Guidelines for Self-Administering Helminth Therapy (using HDC)] - Michael Ruscio interviews Dr Nancy O'Hara, Dr. Ruscio Radio
* 2018 Jan 27 [https://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/saturday/audio/2018629676/dr-kara-filbey-lessons-from-parasitic-worms Lessons from parasitic worms] Kim Hill interviews Dr Kara Filbey for Saturday Morning, Radio New Zealand
* 2018 Jan [https://drruscio.com/healthy-worms-with-garin-aglietti/ Healthy Worms to Repair the Gut & Immune System] - Michael Ruscio interviews Garin Aglietti, Dr. Ruscio Radio
* 2017 Dec [https://drruscio.com/worms-the-next-probiotics-with-dr-william-parker/ Are Worms the Next Probiotic?] - Michael Ruscio interviews William Parker, Dr. Ruscio Radio
* 2017 Oct 13 [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csv3f2 Can We Worm Our Way Into Better Health?] Crowd Science, BBC World Service
* 2017 June 5 [http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/healthreport/hookworms-against-diabetes!/8590092 Hookworms against diabetes!] - Norman Swan interviews Robyn McDermott on Health Report, Radio National
* 2016 Dec 28 [http://undark.org/2016/12/28/undark-podcast-helminth-hackers/ Undark Podcast #10: The Helminth Hackers] - David Corcoran interviews Leah Shaffer
* 2016 Oct 6 [http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/nights/audio/201819018/hookworms-to-treat-coeliac-disease Hookworms to treat coeliac disease?] - Nights, Radio New Zealand
* 2016 July 1 [http://www.kcrw.com/news-culture/shows/to-the-point/the-re-education-of-the-immune-system The Re-education of the Immune System] - (9.00 to 42.00 minutes) To the Point, KCRW, with Moises Velazquez-Manoff, Dave Elliot, Mikael Knip and Shabaana Khader. Click on the Mini-Player button at top right, to jump straight in at 9.00 minutes.
* 2015 Nov 2 [http://www.carrytheoneradio.com/2015/11/65-enemy-of-my-enemy.html The Enemy of my Enemy, Part 2: A Can of Worms] - Sam Ancona Esselmann interviews Moises Velasquez Manoff for Carry the One Radio
* 2015 Jun 19 [https://www.voiceamerica.com/episode/85967/the-future-of-healing-the-immune-system-biome-reconstitution The Future of Healing the Immune System: Biome Reconstitution] - Neil Nathan interviews William Parker for The Cutting Edge of Health, and Wellness Today
* 2012 Jan 25 [http://www.autismone.org/content/got-bugs-dr-william-parker-phd Got Bugs!] - William Parker, AutismOne
* 2010 Apr 2 [http://www.radiolab.org/story/91951-an-update-on-hookworms/ An update on hookworms] - Patrick Walters, Radiolab
* 2010 Apr 2 [https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/404/enemy-camp-2010?act=3 Enemy Camp 2012: Act Three. As The Worm Turns] - This American Life
* 2009 Sept [http://www.radiolab.org/story/91691-sculptors-of-monumental-narrative/ Sculptors of Monumental Narrative] - Dickson Despommier and Pat Walters, Radiolab

== Books ==

* 2017 [https://www.stevenenninger.com/worm/ Worm Booklet: Treating Autoimmune Diseases with Hookworms] - Steve Nenninger
* 2017 Mar 11 [https://www.amazon.com/kindle/dp/B06XK56T1G The Worms Inside Me: My experiment with helminthic therapy] - Beth Anderson
* 2016 [http://www.springer.com/gb/book/9783319297149?wt_mc=ThirdParty.SpringerLink.3.EPR653.About_eBook Evolutionary Thinking in Medicine: From Research to Policy and Practice.] Ed: Alvergne, Jenkinson and Faurie. This book, which is [https://www.amazon.com/Evolutionary-Thinking-Medicine-Research-Behaviour/dp/3319297147/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1468875756&sr=8-1&keywords=Evolutionary+Thinking+in+Medicine available from Amazon], contains a chapter by Jorge Correale (“Helminth Immunoregulation and Multiple Sclerosis Treatment”) and one by Gabriele Sorci, et al., entitled, “Microbes, Parasites and Immune Diseases” (page 211 in Part VI: Immunology). This latter chapter is available, in full, as a FREE download via a link in the Table of Contents on [http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-29716-3 this page].
* 2015 Dec 1 [https://www.amazon.com/Body-Darwin-Evolution-Transforms-Medicine/dp/022605988X/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1449074923&sr=1-1&keywords=Body+by+Darwin:+How+Evolution+Shapes+Our+Health+and+Transforms+Medicine Body by Darwin: How Evolution Shapes Our Health and Transforms Medicine] - Jeremy Taylor. There’s an extended excerpt of this book on Live Science, [http://www.livescience.com/52953-how-parasitic-worms-and-microbes-keep-you-healthy.html here].
* 2012 Sept 4 [https://www.amazon.com/Epidemic-Absence-Understanding-Allergies-Autoimmune/dp/1439199388/ An Epidemic of Absence: A New Way of Understanding Allergies and Autoimmune Diseases] - Moises Velasquez-Manoff
* 2011 Jun 21 [https://www.amazon.com/The-Wild-Life-Our-Bodies/dp/006180648X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1402855367&sr=8-1&keywords=rob+dunn The Wild Life of Our Bodies: Predators, Parasites, and Partners That Shape Who We Are Today] - Rob Dunn
* 2009 Sept 18 [https://www.amazon.com/Hypothesis-Darwinian-Medicine-Progress-Inflammation/dp/3764389028/ref=sr_1_8?ie=UTF8&qid=1332700157&sr=8-8 The Hygiene Hypothesis and Darwinian Medicine (Progress in Inflammation Research)] Edited by Graham Rook
* 2007 Apr 2 [https://www.amazon.com/Riddled-Life-Friendly-Ladybug-Parasites/dp/0151012253/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1402855886&sr=8-1&keywords=Riddled+With+Life:+Friendly+worms,+ladybug+sex+and+the+parasites+that+make+us+who+we+are Riddled with Life: Friendly Worms, Ladybug Sex, and the Parasites That Make Us Who We Are] - Marlene Zuk

== Lecture/slide presentation ==

* 2014 [http://ndt-educational.org/shoenfeld_slide_2014.html Infections and autoimmunity; how to harness nature to treat autoimmunity] - Yehuda Shoenfeld

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2019-02-15T15:51:04Z

Kate: /* Further reading */

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=Helminthic therapy and diabetes.
|description=Helminthic therapy may assist with the prevention and treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
|keywords=diabetes, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Type 1, Type 2, insulin, glucose, metabolic syndrome, metabolic disorder, metabolic dysfunction.
|og:image=}}

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issues across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young US citizens. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

===Prevention and treatment of T1D===
{{quote|indent}}Abundant evidence indicates that helminths and their by-products can exert immunomodulatory effects that prevent or delay the onset of T1D.… In the future, helminth-derived supplements may be included as part of a modern balanced diet. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758662]{{quote|/indent}}

There is evidence in both human and animal models that helminth infection is protective against the development of T1D. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758662]. A study found that helminth infection "disrupt[s] the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short] Findings like these have led some researchers to call for further study of helminth therapy as a deliberate preventative measure against the development of T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied. It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

Also see, [[Helminthic therapy personal stories#Diabetes type 1 | '''Helminthic therapy personal stories: Diabetes type 1''']].

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminth infections... may be protective against the development of diabetes, and this finding opens up new territory for discovery of novel therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

A proof-of-concept human clinical trial is currently underway on the safety and usefulness of the human hookworm for patients with metabolic syndrome. [https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372957]

===Type 2 diabetes and the immune system===

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

{{quote|indent}}Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]{{quote|/indent}}

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

{{quote|indent}}...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

Also see, [[Helminthic therapy personal stories#Diabetes type 2 | '''Helminthic therapy personal stories: Diabetes type 2''']].

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758662 Helminths protect against type 1 diabetes: effects and mechanisms]
::{{Quote|indent}}Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the effects and mechanisms underlying protection against T1D by helminths.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/ Helminth Infections, Type-2 Immune Response, and Metabolic Syndrome]
::This review covers the mechanisms by which helminth infection affects the occurrence of T2D and cardiovascular disease.
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697 The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries.]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review seeks to give an overview of the current international diabetes burden, the evidence for interactions between diabetes and infection, immune mechanisms for the interaction, and potential interventions to tackle the dual burden of diabetes and infection.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
::{{Quote|indent}}“… it is highly likely that the decline of infections is one of the major explanations for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes in developed countries.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]
::{{Quote|indent}}...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis.{{Quote|/indent}}

More recent papers are listed on the [[Helminthic therapy research | '''Helminthic therapy research''']] page, which should be searched using the terms, “diabet”, “insulin”, “glucose” and “metabolic”.

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

===Diabetes and the gut===
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/12/3720/htm?fbclid=IwAR2bfM7dqxIlLgn6wFpNTAyyYlBsE9G8SFdY3MV9jOxiT7nOt97bNH0p4GY Causal Relationship between Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Changes and Diabetes: A Novel Strategy to Transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Preventing Diabetes]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

===Diabetes and nutrition===
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190103110741.htm Egg metabolites in blood related to lower risk of type 2 diabetes]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
* [https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
* [https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
* [http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
* [http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
* [http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
* [http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190130075731.htm Vitamin D could lower the risk of developing diabetes]
* [https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
* [http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
* [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
* [http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
* [http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
* [http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
* [http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
* [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

===Additional approaches===
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749118320992?fbclid=IwAR0eiaCOinYDTHIXK-X-3dBd71E3lxmBHn265s9Hw9KA7a7QXTfAyZPt1Sk Study finds that being in green spaces can positively affect blood glucose in children]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30600132 BCG Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes: Restoration of Balanced Immunity and Metabolism]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

===Things to avoid===
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2019-02-15T15:50:35Z

Kate: /* Prevention and treatment of T1D */

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=Helminthic therapy and diabetes.
|description=Helminthic therapy may assist with the prevention and treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
|keywords=diabetes, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Type 1, Type 2, insulin, glucose, metabolic syndrome, metabolic disorder, metabolic dysfunction.
|og:image=}}

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issues across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young US citizens. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

===Prevention and treatment of T1D===
{{quote|indent}}Abundant evidence indicates that helminths and their by-products can exert immunomodulatory effects that prevent or delay the onset of T1D.… In the future, helminth-derived supplements may be included as part of a modern balanced diet. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758662]{{quote|/indent}}

There is evidence in both human and animal models that helminth infection is protective against the development of T1D. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758662]. A study found that helminth infection "disrupt[s] the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short] Findings like these have led some researchers to call for further study of helminth therapy as a deliberate preventative measure against the development of T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied. It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

Also see, [[Helminthic therapy personal stories#Diabetes type 1 | '''Helminthic therapy personal stories: Diabetes type 1''']].

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminth infections... may be protective against the development of diabetes, and this finding opens up new territory for discovery of novel therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

A proof-of-concept human clinical trial is currently underway on the safety and usefulness of the human hookworm for patients with metabolic syndrome. [https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372957]

===Type 2 diabetes and the immune system===

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

{{quote|indent}}Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]{{quote|/indent}}

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

{{quote|indent}}...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

Also see, [[Helminthic therapy personal stories#Diabetes type 2 | '''Helminthic therapy personal stories: Diabetes type 2''']].

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758662 Helminths protect against type 1 diabetes: effects and mechanisms]
::{{Quote|indent}}Abundant evidence indicates that helminths and their by-products can exert immunomodulatory effects that prevent or delay the onset of T1D.… In the future, helminth-derived supplements may be included as part of a modern balanced diet.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/ Helminth Infections, Type-2 Immune Response, and Metabolic Syndrome]
::This review covers the mechanisms by which helminth infection affects the occurrence of T2D and cardiovascular disease.
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697 The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries.]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review seeks to give an overview of the current international diabetes burden, the evidence for interactions between diabetes and infection, immune mechanisms for the interaction, and potential interventions to tackle the dual burden of diabetes and infection.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
::{{Quote|indent}}“… it is highly likely that the decline of infections is one of the major explanations for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes in developed countries.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]
::{{Quote|indent}}...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis.{{Quote|/indent}}

More recent papers are listed on the [[Helminthic therapy research | '''Helminthic therapy research''']] page, which should be searched using the terms, “diabet”, “insulin”, “glucose” and “metabolic”.

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

===Diabetes and the gut===
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/12/3720/htm?fbclid=IwAR2bfM7dqxIlLgn6wFpNTAyyYlBsE9G8SFdY3MV9jOxiT7nOt97bNH0p4GY Causal Relationship between Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Changes and Diabetes: A Novel Strategy to Transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Preventing Diabetes]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

===Diabetes and nutrition===
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190103110741.htm Egg metabolites in blood related to lower risk of type 2 diabetes]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
* [https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
* [https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
* [http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
* [http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
* [http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
* [http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190130075731.htm Vitamin D could lower the risk of developing diabetes]
* [https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
* [http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
* [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
* [http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
* [http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
* [http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
* [http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
* [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

===Additional approaches===
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749118320992?fbclid=IwAR0eiaCOinYDTHIXK-X-3dBd71E3lxmBHn265s9Hw9KA7a7QXTfAyZPt1Sk Study finds that being in green spaces can positively affect blood glucose in children]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30600132 BCG Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes: Restoration of Balanced Immunity and Metabolism]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

===Things to avoid===
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2019-02-15T15:49:32Z

Kate: /* Prevention and treatment of T1D */

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=Helminthic therapy and diabetes.
|description=Helminthic therapy may assist with the prevention and treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
|keywords=diabetes, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Type 1, Type 2, insulin, glucose, metabolic syndrome, metabolic disorder, metabolic dysfunction.
|og:image=}}

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issues across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young US citizens. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

===Prevention and treatment of T1D===
{{quote|indent}}Abundant evidence indicates that helminths and their by-products can exert immunomodulatory effects that prevent or delay the onset of T1D.… In the future, helminth-derived supplements may be included as part of a modern balanced diet.{{quote|/indent}}

There is evidence in both human and animal models that helminth infection is protective against the development of T1D. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758662]. A study found that helminth infection "disrupt[s] the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short] Findings like these have led some researchers to call for further study of helminth therapy as a deliberate preventative measure against the development of T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied. It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

Also see, [[Helminthic therapy personal stories#Diabetes type 1 | '''Helminthic therapy personal stories: Diabetes type 1''']].

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminth infections... may be protective against the development of diabetes, and this finding opens up new territory for discovery of novel therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

A proof-of-concept human clinical trial is currently underway on the safety and usefulness of the human hookworm for patients with metabolic syndrome. [https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372957]

===Type 2 diabetes and the immune system===

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

{{quote|indent}}Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]{{quote|/indent}}

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

{{quote|indent}}...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

Also see, [[Helminthic therapy personal stories#Diabetes type 2 | '''Helminthic therapy personal stories: Diabetes type 2''']].

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758662 Helminths protect against type 1 diabetes: effects and mechanisms]
::{{Quote|indent}}Abundant evidence indicates that helminths and their by-products can exert immunomodulatory effects that prevent or delay the onset of T1D.… In the future, helminth-derived supplements may be included as part of a modern balanced diet.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/ Helminth Infections, Type-2 Immune Response, and Metabolic Syndrome]
::This review covers the mechanisms by which helminth infection affects the occurrence of T2D and cardiovascular disease.
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697 The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries.]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review seeks to give an overview of the current international diabetes burden, the evidence for interactions between diabetes and infection, immune mechanisms for the interaction, and potential interventions to tackle the dual burden of diabetes and infection.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
::{{Quote|indent}}“… it is highly likely that the decline of infections is one of the major explanations for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes in developed countries.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]
::{{Quote|indent}}...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis.{{Quote|/indent}}

More recent papers are listed on the [[Helminthic therapy research | '''Helminthic therapy research''']] page, which should be searched using the terms, “diabet”, “insulin”, “glucose” and “metabolic”.

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

===Diabetes and the gut===
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/12/3720/htm?fbclid=IwAR2bfM7dqxIlLgn6wFpNTAyyYlBsE9G8SFdY3MV9jOxiT7nOt97bNH0p4GY Causal Relationship between Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Changes and Diabetes: A Novel Strategy to Transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Preventing Diabetes]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

===Diabetes and nutrition===
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190103110741.htm Egg metabolites in blood related to lower risk of type 2 diabetes]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
* [https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
* [https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
* [http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
* [http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
* [http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
* [http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190130075731.htm Vitamin D could lower the risk of developing diabetes]
* [https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
* [http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
* [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
* [http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
* [http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
* [http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
* [http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
* [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

===Additional approaches===
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749118320992?fbclid=IwAR0eiaCOinYDTHIXK-X-3dBd71E3lxmBHn265s9Hw9KA7a7QXTfAyZPt1Sk Study finds that being in green spaces can positively affect blood glucose in children]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30600132 BCG Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes: Restoration of Balanced Immunity and Metabolism]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

===Things to avoid===
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2019-02-15T15:48:56Z

Kate: /* Further reading */

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=Helminthic therapy and diabetes.
|description=Helminthic therapy may assist with the prevention and treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
|keywords=diabetes, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Type 1, Type 2, insulin, glucose, metabolic syndrome, metabolic disorder, metabolic dysfunction.
|og:image=}}

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issues across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young US citizens. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

===Prevention and treatment of T1D===

There is evidence in both human and animal models that helminth infection is protective against the development of T1D. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758662]. A study found that helminth infection "disrupt[s] the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short] Findings like these have led some researchers to call for further study of helminth therapy as a deliberate preventative measure against the development of T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied. It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

Also see, [[Helminthic therapy personal stories#Diabetes type 1 | '''Helminthic therapy personal stories: Diabetes type 1''']].

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminth infections... may be protective against the development of diabetes, and this finding opens up new territory for discovery of novel therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

A proof-of-concept human clinical trial is currently underway on the safety and usefulness of the human hookworm for patients with metabolic syndrome. [https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372957]

===Type 2 diabetes and the immune system===

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

{{quote|indent}}Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]{{quote|/indent}}

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

{{quote|indent}}...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

Also see, [[Helminthic therapy personal stories#Diabetes type 2 | '''Helminthic therapy personal stories: Diabetes type 2''']].

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758662 Helminths protect against type 1 diabetes: effects and mechanisms]
::{{Quote|indent}}Abundant evidence indicates that helminths and their by-products can exert immunomodulatory effects that prevent or delay the onset of T1D.… In the future, helminth-derived supplements may be included as part of a modern balanced diet.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/ Helminth Infections, Type-2 Immune Response, and Metabolic Syndrome]
::This review covers the mechanisms by which helminth infection affects the occurrence of T2D and cardiovascular disease.
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697 The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries.]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review seeks to give an overview of the current international diabetes burden, the evidence for interactions between diabetes and infection, immune mechanisms for the interaction, and potential interventions to tackle the dual burden of diabetes and infection.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
::{{Quote|indent}}“… it is highly likely that the decline of infections is one of the major explanations for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes in developed countries.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]
::{{Quote|indent}}...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis.{{Quote|/indent}}

More recent papers are listed on the [[Helminthic therapy research | '''Helminthic therapy research''']] page, which should be searched using the terms, “diabet”, “insulin”, “glucose” and “metabolic”.

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

===Diabetes and the gut===
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/12/3720/htm?fbclid=IwAR2bfM7dqxIlLgn6wFpNTAyyYlBsE9G8SFdY3MV9jOxiT7nOt97bNH0p4GY Causal Relationship between Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Changes and Diabetes: A Novel Strategy to Transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Preventing Diabetes]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

===Diabetes and nutrition===
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190103110741.htm Egg metabolites in blood related to lower risk of type 2 diabetes]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
* [https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
* [https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
* [http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
* [http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
* [http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
* [http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190130075731.htm Vitamin D could lower the risk of developing diabetes]
* [https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
* [http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
* [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
* [http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
* [http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
* [http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
* [http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
* [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

===Additional approaches===
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749118320992?fbclid=IwAR0eiaCOinYDTHIXK-X-3dBd71E3lxmBHn265s9Hw9KA7a7QXTfAyZPt1Sk Study finds that being in green spaces can positively affect blood glucose in children]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30600132 BCG Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes: Restoration of Balanced Immunity and Metabolism]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

===Things to avoid===
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2019-02-15T15:24:44Z

Kate: /* Prevention and treatment of T1D */

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=Helminthic therapy and diabetes.
|description=Helminthic therapy may assist with the prevention and treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
|keywords=diabetes, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Type 1, Type 2, insulin, glucose, metabolic syndrome, metabolic disorder, metabolic dysfunction.
|og:image=}}

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issues across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young US citizens. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

===Prevention and treatment of T1D===

There is evidence in both human and animal models that helminth infection is protective against the development of T1D. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758662]. A study found that helminth infection "disrupt[s] the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short] Findings like these have led some researchers to call for further study of helminth therapy as a deliberate preventative measure against the development of T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied. It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

Also see, [[Helminthic therapy personal stories#Diabetes type 1 | '''Helminthic therapy personal stories: Diabetes type 1''']].

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminth infections... may be protective against the development of diabetes, and this finding opens up new territory for discovery of novel therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

A proof-of-concept human clinical trial is currently underway on the safety and usefulness of the human hookworm for patients with metabolic syndrome. [https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372957]

===Type 2 diabetes and the immune system===

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

{{quote|indent}}Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]{{quote|/indent}}

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

{{quote|indent}}...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

Also see, [[Helminthic therapy personal stories#Diabetes type 2 | '''Helminthic therapy personal stories: Diabetes type 2''']].

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758662 Helminths protect against type 1 diabetes: effects and mechanisms]
::{{Quote|indent}}Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the effects and mechanisms underlying protection against T1D by helminths.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/ Helminth Infections, Type-2 Immune Response, and Metabolic Syndrome]
::This review covers the mechanisms by which helminth infection affects the occurrence of T2D and cardiovascular disease.
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697 The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries.]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review seeks to give an overview of the current international diabetes burden, the evidence for interactions between diabetes and infection, immune mechanisms for the interaction, and potential interventions to tackle the dual burden of diabetes and infection.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
::{{Quote|indent}}“… it is highly likely that the decline of infections is one of the major explanations for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes in developed countries.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]
::{{Quote|indent}}...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis.{{Quote|/indent}}

More recent papers are listed on the [[Helminthic therapy research | '''Helminthic therapy research''']] page, which should be searched using the terms, “diabet”, “insulin”, “glucose” and “metabolic”.

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

===Diabetes and the gut===
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/12/3720/htm?fbclid=IwAR2bfM7dqxIlLgn6wFpNTAyyYlBsE9G8SFdY3MV9jOxiT7nOt97bNH0p4GY Causal Relationship between Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Changes and Diabetes: A Novel Strategy to Transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Preventing Diabetes]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

===Diabetes and nutrition===
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190103110741.htm Egg metabolites in blood related to lower risk of type 2 diabetes]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
* [https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
* [https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
* [http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
* [http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
* [http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
* [http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190130075731.htm Vitamin D could lower the risk of developing diabetes]
* [https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
* [http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
* [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
* [http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
* [http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
* [http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
* [http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
* [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

===Additional approaches===
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749118320992?fbclid=IwAR0eiaCOinYDTHIXK-X-3dBd71E3lxmBHn265s9Hw9KA7a7QXTfAyZPt1Sk Study finds that being in green spaces can positively affect blood glucose in children]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30600132 BCG Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes: Restoration of Balanced Immunity and Metabolism]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

===Things to avoid===
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2019-02-15T15:19:26Z

Kate: /* Further reading */

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=Helminthic therapy and diabetes.
|description=Helminthic therapy may assist with the prevention and treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
|keywords=diabetes, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Type 1, Type 2, insulin, glucose, metabolic syndrome, metabolic disorder, metabolic dysfunction.
|og:image=}}

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issues across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young US citizens. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

===Prevention and treatment of T1D===

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

Also see, [[Helminthic therapy personal stories#Diabetes type 1 | '''Helminthic therapy personal stories: Diabetes type 1''']].

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminth infections... may be protective against the development of diabetes, and this finding opens up new territory for discovery of novel therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

A proof-of-concept human clinical trial is currently underway on the safety and usefulness of the human hookworm for patients with metabolic syndrome. [https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372957]

===Type 2 diabetes and the immune system===

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

{{quote|indent}}Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]{{quote|/indent}}

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

{{quote|indent}}...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

Also see, [[Helminthic therapy personal stories#Diabetes type 2 | '''Helminthic therapy personal stories: Diabetes type 2''']].

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758662 Helminths protect against type 1 diabetes: effects and mechanisms]
::{{Quote|indent}}Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the effects and mechanisms underlying protection against T1D by helminths.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/ Helminth Infections, Type-2 Immune Response, and Metabolic Syndrome]
::This review covers the mechanisms by which helminth infection affects the occurrence of T2D and cardiovascular disease.
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697 The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries.]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review seeks to give an overview of the current international diabetes burden, the evidence for interactions between diabetes and infection, immune mechanisms for the interaction, and potential interventions to tackle the dual burden of diabetes and infection.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
::{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
::{{Quote|indent}}“… it is highly likely that the decline of infections is one of the major explanations for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes in developed countries.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
::{{Quote|indent}}This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]
::{{Quote|indent}}...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis.{{Quote|/indent}}

More recent papers are listed on the [[Helminthic therapy research | '''Helminthic therapy research''']] page, which should be searched using the terms, “diabet”, “insulin”, “glucose” and “metabolic”.

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

===Diabetes and the gut===
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/12/3720/htm?fbclid=IwAR2bfM7dqxIlLgn6wFpNTAyyYlBsE9G8SFdY3MV9jOxiT7nOt97bNH0p4GY Causal Relationship between Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Changes and Diabetes: A Novel Strategy to Transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Preventing Diabetes]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

===Diabetes and nutrition===
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190103110741.htm Egg metabolites in blood related to lower risk of type 2 diabetes]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
* [https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
* [https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
* [http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
* [http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
* [http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
* [http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190130075731.htm Vitamin D could lower the risk of developing diabetes]
* [https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
* [http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
* [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
* [http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
* [http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
* [http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
* [http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
* [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

===Additional approaches===
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749118320992?fbclid=IwAR0eiaCOinYDTHIXK-X-3dBd71E3lxmBHn265s9Hw9KA7a7QXTfAyZPt1Sk Study finds that being in green spaces can positively affect blood glucose in children]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30600132 BCG Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes: Restoration of Balanced Immunity and Metabolism]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

===Things to avoid===
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-20T18:51:10Z

Kate: /* Further reading */

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=Helminthic therapy and diabetes.
|description=Helminthic therapy may assist with the prevention and treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
|keywords=diabetes, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Type 1, Type 2, insulin, glucose, metabolic syndrome, metabolic disorder, metabolic dysfunction.
|og:image=}}

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issues across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young US citizens. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

===Prevention and treatment of T1D===

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminth infections... may be protective against the development of diabetes, and this finding opens up new territory for discovery of novel therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

A proof-of-concept human clinical trial is currently underway on the safety and usefulness of the human hookworm for patients with metabolic syndrome. [https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372957]

===Type 2 diabetes and the immune system===

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

{{quote|indent}}Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]{{quote|/indent}}

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

{{quote|indent}}...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/ Helminth Infections, Type-2 Immune Response, and Metabolic Syndrome]
:This review covers the mechanisms by which helminth infection affects the occurrence of T2D and cardiovascular disease.
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697 The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries.]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review seeks to give an overview of the current international diabetes burden, the evidence for interactions between diabetes and infection, immune mechanisms for the interaction, and potential interventions to tackle the dual burden of diabetes and infection.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}“… it is highly likely that the decline of infections is one of the major explanations for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes in developed countries.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]
:{{Quote|indent}}...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis.{{Quote|/indent}}

More recent papers are listed on the [[Helminthic therapy research | '''Helminthic therapy research''']] page, which should be searched using the terms, “diabet”, “insulin”, “glucose” and “metabolic”.

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

===Diabetes and the gut===
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/12/3720/htm?fbclid=IwAR2bfM7dqxIlLgn6wFpNTAyyYlBsE9G8SFdY3MV9jOxiT7nOt97bNH0p4GY Causal Relationship between Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Changes and Diabetes: A Novel Strategy to Transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Preventing Diabetes]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

===Diabetes and nutrition===
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

===Additional approaches===
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749118320992?fbclid=IwAR0eiaCOinYDTHIXK-X-3dBd71E3lxmBHn265s9Hw9KA7a7QXTfAyZPt1Sk Study finds that being in green spaces can positively affect blood glucose in children]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

===Things to avoid===
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-20T18:48:19Z

Kate: /* Further reading */

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=Helminthic therapy and diabetes.
|description=Helminthic therapy may assist with the prevention and treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
|keywords=diabetes, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Type 1, Type 2, insulin, glucose, metabolic syndrome, metabolic disorder, metabolic dysfunction.
|og:image=}}

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issues across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young US citizens. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

===Prevention and treatment of T1D===

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminth infections... may be protective against the development of diabetes, and this finding opens up new territory for discovery of novel therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

A proof-of-concept human clinical trial is currently underway on the safety and usefulness of the human hookworm for patients with metabolic syndrome. [https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372957]

===Type 2 diabetes and the immune system===

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

{{quote|indent}}Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]{{quote|/indent}}

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

{{quote|indent}}...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/ Helminth Infections, Type-2 Immune Response, and Metabolic Syndrome]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697 The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries.]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review seeks to give an overview of the current international diabetes burden, the evidence for interactions between diabetes and infection, immune mechanisms for the interaction, and potential interventions to tackle the dual burden of diabetes and infection.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}“… it is highly likely that the decline of infections is one of the major explanations for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes in developed countries.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]
:{{Quote|indent}}...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis.{{Quote|/indent}}

More recent papers are listed on the [[Helminthic therapy research | '''Helminthic therapy research''']] page, which should be searched using the terms, “diabet”, “insulin”, “glucose” and “metabolic”.

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

===Diabetes and the gut===
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/12/3720/htm?fbclid=IwAR2bfM7dqxIlLgn6wFpNTAyyYlBsE9G8SFdY3MV9jOxiT7nOt97bNH0p4GY Causal Relationship between Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Changes and Diabetes: A Novel Strategy to Transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Preventing Diabetes]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

===Diabetes and nutrition===
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

===Additional approaches===
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749118320992?fbclid=IwAR0eiaCOinYDTHIXK-X-3dBd71E3lxmBHn265s9Hw9KA7a7QXTfAyZPt1Sk Study finds that being in green spaces can positively affect blood glucose in children]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

===Things to avoid===
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Human helminth care manual

2018-12-17T15:24:30Z

Kate: /* ❓ Piperazine-derived compounds */

{{Breadcrumb|[[Helminth_care|Helminth care]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=How to care for the two species of human helminth used in helminthic therapy: Necator americanus (NA) and Trichuris trichiura (TT/TTO).
|keywords=worm care, helminth care, Necator americanus, Trichuris trichiura, NA, TT, TTO, caring for my worms
|og:image=}}
<div class="noglossary" style="line-height:125%;max-width: 750px; background-color:#F5FAFF;border: 1px solid #CEDFF2; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; padding-bottom:4px; margin-bottom:12px;">
<div style="font-size:120%;border:1px solid #95BAE3;background-color:#CEDFF2;padding:12px;padding-left:8px;">'''Key'''</div>
<p>These classification codes are intended as a general guide only. The effects of a substance can vary considerably depending on
factors such as quantity, concentration and, in the case of herbal extracts, the part of the plant used. Even the
method of extraction can make a difference, so it is important to read the details for each item.</p>
<div style="line-height:125%;padding:9px;padding-left:12px;padding-bottom:12px">
{|
|❌
|Will or may kill, or cause the loss of, human helminths.
|-
|⚡
|May cause harm to human helminths in some people.
|-
|➿
|May cause a temporary reduction in the benefits provided by human helminths.
|-
|❓
|Insufficient evidence exists to support a judgement on possible effects.
|-
|✅
|Safe, or likely to be safe, for human helminths.
|}
</div>
Note that a section marked, for example, ✅ "safe" indicates that all substances listed in that section are also "safe" unless marked otherwise.
</div>

<div class="toclimit-3">__TOC__</div>

== Introduction ==
<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
{{Columns|3}}
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>PLEASE READ THIS FIRST.</font></font>'''<br><br>
'''This manual is only concerned with the two ''human'' helminths''':
* Human hookworm - Necator americanus (NA) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necator_americanus]
* Human whipworm - Trichuris trichiura (TT/TTO) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuris_trichiura]

For the care of the non-human helminths, TSO and HDC, see the [[Helminth_care |'''Helminth care''']] page.<br>
There is less concern with the long-term health of the non-human helminths because they only live for two or three weeks in humans, so need to be replaced regularly anyway.

=== Using this manual ===
* '''<font color=#B40431><font size=2>It's best to use the search function on your device to find information about specific substances, rather than scanning the page visually.</font></font>''' Both UK and US spellings have been included.
* '''<font color=#B40431><font size=2>If no search results are found (and your spelling is correct) the substance is far more likely to be safe than unsafe for therapeutic human helminths, and anything not listed which might harm them is likely to be very obscure.</font></font>'''

=== General advice ===
* NA and TT are robust organisms [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1036058496450105/] and only a few things will kill them, e.g., anthelminthic drugs.

* '''<font color=#B40431><font size=2>Substances listed on the internet as being "antiparasitic" may have no effect whatsoever on NA and TT.</font></font>''' Helminths are only one of many different types of parasite. Among the other types in existence, there is a wide range of responses to substances claiming to be antiparasitic, and what kills one type of parasite may not even harm another.

* '''<font color=#B40431><font size=2>Most foods, drugs and other substances are perfectly safe for use while hosting human helminths, including normal dietary amounts of most unprocessed foods, spices and herbs. However, medicinal quantities of concentrates, extracts or tinctures, especially of certain herbs, are more likely to have an adverse effect.</font></font>''' For example, eating normal dietary amounts of ginger should be fine, as should occasionally taking a ginger supplement (e.g., to treat a migraine), but drinking ginger beer every day or taking ginger regularly as a supplement may adversely affect NA.

* People who have a robust immune response to helminths are likely to notice a greater effect on their worms than others. These individuals are the ones who need to top up their human helminth colonies more frequently in order to maintain remission from their disease. Typically, they have Crohn's, or one of the other intestinal diseases, but a few in this group have other conditions, such as allergies. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/966004180122204/?comment_id=966023830120239&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D]

* The phytochemical compounds, '''isomyristicin''' and '''bergaptenix''', are another good example of how the concentrated form of a substance can be harmful to helminths while foods containing the same substances are not. While the ''concentrated'' forms of isomyristicin and bergaptenix have shown significant anthelmintic activity against two helminth species, the parent chemicals from which they are derived ('''myristicin''' and '''bergapten''') are both found in several of the fruits, herbs and vegetables consumed by humans on a daily basis, e.g., parsley, celery, lemons, figs, carrots, grape juice, Earl Grey tea, nutmeg and dill, and the risk of an anthelmintic effect from this very limited dietary intake is negligible. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5004179/]

* Even substances that have shown an anthelminthic effect in test tube studies do not necessarily have an adverse affect on worms being hosted by humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27498843]

* Due to the way that TT feeds and attaches to the colonic mucosa, it is not likely to be as vulnerable as NA, as is illustrated by the fact that three times more mebendazole may be required to kill TT than is needed to kill NA.

* The effects that foods and other substances have on helminth egg production may not be the same as the effects they have on the prophylactic or therapeutic benefits of adult helminths. Consequently, the details below may not be relevant to the practice of helminth incubation. A tentative examination of the effect of substances on the production of hookworm eggs and larvae can be found in the page section, [[NA incubation: very detailed method by Alana#Promotion of egg viability by dietary manipulation | '''Promotion of egg viability by dietary manipulation''']].

* The posts in this [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1062770903778864/ support group sub-thread] contain good general advice on how to manage exposure to substances that can harm human helminths.

* It is thought to be less likely that anything will harm NA before it attaches to the gut mucosa towards the end of the third week post inoculation, although, once it enters the bloodstream, it does begin to feed on proteins in the blood. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1682302251825723/?comment_id=1682333608489254&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29566094]. After it arrives in the small intestine and begins feeding from the gut wall from day 21, NA will always be vulnerable to anything that will stun it long enough for it to be carried away from its feeding area, or when the host has very severe diarrhoea/diarrhea.

=== Updates & disclaimer ===
* This manual is updated regularly. See the page history (via the "View history" link at the top of the page) for a list of amendments.

* Although the most harmful substances have been identified, this manual continues to be a work in progress so should not be viewed as definitive. Also see the [[Wiki:General_disclaimer|'''General disclaimer''']].

* Details in this manual are based on first hand reports posted in the [[Helminthic_therapy_support_groups|'''Helminthic therapy support groups''']]. Additional reports and comments on this topic are welcomed, and should be posted to the [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/ Helminthic Therapy Support group] on Facebook.<br>
{{Columns}}

</div>

== Pharmaceuticals ==

<span id="Anaesthetics"></span>
=== Anaesthetics (anesthetics), General [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthetic] ===

==== ✅Nitrous oxide (N2O) (E942) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide] ====
<blockquote>
As a result of reports posted in the early days of the therapeutic use of NA, [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/897] [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/2137] [http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/2146] [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/2174] nitrous oxide (aka laughing gas or nitrous) was assumed to kill hookworms. However, at least three people who have attempted to use nitrous oxide to deliberately kill their hookworm colonies have found that it was not effective. One subject reported inhaling “almost a full can of whipped cream” at 3 weeks post inoculation in an attempt to resolve severe side effects, but with no obvious effect on his hookworms. In another case, a ballon full of nitrous oxide failed to have any effect on a hookworm colony, some members of which were later confirmed by stool test to still be alive. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/759492150773409/] Finally, in May 2017, someone tested the long-held assumption that N2O kills hookworms by inhaling a lot of nitrous oxide over the course of an hour, and reported that, although he got a headache and giggled a lot, none of his worms were harmed.

✅ The following forms of nitrogen are also unlikely to be a problem for hookworms.
* Nitric oxide (NO) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide]
* Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide]
* Nitrate (NO3) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate]
* Pure nitrogen (N) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen], [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/6486 discussion]
* Liquid nitrogen (LN2) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen]
</blockquote>

==== Other general anaesthetics ====

<blockquote>
It has been suggested that the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that were used in the early days of anaesthesia might be a risk to hookworms, especially if inhaled in excessive quantity, due to the possibility that they might stun them and cause them to be expelled from the gut before waking up. For example:
* ✅[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_ether diethyl ether]
* ✅[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform chloroform]
However, a clinical scientist has reported that, while hosting both NA and TT, he worked around more organic solvents, including dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and chloroform (CHCl3), than most people are exposed to in a lifetime, and that his hookworms and whipworms continued egg production uninterrupted.

✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propofol Propofol] While propofol has been shown to adversely affect the mitochondria of roundworms in laboratory conditions, it is clear from the experience of hosts of both hookworms and whipworms that propofol does not harm human helminths in the concentrations used during surgery.

✅ [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090804145614.htm Regional nerve blocks] are worm-safe.

</blockquote>

<span id="localAnaesthetics"></span>

=== Anaesthetics (anesthetics), local [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaesthetics] ===

==== ➿ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anaesthetic Local anaesthetics] ====
<blockquote>
Local anaesthetics interfere with the production of white blood cells as well as the functioning of the cells in circulation, but they appear not to affect ova production by helminths and they certainly don't kill them. While local anaesthetics can cause a temporary return of disease symptoms for up to 8 weeks, helminths generally recover after only a few days, although this varies by person, drug and dosage, making it difficult to predict exactly what will happen in any particular situation.

For dental procedures requiring a local anaesthetic, short-acting drugs are less likely to affect helminths, e.g.
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articaine Articaine] (articadent, astracaine forte, septanest, septocaine, ubistesin forte, ubistesin, ultracaine, zorcaine)
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidocaine Lidocaine] (xylocaine, lignocaine)
These are a better choice than a longer-acting drug, such as
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbocaine Mepivacaine] (carbocaine, polocaine)
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupivicaine Bupivicaine] (marcaine)
and one helminth host has reported[https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/3229] that the short-acting articaine had no adverse effect on his hookworms. If a patient explains that they don't want to be numb for several hours, the dentist will usually use one of the short-acting drugs, or one combined with a vasoconstrictor such as epinephrine, which helps to reduce the amount of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation.

If local anaesthetics are used, it can be a good idea to arrange for a small supplementary dose of worms (e.g., 5 hookworm larvae) to be available for administration the day after exposure to the drug. This small additional inoculation usually helps to reduce the time that established helminths are out of action.
</blockquote>

==== ✅ Alternatives to local anaesthetics ====
<blockquote>
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioids Opioid] pain killers ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl fentanyl], etc.)
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine benzodiazepine] anaesthetics ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versed versed], etc., routinely used during colonoscopies)
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotic_analgesic narcotic analgesics]
These drugs all appear to be harmless to helminths, so, taken orally at high strength, these may be a suitable substitute for local anaesthetics in many situations. For example, one helminth host has found that 30 mg [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrocodeine dihydrocodeine], taken along with 1,000 mg of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaminophen paracetamol] (acetaminophen) an hour or two before a dental appointment can be effective in avoiding all but a few brief moments of mild, dull pain, which he
found to be quite manageable. This subject even found that the combination of dihydrocodeine and paracetamol provided adequate pain relief when having a tooth sculpted to take a crown. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin Aspirin] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofen ibuprofen] are also harmless to helminths, so, if preferred, these might provide a suitable alternative to paracetamol.

Another option for completely avoiding any risk to helminths from local anaesthetics was the [https://www.facebook.com/GumEase GumEase] cryoallergenic mouthpiece. This device, which is apparently no longer available to purchase, provided pain relief for up to 20 minutes, and was appropriate for most procedures, including fillings, [http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/9847 crowns], extractions and root canals. Previously available from two sources [http://cryodevices.ecrater.com/c/902779/gumease-products], [http://www.dentakit.com/gumease.html] this device unfortunately never caught on with dentists who are firmly wedded to the use of injectable drugs.

Another pain-free alternative is [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcAwKvdqmKI laser dental surgery], which is likely to become increasingly available in the future. If more invasive dental surgery is required - where bone needs to be removed, for example - it may be best to request [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscious_sedation conscious sedation]. This renders the patient unaware of what is taking place, but is not the same as a general anaesthetic. Conscious sedation might involve a combination of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versed versed] (a short acting IV [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine benzodiazepine]) and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl fentanyl] (a short acting IV opiate), both of which are perfectly safe for worms.

</blockquote>

=== Anaesthetics (anesthetics), topical [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaesthetics] ===

<blockquote>
✅ Topical anaesthetics such as lidocaine are unlikely to affect helminths because not enough of the drug will get into
the blood stream to affect the worms. Topical lidocaine used before blood tests or the fitting of a catheter, or on the
mucous membranes in the mouth or nose, are therefore worm-safe. Alternatively, an ice pack can be very effective
on skin, including for punch biopsies, though some people may prefer lidocaine for a biopsy involving scalpel and
stitches.
</blockquote>

=== Anthelminthics [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthelminthics] ===

==== ❌ Antiparasitic drugs ====
<blockquote>
A number of drugs are used to terminate helminth infections, but the effectiveness of different anthelminthics
against a single species [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3250499/?report=classic varies] greatly. In [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181256/ one study],
a triple dose of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albendazole albendazole] (3×400 mg over 3 consecutive
days) showed a cure rate against hookworms of 92%, whereas a triple dose of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebendazole mebendazole] (3×500 mg over 3
consecutive days) only achieved a cure rate of 58%.

Each anthelminthic drug may have varying degrees of effectiveness against different helminths. For example, while
a triple dose of '''albendazole''' (3×400 mg over 3 consecutive days) showed a cure rate against hookworms of 92%, the
same regimen only achieved a 56% cure rate against whipworms [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181256/] and, in patients with an excessive whipworm
infection, '''albendazole''' may need to be taken for 5–7 days. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14754497?dopt=AbstractPlus]

Information about each of the anthelminthic drugs in use currently is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthelminthics readily available online], but, if it becomes
necessary to terminate a colony of helminths, the subject should obtain the advice of a medical doctor and follow
their directions. However, under no circumstances should '''mebendazole''' ever be combined with '''metronidazole''' (Flagyl),
and this is something about which many doctors and pharmacists may be unaware. There is a risk that this
combination may [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447769/ cause Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis].

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bephenium_hydroxynaphthoate Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate] (Alcopar, Alcopara, Befenium, Debefenium, Francin, Nemex). This is an
anthelmintic agent once used to treat hookworm and roundworm infections.

'''Isomyristicin''' and '''bergaptenix''' are two phytochemical compounds isolated from the Bhutanese medicinal plants,
Corydalis crispa and Pleurospermum amabile, which have shown significant anthelmintic activity against the
helminths, Schistosoma mansoni and Trichuris muris. In concentrated form, they may therefore be harmful to other
whipworms and possibly also hookworms. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27572696] However, it should be noted that myristicin (the parent chemical
from which isomyristicin is derived) and bergapten are both found in very small quantities in the vegetables, herbs
and fruits consumed by humans on a daily basis, e.g., parsley, celery, lemons, figs, carrots, grape juice, Earl grey tea,
nutmeg and dill, but the risk of an anthelmintic effect from this very limited dietary intake is negligible. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5004179/]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitazoxanide Nitazoxanide] (Alinia, Nitaxide) is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic and broad-spectrum antiviral drug used to treat
various helminthic, protozoal and viral infections. It has demonstrated activity against tapeworms, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27751770] so may
also have an adverse effect on hookworms and whipworms.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odanacatib Odanacatib] (codenamed MK-0822) is an investigational treatment for osteoporosis and bone metastasis developed
by Merck & Co., and possibly available for clinical use from 2016. Unfortunately, this drug has been shown to kill
the hookworm, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, in hamsters, decreasing worm burdens by 73%. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27751770] Consequently, it is
likely to be trialled as a potential alternative to '''albendazole''' and may have an adverse effect on the human
hookworm as well as other helminths, so should be avoided by helminth self-treaters.

[http://www.drugs.com/mmx/vanquin.html Pyrvinium] (Vanquin, viprynium). This anthelmintic was previously used to treat pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis)
infections, but has been largely replaced by other anthelmintics, e.g., mebendazole or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrantel pyrantel pamoate].

<span id="piperazine"></span>
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine Piperazine] (also Piperazine hydrate and piperazine) citrate are anthelminthic drugs that kill 60-70% of adult
roundworms.
</blockquote>

==== ❓ Piperazine-derived compounds ====

<blockquote>
There are a whole raft of ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine%23Piperazine_derivatives_as_drugs piperazine-derived compounds] that '''may potentially''' have an anthelmintic action.

* These include many antidepressants including
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazodone trazodone] (Depyrel, Desyrel, Molipaxin, Oleptro, Trazodil, Trazorel, Trialodine, Trittico),
* antipsychotics such as
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine olanzapine] (Lanzek, Zypadhera, Zyprexa),
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine prochlorperazine] (Compazine, Stemzine, Buccastem, Stemetil, Phenotil),
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone ziprasidone] (Geodon, Zeldox),
* the migraine treatment
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraleve Migraleve Pink],
* and antihistamines including
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buclizine buclizine],
** ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetirizine cetirizine] (Zyrtec, Reactine),
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorcyclizine chlorcyclizine] (Di-paralene, Mantadil, Pruresidine, Trihistan),
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnarizine cinnarizine] (Stugeron, Stunarone, R5),
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclizine cyclizine],
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyzine hydroxyzine] (Vistaril, Atarax),
** ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levocetirizine levocetirizine] (Xyzal),
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meclizine meclizine] (Bonine, Bonamine, Antivert, Postafen, Sea Legs, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramamine dimenhydrinate] (Dramamine) and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niaprazine niaprazine])
** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebastine ebastine] (Evastin, Kestine, Ebastel, Aleva and Ebatrol) Listed as a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperidine piperidine].
* as well as antianginals, anxiolytics such as
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buspirone buspirone] (Buspar), (one self-treater found that the positive effects of NA were lessened in the days following a single dose of buspirone [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1944442368945042/])
* urologicals, e.g.
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sildenafil sildenafil] (Revatio, ✅ Viagra) and
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levitra vardenafil] (Levitra, Staxyn).
However, this does not mean that all these piperazine derivatives will kill helminths. For example, ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viagra Viagra] [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/2144 does not kill hookworms], and they [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/882635271792429/ can survive at least one 50mg dose] of dimenhydrinate (Dramamine), and possibly more. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1682302251825723/?comment_id=1682333608489254&reply_comment_id=1682358115153470&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R1%22%7D ]
</blockquote>

Anthelminthic residues may be encountered in farmed meats, especially the livers of cattle and fowl, but it is not known whether, or to what extent, these might affect therapeutic helminths in hosts who eat this meat.

Canine anthelminthics that have been applied to a dog’s skin should not be a problem for anyone who pets a treated animal so long as they wash their hands immediately after the contact. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/868843983171558/]

=== Antibiotics [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics] ===

(Also see [[#AlternativeTherapies|Alternative antibiotics]])

==== ❌ Antibiotics unsafe for human helminths ====
<blockquote>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxicillin Amoxicillin] While two hookworm hosts have said that they did not lose their worms following treatment with '''amoxicillin'', two others have reported losing their colonies after taking this drug. Combination drugs that contain amoxicillin e.g., [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxicillin/clavulanic_acid amoxicillin/clavulanic acid] (co-amoxiclav, Augmentin) may therefore also be a threat to human helminths.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycin Azithromycin] (brand names include: AZIF-500, Azithral, Azithrocin, Azyth, Azin, Z pack, Zeto and Zithromax) <br>Someone has reported losing her hookworms to a combination of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycin azithromycin] (an azalide, a type of macrolide antibiotic) and doxycycline (see below) (a broad spectrum antibiotic of the tetracycline class), whereas a whipworm host [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/700908506631774/?comment_id=892732697449353&offset=0&total_comments=12&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D did not lose her colony] from taking this same combination of drugs. Azithromycin has been used on its own to treat a child with PANDAS and a female adult with an ear infection [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1230554160333870/?comment_id=1230564746999478&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] without any worm loss, although its use did result in a temporary suspension of benefits in both cases.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levaquin Levofloxacin] has been reported by one NA host as having "completely devastated" her colony. An egg count revealed only 14 ova, and she went from near total remission to a severe flare. "Back to ground zero." [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1626974844025131/?comment_id=1627023594020256&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R2%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroimidazole Nitroimidazoles] (metronidazole, tinidazole, nimorazole, dimetridazole). Two hookworm hosts have reported losing their colonies to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroimidazole nitroimidazole] drug, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronidazole metronidazole] (Flagyl), [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/861694407219849/?comment_id=861879177201372&offset=0&total_comments=3&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1371228706266414/] which may be particularly harmful if taken in combination with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clindamycin clindamycin] (Dalacin, Lincocin, Daclin). [http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/3927]. '''Metronidazole''' and '''clindamycin''' are favoured by some dentists due to their proven efficacy against anaerobic bacteria. However, metronidazole does not always kill hookworms, as one host found when she had to take this drug along with amoxicillin for several weeks to treat septic gangrenous appendicitis. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1899197376802875/?comment_id=1899228090133137&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]
</blockquote>

==== ⚡ Antibiotics with potential risks for human helminths ====
<blockquote>
⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycycline Doxycycline] (Vibramycin, Monodox, Microdox, Periostat, Vibra-Tabs, Oracea, Doryx, Vibrox, Adoxa, Doxyhexal, Doxylin, Doxoral, Doxy-1 and Atridox, etc.) is a tetracycline antibiotic that also has antiprotozoal, antibacterial and some anthelminthic effects, although the latter have been claimed to only affect filarial nematodes. In this case, the drug kills a symbiotic bacterium in the worm’s reproductive tract, thus rendering it sterile. Moreover, an eight-week course of doxycycline may be necessary to achieve this effect. One hookworm host has reported that he took doxycycline for a total of 5 weeks without noticeable effect on his worms [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10055], but another has said that her hookworms “completely stopped working” after taking doxycycline for only three days. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/8488] She said that this happened “pretty much overnight”, and that, in spite of getting a supplementary dose of worms a month or so after taking the antibiotic, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/786180988104525/?comment_id=786946941361263&offset=0&total_comments=16] she didn’t feel right again for the following 6 months. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/786180988104525/?comment_id=786624918060132&offset=0&total_comments=15] (NB: doxycycline has also been found to have [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2015-03-antibiotics-unexpected-effects-mitochondria.html unexpected effects on mitochondria].)

⚡ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic Quinolones.] Drugs in the quinolone family have been shown to block a detoxification pathway required by helminths for blood feeding, resulting in arrested development of L3 larvae and adversely affecting the reproductive capacity of adult worms both in vitro and in vivo. [http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006931] (NB. The European Medicines Agency began to recommend restrictions on the use of fluoroquinolone and quinolone antibiotics on safety grounds in 2018. [https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/903029])

❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfomycin Fosfomycin] (also known as phosphomycin, phosphonomycin, Monurol and Monuril) A single, one-off, 3g dose if this broad-spectrum antibiotic that was taken by a hookworm host to treat a urinary tract infection had no obvious effect on her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/966600183395937/?comment_id=967794996609789&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] However, larger doses or a longer treatment period may produce a different result.
</blockquote>

==== General discussion ====
<blockquote>
Short courses of most other antibiotics will typically only cause a temporary loss of benefit for between 2 and 8 weeks (e.g., ➿ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycin erythromycin] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/770548519667772/]), although it is possible for efficacy to be reduced for longer, e.g., [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1131267180262569/?comment_id=1134969589892328&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D 4 months], and even [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/700908506631774/?comment_id=951430548246234&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D 6 months], and there is anecdotal evidence suggesting a correlation between the length of a course of antibiotics and the length of time that affected helminths are out of action.

It is possible that even a small dose of antibiotic could cause a return of symptoms in some people. For example, one hookworm host has reported experiencing a recurrence of significant disease symptoms after using 3 drops per day, for only 1½ days, of a solution of Tobramycin 3mg (0.3%) and Dexamethasone 1mg (0.1%), although this one-off occurrence could have been a coincidence.

In cases of dental infection that would routinely be treated by a course of an oral antibiotic, it might be possible to avoid the use of a drug if the dentist is able to use localised ozone injections. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1252700651452554/] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1518817608174189/?comment_id=1519018198154130&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

When it is essential to take oral antibiotics, the duration of their negative effect on hookworms can be significantly reduced - perhaps to as little as 2 weeks - by taking a small top-up dose of 5-10 larvae after finishing the course of drugs. In most cases, this inoculation can be carried out 48 hours after the last dose of the drug, but it's worth asking a pharmacist exactly how long the drug that has been prescribed will take to clear completely from the body. Different antibiotics have different biological half-lives. For example, erythromycin's half-life is only a couple of hours, whereas penicillin's can be up to 56 hours.

It has been suggested that the reduction in the benefits derived from hosting human helminths that is seen after taking antibiotics might result, at least in part, from a loss from the gut microbiome of helpful bacterial species and
the proliferation of less beneficial ones. This suggestion, and the fact that taking probiotics alongside antibiotics is known to help [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130530192404.htm offset the gastrointestinal symptoms] typically associated with these drugs, has led to the suggestion that the use of high doses (perhaps 5 or 10 times the normal dose) of good quality probiotics might help to reduce the time that helminths are out of action after using these drugs, especially if the probiotics are taken at a different time from the drug. And this effect has been reported by one individual. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1257052664350686/?comment_id=1257367554319197&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] Taking a charcoal supplement alongside an antibiotic might provide additional help in protecting the microbiome [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29186529] and a fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) following treatment with an antibiotic might also help to restore worm benefits more quickly. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1149149175141036/?comment_id=1242073262515293&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

It is possible that the consumption of prebiotics such as galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) may also help to restore the gut biome, since GOS has been shown to help [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24925303 support the recovery of beneficial bifidobacteria] and increase the production of butyrate, after antibiotic treatment. GOS is available in the form of [http://www.bimuno.com/ Bimuno Prebiotic Powder]. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and xylooligosaccharides (XOS) may perform a similar function. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30113166]

In the case of someone needing to take antibiotics regularly, or on a long-term basis, there would be little point in them using hookworms until completely off these drugs. Some worm benefits may be maintained in users of the human whipworm, so long as doses of this organism are being taken regularly, every few weeks. Another solution for those who need to take antibiotics frequently, or for prolonged periods, would be to switch to TSO as these are less likely to be adversely affected by antibiotics. While ciprofloxacin is capable of blocking the action of TSO, other antibiotics just slow them down. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1343118199077465/?comment_id=1343598479029437&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] HDC may also be less susceptible to antibiotics than human helminths, although two users of HDC have reported that the antibiotic,
⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapsone Dapsone] (diamino-diphenyl sulfone), causes a return of their disease symptoms.
</blockquote>

==== ✅ Antibiotics that appear safe for human helminths ====
<blockquote>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethoprim Trimethoprim] (Alprim) <br> One hookworm host has reported continuing to enjoy full benefits from her worms after taking seven 300 mg doses of this drug to treat a urinary tract infection. Another has reported that, when used to treat UTIs, Alprim not only did not affect her hookworm colony, but did not even arrest the production of ova by her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1009048252484463/]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics Topical antibiotics] <br> If applied to the skin, or used as eye drops, these are unlikely to affect helminths in most cases. Four drops of cyloxan (0.3%) applied to each eye 3 times per day, for 2 weeks, had no effect on the colonies of two hookworm hosts. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/874927972563159/?comment_id=875296599192963&offset=0&total_comments=8&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] However, as mentioned above, one hookworm host has reported experiencing a recurrence of significant disease symptoms after using 3 drops per day, for only 1½ days, of a solution of Tobramycin 3mg (0.3%) and Dexamethasone 1mg (0.1%).
</blockquote>

==== ➿ Antibiotics best avoided for other reasons ====
<blockquote>
Some antibiotics are best avoided for other reasons.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroquinolone Fluoroquinolone antibiotics] can be extremely dangerous [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic#Adverse_effects] and can cause permanent nerve damage. [http://healthimpactnews.com/2013/warning-fluoroquinolone-antibiotics-may-cause-permanent-nerve-damage/] This group of drugs includes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprofloxacin ciprofloxacin] (cipro), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levaquin levofloxacin] (Levaquin, Tavanic, etc.) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequin gatifloxacin] (Gatiflo, Tequin and Zymar), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemifloxacin Gemifloxacin] (Factive), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin] (Avelox, Vigamox, Moxeza, etc.), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfloxacin Norfloxacin] (Noroxin) and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofloxacin Ofloxacin] (Floxin, Ocuflox, etc.). The European Medicines Agency began to recommend restrictions on the use of fluoroquinolone and quinolone antibiotics on safety grounds in 2018. [https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/903029]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarithromycin Clarithromycin] has been shown to increase the risk of a fatal heart attack by an estimated 76 per cent compared with penicillin V, [http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g4930] although no increased risk was seen with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxithromycin roxithromycin].
</blockquote>

=== Anticoagulants [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticoagulant] ===

==== ✅ Safe anticoagulants unless otherwise marked ====
<blockquote>
Anticoagulant medicines and herbs (which reduce the clotting ability of blood) do not harm helminths, but may prolong bleeding from the tiny feeding sites of hookworms, which, themselves, secrete minute amounts of anticoagulants to help their digestive process. Anticoagulant drugs include:
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warfarin warfarin]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heparin heparin]
Other drugs that have an anticoagulant effect include
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin aspirin] and products containing it, such as
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alka-Seltzer Alka-Seltzer]
** ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepto-Bismol Pepto-Bismol].

Herbs with an anticoagulant effect include:
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba ginkgo biloba]

All of these compounds may prolong bleeding at hookworm feeding sites to some extent, so may potentially contribute to anaemia (anemia) in susceptible individuals, especially if several of these drugs/supplements are taken at the same time.
</blockquote>

=== Antidepressants ===

<blockquote>
* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin Doxepin]. This tricyclic antidepressant and potent antihistamine has been marketed under many names, including Quitaxon, Aponal and Sinequan. One individual has taken Doxepin daily for several years while hosting hookworms, without noticing any adverse effect on his colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1682302251825723/?comment_id=1682894431766505&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine Fluoxetine] (Prozac, Sarafem, etc.) This selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) is being taken by at least one hookworm host without issue. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1686522081403740/?comment_id=1687356354653646&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline Sertraline] (Sold under a very large number of trade names, [https://www.drugs.com/international/sertraline.html] including Zoloft.) This antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class has shown anthelminthic effects against three widely divergent helminth species. It kills C. elegans at multiple life stages and acts rapidly to inhibit its feeding within minutes of exposure. It also decreases motility in the adult mouse whipworm, Trichuris muris, prevents hatching and development of the dog hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, and kills the blood fluke flatworm, Schistosoma mansoni. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29343694]

* ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine Paroxetine] (Aropax, Brisdelle, Deroxat, Paxil, Pexeva, Paxtine, Paxetin, Paroxat, Paraxyl, Sereupin, and Seroxat.) This antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class, has shown anthelminthic effects against three widely divergent helminth species. It kills C. elegans at multiple life stages and acts rapidly to inhibit its feeding within minutes of exposure. It also decreases motility in the adult mouse whipworm, Trichuris muris, prevents hatching and development of the dog hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, and kills the blood fluke flatworm, Schistosoma mansoni. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29343694]
</blockquote>

=== Antifungals [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungals] ===

==== ✅ Safe antifungals unless marked otherwise ====
<blockquote>
The following appear to be safe for use with human helminths
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluconazole fluconazole] (Diflucan and Trican)
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nystatin nystatin]
* the fatty acid [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprylic_acid caprylic acid] also appears safe[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/935151783207444/?comment_id=935208789868410&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]. However, anyone with a coconut allergy/intolerance should note that ''caprylic acid'' is a coconut/palm kernel derivative.
* the enzyme-based anti-Candida product [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candex candex] is also worm-safe. One hookworm host took 4 ''Candex'' capsules twice a day for over a month without any obvious harm to his worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/821478984574725/?comment_id=821502387905718&offset=0&total_comments=1&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll Chlorophyll]. A chlorophyll-based solution has been found to be [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43335937_Antimicrobial_activity_of_chlorophyll-based_solution_on_Candida_albicans_and_Enterococcus_faecalis effective against Candida albicans] and there have been no reports to suggest this might be harmful to helminths. (Also see ❓'''Chlorophyllin'''.)

* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23965638 Some probiotics] may help to control candida, especially [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_boulardii Saccharomyces boulardii], which significantly inhibits [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20629753 adhesion by C. albicans], thus [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19732158 preventing the formation of biofilms and filamentation], and it is as [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23703468 effective as nystatin] in reducing fungal colonization and invasive fungal infection. '''S. boulardii''' has also been taken by at least two helminth hosts without any obvious effect on their worms. At least one strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus can reduce the population of Candida albicans in the gut microbiota. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29997616]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_butyrate Sodium butyrate] is a powerful antifungal that inhibits pathogenic yeast growth[http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/11/2573.long]. It is available as a food supplement and is also manufactured in the human intestines by the fermentation of vegetables. The bacteria responsible for butyrate production are vulnerable to antibiotics, but can be reintroduced, or supplemented, by means of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_bacteriotherapy fecal microbiota transplants] (FMT), or the addition of the butyrate-producing bacterial species, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_butyricum clostridium butyricum], which generates butyrate directly in the gut. C. butyricum is available as the probiotic, Miyarisan Tablets[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10152806891616155&set=p.10152806891616155&type=1&theater], in Japan, and is available online, e.g., from eBay[http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/251578568400] and Amazon[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000FQUNBU?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creativeASIN=B000FQUNBU&linkCode=xm2&tag=tyfs19-20], and in the probiotic formulations, Bifilac and Bifilac HP[http://www.indiamart.com/abpl/probiotic-dietary-supplements.html], the first of which is available from [http://www.internationaldrugmart.eu/pharmacy/over-the-counter-meds/bifilac.html here]. C. butyricum is also available as an animal feed additive[http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/probiotic-clostridium-butyricum_1589202110.html]. Nutrients that help to increase butyric acid concentrations in the colon include pectin[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin] and larch arabinogalactan[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabinogalactan], which is available as a supplement[http://www.iherb.com/Thorne-Research-Arabinex-3-5-oz-100-g/18737], although arabinogalactan can worsen rheumatic conditions. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/797203453668945/?comment_id=797204570335500&offset=0&total_comments=1], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/797203453668945/?comment_id=797261090329848&offset=0&total_comments=3]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascorbic_acid Ascorbic acid] (vitamin C) may interfere with the yeast-to-hypha transition[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25084864] of candida.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cider_vinegar Apple cider vinegar] is worm-friendly,[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1516308765091740/?comment_id=1516658838390066&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R2%22%7D] has been revealed as a possible treatment for Candida species involved in denture stomatitis,[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25219289] and there have been suggestions that, if ingested, vinegar might induce the body's gut defence system to help combat a Candida albicans infection.[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150608151952.htm] Advice on using apple cider vinegar as part of an anti-Candida treatment regimen can be found here: [http://www.onegreenplanet.org/natural-health/how-to-treat-chronic-yeast-overgrowth-with-apple-cider-vinegar/] and [http://www.candida-cure-recipes.com/apple-cider-vinegar-cure.html].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine Iodine] appears to have antifungal properties, is worm-friendly, and has proved effective against Candida for one hookworm host.[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/11/29/iodine-protocol-destroying-candida/]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D Vitamin D] turns on genes that make antimicrobial peptides, including cathelicidin[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathelicidin], which has been shown to kill Candida. However, dosage with this vitamin may be critical, and excessive amounts might be counter-productive[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25612733]. Aiming for the optimum blood level[http://www.vitamindcouncil.org/about-vitamin-d/how-do-i-get-the-vitamin-d-my-body-needs/] of vitamin D would therefore appear to be ideal. (Vitamin D3 has been shown to extend the median lifespan of one species of roundworm by 30-40%. [http://www.vitamindcouncil.org/vitamin-d-news/new-research-finds-vitamin-d-extends-the-life-of-roundworms-08-2015/#])

* Some foods[http://www.thecandidadiet.com/candida-fighting-foods.htm], eaten in normal dietary amounts, may help support an anti-Candida programme, but see the separate notes on ⚡'''cayenne''', ⚡'''coconut''' and ⚡'''ginger'''. Fresh ✅'''garlic''' may be particularly helpful[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC538912/], and dietary forms of garlic are known to be worm-safe. However, we don’t yet know what effect a garlic extract might have on helminths.

* When Candida is a problem, very low carbohydrate (VLC) diets are best avoided because these cause ketosis, and yeasts love ketones.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolaurin Monolaurin] (also known as lauric acid, glycerol monolaurate, glyceryl laurate and 1-Lauroyl-glycerol) is a fatty acid found naturally in coconut oil and human breast milk. Shown in test tube studies to have antibacterial and antiviral activity, it is commonly used as a surfactant in cosmetics, including deodorants, and as an emulsifier in foods. While it is active against candida[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008774], one subject has reported that taking two teaspoons of monolaurin daily, for a few weeks, produced no obvious effect on his worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/872052362850720/?comment_id=872137176175572&offset=0&total_comments=10&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R7%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/872052362850720/?comment_id=872142719508351&offset=0&total_comments=10&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R4%22%7D] Another believes that she probably ingested a significant dose of monolaurin by drinking full fat coconut milk daily, but that her hookworms and whipworms both survived this. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/872052362850720/?comment_id=872162672839689&offset=0&total_comments=10&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] Others have also confirmed that monolaurin is worm-safe. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/974642915924997/?comment_id=975547445834544&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1368090353246916/?comment_id=1369652509757367&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

A very worm-friendly way to reduce Candida is to brush one's teeth after every meal instead of just once each day. This has been shown to reduce the abundance of C. albicans in the stool by 10-fold to 100-fold. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5874442/] The addition of regular [https://wellnessmama.com/17951/coconut-oil-pulling/ oil pulling using coconut oil] (not to be swallowed) could further reduce the amount of candida. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1617823828273566/?comment_id=1618578738198075&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]
</blockquote>

==== ❓ More antifungals ====

<blockquote>

* ❓ '''Cellular silver''' (see [[#AlternativeTherapies|Alternative therapies]] section). The manufacturers of Advanced Cellular Silver (ACS) 200 Extra Strength[http://www.resultsrna.com/products/acs_200_overview/] claim that this product achieves a 99.9989% kill against C. albicans. Although there have been no reports to date of its possible effect on human helminths, its similarity to ➿'''colloidal silver''' (see [[#AlternativeTherapies|Alternative therapies]] section) suggest that it may not kill the worms but only cause a temporary reduction of benefits.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactoferrin Lactoferrin] (also known as lactotransferrin [LTF]) is found naturally in secretory fluids, such as milk, saliva, tears and nasal secretions. It has antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic properties, and is effective against candida. It’s antimicrobial properties are enhanced by the peptide, ❓[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactoferricin lactoferricin], the anti fungal effects of which exceed those of lactoferrin. However, there have been no reports so far of the possible effect of lactoferricin on helminths.

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavandula Lavender] has antifungal activity and may be of value in treating candida. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26550521]

* ❓ '''Propolis''' (see [[#NutritionalSupplements|Nutritional supplements]] section). Candida has been shown to be susceptible to propolis extract [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26149083], and to red propolis alcoholic extract. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26154370]

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygodial Polygodial], which has both antifungal and antimicrobial properties and is used as an insecticide, is an active constituent of
** ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata Dorrigo pepper],
** ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmannia mountain pepper],
** ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudowintera horopito],
** ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudowintera_colorata mountain horopito],
** ❌[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudowintera_colorata Kolorex],
** ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drimys_winteri canelo] (Drimys winteri, winter's bark)
** ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acmella_oleracea paracress] and
** ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persicaria_hydropiper water pepper].
Whilst polygodial has been shown to be effective against single-celled parasites such as protozoa, the only report so far that it might also have an adverse effect on helminths comes from a hookworm host who suspects that she killed her colony by taking '''Kolorex''', which contains a mixture of horopito and ⚡'''aniseed'''.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambucus Sambucus], a form of elderberry, contains ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinoresinol pinoresinol], which has antifungal properties[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20657496]. However, the European elder, ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambucus_nigra sambucus nigra], also known as European elderberry, European black elderberry, elder, elderberry and black elder, may not contain pinoresinol, so may not be an effective antifungal. There have been no reports as yet about the effect on helminths of any form of elderberry, but this plant is known to stimulate the immune system, so might increase the symptoms of autoimmune diseases [https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/elderberry-01#references-7] [https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-434-elderberry.aspx?activeingredientid=434&activeingredientname=elderberry] which may give the impression that one’s worm colony has been affected. Also see the comments [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1570295849693031/?comment_id=1570536949668921&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D here] and [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1570295849693031/?comment_id=1570537809668835&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D here].

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undecylenic_acid Undecylenic Acid]. This is the common name for 10-Undecenoic Acid, which is used in the Thorne Research product, [https://www.thorne.com/products/dp/formula-sf722-reg Formula SF722]. It is a potent antifungal mono-unsaturated fatty acid extracted from coconut and the castor bean. It has been shown to be 11 times stronger than [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprylic_acid caprylic acid], and is also claimed to have antiparasitic properties, although there have been no reports about this from hosts of therapeutic helminths.

* ⚡ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcumin Curcumin] inhibits candida[http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/63/2/337.long], even at low concentrations, but see the main entry below for [[#Turmeric|Turmeric/curcumin]] for further details.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigella_sativa Black cumin] (nigella sativa). Also known as blackseed, black caraway, fennel-flower, nutmeg flower, Roman coriander, and 'Love in the Mist'. Extracts of this herb have shown antifungal effects[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3642442/] against different strains of Candida albicans, but it has also been used as an anthelminthic since ancient times. In India, today, nigella seeds are combined with various purgatives to help kill and expel intestinal parasites, and they have a synergistic effect with pharmaceutical anthelminthics. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30149818]

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnema_sylvestre Gymnema sylvestre] is effective against candida[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html], but hydroalcoholic extracts of this herb have been found to have anthelminthic activity against the Indian earthworm, Pheretima posthuma. [http://www.ijrap.net/admin/php/uploads/525_pdf.pdf] Even though the research worm, C. elegans, appears to be unaffected by gymnema[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=gymnema+sylvestre+candida] and there are genetic similarities[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11812491] between C. elegans and N. americanus, one helminth host suspects that gymnema was responsible for the loss of his hookworm colony.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufenuron Lufenuron] is a benzoylurea pesticide used on crops and in veterinary medicine (in flea control, heartworm treatments and other anthelminthic products). Its powerful anti-fungal effects may be due to its ability to inhibit the synthesis of chitin, which is unfortunately an important constituent of the mouthparts of the hookworm.

Some herbal antifungal products may adversely affect helminths, especially if they are in a concentrated form, so any herbal medicine that claims to have antifungal properties should be approached with caution.

Some foods are coated with edible films containing antifungal compounds such as ❓[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natamycin natamycin] (pimaricin) and ❌ '''oregano oil''' (see [[#Oregano|Oregano]] reference)
but the quantities used in this application are probably insufficient to affect helminths, and there is no evidence[http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v48je06.htm] to date that natamycin harms intestinal flora.

NB. Prolonged treatment with antifungal drugs can disrupt commensal fungal populations and cause an increase in
the severity of disease states, as seen in one study[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27237365] in acute and chronic models of colitis and allergic airway
disease.
</blockquote>

=== Antihistamines ===

==== Piperazine related antihistamines ====
<blockquote>
Popular antihistamines derived from, or closely related to, the anthelminthic drug ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine piperazine] (See the separate entry for [[#piperazine|piperazine]]).
These include:
* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetirizine cetirizine] (Zyrtec, Reactine),
* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levocetrizine_dihydrochloride levocetrizine] (Alcet, Allear, Curin, levcet, Seasonix, T-Day Syrup, Teczine, UVNIL, Vozet, Xaltec, Xozal, Xuzal, Xusal, Xyzal, Zilola, Zyxem),
* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylephrine phenylephrine],
* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desloratadine desloratadine] (NeoClarityn, Claramax, Clarinex, Larinex, Aerius, Dazit, Azomyr, Deselex and Delot)
* and possibly ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrivastine acrivastine] (Semprex-D in the US).

While some people have taken cetirizine, levocetirizine or desloratadine concurrently with helminthic therapy -
sometimes for very long periods - and had no loss of benefit from their worms (for example [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/892594554129834/?comment_id=892794274109862&offset=0&total_comments=16&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/893959107326712/?qa_ref=qd&comment_id=893959580659998&offset=0&total_comments=9&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R7%22%7D]), there
have been others who have suspected that these drugs have been responsible for adversely affecting or even killing
their worms.

Less common antihistamines derived from, or related to piperazine. At the present time, there is no indication whether or not these affect human helminths. They include:
* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buclizine buclizine],
* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorcyclizine chlorcyclizine] (Di-paralene, Mantadil, Pruresidine, Trihistan),
* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnarizine cinnarizine] (Stugeron, Stunarone, R5),
* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclizine cyclizine],
* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyzine hydroxyzine] (Vistaril, Atarax),
* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meclizine meclizine] (Bonine, Bonamine, Antivert, Postafen, Sea Legs),
* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramamine dimenhydrinate] (Dramamine)
* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niaprazine niaprazine]
</blockquote>

==== Antihistamines as marked ====

<blockquote>
* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphenamine Chlorphenamine] (chlorpheniramine, piriton) <br>While we don’t yet have any confirmation of the effect on helminths of this first-generation antihistamine, it has been suggested by someone who has investigated this that it is unlikely to be harmful to worms.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromoglicic_acid Cromoglicic acid] (cromolyn, cromoglycate or cromoglicate, sodium cromoglicate [Nalcrom] or cromolyn sodium, plus Gastrocrom and Intercron) <br>This is a mast cell stabiliser which prevents the release of histamine from mast cells and is used to treat some allergic conditions. One hookworm host has taken 8x100mg capsules of Nalcrom daily for periods of up to 10 days without any adverse effect on her colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/952539741468648/?comment_id=953466358042653&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D]

* ⚡ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxylamine Doxylamine] (Dozile, Restavit, Valocordin-Doxylamine and Vomentin) <br>One hookworm host believes that an unexpected return of gut symptoms and dry skin may have been caused by taking a quarter of a tablet of this first-generation antihistamine every night for a couple of weeks. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/927991007256855/?comment_id=1007272959328659&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketotifen Ketotifen] - This antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer, which has similar effects to cromoglicic acid (see separate listing), is sold under a large variety of trade names[https://www.drugs.com/international/ketotifen.html] that include Allerban, Allergan, Bentifen, Ketasma, Mastifen, Zaditen and Zylofen. In a small in vitro test, one hookworm self-treater found that exposing a sample of Necator americanus larvae to Naziden left them “a bit lethargic but alive” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1037890422933579/?comment_id=1039541612768460&reply_comment_id=1041766029212685&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R8%22%7D] and that they were still alive the next day. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1037890422933579/?comment_id=1039541612768460&reply_comment_id=1042321262490495&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R3%22%7D] However, effects in vivo don’t always correspond with those observed in a petri dish, and ketotifen is a piperazine-related substance so it may have an adverse effect on human helminths in vivo in at least some users.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethazine Promethazine] (Phenergan, Promethegan, Romergan, Fargan, Farganesse, Prothiazine, Avomine, Atosil, Receptozine, Lergigan, and, in the UK, Sominex). This does not appear to kill helminths, whether taken orally or by intramuscular injection, and one self-treater who needs to take oral Phenergan daily says that her NA are unaffected. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1597006987021917/?comment_id=1597396203649662&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] However, another hookworm host has reported that this drug did reduce his worm benefits when it was taken orally.

* ✅ Worm-safe antihistamines are
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenhydramine diphenhydramine] -- most likely to cause drowsiness
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loratadine loratadine] (Claritin)
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fexofenadine fexofenadine] (Allegra, Fexidine, Telfast, Fastofen, Tilfur, Vifas, Telfexo, Allerfexo) -- least likely to cause drowsiness
* ✅ Most '''Benadryl-branded products''' sold in the '''US''' contain only diphenhydramine so are worm-safe, e.g.
** [http://www.benadryl.com/products/allergy/benadryl-ultratab-tablets Benadryl Allergy Ultratab Tablets]
** [http://www.benadryl.com/products/allergy/benadryl-liquid-gels Benadryl Allergy Dye-Free Liqui-gels]
** [http://www.benadryl.com/products/children-allergy/benadryl-allergy-liquid Children’s Benadryl Allergy Liquid]
* ⚡ except
** [https://www.benadryl.com/products/children-allergy/benadryl-allergy-and-sinus-liquid Childrens’ Benadryl Allergy Plus Congestion] which also contains ⚡ phenylephrine, which has anthelminthic properties [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6127426] and has caused a brief return of disease symptoms in one worm host after a single dose.

'''Benadryl products''' sold in the '''UK''' all contain drugs with anthelminthic potential - either
* ⚡ cetirizine
** [http://www.benadryl.co.uk/allergy-relief-products/benadryl-allergy-liquid-capsules Benadryl Allergy Liquid Release Tablets/Capsules]
** [http://www.benadryl.co.uk/allergy-relief-products/benadryl-allergy-one-day Benadryl One a Day Relief Tablets/Capsules]
** [http://www.benadryl.co.uk/allergy-relief-products/benadryl-allergy-aged-two-plus Benadryl Allergy Children’s (2+ years) 1mg/ml Oral Solution]
** [http://www.benadryl.co.uk/allergy-relief-products/benadryl-allergy-children Benadryl Allergy Children’s 6+ 1mg/ml Oral Solution]
* ⚡ acrivastine
** [http://www.benadryl.co.uk/allergy-relief-products/benadryl-allergy-relief-plus Benadryl Allergy Relief Plus Decongestant Capsules]
** [http://www.benadryl.co.uk/allergy-relief-products/benadryl-allergy-relief Benadryl Allergy Relief Capsules]
</blockquote>

==== ✅ H2 antagonists are safe ====

<blockquote>
H2 antagonists are a separate class of drugs from '''proton-pump Inhibitors''' (see separate section).

The term, “antihistamine” is usually reserved for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1_antagonist H1 antagonists] whose main therapeutic effect is mediated by
negative modulation of histamine receptors, but [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2_antagonist H2 histamine receptor antagonists] can also be considered to be a
type of antihistamine. H2 antagonists include
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranitidine ranitidine] (Zantac) which works by blocking histamine and thus decreasing the amount of acid released by the cells of the stomach.
Other common H2 antagonists are
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimetidine cimetidine] (Tagamet)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famotidine famotidine] (Pepcid)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizatidine nizatidine] (Axid, Tazac).
</blockquote>

=== Antimalarials ===

<blockquote>
*⚡ A cross-epidemiological study of the effect of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroquine chloroquine] treatment for malaria in hookworm-endemic areas found that treated patients presented with reduced helminth egg burdens and worm-related pathology, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4558454/] and there has been one tentative suggestion from a helminth self-treater that the antimalarial medication, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine hydroxychloroquine] (e.g., Plaquenil), ''might'' have harmed her hookworms, although this has not been confirmed definitively. Two other subjects who have taken hydroxychloroquine concurrently with helminthic therapy - one of them in quite large quantities - did not observe any adverse effect on their worms, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1626974844025131/?comment_id=1627098244012791&reply_comment_id=1627251250664157&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R6%22%7D] and no other antimalarial drug has been suspected of harming therapeutic helminths, including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine Quinine].
</blockquote>

=== Antiprotozoals ===

<blockquote>
* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronidazole Metronidazole] (Flagyl). This is one of three derivatives of ❌[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroimidazole nitroimidazole] that is used against anaerobic bacterial and parasitic, as well as protozoan, infections. One hookworm host has reported[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/861694407219849/?comment_id=861879177201372&offset=0&total_comments=3&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] losing her colony to this drug, which should never be combined with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebendazole mebendazole] due a risk that, together, they may cause [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447769/ Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis], something about which many doctors and pharmacists may be unaware, especially in the US.
</blockquote>

=== Antipsychotics ===

<blockquote>
* ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine] (Thorazine and Largactil, etc.) This antipsychotic medication has shown anthelminthic effects against three widely divergent helminth species. It kills C. elegans at multiple life stages and acts rapidly to inhibit its feeding within minutes of exposure. It also decreases motility in the adult mouse whipworm, Trichuris muris, prevents hatching and development of the dog hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, and kills the blood fluke flatworm, Schistosoma mansoni. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29343694]
</blockquote>

=== Antivirals ===

<blockquote>
* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famciclovir Famciclovir] (Famvir) -- One hookworm host took Famciclovir (500mg) 3 times per day for many months without any noticeable effect on her colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/884990498223573/?comment_id=885041121551844&offset=0&total_comments=6&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtrex Valaciclovir/valacyclovir] (Valtrex, Zelitrex) -- This antiviral drug was taken by one worm host for a week without any adverse effect on his hookworms or whipworms.

* ❌ Nitazoxanide (See separate entry under Anthelminthics)
</blockquote>

=== Immunoglobulin therapy (IVIG) ===

✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_therapy Immunoglobulin therapy], also known as normal human immunoglobulin (NHIG) is compatible with helminthic therapy and has been used effectively in combination with TSO. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10069] [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10516] There is no reason to think that it would harm human helminths.

=== Immunosuppressive drugs ===

<blockquote>
'''✅ Immunosuppressive drugs reported to be safe for use by hosts of human helminths are:'''
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclosporin ciclosporin] (cyclosporine, cyclosporin). See also [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclosporins cyclosporins].
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid corticosteroids], including:
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisone prednisone] and its active metabolite, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisolone prednisolone]
** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluticasone_propionate fluticasone propionate] Also known as Flixotide (inhalatory), Flixonase and Flonase (nasal). At least three NA hosts have used this drug without any obvious impact on their worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1707473322641949/?comment_id=1707582379297710&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R1%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1707473322641949/?comment_id=1707720709283877&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1707473322641949/?comment_id=1707880315934583&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]
* the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiopurine thiopurines], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azathioprine azathioprine] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-MP mercaptopurine]/6-MP (purinethol)
* the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF_inhibitor TNF inhibitors]
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infliximab infliximab] (Remicade)
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalimumab adalimumab] (Humira)
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certolizumab_pegol certolizumab pegol] (Cimzia)
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golimumab golimumab] (Simponi)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanized_antibody humanized antibody drugs], e.g. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omalizumab omalizumab] (Xolair)
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody%23.22Fully.22_human_monoclonal_antibodies humanized monoclonal antibody drugs] such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalizumab natalizumab] (Tysabri)
* and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_protein recombinant fusion protein] drugs such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etanercept etanercept] (Enbrel)

It can be an advantage to be taking one of these drugs in the early stages of helminthic therapy because they can reduce, or even prevent, the transient side effects triggered by helminths, and their anti-inflammatory action can also help human helminths to become established. So anyone who is already taking one of these drugs should resist the temptation to stop taking it too soon after starting HT.

This applies particularly to subjects with Crohn's and other intestinal diseases, who tend to have a very vigorous immune response to helminths. Suddenly withdrawing a drug that has been keeping this response in check will likely cause a rebound effect that could result in a flare and, potentially, a loss of worms. This is explained in more detail [[Introduction to helminthic therapy#Combining helminthic therapy with drug treatments | here]].
</blockquote>

=== Immunotherapy ===

<blockquote>
✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergen_immunotherapy Allergen immunotherapy] -- In the form of sublingual drops/tablets, subcutaneous injections, and [http://www.aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/treatments/allergy-shots-(immunotherapy).aspx allergy “shots”],
this is safe to be used concurrently with helminthic therapy. In fact, many who have used the two therapies together have been very pleased with the combined effects.
</blockquote>

=== Laxatives ===

<blockquote>
It is possible to lose hookworms to diarrhoea/diarrhea, but only if this is very severe, or severe and prolonged, i.e., lasting for several weeks. (More detail [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10756 here].) People who get diarrhoea/diarrhea as a side effect following their first inoculation with hookworms don't lose all their worms as as result of this, and hookworms are able to withstand the typical [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopy#Preparation colonoscopy prep] using products such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), Macrogol, Colyte, Picosalax, Bisacodyl, phospho soda, sodium picosulfate, or sodium phosphate and/or magnesium citrate.

It would seem logical to assume that hookworms might be better able to resist being flushed out after the point at which they attach to the gut wall, which is towards the end of the third week, post inoculation.

While adult hookworms do move around to feed, and are therefore theoretically more likely to be lost if diarrhoea/ diarrhea strikes while they are on the move, this is unlikely to lead to any significant loss. So, as long as laxatives are taken in the recommended amounts, they should not pose a problem for hookworms.

It is unlikely that laxatives would dislodge whipworms once these are mature and embedded in the colonic mucosa, but laxatives could potentially flush them out before this, especially around 21-22 days post inoculation. It may therefore be best to avoid the use of laxatives around this time. After 28 days, they should not be affected at all.
</blockquote>

=== Recreational drugs ===

==== ❌ Piperazine-based recreational drugs ====
<blockquote>
[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13102818.2008.10817529 Piperazine-based recreational drugs] are a group of stimulant drugs with similar effects to ecstasy.
(See separate entry for details on [[#piperazine|piperazine]]) The main piperazine-derivatives that have been used for
recreational purposes include
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylpiperazine BZP] (Benzylpiperazine, A2, Frenzy, Nemesis)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine TFMPP] (1-[3-(trifluoro-methyl) phenyl]piperazine)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine mCPP] (meta-chlorophenylpiperazine, 1- [3-Chlorophenyl]-piperazine).
These drugs were frequently mixed with caffeine and a range of vitamins and binders to make party pills that were marketed as
“natural” or “herbal” highs, but were actually purely synthetic. Other piperazine-derived designer drugs include:
* '''AcBZP''' (4-Acetyl-1-benzylpiperazine, AceticBenzylPiperazine)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylbenzylpiperazine MBZP] (1-methyl-4-benzylpiperazine)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B-BZP 2C-B-BZP] (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-1-benzylpiperazine) One user has reported that periodic use of 2C-B did not affect his colony of NA.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzylpiperazine DBZP] (1,4-Dibenzylpiperazine)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine MDBZP] (3,4 Methylenedioxy-1-benzylpiperazine)
</blockquote>

==== ❌ Yage (Ayahuasca) ====

<blockquote>
It has been opined that anything that enters the bloodstream and disorients a host has a potential to do the same to hookworms - since they feed on their host’s blood - and that, if the disorientation is excessive, it may cause the worms to lose their grip on the mucosa and possibly be flushed away from their home base in the small intestine, and be lost. Although the assumption that the worms will become inebriated by anything that inebriates their host has been questioned because the 'nervous system' of helminths is quite different from that of mammals, one recreational drug that might produce this effect and cause the loss of hookworms is the South American drug, yage, also known as ayahuasca, as well as by a number of other names. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayahuasca%23Nomenclature]

This psychedelic brew, which is concocted by combining a variety of plant materials, was used as part of S. American native religious rituals and, since being commercialised, has become much more mainstream. Available in Europe and N. America through "churches" set up for its import, this drug causes a deep and immersive hallucinogenic experience during a “trip” lasting 4-8 hours, or 12-18 hours if the subject is re-dosed, which is not uncommon.

"Its purgative properties are important (known as la purga or "the purge"). The intense vomiting and occasional diarrhea it induces can clear the body of worms and other tropical parasites [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2656954] and harmala alkaloids themselves have been shown to be anthelmintic. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02860378] Thus, this action is twofold; a direct action on the parasites by these harmala alkaloids (particularly harmine in ayahuasca) works to kill the parasites, and parasites are expelled through the increased intestinal motility that is caused by these alkaloids." [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayahuasca]

“Tropical plants used by South American natives produce an array of isoquinoline and tryptamine-related alkaloids that are not only hallucinogens, but powerful emetics with a wide range of other biological activities, in particular antimicrobial and anthelmintic properties… We propose that these alkaloid mixtures were initially discovered and developed by indigenous people for treatment of a variety of parasitic diseases and incorporated into religious ceremonies using psychoactivity as an effective dose marker.” [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378874182900538]
</blockquote>

==== ✅ Safe for human helminths unless marked ====

<blockquote>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnotic Hypnotics] are generally worm-safe, e.g.
** '''propofol''' (see Anaesthetics section) is an ultrashort-acting sedative with amnesiac effects
** anything in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine benzodiazepine] class of drugs (e.g. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valium valium])
** the short-acting nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolpidem zolpidem] (e.g. Ambien [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/865157116873578/?comment_id=866638886725401&offset=0&total_comments=6&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D], Ambien CR, Intermezzo, Stilnox, Stilnoct, Sublinox, Hypnogen, Lunata, Zonadin, Sanval, Zolsana, Zolfresh)
** the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotic_analgesic opioids] (e.g. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeine codeine], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene dextropropoxyphene], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrocodeine dihydrocodeine], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocodone hydrocodone], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxycodone oxycodone], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol tramadol] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine morphine])
** along with any of their synthetic or time release variants (e.g. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl fentanyl]); [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1080879281968026/?comment_id=1081015631954391&reply_comment_id=1081726205216667&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

** ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa Kratom] (aka kratum and ketum). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/868935276495762/] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/868935276495762/?comment_id=869019499820673&offset=0&total_comments=2&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] Extracts and leaves of kratom are reported to have been used as intestinal deworming agents in Thailand, and the FDA has warned consumers not to use any products labeled as containing kratom. [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/304821.php] However, one human whipworm host has taken small doses without any apparent effect on his worms [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1788272677895346/?comment_id=1796502977072316&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] and a hookworm grower has reported no reduction in yield from his cultures after he took kratom.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium Opium], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin heroin], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug) cannabis]/[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)%23Marijuana marijuana]/[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashish hashish], quat, etc., are all commonly and regularly used in areas where helminths are endemic - Africa, S.E. Asia, S. America, etc. If any of these were harmful to helminths they would have been identified as such long ago and would have become a folk remedy for one worm or another.<br> A paper published in 2015 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26031406] showed that, in the group of hunter-gatherers studied, those who consume cannabis have a significantly lower rate of helminth infection, from which the researchers concluded that the Aka foragers must consume cannabis to kill parasites, even though the scientists admit that, while cannabis kills worms in a petri dish, it has not been shown to kill worms in animals. A different explanation for the correlation seen in this study could be that those individuals with the most worms feel less need to smoke cannabis, and this ties in with the experience of the many helminth hosts who have seen a reduction in anxiety while hosting worms.<br> One host of both hookworms and human whipworms has confirmed the presence of eggs from both species after cannabis use, and another hookworm host who used 10 drops of hemp '''CBD''' ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol cannabidiol]]) oil twice daily, plus a few drops of '''THC''' ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol tetrahydrocannabinol]) oil to help with sleep, has reported that her hookworms were unaffected. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1037560152966606/?comment_id=1037577039631584&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] Someone else used '''CBD''' oil for several months and noticed no adverse effect on his hookworms, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1239928846063068/?comment_id=1240221499367136&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] and this lack of any adverse effect has been confirmed by numerous other cannabis users. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1406977876024830/?comment_id=1407227059333245&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1059227607466527/?comment_id=1059279190794702&reply_comment_id=1407016112687673&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine Cocaine], in its pure, unadulterated state, could be added to this list of worm-safe drugs, but it is commonly adulterated with other substances that might harm helminths, particularly ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levamisole levamisole].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel Betel leaves] -- The leaves of the Piper betle vine (part of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperaceae Piperaceae] family, which includes pepper and ⚡kava) are used as a mild stimulant and are thought likely to be safe for human helminths, although there have been no reports from helminth hosts to confirm or contradict this.

* ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areca_nut betel nut] (or areca nut) seed of the areca palm (and also known as the areca nut palm, betel palm, Pinang palm and Indian nut) is often chewed wrapped in betel leaves - a combination known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paan paan] that is used for its stimulant and psychoactive effects. Betel nuts contain the anthelminthic [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecoline arecoline] and have been used as a tapeworm remedy. Fresh betel nuts are also known to be used very effectively by Torres Straight Islanders as a treatment for all types of intestinal worm, and surveys have found that the betel chewers were almost all worm-free, while others weren't. (Prolonged use of the betel nut can create addiction and the World Health Organization classifies the betel nut as a carcinogen.)

Most other recreational drugs should be safe for use by helminth hosts, including '''tobacco''', '''nicotine''' and most forms of '''alcohol'''.

* ➿ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage Alcohol] -- Normal social drinking should not have any adverse effect on helminths, and small amounts of alcohol may in fact extend a worm's life. [http://www.newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/tiny-amounts-of-ethanol-dramatically-221986.aspx] However, there have been hints [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/848418981880725/] that overindulging in alcohol may cause a temporary reduction in worm benefits, although this clearly isn’t the case for everyone and the effect is likely to be dose-dependent. Excessive consumption of alcohol that results in the user going into a coma due to alcohol poisoning may incur a greater risk to helminths.
** ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absinthe Absinthe] is one alcoholic drink that might present more of a risk, as it was traditionally made using herbs reported to have antiparasitic properties, including ❌'''wormwood'''. (See separate entry). However, the risk from absinthe has been questioned because it only contains the essential oil of wormwood, while the anthelminthic activity of this herb has been linked more to the bitter principles and the alkaloids, which are not included in absinthe.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA MDMA] (ecstasy) -- As primarily a serotonin and dopamine agonist, this is thought unlikely to have much effect on helminths. However, serotonin agonism increases peristalsis, so using MDMA may not be a good idea until after the worms have attached to the intestinal mucosa. Once they are attached, the increased peristalsis alone would not dislodge them.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine DMT] (N,N-Dimethyltryptamine or N,N-DMT) This psychedelic compound with powerful hallucinogenic effects has been reported by one user to be safe for use with NA.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD LSD] (Lysergic acid diethylamide) is unlikely to harm helminths, and there has been one report to confirm this.

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myristicin Myristicin] -- This psychoactive drug, which is the traditional precursor for the psychedelic and empathogenic drug [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMDA_(drug) MMDA], is found in very small quantities in vegetables, herbs and fruits consumed by humans on a daily basis, e.g., parsley, celery, lemons, figs, carrots, grape juice, Earl grey tea, nutmeg and dill, but this dietary intake is unlikely to be harmful to helminths. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5004179/]

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyote Peyote] (Lophophora williamsii) -- This cactus, which contains psychoactive alkaloids, including mescaline, is thought unlikely to harm helminths, but there have been no reports to confirm this.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin Psilocybin], a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine substituted tryptamine], is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound produced by more than 200 species of mushroom. Although illegal in most countries/states, psilocybin is used for the [https://clusterbusters.org/treatments-options-choices-and-more/psilocybin-and-lsd-in-the-treatment-of-cluster-headache/ self-treatment of cluster headaches], and one hookworm host has reported using this compound for two months to treat severe migraines, without noticing any apparent effect on his worms. However, it is possible that higher doses of this hallucinogenic may disorient hookworms for long enough to cause their loss.
</blockquote>

===Vaccines===

Three helminth hosts have claimed that they may have lost their hookworms after receiving the ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine tetanus vaccine], although others have had tetanus shots without any loss of worms, and several people receiving flu vaccination have reported that this had no effect on their hookworms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1861574483898498/?comment_id=1861706373885309&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R3%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1861574483898498/?comment_id=1861973877191892&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] Nothing has been reported in respect of other vaccines.

== Miscellaneous pharmaceuticals and chemicals ==

<blockquote>
''' ✅ Safe for worms unless marked otherwise'''
* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zovirax Aciclovir] (Cyclovir, Herpex, Acivir, Acivirax, Zovirax, Zoral, Xovir and Imavir). There have been no reported problems with this drug so far. See also the related drug, Valaciclovir/valacyclovir.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baclofen Baclofen] (Kemstro, Lioresal, Liofen, Gablofen, Beklo and Baclosan) is a derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). One host who took 20-30mgs of baclofen daily reported no loss of worm benefits.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbiturate Barbiturates] have now largely been replaced in routine medical practice by ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepines benzodiazepines], but they may still be encountered in general anaesthesia, for epilepsy, and in the treatment of acute migraines. These drugs depress the central nervous system, producing effects ranging from mild sedation to total anaesthesia, so, taken in sufficient quantity, they may disorient hookworms sufficiently to cause them to lose their grip on the intestinal mucosa and be flushed away from their feeding site.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines] (BZD, benzos). There have been no reports of this type of drug having any adverse effect on helminths. The short-acting anti-anxiety drug, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam alprazolam] (Xanax), was taken by one hookworm host (0.5 mg 3 or 4 times over the course of a month) without any apparent effect on his worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/912662098789746/?comment_id=912671848788771&offset=0&total_comments=2&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/912662098789746/?comment_id=912703545452268&offset=0&total_comments=4&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] Other self-treaters have found that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonazepam clonazepam] (Klonopin) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/912662098789746/?comment_id=912711478784808&offset=0&total_comments=7&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lormetazepam lormetazepam] are both worm-safe, as is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorazepam Lorazepam] (Ativan). [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/912662098789746/?comment_id=1099405830115371&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_subsalicylate Bismuth subsalicylate] (pink bismuth, the active ingredient in various stomach-settling medications such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepto-Bismol Pepto-Bismol] and Kaopectate)<br>There has been one suggestion that bismuth may have a temporary adverse effect on human helminths, similar to that caused by local anaesthetics/anesthetics, but this has not been confirmed by others. Pepto-Bismol is [http://www.reyessyndrome.org/pdfs/medicationscontainingaspirin.pdf listed] as containing aspirin (acetylsalicylate) or an aspirin-like substance (see ✅ Anticoagulants section regarding this ingredient).

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegretol Carbamazepine] (Tegretol, Equetro). This appears to be worm-safe. One host who took this for two weeks was still producing ample hookworm ova at the end of this period.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine Chlorine]. As a constituent of chlorinated water, e.g., municipal water supplies and at swimming baths, this is no threat to helminths.[http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/4685].

* ❓[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide Chlorine dioxide] (CD, also known as MMS, CDS, CDH) is used as a water purifier and detoxifier. Users of CD claim that it kills parasites, and that "rope worm" is often released during enemas. However medics and parasitologists say these rope-like forms are more likely to be pieces of gut lining, as they contain mostly human DNA. Researcher William Parker mentions CD and parasites in [https://www.autism.com/statement_helminths this talk]. The appearance of “rope worms” is also reported outside the CD user community.

* [http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=36f623df-2ae3-4858-9783-c058097951f4&type=display Cortifoam], a hydrocortisone rectal aerosol, uses propane and isobutane as propellants, neither of which is known to have any adverse effect on helminths.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COX-2_inhibitors COX-2 inhibitors], e.g., [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celecoxib&redirect=no celecoxib] (Celebrex), are safe for use with helminths.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromoglicic_acid Cromoglicic acid] (cromolyn, cromoglycate or cromoglicate, sodium cromoglicate [Nalcrom] or cromolyn sodium)<br>is a mast cell stabiliser with anti-allergy effects. One hookworm host has taken 8x100mg capsules of Nalcrom daily for periods of up to 10 days without any adverse effect on her colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/952539741468648/?comment_id=953466358042653&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D]

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry5B Cry5B]. This is one of a family of proteins produced by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis] (Bt), a bacterium that has been engineered into food crops such as corn and rice to render them pest resistant, and residues of B. thuringiensisbased insecticides have been found on fresh fruits and vegetables. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16672488] Cry5B can kill intestinal worms and is highly effective against all hookworm species tested in all models [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29772478]. It is also used as a natural insecticide on crops on some organic farms. However, the risk of therapeutic helminths being killed as a result of their hosts ingesting small amounts of the delta endotoxins produced by Bt is likely to be very low. When used as an insecticide, one of the many Bt strains available is selected for its specific toxicity against the target insect. The strains that produce toxins against nematodes are therefore unlikely to be used as agricultural insecticides. In addition to this, the toxins produced need to be ingested by the target organism to become active and, as proteins, they may be denatured by heat during cooking. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1270850719637547/?comment_id=1270971972958755&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] The probiotic bacterium, Bacillus subtilis, can also be engineered to express the Cry5B protein, a small dose of which has been shown to kill intestinal nematode parasites, achieving a 93 percent elimination of human hookworms in hamsters. [https://www.asm.org/index.php/asm-newsroom2/journal-tipsheets/88-news-room/journal-tipsheets/91749-natural-pest-control-protein-effective-against-hookworm-a-billion-could-benefit], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23835175] Although researchers may be pursuing this development as a means of delivering anthelminthics via foods and food supplements, the strain of Bacillus subtilis currently used in probiotics that have been manufactured for human consumption is not known to have been modified in this way, and one hookworm host has reported that his worms were unaffected after eating a lot of natto (made using Bacillus subtilis) and taking the Bacillus subtilis-containing probiotic product, Megasporebiotic. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1084149894974298/?comment_id=1084177824971505&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R6%22%7D]

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic_acid DMPS] (Dimercapto-propane sulfonate/2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid) and its sodium salt, Unithiol. There have been no reports so far about possible anthelminthic effects following the use of this drug, but there do appear to be some [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18568806 serious risks attached to its use].

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimercaptosuccinic_acid DMSA] (Dimercaptosuccinic acid, also called succimer). The meso isomer form of this organosulfur compound is used as a chelating agent for the treatment of heavy metal toxicity. One hookworm host has taken 25 mg DMSA every 3 hours around the clock for 5 days, and repeated this every 3 weeks for a year without harming her hookworm colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/860154964040460/?comment_id=991229547599667&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D] DMSA is apparently such an effective chelator that it may deplete levels of beneficial minerals, so should arguably be used under the guidance of a practitioner. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/860154964040460/?comment_id=860226537366636&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide DMSO] (Dimethyl sulfoxide) has been [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/5762 used by one helminth host] without adverse effect.

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid EDTA] (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). There are, as yet, no reports from helminth hosts about the possible effects on intestinal worms of this heavy metal chelator.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil Essential oils]. These are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetherolea, or simply as the "oil of" the plant from which they were extracted. Certain essential oils contain some of the most potent antimicrobial compounds available and can be considered to be [http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/01/the-new-antibiotics-might-be-essential-oils/384247/ natural antibiotics]. For example ❌'''oregano oil''' (see [[#Oregano|Oregano]] reference) and ⚡'''peppermint oil''' (see [[#Peppermint|Peppermint]] reference) can affect human helminths if ingested. However when essential oils are diffused into the air using a nebuliser, heated over a candle flame or burned, these should not harm helminths, even when using blends containing oregano or peppermint oil. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/807989739256983/?comment_id=808058079250149&offset=0&total_comments=3], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/807989739256983/?comment_id=809316062457684&offset=0&total_comments=6&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* ⚡ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid GABA] (gamma-aminobutyric acid). It has been reported[http://www.livestrong.com/article/216236-medications-to-treat-human-worms/] that the anthelminthic drug, ivermectin, causes paralysis in worms by increasing GABA, and a hookworm host has mentioned[https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/9826] that she “used to do really well with GABA, but worms don't like it.” On the other hand, a child with Type 1 diabetes was given GABA (750mg x4 per day) alongside hookworm therapy without any indication that the worms were affected by this [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/10126], and another hookworm host who took 20-30mgs per day of ✅'''baclofen''' (a derivative of GABA) reported no loss of worm benefits.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentin Gabapentin] (Neurontin). One hookworm host has taken this without any obvious adverse effect on her colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1447874731935144/?comment_id=1450229985032952&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genistein Genistein] is an isoflavone (phytoestrogen) with antioxidant and anthelminthic properties that has been found to be the main substance responsible for the deworming activity of the root-tuber peel extract of Felmingia vestita, the plant traditionally used as an anthelminthic by the Khasi tribes of India. Genistein is a potent cestocide, being highly effective against several species of tapeworm, as well as a pork trematode and a sheep liver fluke. (See also: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29844617]) Given the strength of its effect against these other helminths, it is reasonable to assume that concentrated or synthesised forms of genistein (such as KBU2046 and B43-genistein) may also harm or even kill therapeutic human helminths, although there is no evidence that eating soy products might be harmful to human helminths as a result of the naturally occurring genistein they contain.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaifenesin Guaifenesin]. This oral expectorant and muscle relaxant is sold under various brand names, including Mucinex, and is added to many other medicines. There have been no reports of this drug having any ill effect on helminths, and one hookworm host has reported[https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10844] that he regularly takes between 2 and 6 x 400 mg guaifenesin tablets to treat congestion, without any apparent effect on his worms.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium Helium] appears to be worm-safe, based on the experience of one hookworm host who deliberately inhaled a small volume of the gas (to enjoy the timbre-changing effect on his voice!) while blowing up balloons, and had no loss of effect from his worm colony.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide Hydrogen peroxide] (H2O2). This may kill helminths in a petri dish but it is so highly reactive that, if ingested, there is likely to be little left by the time it reaches the stomach. It is therefore thought to be unlikely to be a problem for helminths, although no one has reported on this, one way or the other, so it may pay to be cautious with H2O2 until there is more certainty.

* ❓Hyoscyamine [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoscyamine]. (Also known as daturine and levo-atropine. Brand names include Symax, HyoMax, Anaspaz, Egazil, Buwecon, Cystospaz, Levsin, Levbid, Levsinex, Donnamar, NuLev, Spacol T/S and Neoquess.) It has been suggested that hyoscyamine is unlikely to be harmful helminths, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1459052987483985/?comment_id=1459076817481602&reply_comment_id=1459213767467907&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] but there have been no reports to confirm this.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine Iodine]. This appears not to have any anthelminthic effect in the case of [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02356443?no-access=true some species of roundworm and lungworm] and no reports of adverse effects have been posted by helminth hosts who are taking iodine supplements.

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotretinoin Isotretinoin] (13-cis retinoic acid, Roaccutane, Accutane, Amnesteem, Claravis, Absorica, Isotroin and Epuris) is used to treat acne and other skin conditions. Although there have been no reports of harm to helminths as a result of taking this drug, anyone considering its use might appreciate knowing that it has been linked to autoimmune disease, which is of course what many readers of this website are already dealing with. The link is controversial, but this paper[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4110532/] sets out the facts.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactulose Lactulose]. This synthetic, non-digestible sugar used in the treatment of chronic constipation and as a test for small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) has not been reported to have any untoward effects on human helminths.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loperamide Loperamide] (Immodium, Lopex, etc.) This drug has been taken by numerous worm hosts and there have been no reports of it harming their worms.

* [[Wikipedia:Low-dose naltrexone|Low dose naltrexone]] (LDN). This is compatible with helminthic therapy and several people have had good results from this combination, although the drug doesn’t suit everyone. More details [http://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/index.php/Helminthic_therapy_and_low-dose_naltrexone_(LDN) here].

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine Lisdexamfetamine / L-lysine-dextroamphetamine] (Tyvense, Elvanse, Aduvanz, Venvanse, Vyvanse) is used to treat ADHD and binge eating disorder. One hookworm host took vyvanse for several weeks without noticing any adverse effect on her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1462105477178736/?comment_id=1462409000481717&reply_comment_id=1729076717148276&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepacrine Mepacrine] (quinacrine [Atabrine]). This is an antiprotozoal drug that has also been used against tapeworms, so it could harm hookworms and whipworms. No one has so far reported any problem with it, but it's likely that few, if any, helminth hosts will have taken it, especially as, "Mepacrine is not the drug of choice because side effects are common, including toxic psychosis, and may cause permanent damage."

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metformin Metformin] [Glucophage], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenformin phenformin], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosiglitazone rosiglitazone] [Avandia] are [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-diabetic_medication anti-diabetic medications] (also known as oral hypoglycemic or antihyperglycemic agents) that have been shown to have antibiotic properties[http://www.cysonline.org/article.asp?issn=2229-5186;year=2011;volume=2;issue=4;spage=219;epage=221;aulast=Dash], so might therefore have some degree of anthelminthic effect when used in higher doses. However no reports of such an effect have been posted so far by hosts of therapeutic human helminths.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methotrexate Methotrexate]. Some people have taken methotrexate alongside HT without any problem [http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/9081] including one NA host who combined these two treatments for 1½ years, taking up to 15 mg methotrexate per day. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1262248410497778/?comment_id=1262259710496648&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R1%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1530311280358155/?comment_id=1530363560352927&reply_comment_id=1531077360281547&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R5%22%7D] However, one individual got no benefit from his worms for over a year, while he was taking this drug.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montelukast Montelukast] (Singulair, Montelo-10, Monteflo, Lukotas, Arokast and Pulmikast). This leukotriene receptor antagonist has been taken intermittently, in 10 mg doses, by one hookworm host with no apparent effect on her colony, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/904649709590985/?comment_id=904760852913204&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R3%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/904649709590985/?comment_id=904793842909905&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] and regularly by another. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1682302251825723/?comment_id=1683751361680812&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_relaxant Muscle relaxants]. Anything that relaxes a worm host has the potential to do the same to his or her human helminths, conceivably affecting the ability of hookworms to maintain their grip on the host’s mucosa, and therefore possibly causing their expulsion, although this effect will likely be dose-dependent. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carisoprodol Carisoprodol] (Soma, Sanoma and Carisoma) was suspected[https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/1534] by one worm host of causing the loss of his hookworm population, although ✅'''Guaifenesin''' appears to be safe. Whipworms may not be as vulnerable as hookworms, due to the fact that they do not feed directly from the bloodstream and they anchor themselves in the colonic mucosa.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs] (NSAIDS, NSAIAs or NSAIMs) e.g: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin aspirin], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofenac diclofenac] (sold under many trade names[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofenac%23Trade_names]), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofen ibuprofen] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naproxen naproxen], are safe for use with helminths, but see Anticoagulants section regarding aspirin.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone Ozone]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_therapy Ozone therapy] is used as an alternative treatment for various diseases in humans but is still controversial. Ozone is also used to kill microorganisms, in some instances being employed in place of chlorine as a bactericide. It is also used to eradicate water borne parasites such as Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium, and to kill insects in stored grain. So there would appear to be a potential for ozone to have an adverse effect on human helminths, although this may depend on dosage and there have been no reports to date of the use of ozone by helminth hosts, so caution would seem to be warranted until more is known.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaminophen Paracetamol] (acetaminophen. Also sold under names tylenol, panadol, etc). This is safe for use with helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentobarbital Pentobarbital] (US), pentobarbitone (UK), e.g., Nembutal, is a short-acting '''barbiturate''' that has been used as a sleep aid, as well as to euthanise animals and to execute humans. It’s possible that the dosages used to encourage sleep might not have any deleterious effect on human helminths, but, if this drug were to disorientate hookworms, they could lose their grip on the intestinal mucosa and be flushed away. So far, there have been no reports about this drug from any helminth host, although few, if any, will have taken it.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracetam Piracetam]. This nootropic, cognition- and memory-enhancing drug (Nootropil, Qropi, Myocalm, Dinagen) was suspected as the cause in one case of sudden worm loss.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor Proton-pump inhibitors] (PPIs). These gastric acid inhibiting drugs appear to be safe for use with helminths.
** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeprazole omeprazole] (e.g., Losec)
** and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansoprazole lansoprazole] (e.g., Prevacid).

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine] is a stimulant nasal decongestant[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decongestant] that is sometimes added to antihistamine preparations and other products, including some formulations sold under the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudafed Sudafed] brand. Pseudoephedrine has not been reported to have any adverse effect on helminths.

* ➿ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-131 Radioactive iodine] (also known as radioiodine), which is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, can adversely affect hookworms, at least temporarily. One worm host found that '''isotope I-128''' (used in diagnostics) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/830004963722127/ put her colony out of action for a week or two], and has suggested that '''isotope I-131''' (used to kill thyroid tissue) may have a similar effect.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viagra Sildenafil] (Viagra). This does not kill hookworms[https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/2144].

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simethicone Simethicone]. This anti-foaming agent is used in different dosages, and in combination with a variety of other drugs, in a huge number of products, including Gas-X, to reduce bloating and the discomfort caused by excessive gas. Simethicone has been tested directly on pig whipworm ova (TSO) and found to have no effect on them, but there have been no reports so far to suggest whether or not it might affect human helminths.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_oxybate Sodium oxybate] (Xyrem, Alcover) is the sodium salt of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid γ-hydroxybutyric acid] (GHB), which is unlikely to harm helminths because it’s an endogenous substance found naturally in the human body[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/813700862019204/?comment_id=815965665126057&offset=0&total_comments=23&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D], and one hookworm/whipworm host has confirmed that it did not affect her worms.[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/813700862019204/?comment_id=815975511791739&offset=0&total_comments=24&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_hormone Steroid hormones]. One host of both hookworms and whipworms takes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone progesterone] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone testosterone] with [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/824719590917331/?comment_id=825008124221811&offset=0&total_comments=1&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D no adverse effect on her worms].

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpentine Turpentine]. Also known as spirit of turpentine, oil of turpentine, wood turpentine and, colloquially, turps, this is distilled from pine tree resins. If applied topically to the skin - for example as a treatment for lice - it is unlikely to harm helminths. However, it has been used traditionally as an anthelminthic, so it may be harmful to human helminths if taken internally. It may, however, also be toxic to humans!

* [http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/lung-problems/medicines/vicks-first-defence.html Vicks First Defence]. This cold preventative nasal spray does not contain antiviral chemicals, but forms a microgel that coats the lining of the nose to trap the cold virus and prevent this from reaching, and infecting, the cells within the nose. The microgel also reduces the pH inside the nose, which further helps by making it harder for the cold virus to multiply. It seems unlikely that any of this product’s ingredients[http://www.vicks.co.uk/products/cold-intervention/vicks-first-defence-nasal-spray/] would harm helminths, although there have been no reports to confirm this.

* <span id=VOCs></span>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_Organic_Compounds Volatile Organic Compounds] (VOCs), as found in paints, felt tip markers, etc., are unlikely to harm helminths. One helminth host who regularly worked with organic solvents (including CH2Cl2 and CHCl3) has reported that his helminths have not been affected.
</blockquote>

== Medical procedures ==

<blockquote>
''' ✅ Safe for human helminths unless marked otherwise'''
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopy Colonoscopy]<br>As whipworms live in the colon, they may be at some risk of being struck by a colonoscope, but much of their body is embedded in the soft mucosa, and they are well lubricated with mucus, so few, if any, are likely to be damaged. Hookworms should not be affected by colonoscopy at all because they live in the small intestine, which is much higher up the GI tract. Hookworms might possibly be seen during a colonoscopy, but only if the colonoscope is advanced into the terminal ileum, and only then if any hookworms have taken up residence in the ileum, which is not common as they normally concentrate in the upper part of the jejunum, which is above the ileum, and is shown in red in this representation.<br><br><span style="width:auto; background-color:#F5FAFF;border: 1px solid #CEDFF2; padding:12px;"> mouth ➤ oesophagus ➤ stomach ➤ <span style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray;">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum duodenum] ➤ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunum <span style="color:red;">jej</span>unum] ➤ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileum ileum]</span> ➤ <span style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecum caecum] ➤ colon</span> ➤ rectum</span><br><br>Anaesthesia for colonoscopy is likely to involve the use of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioids opioid] pain killers ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl fentanyl], etc.), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine benzodiazepine] anaesthetics ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versed Versed], etc.) and/or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotic_analgesic narcotic analgesics], all of which appear to be harmless to helminths.<br>See also [[Human helminth care manual#Laxatives | Laxatives]] regarding [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopy#Preparation colonoscopy prep].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonic_hydrotherapy Colonic Hydrotherapy]<br>This will not harm hookworms and is unlikely to harm whipworms unless the fluid used contains something to which the whipworms are vulnerable.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detoxification Detoxification] <br>The use of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_sauna infrared saunas] is [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/860154964040460/?comment_id=860231720699451&offset=0&total_comments=7&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D safe for helminths], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelation_therapy chelation therapy] using the [http://www.livingnetwork.co.za/chelationnetwork/chelation-the-andy-cutler-protocol/ Andy Cutler protocol] has been used by one hookworm host with no obvious adverse effect[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/860154964040460/?comment_id=860208537368436&offset=0&total_comments=7&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D] on her colony. (Also see ❓'''DMPS''', ✅'''DMSA''' and ❓'''EDTA'''.)

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enema Enemas] <br>These will not affect hookworms at all, and the liquid used is unlikely to have any adverse effect on whipworms unless this contains something to which they are susceptible.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopy Endoscopy] <br>A standard upper endoscopy (via the mouth) will not reach past the duodenum, and probably only as far as the second of the four parts of this section of the small intestine. It would therefore not harm hookworms or even allow a doctor to see the jejunum, which is the predominant location of hookworms by 20 weeks post-inoculation, shown in red in this representation.<br><br><span style="width:auto; background-color:#F5FAFF;border: 1px solid #CEDFF2; padding:12px;"> mouth ➤ oesophagus ➤ stomach ➤ <span style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray;">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum duodenum] ➤ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunum <span style="color:red;">jej</span>unum] ➤ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileum ileum]</span> ➤ <span style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecum caecum] ➤ colon</span> ➤ rectum</span><br><br>See also the anaesthesia section (anaesthesia for endoscopy).

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging Magnetic resonance imaging] An MRI is unlikely to harm helminths, but it can cause a temporary adverse reaction in the patient which may overshadow the benefits being provided by their helminths. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1296754897047129/] The gadolinium-based contrast agents used for MRI may also have adverse effects on the patient. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28368880]

* ❌[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy Radiation therapy] (also known as radiotherapy, and abbreviated as RT, RTx, or XRT) is a treatment for cancer that used ionizing radiation. It had been thought unlikely that this would harm helminths [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1074039122652042/?comment_id=1074160752639879&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] but one hookworm host appears to have lost her colony after radiotherapy for breast cancer. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1074039122652042/?comment_id=1240655962657023&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology Radiology] <br>Radiological procedures (e.g., [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiography radiography] using [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray X-rays]) and the contrast materials used in these (e.g., [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium barium] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI_contrast_agent%23Gadolinium_.28Gd.29:_Paramagnetic gadolinium]) have been found to be safe by several hookworm users. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1014349448621010/?comment_id=1014377761951512&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1014349448621010/?comment_id=1014821705240451&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]
</blockquote>

<span id="AlternativeTherapies"></span>

== Alternative therapies ==

=== Alternative antibiotics ===
<blockquote>

* ➿ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloidal_silver Colloidal silver]. Some sources have claimed that, if taken orally, this may kill parasite eggs and possibly harm adult worms, but many helminth hosts have taken colloidal silver and there have been no reports of worms being lost as a result. Colloidal silver appears to be the most worm-friendly of the more effective natural antimicrobials, and it has also been shown to have no significant effect on the biodiversity of species in the gut microbiome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26525505]. Although it can reduce helminthic benefits in a dose-dependent manner while it is being taken, the benefits soon return after its use is discontinued - usually in a matter of days. (Use of this [http://www.silversafety.org/autocalculator.php Silver Safety Auto-calculator] will ensure that total silver intake remains at a safe level.)

* ❓ '''Cellular silver'''. The manufacturers of [http://www.resultsrna.com/products/acs_200_overview/ Advanced Cellular Silver (ACS) 200 Extra Strength] claim that it is “...effective against an enormous array of disease causing organisms; literally oxidizing the cell wall of gram positive and gram negative bacteria, spirochetes, virus, fungus, parasites and more without harming healthy flora or damaging human tissue”. Research[http://www.townsendletter.com/Jan2015/silver0115.html] shows that this form of silver may be more effective than ➿'''colloidal silver''' (see local reference above), but, so far, there have been no reports from helminth hosts to suggest what effect, if any, it might have on human helminths.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit_seed_extract Grapefruit seed extract] (GSE). Also known as citrus seed extract and grapefruit seed oil, and often labelled as citrus seed oil. It is used in herbalism and natural therapies as an antibiotic and preservative, and is claimed to be a powerful broad spectrum bactericide, fungicide and antiviral that is effective against a large number of single-celled and multi-celled parasites. However, research has shown that [http://cms.herbalgram.org/press/2012/Many_GFSE_Adulterated_Says_Nonprofit_Research_Consortium.html many “natural” GSE products are adulterated] with undeclared synthetic chemicals, commercially available preservatives and disinfectants, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan triclosan] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzethonium_chloride benzethonium chloride]. Some versions of GSE [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17468864 may not contain any authentic grapefruit seed extracts] whatsoever, such that its sale may well be one of the most insidious herbal product scams ever. Even if genuinely pure, natural GSE could be found - which, given the evidence, seems doubtful - there may be little point in taking it as an antimicrobial because pure GSE has been shown to have no intrinsic antimicrobial action. And, as the makeup of proprietary GSE products varies so widely, these can not be recommended for worm hosts due to the possibility that one or more of the undeclared ingredients may harm human helminths. (NB. The flesh of grapefruit will not harm helminths.)
</blockquote>

=== Ayurvedic remedies [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedic] ===

<blockquote>
The following ayurvedic remedies are used, in combination, to treat pinworms, so may also have an adverse effect
on other helminths:
* ⚡[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidanga vidanga] (Embelia ribes)
* ⚡[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmar Gymnema sylvestre] (cowplant, cowplant, gurmari, gurmarbooti, gurmar, periploca of the woods, meshasringa, Bedki cha pala and miracle fruit)
* ⚡[http://ayurveda-foryou.com/ayurveda_herb/trikatu.html trikatu] - a combination of (see Spices section)
** ⚡[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper black pepper] (Piper nigrum - see [[#Spices|local reference]]),
** ⚡[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Long_Pepper long pepper] (Piper longum)
** ⚡'''ginger''' (Zingiber officinale - see [[#Ginger|local reference]])

* ⚡[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphala Triphala]. This is an Ayurvedic herbal formula combining three myrobalans: Amalaki (Emblica officinalis), Bibhitaki (Terminalia bellirica/Terminalia bellerica), and Haritaki (Terminalia chebula). The latter two of these are reported to be anthelminthic, but they also have laxative properties, and this latter characteristic, rather than actual wormkilling ability, may be the source of any ‘anthelminthic’ effects.
</blockquote>

=== Chinese herbal medicines [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Herbal_Medicine] ===

==== ❌ Anthelminthic Chinese herbs ====

<blockquote>
* Bing Lang (Semen arecae). Used against roundworms and flukes.
* Chuan Lian Gen Pi (Cortex meliae radicis). Used against roundworms.
* Da Huang (Radix et rhizoma rhei). Used in combination remedies to treat flukes.
* Guan Zhong (Rhizoma dryopteris crassirhizomae). Used in combination remedies to treat hookworms.
* Ku Lian Gen Pi (Cortex meliae radicis). Used to treat pinworms, and in combination remedies to treat hookworms.
* Lei Wan (Sclerotium omphaliae). Used specifically to treat hookworms.
* Qian Niu Zi (Semen pharbitidis). Used in combination remedies to treat flukes.
* Qu Hui Wan (Dispel Roundworms Pill). Used against roundworms.
* Shi Jun Zi (Fructus quisqualis). Used against pinworms.
* Tu Jing Jie (Herba chenopodii ambrosioidis). Used in combination remedies to treat hookworms.
* Wu Mei Wan (Mume Pill). Used against roundworms.
* Zi Su Ye (Folium perillae). Used in combination remedies to treat hookworms.
</blockquote>

=== Homeopathic remedies ===

✅ Most homeopathic remedies are unlikely to have any adverse effect on human helminths. For example, the influenza remedy, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillococcinum Oscillococcinum], has been taken occasionally by one hookworm host without harming her colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1590515217671094/?comment_id=1590860620969887&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

==== ❌ Antiparasitic homeopathic remedies [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy] ====

<blockquote>
* Cina (a homeopathically potentised form of Eurasian wormwood - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_cina Artemisia cina])
* Cuprum oxidatum nigrum
* Indigoz
* Podophyllum
* Sabadilla
* Santoninum
* Spigelia
* Stanum
* Teucrium marum
</blockquote>

== Foods, supplements, spices, herbs and fungi ==

{{Columns|3}}
There are lists on the internet claiming that common foods and spices such as pumpkin seeds, turmeric, and even carrots, will kill helminths, but '''normal dietary amounts of most ''unprocessed'' foods, spices and herbs, will not harm helminths.'''

For example, carrots and sweet potatoes are both claimed to be 'antiparasitic' in some online lists, but one individual who eats 400 g (14 oz) of one or other of these vegetables every day, is still able to maintain a thriving hookworm colony, and there are others who have eaten far more than this without harming their worms. There are several further reports confirming the safety of dietary amounts of foods and spices here
[http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/8280],
[http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/7627],
[http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/8287],
[http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/8484].

The only problem that is likely to arise with foods, spices or herbs is when these, and particularly herbs, are artificially concentrated or processed to create extracts or tinctures. Any herbal medicine that claims to have antiparasitic, or even antibacterial or antifungal properties may present a potential risk to human helminths and should therefore be approached with caution. The ultimate potency of these substances will depend on a number of factors, including, in the case of plants, the part used, the [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=21110041 method of extraction], the extent of concentration and/or processing, and dosage.

The effect of such substances also appears to vary between individuals, probably due to differences in the strength of their immune response to helminths, and some people, particularly those who have more difficulty holding on to a viable helminth colony and therefore need more frequent top-ups (especially a subset of patients with IBD or coeliac disease, and some with allergies) may find that ingesting certain substances that have no effect on the worms of other hosts may tip the balance in their case and cause a temporary dip in worm benefits, or even a loss of worms. For example, one helminth host has reported taking peppermint oil continuously without any apparent adverse effect on his worms, yet another individual could not keep a worm colony at all while taking peppermint oil.

In the case of some foods and herbs, a single part of the plant, usually a part that is not normally eaten - perhaps the bark or root - may have antiparasitic properties, while other parts of the same plant may be perfectly safe to eat. For example, the seeds of pomegranates are safe to eat, while the bark of the stems of this plant contains an anthelminthic compound, and the bark of the root contains an even more potent form of this alkaloid, which is used to treat roundworms, pinworms and tapeworms.

'''So, while bearing in mind the general principles set out in the Introduction and the last few paragraphs above, and using the details in the list below, helminth hosts need to observe their own responses and learn what they, as individuals, can and cannot safely consume while hosting helminths.'''

There will often be a warning indication whenever one's worms are not happy. This may be a general loss of wellbeing, or a return of specific symptoms. For example, one person always gets a marked increase in nasal congestion if something compromises the health of his worms.
{{Columns}}

=== Foods ===
<blockquote>
'''✅ Food items are considered safe unless marked otherwise'''

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_melon Bitter melon] (momordica charantia). This cucumber-shaped vegetable found in Asian markets is also known as karela, ampalaya and bitter gourd. Both fruit and seeds have been and still are used in a number of countries to treat pinworm infections, and for expelling parasites generally. However, the quantities quoted as being necessary in order to eradicate worms are rather large, for example two whole melons each day for seven to ten days, repeated after two months. It is therefore unlikely that normal dietary amounts of bitter melon will adversely affect helminths.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot Carrot] (Daucus carota, subsp. sativus). The taproot of the carrot is rich in beta carotene, a precursor for vitamin A, which has been claimed to increase resistance to penetration by larvae. Carrots have also been claimed to be offensive to all parasites and valuable in the elimination of threadworms, but normal dietary amounts are not harmful to therapeutic helminths, and many helminth hosts have regularly eaten significant quantities of this vegetable (e.g., up to 1kg daily [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1074474759275145/?comment_id=1084028951653059&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]) without adversely affecting their worms.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicory Chicory] (Cichorium intybus). This is well known for its toxicity to intestinal parasites, and studies have indicated that ingestion of chicory by farm animals results in reduced worm burdens. This plant contains volatile oils similar to those found in plants in the related genus Tanacetum, which includes ❌'''Tansy''', and is said to be similarly effective in eliminating intestinal worms, but eating dietary quantities of chicory has not been reported to adversely affect human helminths.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citron Citron] (Citrus medica). Alcoholic extracts of the rind of citron have shown ‘moderate’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies. These extracts may therefore also have an adverse effect on other helminths, though there is no evidence that eating normal dietary amounts of the flesh of this fruit might harm human helminths.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut Coconut]. Coconut products contain medium-chain-triglycerides (MCT), some of which have been shown to be effective against many parasites including giardia, other protozoa, and also tapeworms. The fats in '''coconut oil''' are 40% lauric acid, the MCT most well-known for its antibacterial, antimicrobial and antiviral properties, [http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2016/08/22/mct-oil-health-benefits.aspx] and the one that may be responsible for any adverse effect on helminths. '''Fractionated coconut oil''' contains primarily caprylic and capric acids [https://authoritynutrition.com/fractionated-coconut-oil/] which appear not to harm helminths.<br>'''Coconut fiber''', especially in the form of dried or ground coconut flesh (desiccated coconut, coconut flour) has long been used to expel intestinal worms, both in humans [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1412001672189117/] and animals, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21120531] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24271156] and becomes more effective as the quantity increases. Eating an entire cake baked with coconut flour brought a return of disease symptoms for one hookworm host. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/946802485375707/]<br>Most helminth hosts find that they can eat normal dietary amounts of coconut products without adversely affecting their worms, as can be seen in these examples. [http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/8287] [http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/8484] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/877714092284547/?comment_id=880956541960302&offset=0&total_comments=6&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/544122108977082/] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/872052362850720/?comment_id=872162672839689&offset=0&total_comments=10&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1026756790713609/?comment_id=1026771657378789&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1026756790713609/?comment_id=1026788797377075&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1726786724043942/?comment_id=1726865127369435&reply_comment_id=1726875977368350&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] Nevertheless, coconut products do have a potential to affect helminths in some individuals, especially '''coconut oil''' and '''coconut milk''', and the effect is often dose-dependent. For example, one hookworm host who checks the egg output of his worms has reported that they twice produced zero eggs for a period of time after he drank coconut milk. Another hookworm host gets increased pain a few hours after ingesting coconut milk or powder. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/966600183395937/?comment_id=967794996609789&reply_comment_id=968778733178082&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R3%22%7D]<br>Someone else found that, while consuming 200 mg of coconut milk caused a temporary return of mild symptoms of his disease, he regularly eats coconut oil without any obvious problem, but other hookworm hosts have reported a return of disease symptoms after consuming coconut oil. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1446457812076836/] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1408578419198109/?comment_id=1409474272441857&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]<br> A hookworm grower has reported that he can consume coconut products "somewhat regularly" and still be able to incubate plenty of larvae, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/678894952216125/permalink/1407193439386269/?comment_id=1407718306000449&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] but another grower has found that, while his colony continues to thrive and produce eggs when he takes 3 tablespoons of coconut oil each day, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1084278171628137/?comment_id=1088696887852932&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] about ⅓ of any larvae produced will be dead, and the rest “less energetic”, so he normally restricts himself to 2 tablespoons per day.<br> '''Coconut water''' may also adversely affect a hookworm colony, as one host found after drinking 1 litre of coconut water, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1051741958215092/] and another found after drinking coconut water kefir. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1696907597031855/?comment_id=1698709520184996&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]<br>One hookworm host finds that '''all coconut products''' have an adverse effect, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1408578419198109/?comment_id=1409105045812113&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] while two others have said that even small amounts of coconut quickly result in a loss of benefits. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1331489750240310/?comment_id=1339469669442318&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R2%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1526713510717932/?comment_id=1529128360476447&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]<br>Some '''CBD oils''' for vaping are suspended in coconut oil. However, most of these are only a 3% suspension, so *may* be safe for use while hosting human helminths.<br>'''Coconut sugar''' should not carry the same degree of risk because, whereas coconut milk, oil and flour are all obtained from the flesh of mature coconuts, and coconut water is also from inside the fleshy part of the coconut, coconut sugar comes from the sap of coconut palm flower buds and consists largely of sugars.<br>The seasoning sauce, '''Coconut Aminos''', is also made from coconut tree sap, and at least one hookworm host has used this regularly without issue. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1696907597031855/?comment_id=1697083593680922&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry Cranberry] (Vaccinium macrocarpon). This is claimed by some sources to contain antiparasitic enzymes, and cranberry powder is sometimes included in proprietary antiparasitic formulations, although evidence for its effectiveness in this context is lacking. Cranberry juice was used traditionally to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs), but it works by changing the bacteria in ways that [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/198711.php prevent bacterial adhesion] rather than killing them. While drinking 15 fl oz of cranberry juice per day is claimed to help arrest a mild urinary infection, [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/306498.php cranberry powder capsules are more effective], and '''D-mannose''', a cranberry derivative, is even more effective than the powder.

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub_(syrup) Date syrup], also known as “rub”. Laboratory tests have revealed that [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150330213949.htm some forms of date syrup may have antibacterial activity], possibly due to the presence of phenolic compounds that form naturally in the dates as they mature. Significantly, the syrup was able to inhibit the growth of bacteria faster than ⚡'''Manuka honey''', which several people have suspected of having adversely affected their worms. However, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/811693292219961/?comment_id=811695265553097&offset=0&total_comments=1&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D eating dates is unlikely to be harmful to helminths].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber Dietary fibre] (fiber). Some sources claim that eating a lot of fibre may reduce the number of intestinal worms, but fibre consumed as an integral part of a normal diet has not been reported to be a problem for human helminths.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_foods Genetically modified foods] (GMOs). Some food crops, such as corn and rice, have been genetically modified to produce ❌'''Cry5B''', a protein that can kill intestinal worms, including the human hookworm. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis] (Bt), the bacterium that produces Cry5B, is also applied as a [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-07/asfm-npc072313.php natural insecticide] on crops on some organic farms, but there is no indication yet that GM foods are a potential threat to human helminths.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit Grapefruit] (citrus paradisi). The flesh of the common grapefruit is perfectly safe to eat while hosting helminths, although ⚡'''grapefruit seed extract''' does have a potential to harm helminths due to the typical addition of synthetic adulterants. Also potentially harmful are some extracts of the rind of ❌'''Citrus decumana''', a close relative of the grapefruit.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_tea Green tea] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camellia_sinensis Camellia sinensis]). When taken as a drink, green tea presents no risk to therapeutic helminths. However, there ''may'' be a risk of harm to helminths if ❓medicinal quantities of concentrates, extracts or tinctures made from green tea are consumed. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5449030_Potential_anthelmintics_Polyphenols_from_the_tea_plant_Camellia_sinensis_L_are_lethally_toxic_to_Caenorhabditis_elegans]

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey Honey]. Honey can contain antivirals [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25333699] and powerful antimicrobials [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3074369/], some of which can have effects comparable with those of antibiotics such as clarithromycin, and certain types of honey have particularly potent antimicrobial activity. Several people have suspected that [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81nuka_honey Manuka honey] (which inhibits dental plaque as effectively as chlorhexidine mouthwash [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22114423]) has adversely affected their worms, while a few others have reported that raw honey reduces the benefits from their worms, for example causing increased pain several hours after ingestion, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/966600183395937/?comment_id=967794996609789&reply_comment_id=968778733178082&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R3%22%7D] and research reported in 2014 may explain why raw honey might have this effect. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/09/140908093741.htm] However, one hookworm host, who regularly takes a manuka honey/apple cider vinegar combination, has not noticed any loss of benefits, and another two have reported no apparent adverse effect on their worms after consuming raw honey. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/544122108977082/] One of these individuals reports having eaten quite large amounts of raw honey continuously during his first 3 years with NA and never noticed anything untoward. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1802586329797314/?comment_id=1807740622615218&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] Regular honey appears to be generally worm-safe. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1223658601023426/?comment_id=1224392167616736&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir Kefir]. Although kefir has been claimed online to kill “parasites”, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1116999411689346/ it doesn’t harm helminths].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(fruit) Lime] (Citrus acida). While alcoholic extracts of the rind of limes have shown ‘moderate’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], and extracts of the rind may have an adverse effect on other helminths, there is no reason to believe that eating the flesh of limes will harm human helminths.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-chain_triglyceride Medium-chain triglycerides] (MCTs) are extracted from ⚡'''coconut oil''', amongst other things, and can be divided into four groups: 1. caproic acid, 2. caprylic acid, 3. capric acid and 4. lauric acid. [https://blog.bulletproof.com/the-definitive-guide-to-mcts/] Of these, lauric acid is the most well-known for its antibacterial, antimicrobial and antiviral properties [http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2016/08/22/mct-oil-health-benefits.aspx] which may explain why coconut oil (which is 40-50% lauric acid) appears more likely to affect human helminths than products containing a mixture of all four types of MCT, such as the milk of cows, sheep and goats, the fatty acids in which contain 10-20% mixed MCTs.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion Onion] (Allium cepa). This is used as an ingredient in some proprietary deworming formulations and has been claimed to create an 'uninhabitable environment' for intestinal worms and to help eradicate tapeworms in particular. However, if eaten in normal dietary quantities, onion should not harm therapeutic human helminths.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_foods Organic foods]. While these are less likely to be contaminated with chemicals, some organic farmers apply [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis] (Bt) to their crops as a natural insecticide. This bacterium produces ❌'''Cry5B''', a protein that can kill intestinal worms, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-07/asfm-npc072313.php including human hookworms]. However many hosts of human helminths have eaten organic foods without them affecting their worms.

<span id="Papaya"></span>
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya Papaya] (Carica papaya, also known as or papaw, pawpaw or paw paw). The fruit and leaves contain both antiseptic and antiparasitic compounds, including one called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpaine carpaine], which is claimed to kill and expel intestinal worms. Papaya latex has been shown to be an [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26343287 effective anthelminthic] against a variety of nematode parasites. However, it is unlikely that eating normal dietary amounts of the flesh of the fruit will adversely affect human helminths and, when someone who grows his own hookworms added a large amount of papaya - comparable to a human eating 2 or 3 pawpaws - to a petri dish full of larvae, these were unaffected. However, ⚡'''Papaya seeds''' are also rich in caricin which is reportedly effective in expelling roundworms, and a randomized, placebo-controlled study [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17472487] concluded that air-dried papaya seeds are effective against various types of human intestinal parasites. Also see [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30526582 this paper].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate Pomegranate] (Punica granatum). ✅The flesh and seeds of the pomegranate fruit have not been reported to harm human helminths. However, ❌pomegranate extracts should be avoided because the bark and stems of this plant contain an anthelminthic compound, punicine, and the bark of the root contains an even more potent form of this alkaloid. Extracts of the bark of both the root and stems, and of the rind of the fruit, are used as traditional remedies to treat roundworms, pinworms and tapeworms, to which they are said to be highly toxic. Alcoholic extracts of the rind have also shown ‘moderate’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424] These extracts may therefore have an adverse effect on other helminths, and one hookworm host has reported losing benefits after accidentally consuming a small amount of pomegranate extract. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1166864270036193/]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin Pumpkin] (Cucurbita species). This is also referred to as squash or gourd, depending on species, variety and local parlance. Pumpkin seeds contain an antiparasitic compound called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitacin curcurbitacin] and they were used traditionally as a remedy for tapeworms and roundworms. However, their effect is likely to be dose-dependent, and large amounts are recommend by herbalists for deworming, e,g., up to 25 ounces for adults. One worm host has reported that eating moderate amounts of pumpkin seeds has not adversely affected her hookworms, but another NA host has reported that taking 1000 mg of '''pumpkin seed oil''' daily for 2 months significantly reduced the fecundity of his NA, resulting in incubations producing only a handful of L3 larvae after having previously always yielded hundreds of larvae per incubation over a 7 year period. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1635384559850826/?comment_id=1635389889850293&reply_comment_id=1635944229794859&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] Since this individual is not treating a disease, but only acting as a reservoir donor, it is not known whether this amount of pumpkin seed oil might affect disease remission. Eating the flesh of the pumpkin/squash/gourd is unlikely to have any adverse effect on any human helminth.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radish Radish] (Raphanus sativus). This has been used as an alternative treatment for intestinal parasites, and is included as an ingredient in some proprietary deworming formulations, but it is unlikely to have any adverse effect on human helminths if eaten as part of a normal diet.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(plant) Squash]. See '''Pumpkin''' above.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potatoes Sweet potato] (Ipomoea batatas). Like the carrot, this root vegetable is rich in beta carotene, a precursor for vitamin A, which it has been claimed can increase resistance to penetration by larvae. However, numerous hosts of human helminths regularly eat significant amounts of sweet potato (e.g., up to 1kg daily [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1074474759275145/?comment_id=1084028951653059&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]) without any adverse effect on their worms.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_regia Walnut], English (Juglans regia). Also known as the Persian, common, California, or Carpathian walnut. This does not appear to have gained a reputation as an anthelminthic, unlike the ⚡'''black walnut'''.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylitol Xylitol]. One hookworm host has reported [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/833127066743250/?comment_id=833225923400031&offset=0&total_comments=6&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] that he takes xylitol daily in place of sugar and has not noticed any effect on his colony.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_(vegetable) Yam] ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorea Dioscorea]). Like carrot and sweet potato, the yam is rich in beta carotene, a precursor for vitamin A which is thought to increase resistance to penetration by larvae. However, numerous hosts of human helminths regularly eat this vegetable without adversely affecting their worms.
</blockquote>

<span id="NutritionalSupplements"></span>

=== Nutritional supplements ===

<blockquote>
'''✅ Supplements safe for human helminths, unless marked otherwise'''

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Hydroxytryptophan 5-HTP] (5-Hydroxytryptophan, also known as oxitriptan and marketed under trade names such as Cincofarm, Levothym, Levotonine, Oxyfan, Telesol, Tript-OH and Triptum) This is used as an antidepressant, appetite suppressant and sleep aid. One hookworm host has reported[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/811459492243341/?comment_id=811659322223358&offset=0&total_comments=3&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] taking 5-HTP without any adverse effect on her worms.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine] (Acetyl-L-carnitine, ALCAR or ALC) is produced naturally by the body, and has been taken by at least two hookworm hosts without issue. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1701733326549282/?comment_id=1701750936547521&reply_comment_id=1702741433115138&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1701733326549282/?comment_id=1702716603117621&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcysteine Acetylcysteine] (also known as N-acetylcysteine, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and NAC). One hookworm host has reported[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/832123420176948/?comment_id=832517453470878&offset=0&total_comments=3&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] taking this from time to time without causing any problem for his colony.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_charcoal_(medication) Activated charcoal] (also known as activated carbon). There has been one confirmation that charcoal doesn’t harm hookworms [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/513613715361255/?comment_id=514186115304015&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D], and another report that taking it didn't cause any return of symptoms in a Crohn’s patient. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/792437597478864/?comment_id=792881060767851&offset=0&total_comments=10&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R3%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoic_acid Alpha lipoic acid] (ALA), also known as Lipoic acid (LA), α-lipoic acid and thioctic acid. This organosulphur compound is made naturally in animals, where it is essential for aerobic metabolism. Because of its antioxidant properties, it is also sold as a dietary supplement and is available in some countries as a pharmaceutical drug. One host of both hookworms and human whipworms has taken between 300 and 600 mg of alpha lipoic acid per day without any harm befalling their worms.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine_oxidase Amine oxidase] (also known as diamine oxidase, DAO and histaminase). This enzyme, which is involved in the metabolism of histamine, is produced by the body and found in high concentrations in the digestive tract and placenta. It has therefore been suggested[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/883903308332292/?comment_id=883916171664339&offset=0&total_comments=2&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D] that it is unlikely to be harmful to helminths, although there are not yet any reports to confirm this.

* ❌ [https://atrantil.com/ Atrantil] contains three active botanicals: M. balsamea Willd (peppermint) leaf extract, quebracho extract and conker tree extract. While ⚡'''peppermint oil''' has proved to be a problem for some hosts of human helminths (see [[#Peppermint|peppermint]] reference), it is possible that the leaf extract may be worm-safe. However, quebracho extract has been shown to effectively reduce worm burdens in sheep. [http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/agrotech/1905/R7424%20(04)%20Embu%20proceedings.pdf]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_pollen Bee pollen]. One hookworm host has reported[https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/11152] that eating small amounts of this has had no obvious adverse effect on this worms.

* ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Sitosterol beta-Sitosterol] has demonstrated anthelminthic effects [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12587699] and two hookworm hosts have reported a return of their disease symptoms after taking beta-Sitosterol. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/1102220229833931/?comment_id=1135959856459968&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1143218725734081/?comment_id=1146128268776460&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D]

* [http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-312-BETAINE%20HYDROCHLORIDE.aspx?activeIngredientId=312&activeIngredientName=BETAINE%20HYDROCHLORIDE Betaine hydrochloride]. One hookworm host has reported using betaine HCL without noticing any loss of benefits from her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1103458306376790/?comment_id=1106534052735882&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1103458306376790/?comment_id=1106538649402089&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borax Borax]. One hookworm host has reported taking 1/2 teaspoon borax per day for 6-7 weeks without harming his colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1232677046788248/?comment_id=1404263146296303&reply_comment_id=1404577376264880&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R7%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1404253479630603/?comment_id=1404658099590141&reply_comment_id=1405046696217948&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R1%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorella Chlorella]. One hookworm host took ½ teaspoon of this single-cell green algae daily for a year without any obvious effect on her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1037512569638031/?comment_id=1037568506299104&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyllin Chlorophyllin]. This semi-synthetic derivative of chlorophyll is used as a food colouring agent (e.g., E number E141) and as a treatment aimed at reducing various bodily odours, but its suitability for use by helminth hosts has been questioned because of its apparent [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19009310 ability to kill mosquito larvae and other small animals] at low concentrations, although this effect appears to be dependent on the presence of sunlight. (Also see Chlorophyll.)

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate Chondroitin Sulfate]. In an animal study, chondroitin sulfate was shown to prevent threadworms from establishing in the digestive system, but one NA host has taken 900 mg daily for several years without any adverse effect on his worms.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colostrum Colostrum]. A hookworm host has taken this without any adverse effect on her colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1145589722163648/?comment_id=1145807582141862&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D]

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannose D-mannose]. This naturally occurring simple sugar is the ingredient in cranberries that makes their juice effective against urinary tract infections. Pure D-mannose is 10-50 times stronger than cranberry juice, making it more suitable for stubborn cases of UTI, and it reportedly resolves more than 90% of all UTIs within 1-2 days. [http://www.tahomaclinicblog.com/d-mannose-for-bladder-and-kidney-infections/], [http://www.townsendletter.com/May2014/gaby0514.html]<br>Taking steps to make the urine less acidic (e.g., by taking Tums[https://www.tums.com/]) might [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150625161623.htm make cranberry-based treatments even more effective]. D-mannose is non-toxic, produces no adverse effects and, while there have been no reports to confirm it’s lack of adverse effects on human helminths, it is unlikely to do them any harm.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_enzymes Digestive enzymes], such as papain and bromelain, are said to make the intestinal tract inhospitable to parasites by dissolving their outer layers. In particular, papain - the milky juice of the unripe papaya - is claimed to be a powerful agent for destroying roundworms. One subject has reported a return of symptoms after taking a product containing bromelain, protease, papain, lipase and amylase for several weeks, and another individual has reported losing their entire hookworm colony after taking ''Healthy Origins Broad Spectrum Digestive Enzymes''[http://www.healthyorigins.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=85736], which contain amylase, protease, peptidase, alpha-galactosidase, glucoamylase, acid maltase, cellulase, pectinase, protease, lipase, lactase, beta-glucanase, invertase and hemicellulase. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/11383], [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/11385] However, several other helminth hosts have taken digestive enzymes, including Terranova's quercetin nettle complex which contains bromelain, without any obvious effect on their worms [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/888731831182773/?comment_id=888738757848747&offset=0&total_comments=1&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] and one of these has regularly taken pancreatin-based products from different manufacturers, mostly from Pure Encapsulations, but also a lipase product by Integrative Therapeutics. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/11388] Another hookworm host who regularly takes digestive enzymes with his meals has never noticed any adverse effect on his colony. He generally avoids papain and bromelain, but regularly takes pancreatin, lipase, Acid Ease, and occasionally Udo's Choice enzymes, selecting them according to the size and contents of each meal. Udo's Choice brand does contain some bromelain, but only a small amount. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/821478984574725/?comment_id=821502387905718&offset=0&total_comments=1&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] See also ✅[[#Papaya|Papaya]].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acid Folic Acid] has been claimed to help prevent the proliferation of intestinal parasites at a dosage of 400 - 800 mcg (0.4 - 0.8 mg) per day. However, this is not a problem for human helminths because they do not proliferate within their hosts, and there have been no reports of adverse effects from hosts of human worms. One subject has taken a daily vitamin B-complex supplement containing 400 mcg of folic acid without any apparent effect on his hookworms, and another has [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10928 taken 800 mcg of folate] (as calcium L-5 methyltetrahydrofolate) every day for over 4 years with no adverse effect on his hookworms.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructooligosaccharide FOS] (fructooligosaccharide) is said to inhibit parasites from attaching to the intestines but no helminth host has reported any problem with this so far.

* '''Fulvic acid'''. This is a form of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humic_acid humic acid]. Two hookworm hosts have taken this without any apparent adverse effect on their colonies. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1132613460127941/], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1132472786808675/?comment_id=1132930603429560&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginseng Ginseng]. Members of the genus, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panax Panax], appear not to be harmful to human helminths, and one hookworm host has reported taking ginseng without noticing any untoward effect. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1453317641390853/?comment_id=1453345564721394&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosamine Glucosamine] may be beneficial for roundworms. Applying this amino sugar experimentally to one roundworm species caused the treated worms to live around 5% longer than their untreated counterparts. [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/275263.php]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione Glutathione]. One hookworm host who has taken [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposome liposomal glutathione] says he’s confident that this did not harm his worms, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/803451913044099/?comment_id=803468529709104&offset=0&total_comments=6] and several people who have taken other oral glutathione supplements have reported no adverse effects. A hookworm host who received intravenous injections containing glutathione experienced no adverse effect on her NA colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1668651476524134/?comment_id=1668819739840641&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ❓ [http://www.nutricology.com/Lumbricus-Tonic-150-Vegetarian-Caps-p-16510.html Lumbricus Tonic]. This Nutricology product, which contains a powdered earthworm extract, also contains ⚡'''sweet flag''' root extract. However, this herb is last on the list of ingredients, and there have been no reports by hosts of therapeutic helminths to suggest that the product might be a problem for worms.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin Melatonin]. This hormone, which is commonly used as a sleep aid, has been taken by many helminth hosts, none of whom have reported any adverse effects on their worm colonies.

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_citrus_pectin Modified citrus pectin] (also known as citrus pectin, Pecta-Sol and MCP) is a complex carbohydrate extracted from citrus fruits using a chemical extraction process that makes it soluble, absorbable and more digestible. This is unlikely to have any effect on helminths.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleifera Moringa] (Moringa oleifera, also known as drumstick tree, horseradish tree, ben oil tree and benzoil tree) Although described as a “natural anthelmintic”, moringa has been taken by two helminth self-treaters with no apparent adverse effect on their hookworms. The first takes a 500 mg capsule of 10 to 1 extract (from 5000 mg of Moringa olifeira) twice a week, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1039296249459663/?comment_id=1039406139448674&reply_comment_id=1039533526102602&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R4%22%7D] while the second grows and harvests her own moringa. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1039296249459663/?comment_id=1040747242647897&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] Whatever anthelminthic properties moringa might have may depend on the part of the plant used.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylsulfonylmethane MSM] (Methylsulfonylmethane) is claimed by one source to be effective against many types of intestinal worm including Enterobius (pinworm [US], threadworm [UK]) and the roundworm, ascaris. It is suggested that MSM blocks the interface between the parasite and the host by competing with the parasite for binding sites at the surface of the mucous membrane, and that the parasites may find the resulting MSM 'film' impenetrable. However, it may be necessary to take 10,000 mg of MSM per day for three or four weeks to achieve this effect and one helminth host has reported that he has occasionally taken up to 1 heaped tablespoon of MSM while hosting helminths to treat eczema flare-ups, and has not noticed any loss of worm benefits.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaprose_S Oryzin] (Aspergillus alkaline proteinase, aspergillopeptidase B, API 21, aspergillopepsin B, aspergillopepsin F, Aspergillus candidus alkaline proteinase, Aspergillus flavus alkaline proteinase, Aspergillus melleus semi-alkaline proteinase, Aspergillus oryzae alkaline proteinase, Aspergillus parasiticus alkaline proteinase, Aspergillus serine proteinase, Aspergillus sydowi alkaline proteinase, Aspergillus soya alkaline proteinase, Aspergillus melleus alkaline proteinase, Aspergillus sulphureus alkaline proteinase, prozyme, P 5380, kyorinase, seaprose S, semialkaline protease, sumizyme MP, prozyme 10, onoprose, onoprose SA, protease P, promelase.) There have been no reports as yet about the possible effects on human helminths of taking this mould/mold-derived proteinase.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotic Probiotics]. It has been claimed that some probiotics can have an adverse effect on certain therapeutic helminths, particularly the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta (HD/HDC). It is also known that some bacteria are capable of mobilizing nematode-trapping fungi [http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms6776], that a number of probiotics - predominantly Lactobacillus species - can have strain-specific effects on certain “parasites”, most of which are not helminths [https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2011/610769/], and that Saccharomyces boulardii can have a protective effect against the dog roundworm, Toxocara canis. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26971490] However, there is no hard evidence to suggest that probiotics are harmful to any of the species of worm that are used in helminthic therapy. S. boulardii has been taken by at least two hookworm hosts without any obvious effect on their worms, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_salivarius L. salivarius] strain FDB89 was found to increase longevity in C. elegans by means of dietary restriction. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23625218]. A leading helminth researcher who is working with HDC said, in 2016, that probiotics may produce some tightening up of the communication between the lumen of the gut and the periphery, but that this is probably simply a matter of the probiotics reducing the ability of the immune system to respond to, or perhaps to sense, what is taking place in the gut. This scientist added that, firstly, even if this does happen, it may be a temporary phenomenon and, secondly, that this is all mere speculation and no basis to advise avoidance of probiotics while using any helminth. Additionally, there are many hosts of the human helminths, NA and TTO, who take probiotics regularly, yet there have been no reports by any of them that their worms have been adversely affected.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis Propolis]. An apitherapist speaking at the 2010 International BTeR Conference on Biotherapy spoke about the antiparasitic properties of this bee product, and suggested that it might harm helminths. This may have been a creative extrapolation from the belief that the role of propolis is to prevent diseases and “parasites” from entering the bee hive, and there has been no suggestion yet from helminth hosts that propolis might be a problem for human helminths.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrroloquinoline_quinone Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)] This enzyme cofactor has been taken by several hookworm hosts without issue. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1248482738541012/?comment_id=1248812458508040&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R1%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1248482738541012/?comment_id=1248893555166597&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrol Resveratrol]. This may have an adverse effect on some helminths, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19562377] but this is likely to depend on dose size, and three hosts of human helminths who regularly take this compound report no adverse effect on their worms. One has taken “Perfect Resgrape Max” (400 mg trans-resveratrol) daily for many months with no apparent ill effects on her NA. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1803160683073212/?comment_id=1803255516397062&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] (People with MS might want to avoid resveratrol anyway. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-09-resveratrol-red-wine-worsens-ms-like.html])

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serratiopeptidase Serrapeptase] (also known as serratiopeptidase, Serratia E-15 protease, serralysin, serratiapeptase, serratia peptidase, serratio peptidase, or serrapeptidase). This proteolytic enzyme (protease) has been taken occasionally by one TTO host two or three times per day over a 4 year period to treat intestinal spasm, without affecting her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1357761264279825/?comment_id=1357766200945998&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R3%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1357761264279825/?comment_id=1357787397610545&reply_comment_id=1385081271547824&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement) Spirulina]. This cyanobacterium is [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25599112 an effective anti-inflammatory] that is being used by a number of hosts of human helminths without causing any harm to their worms.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulforaphane Sulforaphane / sulphoraphane] This organosulfur compound, which is obtained from cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts and cabbages, has been taken in large amounts by one hookworm host without it affecting his colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1724242074298407/?comment_id=1724765027579445&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1724242074298407/?comment_id=1724765027579445&reply_comment_id=1724935230895758&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D]

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine Taurine] is an organic acid that occurs naturally in food, especially seafood and meat (in which form it is no threat to helminths) but it is also produced synthetically and included in a number of products such as health drinks. In this form, it has been linked to a number of [http://www.healthiertalk.com/dangers-taurine-commonly-found-energy-drinks-0996 health problems], and has consequently been banned in some countries. It has also been shown to have anthelminthic effects, but only against a non-therapeutic helminth [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23832642 in mice].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc Zinc] is said to inhibit the proliferation of intestinal parasites by stimulating various aspects of the immune system in the digestive tract that counteract parasites. In one animal study[http://jn.nutrition.org/content/130/5/1412S.full] the rodent nematode worm, H. polygyrus, was found to be better able to survive in mice which had been deliberately made deficient in zinc. Those who claim that zinc is an effective antiparasitic in humans suggest a dosage of 15-50 mg per day, but several helminth hosts have taken supplements containing this amount of zinc, in some cases continuously, without issue. One hookworm host takes 10 mg on alternate days, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/930029970386292/?comment_id=930318850357404&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D],[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/930029970386292/?comment_id=930807120308577&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] another has taken 15 mg zinc gluconate or zinc picolinate daily for several years, while yet another has taken 23 mg zinc gluconate/citrate plus 18.75 mg zinc acetate daily, and previously took 30mg zinc picolinate daily[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/930029970386292/?comment_id=943449092377713&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D], all without any adverse effect on their worms. ❌[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide%23ZnO_nanostructures Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs)] have shown strong anthelmintic effects, in vitro, against at least two gastrointestinal nematodes encountered in veterinary medicine. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26177503] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29975659] As well as their topical use in sunscreens and cosmetics, zinc oxide nanoparticles are also used in some food products (in spite of the fact that they can cause DNA damage), but the amounts used in this application may be too small to harm human helminths.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A Vitamin A]. Supplementation with this vitamin has no adverse effect on helminths [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25127885] but a vitamin A deficiency may reduce colonisation by worms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24458645]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C Vitamin C]. This does not harm helminths [http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/7583], even in high doses.

* Xuezikhang, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_yeast_rice red yeast rice] product, appears to be harmless to hookworms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1347982335257718/?comment_id=1348392021883416&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]
</blockquote>

<span id="Spices"></span>

=== Spices and culinary herbs ===
<blockquote>

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asafoetida Asafoetida] has been used as an anthelminthic in traditional medicine in several parts of the world [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459456/] but there has only been one report to date of its use by someone hosting therapeutic helminths, and this user says that he hasn’t noticed any ill effect on his hookworms after occasionally consuming foods that list asafoetida as an ingredient.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper Black pepper] (Piper nigrum). This is often used as an ingredient in proprietary parasite cleanses due to its established antiparasitic effects. It could therefore have an adverse effect on human helminths, though this is likely to be dependent on the dosage and on the form taken. So, while use of the whole spice in small quantities as a condiment is unlikely to present a problem, taking medicinal quantities of black pepper may harm helminths.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne Cayenne] (Capsicum frutescens, Capsicum annuumis). This is claimed to irritate parasites, and often appears as an ingredient in proprietary parasite cleansing products for pets and humans, but there has only been one report so far of an adverse effect on helminths, and this was from someone who says that even a smidgen of cayenne causes her to lose the benefits from her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1062770903778864/?comment_id=1063030367086251&reply_comment_id=1063315093724445&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D]

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper Chili pepper] (chile, chilli). While this is used worldwide as a treatment of certain parasites, and has been demonstrated effective against fascioliasis in animals, evidence that chili might be a problem for therapeutic helminths is lacking, and one hookworm host has been reported[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/892904287432194/?comment_id=892912737431349&offset=0&total_comments=7&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D] to have eaten a HUGE amount of chile during 4 years as a worm host, without any obvious adverse effect on his colony.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon Cinnamon] is antimicrobial, as well as being claimed to be effective against parasites, including some parasitic worms, and it appears in lists of ingredients in proprietary parasite cleansing products. The main antimicrobial component of cinnamon is ⚡[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamaldehyde cinnamaldehyde], and this is most concentrated in cinnamon essential oil and cinnamon oleoresins (solid resin extracts produced using solvents) which can be very high in cinnamaldehyde. Forms containing somewhat less cinnamaldehyde are raw cinnamon, and cinnamon tinctures which are dissolved in alcohol and about half the strength of raw cinnamon. As cinnamaldehyde is steam-volatile and not water soluble, aqueous extracts of cinnamon should contain less of this substance, and dehydrated/powdered extracts (the form most likely to be encountered in dietary supplements) may contain little, if any at all, so should be less of a threat to helminths. Generally, the stronger the taste, the more cinnamaldehyde is likely to be present. Whilst there has been one report of someone with helminths relapsing after taking an unspecified supplement containing cinnamon, the raw spice should be [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/8799 safe for use in cooking].

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove Clove] (Syzygium aromaticum/Eugenia caryophyllus). Clove oil, which was used traditionally to kill intestinal worms and is claimed to anesthetize fish, contains several powerful antimicrobial agents. While one of these, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenol eugenol], is claimed to be anthelminthic, its use didn't produce any loss of benefit in one helminth host who applied it liberally to a dry socket following a difficult tooth extraction, and this was in spite of swallowing and breathing eugenol and a related compound called guaiacol.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennel Fennel] (Foeniculum vulgare). Fennel seed has a long history of use against pinworms and other parasites, with some authorities suggesting that the herb digests parasite eggs and intoxicates parasites. The leaves and oil are both used as dewormers, but one subject reports [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/7627 no adverse effect] from repeated consumption of dietary amounts of fennel seeds and another has reported [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/544122108977082/ no loss of worm benefits] after consuming significant quantities of fennel.

* ⚡ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenugreek Fenugreek] (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Both the leaves and seeds of fenugreek have been reported to have anthelminthic properties. Alcoholic extracts of the seeds have shown a dose-dependant inhibition of motility (paralysis) in earthworms, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49600762_In_vitro_anthelmintic_activity_of_Fenugreek_seeds_extract_against_Pheritima_posthuma] and an aqueous extract of fenugreek leaves has also shown noteworthy anthelmintic activity against earthworms. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303787324_In-vitro_anthelmintic_activity_of_fenugreek_leaves_aqueous_extract_in_Indian_earthworms] After taking half a teaspoon of powdered fenugreek seeds every day for a week, one hookworm host found that his allergies returned with a vengeance. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1426906954031922/] However, another hookworm host ate about 150 grams of fenugreek leaves in a 2 week period without affecting his worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1406562676066350/?comment_id=1406580359397915&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R2%22%7D]

* ✅ Garlic (Allium sativum). Garlic compounds have demonstrated anthelminthic activity against flatworms in mice, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28536879] garlic oil extract has shown anthelminthic effects against Schistosoma mansoni in mice [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1995764515002011] and allicin, the active principle of garlic extract, has also been shown to have anthelminthic properties, although one hookworm host has reported that taking a stabilized allicin extract for several weeks did not kill her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/859756094080347/?comment_id=1146360268753260&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R3%22%7D] Alcoholic extracts of garlic have also shown ‘moderate’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424]. However, the exact amount of garlic needed to kill intestinal parasites in humans has not been established. Some sources suggest 1,000 - 4,000 mg per day, using concentrated garlic capsules or tablets, and fresh garlic is said to be more effective than capsules. While chewing three cloves of garlic each day is recommended by some online sources as a treatment for ‘parasites’ in humans, the ingestion of 9 to 14 g of raw garlic daily (54 g total) or 15 to 21 g daily (89 g total) had no evident effect on the egg output of NA in one host, [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.1969.18.920] so hookworms may in fact be able to withstand up to 21 grams (approximately 10 cloves) of garlic per day. This means that garlic is unlikely to be an effective killer of mature worms, and its main anthelminthic effect may be to reduce the viability of ova. Cooking may reduce its effect against parasite eggs and larvae, but neither cooked or raw garlic appears to have any adverse effect on the efficacy of a therapeutic hookworm colony.

<span id="Ginger"></span>
* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger Ginger] (Zingiber officinale) contains a chemical called zingibain (aka. zingipain, or ginger protease) that has been claimed to dissolve some parasites and their eggs. One subject has reported that fresh ginger drinks depress the egg production of his worms and increase his symptoms, and another has reported that eating a LOT of ginger 6 weeks post-inoculation caused her hookworm side effects to disappear for a few days, but that these eventually returned. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/892594554129834/?comment_id=892620007460622&offset=0&total_comments=7&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R2%22%7D] Someone else, who said that his favorite brand of ginger beer was “pretty spicy”, so was probably made from raw, or only very briefly pasteurized, ginger juice, reported that, after going on a fairly significant binge of the stuff, his worms stopped producing eggs and their benefits diminished. Yet another worm host, who was putting at least a thumb-sized piece of fresh ginger in a smoothie every day, believes this was responsible for actually killing her hookworms. However, one subject has reported eating lots of fresh ginger (mostly cooked) without any problems, and several others have reported a similar lack of issues with ginger. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/7627] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/544122108977082/] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1568726056516677/?comment_id=1568873536501929&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1763989756990305/?comment_id=1764057080316906&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] One hookworm host says that she regularly takes dried ginger in 1g doses to help with migraines and has not noticed any problems with her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1062770903778864/?comment_id=1062777610444860&reply_comment_id=1062782733777681&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* ⚡ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum Holy basil] (Ocimum tenuiflorum, also known as Ocimum sanctum, tulsi and tulasi/thulasi) is claimed online to be antiparasitic. There is also evidence showing that its essential oil has potent anthelmintic activity against the research worm, C. elegans, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11543966] and it has shown some activity against the malaria parasite, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21643655] but this does not necessarily mean that it would harm therapeutic helminths. Eating the raw plant, or drinking tea made from it, may be harmless to human helminths, and one host of both hookworms and human whipworms has reported that she used to drink the tea and eat fresh leaves without issue. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/872768092779147/?comment_id=872772372778719&offset=0&total_comments=2&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D] However, extracts, tinctures and concentrates of holy basil should be treated with caution.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseradish Horseradish] (Amoracia rusticana) has been claimed to be antiparasitic, and it does contain volatile oils, notably [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_oil mustard oil], which has antibacterial properties and is used as an antiparasitic by some farmers, but evidence about the effects of its use by helminth hosts is lacking.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_(condiment) Mustard]. This condiment is claimed to be effective against intestinal worms, including roundworms and threadworms and, in India, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_oil mustard oil] is used as an antiparasitic by some farmers. However, its action is probably more as a laxative that helps to flush out worms rather than to kill them, and hookworms spend much of their time firmly attached to the gut mucosa. Reports about the use of mustard by helminth hosts are lacking.

<span id="Oregano"></span>
* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregano Oregano] (Origanum vulgare). Oregano oil, which contains isomeric phenols (primarily carvacrol but also including thymol and limonene), can destroy a number of bacteria, fungi and viruses in dilutions as low as 1/50,000, and is also antiparasitic. It is reported to be effective against protozoan parasites in particular as well as roundworm larvae, and somewhat effective against tapeworms. In one study [http://www.chirochat.org/article_files/Article-2953.pdf], 57 per cent of adults with intestinal parasites who were treated with 600 mg of oregano oil daily for six weeks experienced total eradication of their parasites. Several hosts of therapeutic helminths have reported adverse effects on their worms after ingesting oregano oil and, in at least two cases, it has resulted in a total loss of worms. However, one subject, who took oil of ''wild'' oregano sublingually twice each day for 2 weeks had a stool test sometime after this that was positive for hookworms, so perhaps either the wild form of the herb, or the sublingual route, helped reduce the effect on the worms in this case. Some foods, particularly soft cheeses, may be coated with an [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/11/141127082311.htm antimicrobial film incorporating oregano oil] to increase their lifespan, but the amount of oregano involved in this application is unlikely to be a serious threat to helminths. Even oregano ''leaf'' powder can be an issue. One host of both hookworms and whipworms has reported that there was no immediate effect on his worms when he applied a heavy sprinkling of oregano leaf powder to his food a couple of times in a day. But then he was plunged into such a self-critical and depressed mood that, before eventually regaining his usual mental balance, he struggled to do any work for several days.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyme Thyme] (Thymus vulgaris). This is also known as Common Thyme, Garden Thyme. Extracts of the leaves, flowering tops and stems are used to kill hookworms, roundworms, threadworms and skin parasites. However, these are unlikely to harm helminths when eaten in reasonable amounts as part of a normal diet. One helminth host has [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/544122108977082/ eaten significant quantities of thyme] without noticing any adverse effect on her hookworm or whipworm populations.

<span id="Turmeric"></span>
* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric Turmeric] (Curcuma longa), also known as tumeric, generally does not harm human helminths when eaten occasionally in normal dietary quantities in its natural, whole form, which only contains 3% of the active ingredient, curcumin. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/7627] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/544122108977082/] There has only been one report of food quantities of turmeric affecting hookworms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1084044901651464/?comment_id=1084640204925267&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] There is much more chance of helminths being harmed when ⚡[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcumin curcumin] is taken in medicinal quantities, especially as a standardised extract, and it has been reported that 300 mg of the extract has killed some types of parasites in test tube and animal studies, and that it may temporarily reduce the number of helminth eggs produced. One hookworm host believes that she may have lost her colony as a result of taking a curcumin supplement, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/792892197433404/?comment_id=794226897299934&offset=0&total_comments=11] and another who boiled and ground turmeric into a paste and twice drank 2 tbsp of this in her tea, experienced a return of her old symptoms, all of which persisted. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1874049555984324/?comment_id=1875375212518425&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] However, one hookworm host has reported experiencing a very enjoyable “bounce” after inoculating, in spite of taking 250 mg of curcumin daily, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/792892197433404/] and another took 500 mg of curcumin daily for the first 5 days after inoculation without doing any apparent harm to her new larvae. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/819496561439634/?comment_id=819767881412502&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D] The effect of curcumin may depend to some extent on the strength of the individual host’s immune response, as well as on the form of curcumin used. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/11/141106113204.htm Nano-emulsified curcumin] appears to be more effective, therapeutically, so may also have an increased impact on helminths. Another high-potency form of curcumin is BCM-95, which has been shown to be 6.93 times more bioavailable than normal curcumin, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792534/] and this product may have been responsible for a sudden return of disease symptoms for one hookworm host. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/792892197433404/?comment_id=808508489205108&offset=0&total_comments=21&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D] The beneficial effect of curcumin can be increased 5- to 10-fold [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814612001744 by adding ascorbic acid] (vitamin C) so taking this vitamin along with curcumin might make it possible to use curcumin therapeutically in much smaller doses, although the vitamin C might also increase its adverse effect on helminths.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Turmeric Turmeric, Wild] (Curcuma aromatica). While alcoholic extracts of the rhizomes of wild turmeric have shown ‘moderate’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424 test tube studies] and extracts of the rhizomes may therefore also have an adverse effect on other helminths, it is likely that consuming dietary amounts of this spice will do no harm to human helminths, though this has not yet been confirmed.
</blockquote>

=== Herbs ===
{{Columns|3}}
The majority of the herbs listed below have been reported, or claimed, to be antiparasitic, although clinical evidence for this effect is lacking in many cases. Furthermore, where they are indeed antiparasitic, herbs may be more effective against types of parasite other than helminths, although this is not to say that they may not also have some detrimental effect on helminths.

Where a herb is effective against helminths, quite large quantities may be required to dislodge or kill the worms, but consuming some of these herbs on a regular basis, or in the form of concentrates, extracts, tinctures and oils that are directed at the gastrointestinal tract may weaken therapeutic helminths, making them less effective.

Many of the herbs listed below are used to treat a number of conditions in addition to parasite infections, so might be encountered in a range of herbal remedies. It may therefore be advisable for any helminth host who contemplates taking any herbal remedy to check its ingredients against the list below and, where an ingredient appears to have antiparasitic properties, to seek an alternative, if possible.

When taking herbs, an additional risk arises from the fact that the majority of herbal products [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/267363.php contain unlisted ingredients], in view of which it would seem wise to employ a cautious approach with all herbal products.
{{Columns}}
==== List of herbs ====

{{Columns|2}}
* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia Acacia]. Also known as thorntree, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistling_thorn whistling thorn], or wattle. One example of this genus of shrubs and trees, ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_mollissima Acacia mearnsii], previously known as Acacia molissima) contains tannin extracts that have been found to have an [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377840107003641 anthelmintic effect] on Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in lambs. For a more detailed consideration of the possible effects of tannins on nematodes, see this paper: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28426037 Abstract] [http://sci-hub.cc/10.1039/c6np00126b Full text].

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albizia_lebbeck Albizia lebbeck]. Alcoholic extracts of the bark of Albizia lebbeck have shown ‘moderate’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], so extracts of the bark may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera Aloe vera]. This contains an antimicrobial agent, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponin saponin], and the laxative chemical, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloin aloin]. Aloe is perhaps the best known laxative in history, and it may be this, rather than any actual anthelminthic property, that is the source of its reputation for expelling parasites. While extracts have been reported as showing inhibitory effects on two roundworm species, these only affected the hatching of eggs and the development of larval stages. One aloedrinking helminth host has reported that his habit has had no obvious detrimental effect on his worms, and another hookworm host failed to notice any adverse effects after drinking pure aloe juice or gel daily for a week or two, or after drinking one of the 16oz sweetened/flavored drinks. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/803451913044099/]

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinia Alpinia calcaratta]. Alcoholic extracts of the rhizomes of Alpinia calcaratta have shown ‘moderate’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424] so extracts of the rhizomes may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinia_galanga Alpinia galanga]. Alcoholic extracts of the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424] so extracts of these rhizomes may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrographis_paniculata Andrographis paniculata] (active component: andrographolide). Alcoholic extracts of Andrographis paniculata have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424] so these extracts may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

* ⚡ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anise Anise] (Pimpinella anisum). Also known as aniseed. Anise oil may have modest antiparasitic effects and has been recommended by some practitioners as a treatment for mild intestinal parasite infections, but there have not been any reports about this from helminth hosts.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecoline Arecoline]. This odourless oily liquid derived from the areca nut, fruit of the areca palm ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areca_catechu Areca catechu]), has long been used medicinally as an anthelminthic.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashwagandha Ashwagandha] (Withania somnifera). Also known as Indian ginseng, poison gooseberry, and winter cherry. A user of Applied Kinesiology has reported a negative response when testing ashwagandha in an HT user, but no other adverse reports have come to light. A user of human whipworms (TT) has reported that taking a teaspoon of ashwagandha every day did not have any apparent effect on this species. An NA host has reported that taking 380mg ashwagandha root and 95mg ashwagandha root extract twice each day for a month appeared not to affect her worms [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1831773386878608/?comment_id=1832855323437081&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] and someone else has taken 500mg ashwagandha twice a day while hosting NA, again without any adverse effect on their worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1874049555984324/?comment_id=1875375212518425&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] A naturopathic doctor has also reported that ashwagandha is OK to take while hosting hookworms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1831773386878608/?comment_id=1832031526852794&reply_comment_id=1833267093395904&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ⚡ [http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/b/balmon04.html Balmony] (Chelone glabra) A decoction or tincture prepared with all parts of the plant is said to be a highly effective remedy for parasites, including intestinal worms. It was used traditionally by Native Americans to expel worms and is used today in proprietary parasite cleansing preparations.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barberry Barberry] (Berberis vulgaris) contains ⚡'''berberine'''.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_bellirica Beleric] (Terminalia bellirica/Terminalia bellerica). Also known as bastard myrobalan or Bahera. This herb is said to be anthelmintic, but this reputation may be due more to its laxative properties than any actual worm-killing potential.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberine Berberine] is an amebicide which, in concentrated form, has been shown to kill various parasites such as tapeworms and giardia and to have anti adhesive effects which prevent pathogens from adhering to intestinal mucosal cells.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidens_alba Bidens alba] has been reported as not being a problem for helminths.

* ❌ [http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ijp.2013.211.226 Bitter cumin] (Centratherum anthelminticum). As its Latin name suggests, the seeds of this member of the daisy family are considered anthelminthic.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_melon Bitter melon] (Momordica charantia) is used as a folk medicine to treat gastrointestinal diseases, and extracts have shown activity against the nematode worm C. elegans in test tube studies[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874104003770].

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_nigra Black walnut] (Juglans nigra). Also known as eastern black walnut. This nut has been claimed to be one of the best overall dewormers for humans, killing both the adult and developmental stages of at least 100 parasites. However, according to the American Cancer Society, available scientific evidence does not support claims that the hulls of the black walnut remove intestinal parasites. Although this nut has a strong flavour, it is actually quite rare, as its shell is hard and difficult to remove. It is therefore only likely to be encountered in expensive baked goods. Most commercially available walnuts are hybrids of the ✅'''English walnut'''.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boswellia Boswellia] is a fragrant resin, extracts of which are used in pharmacology, particularly as anti-inflammatories. There have been no suggestions that boswellia might be a problem for helminths, and its anti-inflammatory action could be supportive of the beneficial effects that helminths produce, as demonstrated in Crohn’s disease in this study[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11215357].

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorus_calamus Calamus/Sweet Flag] (Acorus calamus) The bitter element in sweetflag, acorin, is claimed to have anthelminthic properties, and the standardised rhizome extract of A. calamus has been shown to have significant dose-dependent effects against the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, so may also harm other helminths. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27757269]

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_oil Castor oil]. This will not kill helminths, though it may help to expel worms after eradication, and this is probably the reason for its antiparasitic reputation and it's use in para-cleanse products.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat's_claw Cat’s Claw] is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat's_claw a common name for several plants] but it appears to be applied particularly to two species - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncaria_tomentosa Uncaria tomentosa] (samento), most commonly used in the US, and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncaria_guianensis Uncaria guianensis], typically used in Europe. Medicines made from the root and bark of these species have been claimed online to facilitate the elimination of intestinal parasites, but WebMD states that there is [http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-395-CAT'S%20CLAW.aspx?activeIngredientId=395&activeIngredientName=CAT%27S%20CLAW insufficient evidence] for its effectiveness against parasites, and there have been no reports so far from helminth hosts about these species causing problems for their worms.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larrea_tridentata Chaparral] (Larrea tridentata). Some cultures customarily bathe with chaparral annually to eliminate skin parasites, but use of the leaves of Larrea species is not advised, due to the possibility of damage to the liver and kidneys.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallopia_multiflora Chinese knotweed] (Fallopia multiflora, also known as Reynoutria multiflora (Thunb.) Moldenke, Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., tuber fleeceflower) has been shown to make one nematode live longer. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181009102529.htm]

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_verum Cinnamomum verum]. This was previously known as ⚡''C. zeylanicum'' and also referred to as ⚡"true cinnamon", ⚡''Ceylon cinnamon'' or ⚡''Sri Lanka cinnamon''. Alcoholic extracts of the bark of ⚡''C. verum'' have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424] so extracts of the bark may also have an adverse effect on other helminths. The spice, ⚡'''cinnamon''' is typically derived from related species within the genus, '''Cinnamomum'''.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_decumana Citrus decumana]. Alcoholic extracts of the rind of Citrus decumana have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], so extracts of the rind may also have an adverse effect on other helminths. Citrus decumana is a relative of the common ✅[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit grapefruit] (citrus paradisi) and, while commercially available forms of ⚡'''grapefruit seed extract''' have a potential to harm human helminths (due to the typical addition of synthetic adulterants), there is no evidence that the flesh of the grapefruit has any adverse effect on helminths.

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus_sativus Crocus sativus]. Also known as autumn crocus and saffron crocus, this plant is best known for the spice saffron, which is produced from parts of the plant's flowers. Two important bioactive compounds of Crocus sativus (crocin and safranal), and some semi-synthetic derivatives of safranal, have been found to be [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25766747 effective against some types of parasite] (Helicobacter pylori, the malaria parasite, plasmodium, and Leishmania). However, there have been no reports about their possible effects on therapeutic helminths.

* ⚡ '''Curled/Curly Mint''' (Mentha spicata variety crispii/Mentha crispa/Mentha crispata). This cultivar of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearmint Spearmint] (Mentha spicata), and close relative of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) (see [[#Peppermint|Peppermint]] reference), may be effective against giardia and amoeba infections, and may have anthelminthic properties. It is listed[http://health.kernan.org/altmed/articles/intestinal-parasites-000097.htm] on one website under, “herbs that your health care provider might consider using to treat intestinal parasites.”

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmodium_triflorum Desmodium triflorum]. Alcoholic extracts of Desmodium triflorum have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], so it’s extracts may also have an adverse effect on other helminths, possibly due to it containing a significant amount of a powerful psychedelic substance which might cause hookworms to lose their grip and be expelled.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinacea Echinacea]. This is not a single plant but a genus containing several different species. In the case of medicinal products labelled as echinacea, these are likely to have been obtained from one or more of the following sources: E. purpurea, E. angustifolia or E. pallida. Such products may also be either extracts, or the expressed juice of, different plant organs (e.g., roots and leaves) resulting in different products having very different chemical compositions. However, there have been no reports of human helminths being harmed by taking any echinacea products. As the polysaccharides found in Echinacea purpurea roots have been [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26190752 shown to have anti-inflammatory effects], water extracts of these roots may be of benefit to helminth hosts who require a supplementary anti-inflammatory.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epazote Epazote]. See [[#Wormseed|Wormseed]].

* ⚡ [http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceterach_officinarum Erba ruggine] (Ceterach officinarum) is listed[http://www.altmd.com/Articles/Worms--Encyclopedia-of-Alternative-Medicine] on one website under, “Herbals that may kill and expel worms.”

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurycoma_longifolia Eurycoma longifolia] (commonly called tongkat ali, pasak bumi or malaysian ginseng). While there has not yet been any feedback on this substance from helminth hosts, the root of the plant is used in Indonesia and Malaysia as a health tonic, the benefits of which are claimed to include the treatment of intestinal worm infections.

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankincense Frankincense] (olibanum). This aromatic resin is used in incense and perfumes, and is obtained from trees in the Boswellia genus. There have been no reports about it having any effect on helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentian_root Gentian root]. The root and underground stem of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiana_lutea Gentiana lutea] (yellow gentian) are said to assist in expelling 'harmful organisms'. One subject has reported that taking a form of gentian in large quantity on a daily basis for sinus inflammation was responsible for the [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/4473 loss of his whipworms], although possibly not his hookworms.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba Ginkgo biloba]. There has been one hint that ginkgo may have caused a mild reduction in hookworm benefits, but this was by no means certain, and two other helminth hosts have reported taking ginkgo regularly with no apparent adverse effect on their worms. (Also see Anticoagulants.)

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldenseal Goldenseal] (Hydrastis canadensis). This contains '''berberine'''.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptis_chinensis Goldenthread/Chinese goldthread] (Coptis chinensis) contains '''berberine'''.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goosefoot Goosefoot] (Chenopodium ambrosioides) is widely used to deworm animals, and the Japanese make a dewormer tea with the leaves. Goosefoot oil is a highly efficient anthelminthic, and extremely toxic. Human consumption of this herb has often produced strong side effects such as nausea and headaches, and even death in some cases.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagenia Hagenia] (Hagenia abyssinica). Also known as African redwood, brayera, cusso, hagenia, and kousso, hagenia has been used as a treatment for the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium), but is often only partially effective in this case.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Haritaki] (Terminalia chebula). Also known as Yellow Myrobalan, Chebulic Myrobalan, Kadukkai, Silikha, Himmej, Karakkaya and A-ru-ra. The fruits are reportedly anthelmintic, but this reputation may be due more to its laxative properties than any actual worm-killing potential.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana Hydnocarpus wightiana]. Alcoholic extracts of the seeds have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], so extracts of the seeds may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyssopus_officinalis Hyssop] (Hyssopus officinalis). The leaf contains an essential oil with antiseptic properties that has been claimed to have anthelminthic effects, but, if eaten as a herb, hyssop is unlikely to harm helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipecac Ipecac], syrup of. Alkaloids in ipecac, including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emetine emetine], are reported to kill several types of parasite, particularly amoebae, but also pinworms and tapeworms, although the amounts needed to produce these effects in humans are generally high and can lead to severe side effects. Emetine and the somewhat safer form, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroemetine Dehydroemetine], are usually reserved for rare cases of people infected with amoebae who are not cured by using anti-amoeba drugs.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper Juniper] (Juniperus communis) is a very effective natural antibiotic which is also said to have deworming properties, notably against liver fluke, and is used to treat worm infestations in animals. Juniper is also used as the primary flavouring in gin, but there have been no reports of any harm coming to helminths as a result of drinking gin.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaempferia_galanga Kaempferia galanga]. Alcoholic extracts of the rhizomes have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], so extracts of the rhizomes may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kava Kava/kava-kava] (Piper methysticum). According to this report[http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/index.cfm?id=3180], the active ingredients in Kava tea ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalactone kavalactones]) can create mild sedation without disrupting cognitive function, and can act as a muscle relaxant, with higher doses having an effect similar to that of a local anaesthetic. If Kava tea were to “relax” hookworms, this might conceivably affect their ability to keep their grip on their host’s mucosa, which might lead to them being expelled, especially if the drink is taken in quantity or at higher strength.

* ❓[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_balm Lemon balm] (Melissa officinalis), a member of the mint family also known as balm, common balm or balm mint. This has been found to exhibit high nematicidal activity against the roundworm, Meloidogyne incognita [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20527965] and, when included with other herbs, to help reduce the number of pigs infected with the roundworm, Ascaris suum. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19954891]. It is also listed as a vermifuge on some herbal websites, but there have been no reports thus far of lemon balm affecting either NA to TT.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemongrass Lemongrass] (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil has shown [http://www.academia.edu/3999135/Evaluation_of_in_vitro_anthelmintic_activity_of_Cymbopogon_citratus_lemon_grass_extract anthelminthic activity against earthworms]. However, one individual has consumed lemongrass tea [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/544122108977082/ without adverse effect] on her hookworm or whipworm colonies.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquorice Liquorice/licorice], the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra. One hookworm host has reported [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/798992926823331/?comment_id=799022316820392&offset=0&total_comments=2] taking “lots” of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deglycyrrhizinated_licorice deglycyrrhizinated licorice] (DGL) with no ill effect on his worms. And another NA host has reported taking liquorice extract without any problems. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1627189140670368/?comment_id=1627254150663867&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D] Liquorice extracts may be useful as an adjunctive therapy [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26383911 for psoriasis, for colitis] and possibly other autoimmune diseases, but excessive consumption of liquorice containing glycyrrhizin/glycyrrhizic acid [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150302081147.htm may not be wise]. The World Health Organization's recommended daily maximum for liquorice is 2 mg/kg.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippia_nodiflora Lippia nodiflora]. Alcoholic extracts of this have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], so these extracts may also have an adverse effect on other worms.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_fern Male fern] (Dryopteris filix mas). Also once known as worm fern! The rhizomes and young shoots (fiddleheads) of the male fern have antiparasitic properties and the root has been used to treat tapeworms. However, this herb is seldom used today due to its side effects (e.g. headaches and nausea) and because large doses are extremely poisonous and may induce liver damage. The North American equivalent of the male fern is the evergreen [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryopteris_marginalis marginal shield-fern] (Dryopteris marginalis).

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_thistle Milk Thistle] (Silybum marianum). Also known as cardus marianus, blessed milk thistle, Marian Thistle, Mary Thistle, Saint Mary's Thistle, Mediterranean milk thistle, variegated thistle and Scotch thistle. There have been no adverse reports about this herb from worm hosts, and there are no reasons to believe that it might harm human helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morinda_citrifolia Morinda citrifolia]. Alcoholic extracts of the tender leaves of ⚡''M. citrifolia'' have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], so the same extracts may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugwort Mugwort] (Artemisia vulgaris). Also known as Moxa, Common Wormwood, Traveler's Herb and Felon Herb, and a relative of wormwood (Artemisia Absinthium), mugwort is said to make short work of roundworms, pinworms and tapeworms.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrrh Myrrh]. This has antiparasitic effects against various schistosome species and the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem Neem] (Azadirachta indica). Ayurvedic medicine holds that Neem is the best herb for treating worms and other parasites and that a simple decoction of Neem leaves can kill all parasites present in the intestines. Neem extract has also been shown to be [http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJBS/article/view/8836 more effective against rodent helminths] than standard chemotherapy with albendazole or mebendazole.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtica_dioica Nettle, stinging] (Urtica dioica) Stinging nettle was found to have anthelminthic effects in one study [https://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOPHARMCJ/TOPHARMCJ-3-38.pdf] but this was carried out ''in vitro'', using a nettle ''extract'', and in a non-therapeutic worm (the Indian earthworm) so these findings are not directly applicable to humans using human-adapted helminths. There have been no reports of any adverse effect on human helminths after their hosts have drunk nettle tea, and one hookworm host has reported regularly eating nettles without issue. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1265558373500115/?comment_id=1265700353485917&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noni Noni] (Morinda citrifolia, also known as great morinda, Indian mulberry, beach mulberry and cheese fruit). A test tube study[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424] found that noni helps to eliminate the roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, but, so far, no helminth hosts have reported using this.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_leaf Olive leaf extract] (Olea europaea). Known as 'nature's antibiotic', this extract contains a component called oleuropein that is able to degrade pathological microorganisms of all kinds, and inhibit or kill many types of intestinal parasites including flatworms, hookworms, roundworms and tapeworms. Two subjects have reported losing their helminths after taking this.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_grape Oregon grape] (Berberis aquifolium/mahonia aquifolium) contains '''berberine'''.

* ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroxylum_indicum Oroxylum indicum] (also known as broken bones plant, Indian calosanthes, Indian trumpet flower, kampong, midnight horror and tree of Damocles). The bark extract of O. indicum [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26660694 produces concentration-dependent effects against both larval and adult H. diminuta worms] so may also affect other helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmarosa Palmarosa] (Cymbopogon martinii). Also known as Indian geranium, gingergrass and rosha or rosha grass. This may kill helminths.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passionflower Passion flower] (Passiflora). This will not harm helminths.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handroanthus Pau D’arco] (Handroanthus). Also known as poui and ipê. The root bark has antiparasitic effects.

<span id="Peppermint"></span>
* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppermint Peppermint] (Mentha piperita, aka M. balsamea Willd) is used as an ingredient in some antiparasitic preparations. Several helminth hosts have strongly suspected that peppermint oil killed their worms, and one found he could not establish a worm colony at all while taking peppermint oil. Even eating a lot of peppermints [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/948433751879247/?comment_id=948595591863063&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D caused a return of disease symptoms] for one hookworm host. However, a number of others, who have used peppermint oil as a treatment for IBS, have noticed nothing untoward, and one subject has reported taking peppermint oil continuously without issue. Only the oil has been implicated. Eating ✅''peppermint leaves'', or drinking tea made from them, should not be a problem.

* ❌ '''Pollia serzogonian'''. Alcoholic extracts of the rhizomes of ⚡''P. serzogonian'' have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424] so extracts of the rhizomes may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

* ❌ [http://www.starchild.co.uk/products/6564_3590_quassia-root-chips.aspx Quassia] (Picrasma excelsa) has, anecdotally, been used successfully to treat threadworms and roundworms, as well as giardiasis, especially when used as an enema. It is a favoured botanical anthelminthic because of its low toxicity.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodiola_rosea Rhodiola rosea]. Two hookworm hosts have reported taking rhodiola without any adverse effect on their colonies. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/995774170478538/?comment_id=996296763759612&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1627189140670368/?comment_id=1627254150663867&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary Rosemary] has been reported not to be a problem for helminths.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_officinalis Sage] (Salvia officinalis) was used traditionally as a treatment for intestinal worms and some forms of sage are still often included as an ingredient in modern proprietary antiparasitic remedies. However, the use of sage leaves as a culinary herb may not pose a problem for helminths, but there has not yet been sufficient feedback to be certain about this. ⚡[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_oil Sage oil] is likely to be much more of a problem for helminths, and one helminth provider cautions against the use of any concentrated form of sage.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santonin Santonin] is extracted from the dry buds of the desert plant ''Eurasian wormwood'' ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_cina Artemisia cina]). It acts against most parasites except Echinococcus, and is used to treat roundworms.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw_palmetto Saw palmetto] (Serenoa repens). Also known simply as Serenoa, or Sabal serrulatum. One individual has reported an inability to maintain a hookworm colony while taking this herb, but had success once the herb was discontinued.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilajit Shilajit]. One hookworm host has taken this without any apparent adverse effect on his colony. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1132613460127941/]

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_rubra Slippery elm] (ulmus rubra). This is listed on at least one website[http://www.livestrong.com/article/395900-herbal-home-remedy-for-hookworms-in-a-human/] as a herb that may be helpful in treating various types of parasitic worms, including hookworms, but the only report[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/796860063703284/?comment_id=796869800368977&offset=0&total_comments=2] so far was from a hookworm host who said that she used a small amount of slippery elm powder on a few occasions without noticeably affecting her worms.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southernwood Southernwood] (Artemisia abrotanum) This European flowering plant has demonstrated effects against some helminths. It is also known as old man, boy's love, oldman wormwood, lover's plant, appleringie, garderobe, Our Lord's wood, maid's ruin, garden sagebrush, European sage, sitherwood and lemon plant. Spondias (Spondias mombin or Spondias purpurea var. lutea) This tropical fruit, which is also known as hog plums, Spanish plums, libas in Bikol, golden apples and mombins, may have anthelminthic effects.

* ❓ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum St. John’s Wort] (Hypericum perforatum). Some of the chemical constituents of hypericum might conceivably have an adverse effect on helminths if taken in isolation (e.g., hyperforin has demonstrated some antibacterial properties, and hypericin has shown both antibacterial and antiviral activity), but the whole, powdered herb is unlikely to present a serious risk to human helminths.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_annua Sweet Annie] (Artemisia annua). Also known as sweet wormwood, sweet sagewort and annual wormwood. Both the herb and the pure form of its active ingredient, the sesquiterpene lactone, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisinin artemisinin], have been used traditionally to treat malaria and intestinal parasites. Artemisinin is a potent anthelminthic and has been shown to be effective against [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosoma schistosomes]. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29727708]

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tansy Tansy] (Tanacetum vulgare) is highly toxic to internal parasites and, for centuries, tansy tea has been prescribed by herbalists to expel worms.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_tree_oil Tea tree oil] (Melaleuca alternifolia) has been claimed to kill intestinal worms, including roundworms, tapeworms and hookworms, though evidence for this is lacking. There are, however, [http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/topics/5645 hints] that the use of tea tree products might have effects on those who are hosting helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephrosia_purpurea Tephrosia purpurea]. Alcoholic extracts of ⚡''T. purpurea'' have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], so these extracts may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymol Thymol], a monoterpene phenol found in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyme%23Medicinal_use oil of thyme] and ''oregano oil'', has antimicrobial and antifungal properties and is said to be highly effective against hookworms. It can also be toxic and has caused fatalities in children.

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usnea Usnea] are lichen species with powerful antibiotic and antifungal properties. [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Usnea_florida Usnea florida] extract has been found to have a dose-dependent anthelminthic effect against the nematode worm, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinella_spiralis Trichinella spiralis].

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctostaphylos_uva-ursi Uva-ursi]. (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi). One of several related species referred to as bearberry, uva-ursi contains the glycoside [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbutin arbutin], which has antimicrobial properties. There are claims online that uva-ursi is also anthelminthic, but, so far, there have been no reports of its effect on therapeutic helminths.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_(herb) Valerian] (Valeriana officinalis). One hookworm host has reported taking valerian tincture without noticing any interaction with her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1300794123309873/?comment_id=1301681973221088&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasaka Vasaka] (Justicia adhatoda). Also known as Malabar Nut, Adulsa, Adhatoda and Vasa. From the same family as Adhatoda zeylanica. The leaves (which contain [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasicine vasicine], an alkaloid with significant antimicrobial activity), root, bark, fruit, and flowers are all said to help in removing intestinal parasites.

* ✅ [http://www.vitaxyn.com/index.php/info/ Vitaxyn] This alcoholic herbal concoction is unlikely to be a problem at the recommended dosage. An almost identical, but now discontinued, product, [http://mens-en-gezondheid.infonu.nl/natuurgeneeswijze/41458-tancosan-verhoogt-de-weerstand.html Tancosan], was taken by one hookworm host for over 2 years without any obvious adverse effect on her worms.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitex_agnus-castus Vitex agnus-castus]. Also known as vitex, chaste tree, chasteberry, Abraham's balm, lilac chastetree and monk's pepper. One hookworm host has taken 1000 mg of dried vitex agnus castus each day for many months without any noticeable ill effect on her worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/986939411362014/?comment_id=986984301357525&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]

* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_cinerea White walnut] (Juglans cinerea). Also known as Butternut. This nut has been used to expel rather than kill worms, although both root bark and leaves have been used in combination with an equal amount of ❌''Mugwort'' to treat worms in children.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_rue Wild rue] (Peganum harmala). Also known as Esfand, Syrian rue, African rue and harmal. Its powdered seeds were used traditionally to expel tapeworms.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stachys_officinalis Wood betony] (Stachys officinalis). Also known as betony, purple betony, bishopwort, or bishop's wort. A tea made from this may kill helminths.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodsorrel Woodsorrel] (Oxalis) has been reported[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/544122108977082/] as not being a problem for worm hosts when eaten as a food.
<span id="Wormseed"></span>
* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphania_ambrosioides Wormseed] (Dysphania ambrosioides, formerly Chenopodium ambrosioides). Also known as epazote, goosefoot, Jesuit's Tea, Mexican Tea, Herba Sancti Mariae and paico. Wormseed is a traditional herbal remedy used in the tropics for expelling roundworms, hookworms and tapeworms. The oil, leaves or whole plants can be used, but one study[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Studies+on+the+traditional+herbal+anthelmintic+Chenopodium+ambrosioides+L.:+Ethnopharmacological+evaluation+and+clinical+field+trials] found that the powdered herb did not effectively eradicate hookworms, roundworms, or whipworms.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_absinthium Wormwood] (Artemisia Absinthium). Also known as common wormwood, green ginger or grand wormwood, this herb was used traditionally as an anthelminthic. Other members of the genus, artemisia, that were traditionally used as anthelminthics include white wormwood ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_herba-alba Artemisia herba-alba]) and Eurasian wormwood (Artemisia cina) - commonly known as santonica, Levant wormseed, and wormseed.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerba_mate Yerba mate] (also known as erva-mate). No adverse reports have appeared so far about the effect of this herb on human helminths, or of the beverage made from it, known as mate, maté, Chimarrão, cimarrón, Tererê or Tereré.

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingiber_zerumbet Zingiber zerumbet]. Alcoholic extracts of the rhizomes of Z. zerumbet have shown ‘good’ anthelmintic activity against the human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in test tube studies[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1158424], so these extracts may also have an adverse effect on other helminths.

{{Columns}}

=== Fungi ===
<blockquote>
* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inonotus_obliquus Chaga mushroom] (Inonotus obliquus). This fungus, which grows singly on birch and other trees, is claimed, in several places online, to be effective against intestinal parasites, and it has been used for this purpose in the traditional folk medicine of Russia and Eastern Europe. One hookworm host thinks that drinking tea made from chaga mushrooms may have caused the failure of several hookworm incubations. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/810579668997990/?comment_id=810664495656174&offset=0&total_comments=8&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R4%22%7D].

* ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomitopsis_betulina Fomitopsis betulina]. This edible fungus, which is usually found on birch trees, was previously known as Piptoporus betulinus, and is commonly known as the birch polypore, birch bracket, or razor strop. Wikipedia reports that F. betulina has been widely used in traditional medicines, and a paper referenced in the Wikipedia article suggests that polyporenic acid, found in the fruit body of the fungus, may be poisonous to the human whipworm, Trichuris trichiura (TT). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomitopsis_betulina#Research_on_chemical_constituents] F. betulina also contains toxic resins and an active compound, agaric acid, which are powerful purgatives that can result in strong though short-lived bouts of diarrhoea. [https://sci-hub.hk/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79939-6]
</blockquote>

== Miscellaneous ==
{{Columns|2}}
* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apitherapy Bee venom therapy] appears to be safe for worms. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/876826799039943/?comment_id=876902382365718&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R2%22%7D]

* ❌ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth Diatomaceous earth]. This is made from the fossilized remains of tiny, aquatic organisms called diatoms which are mined from ancient sea beds and ground into a fine powder to produce food grade or medical grade diatomite. The finer grade diatomites are used as an insecticide and are also employed to deworm pets and humans. They are believed to work by dehydrating the organism, although the sharp edges of the particles may also be damaging to tiny creatures. A daily dose of one heaped teaspoon of diatomaceous earth has been claimed to be effective for human worm control, and one hookworm host has reported that three doses, of approximately one teaspoon each, quickly wiped out her colony and caused the return of all the symptoms of her disease.

* ❓ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay Clay] (e.g., bentonite, kaolin) Some clays have antibacterial properties [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26743034] [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180821112029.htm] that vary by type, and some have been claimed to be natural parasite preventives that inhibit the reproduction of organisms. One helminth provider at one time advised against the use of clay while hosting worms. However, clay is now thought much less likely to harm human hookworms and whipworms than it is tapeworms, and it may in fact not have any adverse effect at all on any type of ''therapeutic'' helminth.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting Fasting]. This [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/812582472131043/?comment_id=813100818745875&offset=0&total_comments=3&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D will not harm human helminths] because they feed from their host’s blood (hookworms), or from their tissue (whipworms), rather than sharing what their host eats. This is in contrast to the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta (HDC) which shares its host’s food as this passes along the intestine, and requires dietary carbohydrates to survive, so may be harmed by a prolonged fast.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever Fever]. Running a fever for several days will not harm helminths.

* ✅ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_oxygen Hyperbaric oxygen]. This is safe for use alongside helminthic therapy. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1281704005218885/?comment_id=1284905411565411&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D]

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketosis Ketosis] is a metabolic state in which most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood. This state is often induced deliberately by fasting or the adoption of a low-carbohydrate diet as a intervention in various medical conditions. One commenter has suggested that ketosis should not be harmful to helminths because, like fungi, they have mitochondria so can metabolise fat and therefore utilise ketones as a food source, unlike bacteria and viruses which require carbohydrates to survive. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1077988932257061/?comment_id=1078025565586731&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D] For more on keptogenic diets, see here[http://perfecthealthdiet.com/2011/02/ketogenic-diets-i-ways-to-make-a-diet-ketogenic/].

* ❓ [http://rifevideos.com/index.html Rife machines]. These devices are claimed to be capable of killing or "devitalizing" worms when set to 2,400 Hz. Therefore, assuming that they are able to do what is claimed (and this is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Rife contentious issue]) it would seem sensible to avoid this particular frequency if using these machines.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermidine Spermidine]. When fed to worms, this simple polyamine (found in large quantities in human sperm and grapefruit) significantly prolonged their lifespan. [http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2009/October/04100901.asp]

* ✅ '''Steam'''. Saunas, hot tubs and hot baths do not harm helminths because the body's core temperature remains relatively constant while the skin sweats.

* ✅ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Hof Wim Hof] breathing techniques. Someone who hosts hookworms and has done these exercises on and off for about a year has reported having no issues as a result of combining the two treatments. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1417893248266626/?comment_id=1417961461593138&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

{{Columns}}

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-06T21:50:46Z

Kate: /* Further reading */

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=Helminthic therapy and diabetes.
|description=Helminthic therapy may assist with the prevention and treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
|keywords=diabetes, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Type 1, Type 2, insulin, glucose, metabolic syndrome, metabolic disorder, metabolic dysfunction.
|og:image=}}

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issues across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young US citizens. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

===Prevention and treatment of T1D===

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminth infections... may be protective against the development of diabetes, and this finding opens up new territory for discovery of novel therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

A proof-of-concept human clinical trial is currently underway on the safety and usefulness of the human hookworm for patients with metabolic syndrome. [https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372957]

===Type 2 diabetes and the immune system===

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

{{quote|indent}}Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]{{quote|/indent}}

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

{{quote|indent}}...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697 The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries.]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review seeks to give an overview of the current international diabetes burden, the evidence for interactions between diabetes and infection, immune mechanisms for the interaction, and potential interventions to tackle the dual burden of diabetes and infection.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}“… it is highly likely that the decline of infections is one of the major explanations for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes in developed countries.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]
:{{Quote|indent}}...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis.{{Quote|/indent}}

More recent papers are listed on the [[Helminthic therapy research | '''Helminthic therapy research''']] page, which should be searched using the terms, “diabet”, “insulin”, “glucose” and “metabolic”.

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

===Diabetes and the gut===
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/12/3720/htm?fbclid=IwAR2bfM7dqxIlLgn6wFpNTAyyYlBsE9G8SFdY3MV9jOxiT7nOt97bNH0p4GY Causal Relationship between Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Changes and Diabetes: A Novel Strategy to Transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Preventing Diabetes]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

===Diabetes and nutrition===
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

===Additional approaches===
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749118320992?fbclid=IwAR0eiaCOinYDTHIXK-X-3dBd71E3lxmBHn265s9Hw9KA7a7QXTfAyZPt1Sk Study finds that being in green spaces can positively affect blood glucose in children]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

===Things to avoid===
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-06T21:50:05Z

Kate: /* Further reading */

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=Helminthic therapy and diabetes.
|description=Helminthic therapy may assist with the prevention and treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
|keywords=diabetes, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Type 1, Type 2, insulin, glucose, metabolic syndrome, metabolic disorder, metabolic dysfunction.
|og:image=}}

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issues across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young US citizens. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

===Prevention and treatment of T1D===

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminth infections... may be protective against the development of diabetes, and this finding opens up new territory for discovery of novel therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

A proof-of-concept human clinical trial is currently underway on the safety and usefulness of the human hookworm for patients with metabolic syndrome. [https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372957]

===Type 2 diabetes and the immune system===

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

{{quote|indent}}Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]{{quote|/indent}}

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

{{quote|indent}}...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697 The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries.]
:{{quote|indent}}This review seeks to give an overview of the current international diabetes burden, the evidence for interactions between diabetes and infection, immune mechanisms for the interaction, and potential interventions to tackle the dual burden of diabetes and infection.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}“… it is highly likely that the decline of infections is one of the major explanations for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes in developed countries.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]
:{{Quote|indent}}...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis.{{Quote|/indent}}

More recent papers are listed on the [[Helminthic therapy research | '''Helminthic therapy research''']] page, which should be searched using the terms, “diabet”, “insulin”, “glucose” and “metabolic”.

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

===Diabetes and the gut===
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/12/3720/htm?fbclid=IwAR2bfM7dqxIlLgn6wFpNTAyyYlBsE9G8SFdY3MV9jOxiT7nOt97bNH0p4GY Causal Relationship between Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Changes and Diabetes: A Novel Strategy to Transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Preventing Diabetes]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

===Diabetes and nutrition===
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

===Additional approaches===
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749118320992?fbclid=IwAR0eiaCOinYDTHIXK-X-3dBd71E3lxmBHn265s9Hw9KA7a7QXTfAyZPt1Sk Study finds that being in green spaces can positively affect blood glucose in children]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

===Things to avoid===
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-06T21:49:42Z

Kate: /* Further reading */

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=Helminthic therapy and diabetes.
|description=Helminthic therapy may assist with the prevention and treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
|keywords=diabetes, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Type 1, Type 2, insulin, glucose, metabolic syndrome, metabolic disorder, metabolic dysfunction.
|og:image=}}

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issues across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young US citizens. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

===Prevention and treatment of T1D===

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminth infections... may be protective against the development of diabetes, and this finding opens up new territory for discovery of novel therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

A proof-of-concept human clinical trial is currently underway on the safety and usefulness of the human hookworm for patients with metabolic syndrome. [https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372957]

===Type 2 diabetes and the immune system===

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

{{quote|indent}}Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]{{quote|/indent}}

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

{{quote|indent}}...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697]
:{{quote|indent}}This review seeks to give an overview of the current international diabetes burden, the evidence for interactions between diabetes and infection, immune mechanisms for the interaction, and potential interventions to tackle the dual burden of diabetes and infection.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}“… it is highly likely that the decline of infections is one of the major explanations for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes in developed countries.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]
:{{Quote|indent}}...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis.{{Quote|/indent}}

More recent papers are listed on the [[Helminthic therapy research | '''Helminthic therapy research''']] page, which should be searched using the terms, “diabet”, “insulin”, “glucose” and “metabolic”.

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

===Diabetes and the gut===
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/12/3720/htm?fbclid=IwAR2bfM7dqxIlLgn6wFpNTAyyYlBsE9G8SFdY3MV9jOxiT7nOt97bNH0p4GY Causal Relationship between Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Changes and Diabetes: A Novel Strategy to Transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Preventing Diabetes]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

===Diabetes and nutrition===
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

===Additional approaches===
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749118320992?fbclid=IwAR0eiaCOinYDTHIXK-X-3dBd71E3lxmBHn265s9Hw9KA7a7QXTfAyZPt1Sk Study finds that being in green spaces can positively affect blood glucose in children]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

===Things to avoid===
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-06T21:48:36Z

Kate: /* Type 2 diabetes */

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=Helminthic therapy and diabetes.
|description=Helminthic therapy may assist with the prevention and treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
|keywords=diabetes, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Type 1, Type 2, insulin, glucose, metabolic syndrome, metabolic disorder, metabolic dysfunction.
|og:image=}}

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issues across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young US citizens. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

===Prevention and treatment of T1D===

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminth infections... may be protective against the development of diabetes, and this finding opens up new territory for discovery of novel therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

A proof-of-concept human clinical trial is currently underway on the safety and usefulness of the human hookworm for patients with metabolic syndrome. [https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372957]

===Type 2 diabetes and the immune system===

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

{{quote|indent}}Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]{{quote|/indent}}

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

{{quote|indent}}...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}“… it is highly likely that the decline of infections is one of the major explanations for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes in developed countries.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]
:{{Quote|indent}}...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis.{{Quote|/indent}}

More recent papers are listed on the [[Helminthic therapy research | '''Helminthic therapy research''']] page, which should be searched using the terms, “diabet”, “insulin”, “glucose” and “metabolic”.

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

===Diabetes and the gut===
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/12/3720/htm?fbclid=IwAR2bfM7dqxIlLgn6wFpNTAyyYlBsE9G8SFdY3MV9jOxiT7nOt97bNH0p4GY Causal Relationship between Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Changes and Diabetes: A Novel Strategy to Transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Preventing Diabetes]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

===Diabetes and nutrition===
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

===Additional approaches===
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749118320992?fbclid=IwAR0eiaCOinYDTHIXK-X-3dBd71E3lxmBHn265s9Hw9KA7a7QXTfAyZPt1Sk Study finds that being in green spaces can positively affect blood glucose in children]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

===Things to avoid===
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-04T21:22:09Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=Helminthic therapy and diabetes.
|description=Helminthic therapy may assist with the prevention and treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
|keywords=diabetes, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Type 1, Type 2, insulin, glucose, metabolic syndrome, metabolic disorder, metabolic dysfunction.
|og:image=}}

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young US citizens. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

====Prevention and treatment of T1D====

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

A proof-of-concept human clinical trial is currently underway on the safety and usefulness of the human hookworm for patients with metabolic syndrome. [https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372957]

====Type 2 diabetes and the immune system====

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

{{quote|indent}}Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]{{quote|/indent}}

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

{{quote|indent}}...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
:{{Quote|indent}}“… it is highly likely that the decline of infections is one of the major explanations for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes in developed countries.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
:{{Quote|indent}}This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans.{{Quote|/indent}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]
:{{Quote|indent}}...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis.{{Quote|/indent}}

More recent papers are listed on the [[Helminthic therapy research | '''Helminthic therapy research''']] page, which should be searched using the terms, “diabet”, “insulin”, “glucose” and “metabolic”.

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/12/3720/htm?fbclid=IwAR2bfM7dqxIlLgn6wFpNTAyyYlBsE9G8SFdY3MV9jOxiT7nOt97bNH0p4GY Causal Relationship between Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Changes and Diabetes: A Novel Strategy to Transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Preventing Diabetes]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749118320992?fbclid=IwAR0eiaCOinYDTHIXK-X-3dBd71E3lxmBHn265s9Hw9KA7a7QXTfAyZPt1Sk Study finds that being in green spaces can positively affect blood glucose in children]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-04T14:59:30Z

Kate: Kate moved page Helminthic Therapy and Diabetes to Helminthic therapy and diabetes: Page title change

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young US citizens. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

'''Prevention and treatment of T1D'''

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

A proof-of-concept human clinical trial is currently underway on the safety and usefulness of the human hookworm for patients with metabolic syndrome. [https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372957]

'''Type 2 diabetes and the immune system'''

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

{{quote|indent}}Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]{{quote|/indent}}

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

{{quote|indent}}...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/12/3720/htm?fbclid=IwAR2bfM7dqxIlLgn6wFpNTAyyYlBsE9G8SFdY3MV9jOxiT7nOt97bNH0p4GY Causal Relationship between Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Changes and Diabetes: A Novel Strategy to Transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Preventing Diabetes]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-04T14:27:38Z

Kate:

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-04T14:25:44Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young US citizens. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

'''Prevention and treatment of T1D'''

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

A proof-of-concept human clinical trial is currently underway on the safety and usefulness of the human hookworm (Necator Americanus) for patients with metabolic syndrome. [https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372957]

'''Type 2 diabetes and the immune system'''

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

{{quote|indent}}Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]{{quote|/indent}}

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

{{quote|indent}}...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/12/3720/htm?fbclid=IwAR2bfM7dqxIlLgn6wFpNTAyyYlBsE9G8SFdY3MV9jOxiT7nOt97bNH0p4GY Causal Relationship between Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Changes and Diabetes: A Novel Strategy to Transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Preventing Diabetes]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-03T20:16:34Z

Kate: /* Other information */

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young US citizens. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

'''Prevention and treatment of T1D'''

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

'''Type 2 diabetes and the immune system'''

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

{{quote|indent}}Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]{{quote|/indent}}

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

{{quote|indent}}...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/12/3720/htm?fbclid=IwAR2bfM7dqxIlLgn6wFpNTAyyYlBsE9G8SFdY3MV9jOxiT7nOt97bNH0p4GY Causal Relationship between Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Changes and Diabetes: A Novel Strategy to Transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Preventing Diabetes]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T22:58:41Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young US citizens. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

'''Prevention and treatment of T1D'''

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

'''Type 2 diabetes and the immune system'''

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

{{quote|indent}}Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]{{quote|/indent}}

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

{{quote|indent}}...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T22:54:12Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

'''Prevention and treatment of T1D'''

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

'''Type 2 diabetes and the immune system'''

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

{{quote|indent}}Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]{{quote|/indent}}

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

{{quote|indent}}...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T22:53:05Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

'''Prevention and treatment of T1D'''

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

'''Type 2 diabetes and the immune system'''

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

{{quote|indent}}"Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]{{quote|/indent}}

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

"...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T22:52:22Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

'''Prevention and treatment of T1D'''

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg '''completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes''' in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice '''blocked the onset of T1D'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

'''Type 2 diabetes and the immune system'''

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

*"Parasitic nematode infection has both '''preventive and therapeutic effects''' against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]

*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, '''protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

"...'''nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D''' by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T22:48:55Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

'''Prevention and treatment of T1D'''

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

'''Type 2 diabetes and the immune system'''

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]

*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

"...nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of the scientific literature, and may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T22:47:28Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

'''Prevention and treatment of T1D'''

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops insulin resistance and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence that points to additional risk factors:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to rates of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and T2D. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialized nations, where helminth infections are much lower. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

'''Type 2 diabetes and the immune system'''

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]

*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

"...nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of scientific literature that may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T22:40:56Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world, with the highest rates in higher-income countries:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

'''Prevention and treatment of T1D'''

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to incidence of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialzed nations, where helminth infections are very low. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

'''Type 2 diabetes and the immune system'''

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]

*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

"...nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of scientific literature that may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T22:40:24Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world, with the highest rates in higher-income countries:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

'''Prevention and treatment of T1D'''

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and prevalence of type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to incidence of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialzed nations, where helminth infections are very low. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

'''Type 2 diabetes and the immune system'''

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]

*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

"...nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further reading==

The following papers are reviews of scientific literature that may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T22:40:06Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world, with the highest rates in higher-income countries:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

'''Prevention and treatment of T1D'''

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 diabetes==

===Helminths and prevalence of type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to incidence of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialzed nations, where helminth infections are very low. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

'''Type 2 diabetes and the immune system'''

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]

*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

"...nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further Reading==

The following papers are reviews of scientific literature that may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T22:39:37Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 Diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world, with the highest rates in higher-income countries:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

'''Prevention and treatment of T1D'''

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated. Once the symptoms of this disease develop, the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost. But there is cause for hope, as multiple approaches to regenerating these cells are being studied.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this regeneration with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence, however, that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone.
{{quote|indent}}New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]{{quote|/indent}}

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 Diabetes==

===Helminths and prevalence of type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to incidence of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialzed nations, where helminth infections are very low. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}}Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

'''Type 2 diabetes and the immune system'''

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation, [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm] and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that:

{{quote|indent}}...helminth infections... can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and '''promote insulin sensitivity'''. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]{{quote|/indent}}

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]

*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

"...nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further Reading==

The following papers are reviews of scientific literature that may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: an entirely preventable & reversible condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome modulator NM504 significantly improved blood glucose control and other metabolic parameters in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The gut microbiota modulates glycaemic control and serum metabolite profiles in non-obese diabetic mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal type 2 diabetes with a probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 scientifically proven foods to control type 2 diabetes (extensive guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting vitamins and supplements for pharmaceuticals in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The role of nutritional and botanical agents in the management of type 2 diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric extract may prevent, even reverse diabetes (type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chili extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A diabetic's best friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the green dwarf variety coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of black tea and black tea pomace polyphenols on α-glucosidase and α-amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone antibiotics linked to type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T21:58:24Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 Diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world, with the highest rates of T2D in higher-income countries:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

'''Prevention and treatment of T1D'''

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated, but there is cause for hope. A big obstacle to treating Type 1 diabetes is whether it's possible to help this disease once the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost, as they inevitably have been by the time symptoms of this disease develop.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this technique with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone. "New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance." [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}"T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice." * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}*"A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 Diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to incidence of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the removal of helminths from an individual appears to increase their risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This could be an important, but overlooked, contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialzed nations, where helminth infections are very low. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}} Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

'''Type 2 diabetes and the immune system'''

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

{{quote|indent}}"Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease" [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm], and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that "helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]

*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

"...nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]

"...because of the detected depressed peripheral glucose uptake by the diaphragm, the protecting effect of helminths infection in diabetes should be reconsidered, to be able to devise therapeutic strategies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678]

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}“I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further Reading==

The following papers are reviews of scientific literature that may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: An Entirely Preventable & Reversible Condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome Modulator NM504 Significantly Improved Blood Glucose Control and Other Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The Gut Microbiota Modulates Glycaemic Control and Serum Metabolite Profiles in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, Diabetes, and Gut Microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal Type 2 Diabetes with a Probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, Kefram-Kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and Diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with Type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 Scientifically Proven Foods to Control Type 2 Diabetes (Extensive Guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting Vitamins and Supplements for Pharmaceuticals in Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The Role of Nutritional and Botanical Agents in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric Extract May Prevent, Even Reverse Diabetes (Type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chilli extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A Diabetic's Best Friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water Study of Antiglycation, Hypoglycemic, and Nephroprotective Activities of the Green Dwarf Variety Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of Black Tea and Black Tea Pomace Polyphenols on α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate Beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Linked to Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T21:55:35Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 Diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world, with the highest rates of T2D in higher-income countries:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

'''Prevention and treatment of T1D'''

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated, but there is cause for hope. A big obstacle to treating Type 1 diabetes is whether it's possible to help this disease once the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost, as they inevitably have been by the time symptoms of this disease develop.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this technique with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone. "New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance." [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}"T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice." * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}*"A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 Diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to incidence of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the eradication of helminths through anthelminthic treatment appears to increase the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This could be an important but overlooked contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialzed nations, where helminth infections are very low. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}} "Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes." [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

'''Type 2 diabetes and the immune system'''

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

[[quote|indent}}"Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease" [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm], and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that "helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]

*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

"...nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]

"...because of the detected depressed peripheral glucose uptake by the diaphragm, the protecting effect of helminths infection in diabetes should be reconsidered, to be able to devise therapeutic strategies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678]

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}“I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further Reading==

The following papers are reviews of scientific literature that may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: An Entirely Preventable & Reversible Condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome Modulator NM504 Significantly Improved Blood Glucose Control and Other Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The Gut Microbiota Modulates Glycaemic Control and Serum Metabolite Profiles in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, Diabetes, and Gut Microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal Type 2 Diabetes with a Probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, Kefram-Kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and Diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with Type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 Scientifically Proven Foods to Control Type 2 Diabetes (Extensive Guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting Vitamins and Supplements for Pharmaceuticals in Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The Role of Nutritional and Botanical Agents in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric Extract May Prevent, Even Reverse Diabetes (Type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chilli extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A Diabetic's Best Friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water Study of Antiglycation, Hypoglycemic, and Nephroprotective Activities of the Green Dwarf Variety Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of Black Tea and Black Tea Pomace Polyphenols on α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate Beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Linked to Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T21:55:07Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 Diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world, with the highest rates of T2D in higher-income countries:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

'''Prevention and treatment of T1D'''

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated, but there is cause for hope. A big obstacle to treating Type 1 diabetes is whether it's possible to help this disease once the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost, as they inevitably have been by the time symptoms of this disease develop.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784] With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this technique with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone. "New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance." [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}"T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice." * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}*"A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also '''reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis'''." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 Diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to incidence of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the eradication of helminths through anthelminthic treatment appears to increase the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This could be an important but overlooked contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialzed nations, where helminth infections are very low. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}} "Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes." [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

'''Type 2 diabetes and the immune system'''

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

[[quote|indent}}"Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease" [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm], and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that "helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]

*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

"...nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]

"...because of the detected depressed peripheral glucose uptake by the diaphragm, the protecting effect of helminths infection in diabetes should be reconsidered, to be able to devise therapeutic strategies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678]

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}“I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further Reading==

The following papers are reviews of scientific literature that may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: An Entirely Preventable & Reversible Condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome Modulator NM504 Significantly Improved Blood Glucose Control and Other Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The Gut Microbiota Modulates Glycaemic Control and Serum Metabolite Profiles in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, Diabetes, and Gut Microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal Type 2 Diabetes with a Probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, Kefram-Kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and Diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with Type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 Scientifically Proven Foods to Control Type 2 Diabetes (Extensive Guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting Vitamins and Supplements for Pharmaceuticals in Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The Role of Nutritional and Botanical Agents in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric Extract May Prevent, Even Reverse Diabetes (Type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chilli extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A Diabetic's Best Friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water Study of Antiglycation, Hypoglycemic, and Nephroprotective Activities of the Green Dwarf Variety Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of Black Tea and Black Tea Pomace Polyphenols on α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate Beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Linked to Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T21:53:21Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 Diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world, with the highest rates of T2D in higher-income countries:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

'''Prevention and treatment of T1D'''

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated, but there is cause for hope. A big obstacle to treating Type 1 diabetes is whether it's possible to help this disease once the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost, as they inevitably have been by the time symptoms of this disease develop.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784]]

With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this technique with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone:
*"New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance." [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}"T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice." * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}*"A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 Diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to incidence of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the eradication of helminths through anthelminthic treatment appears to increase the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This could be an important but overlooked contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialzed nations, where helminth infections are very low. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}} "Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes." [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

'''Type 2 diabetes and the immune system'''

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

[[quote|indent}}"Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease" [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm], and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that "helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]

*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

"...nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]

"...because of the detected depressed peripheral glucose uptake by the diaphragm, the protecting effect of helminths infection in diabetes should be reconsidered, to be able to devise therapeutic strategies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678]

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}“I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further Reading==

The following papers are reviews of scientific literature that may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: An Entirely Preventable & Reversible Condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome Modulator NM504 Significantly Improved Blood Glucose Control and Other Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The Gut Microbiota Modulates Glycaemic Control and Serum Metabolite Profiles in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, Diabetes, and Gut Microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal Type 2 Diabetes with a Probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, Kefram-Kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and Diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with Type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 Scientifically Proven Foods to Control Type 2 Diabetes (Extensive Guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting Vitamins and Supplements for Pharmaceuticals in Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The Role of Nutritional and Botanical Agents in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric Extract May Prevent, Even Reverse Diabetes (Type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chilli extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A Diabetic's Best Friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water Study of Antiglycation, Hypoglycemic, and Nephroprotective Activities of the Green Dwarf Variety Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of Black Tea and Black Tea Pomace Polyphenols on α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate Beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Linked to Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T21:52:31Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 Diabetes==

===Helminths and type 1 diabetes===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world, with the highest rates of T2D in higher-income countries:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

===Helminths, prevention, and treatment of Type 1 Diabetes===

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated, but there is cause for hope. A big obstacle to treating Type 1 diabetes is whether it's possible to help this disease once the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost, as they inevitably have been by the time symptoms of this disease develop.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784]]

With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this technique with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone:
*"New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance." [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}"T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice." * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}*"A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 Diabetes==

===Helminths and type 2 diabetes===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to incidence of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the eradication of helminths through anthelminthic treatment appears to increase the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This could be an important but overlooked contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialzed nations, where helminth infections are very low. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}} "Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes." [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

'''Type 2 diabetes and the immune system'''

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

[[quote|indent}}"Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease" [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm], and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that "helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]

*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

"...nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]

"...because of the detected depressed peripheral glucose uptake by the diaphragm, the protecting effect of helminths infection in diabetes should be reconsidered, to be able to devise therapeutic strategies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678]

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}“I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further Reading==

The following papers are reviews of scientific literature that may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: An Entirely Preventable & Reversible Condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome Modulator NM504 Significantly Improved Blood Glucose Control and Other Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The Gut Microbiota Modulates Glycaemic Control and Serum Metabolite Profiles in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, Diabetes, and Gut Microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal Type 2 Diabetes with a Probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, Kefram-Kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and Diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with Type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 Scientifically Proven Foods to Control Type 2 Diabetes (Extensive Guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting Vitamins and Supplements for Pharmaceuticals in Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The Role of Nutritional and Botanical Agents in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric Extract May Prevent, Even Reverse Diabetes (Type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chilli extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A Diabetic's Best Friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water Study of Antiglycation, Hypoglycemic, and Nephroprotective Activities of the Green Dwarf Variety Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of Black Tea and Black Tea Pomace Polyphenols on α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate Beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Linked to Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T21:51:21Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 Diabetes==

===Introduction===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world, with the highest rates of T2D in higher-income countries:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

===Helminths, prevention, and treatment of Type 1 Diabetes===

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated, but there is cause for hope. A big obstacle to treating Type 1 diabetes is whether it's possible to help this disease once the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost, as they inevitably have been by the time symptoms of this disease develop.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784]]

With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this technique with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone:
*"New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance." [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}"T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice." * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}*"A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 Diabetes==

===Introduction===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing. Risk factors for T2D are mainly age, obesity, family history, and physical inactivity, but there is significant geographical variation in prevalence:

{{quote|indent}}As in type 1 diabetes, there is marked geographical variation, but the pattern is different. The prevalence is lowest in rural areas of developing countries, generally intermediate in developed countries, and highest in certain ethnic groups, particularly those that have adopted Western lifestyle patterns... It is likely that interactions between the environment/lifestyle and genetic factors provide the explanation for the risk of type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282306/#sec2title]{{quote|/indent}}

Some explanation of this geographic variation may relate to incidence of helminth infection, which a number of studies around the globe have shown to be protective against the development of T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that the eradication of helminths through anthelminthic treatment appears to increase the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This could be an important but overlooked contributor to the higher prevalence of T2D in industrialzed nations, where helminth infections are very low. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}} "Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes." [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

'''Type 2 diabetes and the immune system'''

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that can help T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

[[quote|indent}}"Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease" [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm], and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that "helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]

*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

"...nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]

"...because of the detected depressed peripheral glucose uptake by the diaphragm, the protecting effect of helminths infection in diabetes should be reconsidered, to be able to devise therapeutic strategies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678]

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}“I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further Reading==

The following papers are reviews of scientific literature that may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: An Entirely Preventable & Reversible Condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome Modulator NM504 Significantly Improved Blood Glucose Control and Other Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The Gut Microbiota Modulates Glycaemic Control and Serum Metabolite Profiles in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, Diabetes, and Gut Microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal Type 2 Diabetes with a Probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, Kefram-Kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and Diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with Type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 Scientifically Proven Foods to Control Type 2 Diabetes (Extensive Guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting Vitamins and Supplements for Pharmaceuticals in Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The Role of Nutritional and Botanical Agents in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric Extract May Prevent, Even Reverse Diabetes (Type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chilli extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A Diabetic's Best Friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water Study of Antiglycation, Hypoglycemic, and Nephroprotective Activities of the Green Dwarf Variety Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of Black Tea and Black Tea Pomace Polyphenols on α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate Beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Linked to Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T21:35:52Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 Diabetes==

===Introduction===

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world, with the highest rates of T2D in higher-income countries:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

===Helminths, prevention and treatment of Type 1 Diabetes===

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated, but there is cause for hope. A big obstacle to treating Type 1 diabetes is whether it's possible to help this disease once the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost, as they inevitably have been by the time symptoms of this disease develop.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784]]

With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this technique with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone:
*"New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance." [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}"T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice." * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}*"A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal experiences===

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 Diabetes==

===Introduction===

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing.

A number of studies on human populations around the world indicate that helminth infection increase insulin sensitivity and protects against T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that anthelminthic treatment (eradication of helminths) appears to increase the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}} "Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes." [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on the symptoms of this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that helps T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

[[quote|indent}}"Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease" [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm], and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that "helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]

*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

"...nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]

"...because of the detected depressed peripheral glucose uptake by the diaphragm, the protecting effect of helminths infection in diabetes should be reconsidered, to be able to devise therapeutic strategies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678]

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}“I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further Reading==

The following papers are reviews of scientific literature that may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: An Entirely Preventable & Reversible Condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome Modulator NM504 Significantly Improved Blood Glucose Control and Other Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The Gut Microbiota Modulates Glycaemic Control and Serum Metabolite Profiles in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, Diabetes, and Gut Microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal Type 2 Diabetes with a Probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, Kefram-Kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and Diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with Type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 Scientifically Proven Foods to Control Type 2 Diabetes (Extensive Guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting Vitamins and Supplements for Pharmaceuticals in Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The Role of Nutritional and Botanical Agents in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric Extract May Prevent, Even Reverse Diabetes (Type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chilli extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A Diabetic's Best Friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water Study of Antiglycation, Hypoglycemic, and Nephroprotective Activities of the Green Dwarf Variety Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of Black Tea and Black Tea Pomace Polyphenols on α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate Beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Linked to Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T21:32:50Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 Diabetes==

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world, with the highest rates of T2D in higher-income countries:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

'''Helminths, prevention and treatment of Type 1 Diabetes'''

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated, but there is cause for hope. A big obstacle to treating Type 1 diabetes is whether it's possible to help this disease once the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost, as they inevitably have been by the time symptoms of this disease develop.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784]]

With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this technique with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone:
*"New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance." [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}"T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice." * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}*"A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

===Personal stories===

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 Diabetes==

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing.

A number of studies on human populations around the world indicate that helminth infection increase insulin sensitivity and protects against T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that anthelminthic treatment (eradication of helminths) appears to increase the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}} "Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes." [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on the symptoms of this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that helps T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

[[quote|indent}}"Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease" [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm], and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that "helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]

===Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment===

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]

*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

"...nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]

"...because of the detected depressed peripheral glucose uptake by the diaphragm, the protecting effect of helminths infection in diabetes should be reconsidered, to be able to devise therapeutic strategies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678]

===Personal experiences===

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}“I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further Reading==

The following papers are reviews of scientific literature that may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

'''Diabetes and the gut'''
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: An Entirely Preventable & Reversible Condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome Modulator NM504 Significantly Improved Blood Glucose Control and Other Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The Gut Microbiota Modulates Glycaemic Control and Serum Metabolite Profiles in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, Diabetes, and Gut Microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal Type 2 Diabetes with a Probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

'''Diabetes and nutrition'''
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, Kefram-Kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and Diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with Type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 Scientifically Proven Foods to Control Type 2 Diabetes (Extensive Guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting Vitamins and Supplements for Pharmaceuticals in Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The Role of Nutritional and Botanical Agents in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric Extract May Prevent, Even Reverse Diabetes (Type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chilli extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A Diabetic's Best Friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water Study of Antiglycation, Hypoglycemic, and Nephroprotective Activities of the Green Dwarf Variety Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of Black Tea and Black Tea Pomace Polyphenols on α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate Beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

'''Additional approaches'''
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

'''Things to avoid'''
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Linked to Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T21:29:47Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 Diabetes==

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world, with the highest rates of T2D in higher-income countries:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Many have hypothesized that the differential rates, as well as the current increase in middle- and low-income countries, may be related to industrialization and the medical and hygienic practices that come with it [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/]

Helminths, prevention and treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated, but there is cause for hope. A big obstacle to treating Type 1 diabetes is whether it's possible to help this disease once the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost, as they inevitably have been by the time symptoms of this disease develop.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784]]

With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this technique with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone:
*"New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance." [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}"T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice." * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}*"A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

Some experiences of self-treaters using helminths for Type 1 diabetes:

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 Diabetes==

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing.

A number of studies on human populations around the world indicate that helminth infection increase insulin sensitivity and protects against T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that anthelminthic treatment (eradication of helminths) appears to increase the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}} "Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes." [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on the symptoms of this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that helps T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

[[quote|indent}}"Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease" [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm], and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that "helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]

Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]

*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

"...nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]

"...because of the detected depressed peripheral glucose uptake by the diaphragm, the protecting effect of helminths infection in diabetes should be reconsidered, to be able to devise therapeutic strategies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678]

A helminthic therapy user with type 2 diabetes submitted this experience:

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}“I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further Reading==

The following papers are reviews of scientific literature that may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?] "In this review, we survey existing studies in the non-human animal and human literature, highlight unresolved questions and suggest future directions to explore the role of helminths in the etiology of cardio-metabolic disease."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]"In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.] "This review aims to examine the literature on the effect of helminthic infections on metabolic outcomes in humans."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.] "...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis."

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

Diabetes and the gut:
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: An Entirely Preventable & Reversible Condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome Modulator NM504 Significantly Improved Blood Glucose Control and Other Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The Gut Microbiota Modulates Glycaemic Control and Serum Metabolite Profiles in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, Diabetes, and Gut Microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal Type 2 Diabetes with a Probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

Diabetes and nutrition
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, Kefram-Kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and Diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with Type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 Scientifically Proven Foods to Control Type 2 Diabetes (Extensive Guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting Vitamins and Supplements for Pharmaceuticals in Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The Role of Nutritional and Botanical Agents in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric Extract May Prevent, Even Reverse Diabetes (Type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chilli extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A Diabetic's Best Friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water Study of Antiglycation, Hypoglycemic, and Nephroprotective Activities of the Green Dwarf Variety Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of Black Tea and Black Tea Pomace Polyphenols on α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate Beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

Additional approaches that may help diabetes
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

Things to avoid
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Linked to Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T21:25:03Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

==Type 1 Diabetes==

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels. A World Health Organization study found a significant difference in prevalence around the world, with the highest rates of T2D in higher-income countries:

{{quote|indent}}A greater than 350-fold difference in the incidence of T1D among the 100 populations worldwide was reported with age-adjusted incidences ranging from a low of 0.1/100,000 per year in China and Venezuela to a high of 36.5/100,000 in Finland and 36.8/100,000 per year in Sardinia. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was reported in the populations from China and South America and the highest incidence (>20/100,000 per year) was reported in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2925303/#R1] {{quote|/indent}}

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Helminths, prevention and treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

Some researchers have advocated for studying helminth therapy as a preventative measure against T1D. [https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt] One study found that helminth infection "disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells." [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

Treatment is more complicated, but there is cause for hope. A big obstacle to treating Type 1 diabetes is whether it's possible to help this disease once the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost, as they inevitably have been by the time symptoms of this disease develop.

It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, another study found that a drug could encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm] Stem cells are another promising subject of research on regenerating insulin-producing beta cells. [[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784]]

With the possibility of creating new beta cells, the combination of this technique with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

There is also some evidence that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation alone:
*"New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance." [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm]

Another study found that increasing protective T-regulatory cells in the lymph nodes (the 'gates' of the pancreas) may help restore the production of insulin in T1D patients. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm] Helminths are capable of normalizing T-regs, but we don't yet have research that specifically confirms the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells through T-reg modulation via helminth infection.

Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the interaction of helminth immunomodulation and T1D on a detailed level. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079]

{{quote|indent}}"T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice." * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}*"A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/] {{quote|/indent}}

Some studies have also found that helminths may help, even after the onset of T1D:

{{quote|indent}}One mouse model study found that helminth infection "significantly inhibits T1D... and also reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101]{{quote|/indent}}

Some experiences of self-treaters using helminths for Type 1 diabetes:

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

==Type 2 Diabetes==

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. T2D can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing.

A number of studies on human populations around the world indicate that helminth infection increase insulin sensitivity and protects against T2D. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that anthelminthic treatment (eradication of helminths) appears to increase the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}} "Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes." [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in T2D, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on the symptoms of this condition [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that helps T2D [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

[[quote|indent}}"Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS (metabolic syndrome) and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease" [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm], and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that "helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]

Research on mechanisms of prevention and treatment

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent T2D through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]

*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

"...nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]

"...because of the detected depressed peripheral glucose uptake by the diaphragm, the protecting effect of helminths infection in diabetes should be reconsidered, to be able to devise therapeutic strategies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678]

A helminthic therapy user with type 2 diabetes submitted this experience:

{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:

{{Quote|indent}}“I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Further Reading on Helminths and Diabetes==

The following papers are reviews of scientific literature that may be helpful for those who want to learn more about this topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] "This paper aims to appraise and synthesise evidence from human studies examining the effect of helminth infection on host metabolic outcomes, including T2DM."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
*"...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]

==Other information==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

Diabetes and the gut
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: An Entirely Preventable & Reversible Condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome Modulator NM504 Significantly Improved Blood Glucose Control and Other Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The Gut Microbiota Modulates Glycaemic Control and Serum Metabolite Profiles in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, Diabetes, and Gut Microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal Type 2 Diabetes with a Probiotic?]
*[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

Diabetes and nutrition
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, Kefram-Kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and Diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with Type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 Scientifically Proven Foods to Control Type 2 Diabetes (Extensive Guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting Vitamins and Supplements for Pharmaceuticals in Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The Role of Nutritional and Botanical Agents in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric Extract May Prevent, Even Reverse Diabetes (Type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chilli extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A Diabetic's Best Friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water Study of Antiglycation, Hypoglycemic, and Nephroprotective Activities of the Green Dwarf Variety Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of Black Tea and Black Tea Pomace Polyphenols on α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate Beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

Additional approaches that may help diabetes
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

Things to avoid
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Linked to Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-12-01T19:24:07Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing.

A number of studies on human populations around the world indicate that helminth infection increase insulin sensitivity and protects against type 2 diabetes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524] Some of these studies found that anthelminthic treatment (eradication of helminths) appears to increase the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355]

{{quote|indent}} "Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes." [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355] {{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Participants with previous schistosome infection had... a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"We found previous schistosome infection (PSI) significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087]{{quote|/indent}}

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in type 2 diabetes, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on type 2 diabetes [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that helps type 2 diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148]

[[quote|indent}}"Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D)." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}"Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease" [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896]{{quote|/indent}}

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm], and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that "helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]

Controlled studies on animal models have helped scientists understand how helminth infection can prevent type 2 diabetes through immunomodulation, gut biome alteration, fatty acid metabolism, and other mechanisms. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691] [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668]

*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143]

*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556]

Studies on whether helminths may be an effective treatment, as well as an effective preventative measure, have also shown promise.

"...nematode infection appears to provide an effective option for the treatment of T2D by improving inflammatory status through restoration of the cytokine imbalance, inhibition of glucose absorption from the small intestine and decline of excess fat accumulation in the liver." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/]

"...because of the detected depressed peripheral glucose uptake by the diaphragm, the protecting effect of helminths infection in diabetes should be reconsidered, to be able to devise therapeutic strategies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678]

A helminthic therapy user with type 2 diabetes submitted this experience:
{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:
{{Quote|indent}}“I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels.

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Helminths, prevention and treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

There is evidence that the presence of helminths can immunomodulate in a way that can prevent Type 1 diabetes.
*[https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt]

The big issue with Type 1 diabetes is whether it's possible to help this disease once the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost, as they inevitably have been by the time symptoms of this disease develop. It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, a study found that it may be possible to use drugs to encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm]

There is also some evidence that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation:
*[Promising progress for new treatment of type 1 diabetes https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm] "New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance."
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm Recovering 'bodyguard' cells in pancreas may restore insulin production in diabetics] "The key to restoring production of insulin in type I diabetic patients, previously known as juvenile diabetes, may be in recovering the population of protective cells known T regulatory cells in the lymph nodes at the "gates" of the pancreas..."

Helminths are capable of normalizing Tregs, but we don't yet know whether these lymphocytes will accumulate in the pancreatic lymph nodes in humans to prevent destruction of beta cells by autoimmune cells. However, gastrointestinal helminth infection appears to provide protection from type 1 diabetes by disrupting pathways leading to beta cell destruction. [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

With the possibility of creating new beta cells using gene therapy, drugs, and also stem cells [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784], the combination of this technique with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

Some experiences of self-treaters using helminths for Type 1 diabetes:

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

Animal models

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the biological mechanisms of helminth immunomodulation on a detailed level. This list contains
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23968688 Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection reduces severity of type 1 diabetes induced by multiple low-dose streptozotocin in mice via STAT6- and IL-10-independent mechanisms.] "These findings suggest that infection with H. polygyrus significantly inhibits T1D in NOD mice through CD25- and IL-10-independent mechanisms and also reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101 Inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by gastrointestinal helminth infection.]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071 Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the activity of the innate immune response and prevent onset of type 1 diabetes.] "In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101 Prevention of type 1 diabetes through infection with an intestinal nematode parasite requires IL-10 in the absence of a Th2-type response.] "T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079 A parasite-derived 68-mer peptide ameliorates autoimmune disease in murine models of Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis.] "...the (parasite-derived) peptide interacted with macrophages and reduced their capacity to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-6. We propose this inhibition of innate pro-inflammatory immune responses, which are central to the initiation of autoimmunity in both diseases, prevented the trafficking of autoreactive lymphocytes from the periphery to the site of autoimmunity (as opposed to directly modulating their function per se), and thus prevented tissue destruction."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/ Taenia crassiceps Infection Attenuates Multiple Low-Dose Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes] "A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/ Taenia crassiceps Antigens Control Experimental Type 1 Diabetes by Inducing Alternatively Activated Macrophages] This study takes a closer look at the "putative signaling pathways triggered by these T. crassiceps-derived products to understand more completely the mechanisms associated with their anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects."

Further Reading
The following papers are reviews of scientific literature and may be helpful for those who want to get a general overview of the topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
*"...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]

Other resources

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

Diabetes and the gut
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: An Entirely Preventable & Reversible Condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome Modulator NM504 Significantly Improved Blood Glucose Control and Other Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The Gut Microbiota Modulates Glycaemic Control and Serum Metabolite Profiles in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, Diabetes, and Gut Microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal Type 2 Diabetes with a Probiotic?]
[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

Diabetes and nutrition
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, Kefram-Kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and Diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with Type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 Scientifically Proven Foods to Control Type 2 Diabetes (Extensive Guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting Vitamins and Supplements for Pharmaceuticals in Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2018-11/thiamine-deficiency-and-diabetic-polyneuropathy Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and diabetic polyneuropathy: compelling evidence for an interrelationship]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The Role of Nutritional and Botanical Agents in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric Extract May Prevent, Even Reverse Diabetes (Type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chilli extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A Diabetic's Best Friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water Study of Antiglycation, Hypoglycemic, and Nephroprotective Activities of the Green Dwarf Variety Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of Black Tea and Black Tea Pomace Polyphenols on α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate Beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

Additional approaches that may help diabetes
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

Things to avoid
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Linked to Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-11-30T22:19:47Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing.

Helminth infection appears to be associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes:
*"Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes." [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355 The global diabetes epidemic: what does it mean for infectious diseases in tropical countries?]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764 Does Strongyloides stercoralis infection protect against type 2 diabetes in humans? Evidence from Australian Aboriginal adults.]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042 Infection with Soil-Transmitted Helminths Is Associated with Increased Insulin Sensitivity.]
*"Ss infection is associated with a significant modulation of glycemic, hormonal and cytokine parameters in T2DM and its reversal following anthelmintic therapy. Hence, Ss infection has a protective effect on diabetes-related parameters." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548 Metabolic consequences of concomitant Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Type 2 diabetes mellitus]
*And a 2017 study found that "in helminth-infected subjects, treatment significantly increases [insulin resistance], highlighting the need for metabolic health monitoring with ongoing deworming programs." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383 Effect of Anthelmintic Treatment on Insulin Resistance: A Cluster-Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Indonesia]
*"We found previous schistosome infection significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087 The potential long-term effect of previous schistosome infection reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome among Chinese men.]
*"Participants with previous schistosome infection had significantly lower levels of adjusted fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance as well as a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524 Association of previous schistosome infection with diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in rural China.]

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in type 2 diabetes, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on type 2 diabetes [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that helps type 2 diabetes:
*"Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D)." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994 Regulation of type 2 diabetes by helminth-induced Th2 immune response.]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759 Cell Type-Specific Immunomodulation Induced by Helminths: Effect on Metainflammation, Insulin Resistance and Type-2 Diabetes]
*"Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease" [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896 Parasite excretory-secretory products and their effects on metabolic syndrome.]
*"There are a number of proposed mechanisms by which parasitic nematodes can impact metabolism including effects gastrointestinal hormones, altering epithelial function and changing the number and/or phenotype of immune cells in metabolic tissues. Nematodes can also exert their beneficial effects through Th2 cytokines that activate the transcription factor STAT6, which upregulates genes that regulate glucose and lipid metabolism." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148 Parasites, nutrition, immune responses and biology of metabolic tissues.]

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm], and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that "helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]

Animal models have shown promise in helping us understanding the mechanisms of why helminths can help prevent and possibly treat type 2 diabetes:
*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556 A worm of one's own: how helminths modulate host adipose tissue function and metabolism.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614 Infection with Schistosoma mansoni prevents insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in non-obese diabetic mice.]
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk Helminths improve insulin sensitivity and enhance M2 macrophage numbers in WAT of obese mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007 Secreted proteins from the helminth Fasciola hepatica inhibit the initiation of autoreactive T cell responses and prevent diabetes in the NOD mouse.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264 Helminth infection in mice improves insulin sensitivity via modulation of gut microbiota and fatty acid metabolism.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044 Chronic helminth infection and helminth-derived egg antigens promote adipose tissue M2 macrophages and improve insulin sensitivity in obese mice.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678 Decreased basal non-insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by diaphragm in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668 Filarial Infection or Antigen Administration Improves Glucose Tolerance in Diet-Induced Obese Mice.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691 Effect of nematode Trichinella infection on glucose tolerance and status of macrophage in obese mice.]
*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143 Parasitic nematode-induced modulation of body weight and associated metabolic dysfunction in mouse models of obesity.

A helminthic therapy user with type 2 diabetes submitted this experience:
{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:
{{Quote|indent}}“I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels.

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Helminths and prevention of Type 1 Diabetes

There is evidence that the presence of helminths can immunomodulate in a way that can prevent Type 1 diabetes.
*[https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt Prevention of Type 1 diabetes through parasite infection.]

Helminths and treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

The big issue with Type 1 diabetes is whether it's possible to help this disease once the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost, as they inevitably have been by the time symptoms of this disease develop. It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, a study found that it may be possible to use drugs to encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm]

There is also some evidence that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation:
*[Promising progress for new treatment of type 1 diabetes https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm] "New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance."
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm Recovering 'bodyguard' cells in pancreas may restore insulin production in diabetics] "The key to restoring production of insulin in type I diabetic patients, previously known as juvenile diabetes, may be in recovering the population of protective cells known T regulatory cells in the lymph nodes at the "gates" of the pancreas..."

Helminths are capable of normalizing Tregs, but we don't yet know whether these lymphocytes will accumulate in the pancreatic lymph nodes in humans to prevent destruction of beta cells by autoimmune cells. However, gastrointestinal helminth infection appears to provide protection from type 1 diabetes by disrupting pathways leading to beta cell destruction. [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

With the possibility of creating new beta cells using gene therapy, drugs, and also stem cells [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784], the combination of this technique with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

Some experiences of self-treaters using helminths for Type 1 diabetes:

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

Animal models

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the biological mechanisms of helminth immunomodulation on a detailed level. This list contains
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23968688 Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection reduces severity of type 1 diabetes induced by multiple low-dose streptozotocin in mice via STAT6- and IL-10-independent mechanisms.] "These findings suggest that infection with H. polygyrus significantly inhibits T1D in NOD mice through CD25- and IL-10-independent mechanisms and also reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101 Inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by gastrointestinal helminth infection.]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071 Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the activity of the innate immune response and prevent onset of type 1 diabetes.] "In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101 Prevention of type 1 diabetes through infection with an intestinal nematode parasite requires IL-10 in the absence of a Th2-type response.] "T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079 A parasite-derived 68-mer peptide ameliorates autoimmune disease in murine models of Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis.] "...the (parasite-derived) peptide interacted with macrophages and reduced their capacity to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-6. We propose this inhibition of innate pro-inflammatory immune responses, which are central to the initiation of autoimmunity in both diseases, prevented the trafficking of autoreactive lymphocytes from the periphery to the site of autoimmunity (as opposed to directly modulating their function per se), and thus prevented tissue destruction."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/ Taenia crassiceps Infection Attenuates Multiple Low-Dose Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes] "A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/ Taenia crassiceps Antigens Control Experimental Type 1 Diabetes by Inducing Alternatively Activated Macrophages] This study takes a closer look at the "putative signaling pathways triggered by these T. crassiceps-derived products to understand more completely the mechanisms associated with their anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects."

Further Reading
The following papers are reviews of scientific literature and may be helpful for those who want to get a general overview of the topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
*"...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]

Other resources

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

Diabetes and the gut
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: An Entirely Preventable & Reversible Condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome Modulator NM504 Significantly Improved Blood Glucose Control and Other Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The Gut Microbiota Modulates Glycaemic Control and Serum Metabolite Profiles in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, Diabetes, and Gut Microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal Type 2 Diabetes with a Probiotic?]
[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

Diabetes and nutrition
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, Kefram-Kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and Diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with Type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 Scientifically Proven Foods to Control Type 2 Diabetes (Extensive Guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting Vitamins and Supplements for Pharmaceuticals in Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The Role of Nutritional and Botanical Agents in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric Extract May Prevent, Even Reverse Diabetes (Type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chilli extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A Diabetic's Best Friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water Study of Antiglycation, Hypoglycemic, and Nephroprotective Activities of the Green Dwarf Variety Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of Black Tea and Black Tea Pomace Polyphenols on α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate Beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]

Additional approaches that may help diabetes
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]

Things to avoid
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Linked to Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-11-30T22:17:27Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing.

Helminth infection appears to be associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes:
*"Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes." [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355 The global diabetes epidemic: what does it mean for infectious diseases in tropical countries?]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764 Does Strongyloides stercoralis infection protect against type 2 diabetes in humans? Evidence from Australian Aboriginal adults.]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042 Infection with Soil-Transmitted Helminths Is Associated with Increased Insulin Sensitivity.]
*"Ss infection is associated with a significant modulation of glycemic, hormonal and cytokine parameters in T2DM and its reversal following anthelmintic therapy. Hence, Ss infection has a protective effect on diabetes-related parameters." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548 Metabolic consequences of concomitant Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Type 2 diabetes mellitus]
*And a 2017 study found that "in helminth-infected subjects, treatment significantly increases [insulin resistance], highlighting the need for metabolic health monitoring with ongoing deworming programs." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383 Effect of Anthelmintic Treatment on Insulin Resistance: A Cluster-Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Indonesia]
*"We found previous schistosome infection significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087 The potential long-term effect of previous schistosome infection reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome among Chinese men.]
*"Participants with previous schistosome infection had significantly lower levels of adjusted fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance as well as a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524 Association of previous schistosome infection with diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in rural China.]

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in type 2 diabetes, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on type 2 diabetes [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that helps type 2 diabetes:
*"Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D)." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994 Regulation of type 2 diabetes by helminth-induced Th2 immune response.]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759 Cell Type-Specific Immunomodulation Induced by Helminths: Effect on Metainflammation, Insulin Resistance and Type-2 Diabetes]
*"Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease" [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896 Parasite excretory-secretory products and their effects on metabolic syndrome.]
*"There are a number of proposed mechanisms by which parasitic nematodes can impact metabolism including effects gastrointestinal hormones, altering epithelial function and changing the number and/or phenotype of immune cells in metabolic tissues. Nematodes can also exert their beneficial effects through Th2 cytokines that activate the transcription factor STAT6, which upregulates genes that regulate glucose and lipid metabolism." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148 Parasites, nutrition, immune responses and biology of metabolic tissues.]

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm], and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that "helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]

Animal models have shown promise in helping us understanding the mechanisms of why helminths can help prevent and possibly treat type 2 diabetes:
*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556 A worm of one's own: how helminths modulate host adipose tissue function and metabolism.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614 Infection with Schistosoma mansoni prevents insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in non-obese diabetic mice.]
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk Helminths improve insulin sensitivity and enhance M2 macrophage numbers in WAT of obese mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007 Secreted proteins from the helminth Fasciola hepatica inhibit the initiation of autoreactive T cell responses and prevent diabetes in the NOD mouse.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264 Helminth infection in mice improves insulin sensitivity via modulation of gut microbiota and fatty acid metabolism.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044 Chronic helminth infection and helminth-derived egg antigens promote adipose tissue M2 macrophages and improve insulin sensitivity in obese mice.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678 Decreased basal non-insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by diaphragm in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668 Filarial Infection or Antigen Administration Improves Glucose Tolerance in Diet-Induced Obese Mice.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691 Effect of nematode Trichinella infection on glucose tolerance and status of macrophage in obese mice.]
*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143 Parasitic nematode-induced modulation of body weight and associated metabolic dysfunction in mouse models of obesity.

A helminthic therapy user with type 2 diabetes submitted this experience:
{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:
{{Quote|indent}}“I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels.

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Helminths and prevention of Type 1 Diabetes

There is evidence that the presence of helminths can immunomodulate in a way that can prevent Type 1 diabetes.
*[https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt Prevention of Type 1 diabetes through parasite infection.]

Helminths and treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

The big issue with Type 1 diabetes is whether it's possible to help this disease once the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost, as they inevitably have been by the time symptoms of this disease develop. It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, a study found that it may be possible to use drugs to encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm]

There is also some evidence that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation:
*[Promising progress for new treatment of type 1 diabetes https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm] "New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance."
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm Recovering 'bodyguard' cells in pancreas may restore insulin production in diabetics] "The key to restoring production of insulin in type I diabetic patients, previously known as juvenile diabetes, may be in recovering the population of protective cells known T regulatory cells in the lymph nodes at the "gates" of the pancreas..."

Helminths are capable of normalizing Tregs, but we don't yet know whether these lymphocytes will accumulate in the pancreatic lymph nodes in humans to prevent destruction of beta cells by autoimmune cells. However, gastrointestinal helminth infection appears to provide protection from type 1 diabetes by disrupting pathways leading to beta cell destruction. [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

With the possibility of creating new beta cells using gene therapy, drugs, and also stem cells [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784], the combination of this technique with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

Some experiences of self-treaters using helminths for Type 1 diabetes:

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

Animal models

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the biological mechanisms of helminth immunomodulation on a detailed level. This list contains
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23968688 Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection reduces severity of type 1 diabetes induced by multiple low-dose streptozotocin in mice via STAT6- and IL-10-independent mechanisms.] "These findings suggest that infection with H. polygyrus significantly inhibits T1D in NOD mice through CD25- and IL-10-independent mechanisms and also reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101 Inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by gastrointestinal helminth infection.]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071 Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the activity of the innate immune response and prevent onset of type 1 diabetes.] "In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101 Prevention of type 1 diabetes through infection with an intestinal nematode parasite requires IL-10 in the absence of a Th2-type response.] "T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079 A parasite-derived 68-mer peptide ameliorates autoimmune disease in murine models of Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis.] "...the (parasite-derived) peptide interacted with macrophages and reduced their capacity to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-6. We propose this inhibition of innate pro-inflammatory immune responses, which are central to the initiation of autoimmunity in both diseases, prevented the trafficking of autoreactive lymphocytes from the periphery to the site of autoimmunity (as opposed to directly modulating their function per se), and thus prevented tissue destruction."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/ Taenia crassiceps Infection Attenuates Multiple Low-Dose Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes] "A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/ Taenia crassiceps Antigens Control Experimental Type 1 Diabetes by Inducing Alternatively Activated Macrophages] This study takes a closer look at the "putative signaling pathways triggered by these T. crassiceps-derived products to understand more completely the mechanisms associated with their anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects."

Further Reading
The following papers are reviews of scientific literature and may be helpful for those who want to get a general overview of the topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
*"...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]

==Other resources==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

===Diabetes and the gut===
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: An Entirely Preventable & Reversible Condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome Modulator NM504 Significantly Improved Blood Glucose Control and Other Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The Gut Microbiota Modulates Glycaemic Control and Serum Metabolite Profiles in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, Diabetes, and Gut Microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal Type 2 Diabetes with a Probiotic?]
[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

Diabetes and nutrition
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, Kefram-Kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and Diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with Type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 Scientifically Proven Foods to Control Type 2 Diabetes (Extensive Guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting Vitamins and Supplements for Pharmaceuticals in Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The Role of Nutritional and Botanical Agents in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric Extract May Prevent, Even Reverse Diabetes (Type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chilli extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A Diabetic's Best Friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water Study of Antiglycation, Hypoglycemic, and Nephroprotective Activities of the Green Dwarf Variety Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of Black Tea and Black Tea Pomace Polyphenols on α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate Beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]
*[

Additional approaches that may help diabetes
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]
*[

Things to avoid
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Linked to Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

It appears that the interaction between helminths and humans is very complex and not yet totally understood, because some isolated helminth products have not shown promise:
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30336585 Failure of the Anti-Inflammatory Parasitic Worm Product ES-62 to Provide Protection in Mouse Models of Type I Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-11-30T22:16:05Z

Kate:

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=
|keywords=
|og:image=}}

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This page is currently under construction. Please call back later to read the final text.</font></font>'''<br>
</div>

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing.

Helminth infection appears to be associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes:
*"Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes." [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355 The global diabetes epidemic: what does it mean for infectious diseases in tropical countries?]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764 Does Strongyloides stercoralis infection protect against type 2 diabetes in humans? Evidence from Australian Aboriginal adults.]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042 Infection with Soil-Transmitted Helminths Is Associated with Increased Insulin Sensitivity.]
*"Ss infection is associated with a significant modulation of glycemic, hormonal and cytokine parameters in T2DM and its reversal following anthelmintic therapy. Hence, Ss infection has a protective effect on diabetes-related parameters." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548 Metabolic consequences of concomitant Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Type 2 diabetes mellitus]
*And a 2017 study found that "in helminth-infected subjects, treatment significantly increases [insulin resistance], highlighting the need for metabolic health monitoring with ongoing deworming programs." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383 Effect of Anthelmintic Treatment on Insulin Resistance: A Cluster-Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Indonesia]
*"We found previous schistosome infection significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087 The potential long-term effect of previous schistosome infection reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome among Chinese men.]
*"Participants with previous schistosome infection had significantly lower levels of adjusted fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance as well as a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524 Association of previous schistosome infection with diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in rural China.]

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in type 2 diabetes, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on type 2 diabetes [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that helps type 2 diabetes:
*"Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D)." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994 Regulation of type 2 diabetes by helminth-induced Th2 immune response.]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759 Cell Type-Specific Immunomodulation Induced by Helminths: Effect on Metainflammation, Insulin Resistance and Type-2 Diabetes]
*"Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease" [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896 Parasite excretory-secretory products and their effects on metabolic syndrome.]
*"There are a number of proposed mechanisms by which parasitic nematodes can impact metabolism including effects gastrointestinal hormones, altering epithelial function and changing the number and/or phenotype of immune cells in metabolic tissues. Nematodes can also exert their beneficial effects through Th2 cytokines that activate the transcription factor STAT6, which upregulates genes that regulate glucose and lipid metabolism." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148 Parasites, nutrition, immune responses and biology of metabolic tissues.]

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm], and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that "helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]

Animal models have shown promise in helping us understanding the mechanisms of why helminths can help prevent and possibly treat type 2 diabetes:
*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556 A worm of one's own: how helminths modulate host adipose tissue function and metabolism.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614 Infection with Schistosoma mansoni prevents insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in non-obese diabetic mice.]
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk Helminths improve insulin sensitivity and enhance M2 macrophage numbers in WAT of obese mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007 Secreted proteins from the helminth Fasciola hepatica inhibit the initiation of autoreactive T cell responses and prevent diabetes in the NOD mouse.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264 Helminth infection in mice improves insulin sensitivity via modulation of gut microbiota and fatty acid metabolism.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044 Chronic helminth infection and helminth-derived egg antigens promote adipose tissue M2 macrophages and improve insulin sensitivity in obese mice.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678 Decreased basal non-insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by diaphragm in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668 Filarial Infection or Antigen Administration Improves Glucose Tolerance in Diet-Induced Obese Mice.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691 Effect of nematode Trichinella infection on glucose tolerance and status of macrophage in obese mice.]
*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143 Parasitic nematode-induced modulation of body weight and associated metabolic dysfunction in mouse models of obesity.

A helminthic therapy user with type 2 diabetes submitted this experience:
{{Quote|indent}}My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL! (Received via email.){{Quote|/indent}}

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:
{{Quote|indent}}“I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]{{Quote|/indent}}

==Type 1 Diabetes==

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels.

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

===Helminths and prevention of Type 1 Diabetes===

There is evidence that the presence of helminths can immunomodulate in a way that can prevent Type 1 diabetes.
*[https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt Prevention of Type 1 diabetes through parasite infection.]

===Helminths and treatment of Type 1 Diabetes===

The big issue with Type 1 diabetes is whether it's possible to help this disease once the majority of insulin-producing beta cells have been lost, as they inevitably have been by the time symptoms of this disease develop. It is now clear that, at least in mice, the pancreas contains cells capable of being converted into insulin-producing beta cells. This can be done at any age and the cells can be regenerated several times. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627131832.htm] Encouragingly, a study found that it may be possible to use drugs to encourage the generation of new insulin-producing beta cells in the human pancreas as well. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150923134207.htm]

There is also some evidence that beta cells can be regenerated through immunomodulation:
*[Promising progress for new treatment of type 1 diabetes https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150730081148.htm] "New research shows promising progress in the use of anti-inflammatory cytokine for treatment of type 1 diabetes. The study reveals that administration of interleukin-35 (a protein made by immune cells) to mice with type 1 diabetes, reverses or cures the disease by maintaining a normal blood glucose level and the immune tolerance."
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121008134030.htm Recovering 'bodyguard' cells in pancreas may restore insulin production in diabetics] "The key to restoring production of insulin in type I diabetic patients, previously known as juvenile diabetes, may be in recovering the population of protective cells known T regulatory cells in the lymph nodes at the "gates" of the pancreas..."

Helminths are capable of normalizing Tregs, but we don't yet know whether these lymphocytes will accumulate in the pancreatic lymph nodes in humans to prevent destruction of beta cells by autoimmune cells. However, gastrointestinal helminth infection appears to provide protection from type 1 diabetes by disrupting pathways leading to beta cell destruction. [https://iai.asm.org/content/75/1/397.short]

With the possibility of creating new beta cells using gene therapy, drugs, and also stem cells [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29566784], the combination of this technique with helminthic therapy to prevent further autoimmune destruction of beta cells may turn out to be a viable long-term treatment for Type 1 diabetes.

Some experiences of self-treaters using helminths for Type 1 diabetes:

{{quote|indent}}We started to notice high blood glucose (BG 250) in our 9 year-old in early Nov of 2012, and when we went to the endo on 20th of that month, we were given a 6-12 month projection for insulin dependence and had autoantibodies measured. The results came back significantly positive for GAD65 and IAA... About 2 days before our 6 month check up in mid Aug 2013 we went out for sushi and had ice cream afterwards. Post Prandial was 111. The Post Prandial should be below 180 to not be considered diabetic, but below 140 is more in the normal range. We were dumbfounded because, a while back, this PP would have been near the 160-180 mark if not higher. We were also not being as strict with diet and sleep, when we saw the endo, as it was summer, and we still need to be a kid! ;-) However, I really was thinking that the A1C would be at least 6.0, but it wasn't. It was 5.5... Currently we have 70HW on board and will be dosing with another 30 or so to get to the 100 mark. [https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/helminthictherapy/conversations/messages/10126]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}My 9yo son now has 70 HW, as our effort to head off pre-diabetes. His labs show his Triiodothyronine (T3) has gone from 181 to 136 with the helminths… His hemoglobin was called "high" before helminths at 5.8... Now it's 5.7. (Reported at 10 months after the first inoculation.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/]{{quote|/indent}}

{{quote|indent}}I have a son who was tested positive for type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (ICA,GADA IAA,IA2A) at the age of 8 months. We have been told that he will almost certainly develop diabetes sooner or later. He had his first HW when he was 2 years old (3 years ago). Since then his B-HbA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) has gradually come down from 5.7 to 5.0. Also two out of four autoantibodies have disappeared.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/886469608075662/?comment_id=886561801399776&offset=0&total_comments=5&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{quote|/indent}}

===Animal models===

Animal models, while not a perfect way to study human health, allow us to understand the biological mechanisms of helminth immunomodulation on a detailed level. This list contains
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23968688 Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection reduces severity of type 1 diabetes induced by multiple low-dose streptozotocin in mice via STAT6- and IL-10-independent mechanisms.] "These findings suggest that infection with H. polygyrus significantly inhibits T1D in NOD mice through CD25- and IL-10-independent mechanisms and also reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101 Inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by gastrointestinal helminth infection.]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071 Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the activity of the innate immune response and prevent onset of type 1 diabetes.] "In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101 Prevention of type 1 diabetes through infection with an intestinal nematode parasite requires IL-10 in the absence of a Th2-type response.] "T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079 A parasite-derived 68-mer peptide ameliorates autoimmune disease in murine models of Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis.] "...the (parasite-derived) peptide interacted with macrophages and reduced their capacity to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-6. We propose this inhibition of innate pro-inflammatory immune responses, which are central to the initiation of autoimmunity in both diseases, prevented the trafficking of autoreactive lymphocytes from the periphery to the site of autoimmunity (as opposed to directly modulating their function per se), and thus prevented tissue destruction."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/ Taenia crassiceps Infection Attenuates Multiple Low-Dose Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes] "A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/ Taenia crassiceps Antigens Control Experimental Type 1 Diabetes by Inducing Alternatively Activated Macrophages] This study takes a closer look at the "putative signaling pathways triggered by these T. crassiceps-derived products to understand more completely the mechanisms associated with their anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects."

==Further Reading==
The following papers are reviews of scientific literature and may be helpful for those who want to get a general overview of the topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
*"...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]

==Other resources==

Those with diabetes might also find the following information interesting.

===Diabetes and the gut===
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830370/ Diabetes is predominantly an intestinal disease]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/diabetes-entirely-preventable-reversible-condition Diabetes: An Entirely Preventable & Reversible Condition]
*[http://www.mbiome.com/news/press-releases/554-2/ Microbiome Modulator NM504 Significantly Improved Blood Glucose Control and Other Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes]
*[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110359 The Gut Microbiota Modulates Glycaemic Control and Serum Metabolite Profiles in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945175/ Obesity, Diabetes, and Gut Microbiota]
*[https://gettinghealthiernow.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/heal-type-2-diabetes-with-a-probiotic/ Heal Type 2 Diabetes with a Probiotic?]
[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790711 In-process study on fecal microbiota transplant effects on type 2 diabetes]

===Diabetes and nutrition===
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745139 The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003111 Fermented milk, Kefram-Kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells.]
*[https://biosil.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/kefir-and-diabetes/ Kefir and Diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392873 Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring.]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294455.php Study adds to evidence that increasing dietary fiber reduces the risk of developing diabetes]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294424.php New study shows a plant-based vegan diet improves diabetic neuropathy pain, lowers body weight]
*[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/280394.php People with Type 2 diabetes benefit from replacing refined carbohydrates with tree nuts]
*[https://www.healthyandnaturalworld.com/6-best-foods-to-control-diabetes/ 22 Scientifically Proven Foods to Control Type 2 Diabetes (Extensive Guide)]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140805163347.htm Pistachios may lower vascular response to stress in type 2 diabetes]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3781842/ 80 g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D]
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140512112547.htm Omega-3-derived PDX could be used to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623092013.htm Soy supplements appear to be safe, beneficial in diabetic men]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/279282.php Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control]
*[http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/11/008.pdf Ground sesame seeds could help decrease heart risks in type 2 diabetics]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/263529.php Certain dietary additions may help prolong insulin production]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459752 Camel milk as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/100-health-properties-pomegranate-now-includes-helping-diabetes-3 Pomegranate juice ameliorates insulin resistance and decreases fasting serum glucose in type 2 diabetes]
*[http://chriskresser.com/intermittent-fasting-cortisol-and-blood-sugar Intermittent fasting, cortisol and blood sugar]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27422547 Two meals a day 'effective' to treat type 2 diabetes]
*[http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v08n19.shtml Substituting Vitamins and Supplements for Pharmaceuticals in Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278368.php Vitamin A derivative potentially treats type 2 diabetes and prevents its cardiovascular complications]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26277548 Vitamin D supplementation suppresses inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes]
*[http://www.townsendletter.com/April2014/rolenut0414_2.html The Role of Nutritional and Botanical Agents in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280063.php Diabetes-fighting potential spotted in culinary herbs]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/636053/ Curcumin and diabetes: a systematic review]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/turmeric-extract-may-prevent-even-reverse-diabetes-type-1-and-2 Turmeric Extract May Prevent, Even Reverse Diabetes (Type 1 and 2)]
*[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view-article&id=4467 Chilli extract may be a possible cure for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-diabetics-best-friend Ginger: A Diabetic's Best Friend]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140120090647.htm Flavonoids associated with lower insulin resistance and better blood glucose regulation]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651375 Coconut water Study of Antiglycation, Hypoglycemic, and Nephroprotective Activities of the Green Dwarf Variety Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428358/ Effect of Black Tea and Black Tea Pomace Polyphenols on α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition, Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Prevention]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4O1JuvFRAw Nutrients to facilitate Beta cell regeneration (video)]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110201.htm Grape skin extract could be used to aid diabetes management]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25724576 Supplementing diet with blackberry extract causes a catabolic response with increments in insulin sensitivity in rats]
*[http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/jun13/vediyappan91213.html Gymnema sylvestre extract is commonly used in developing countries to treat diabetes]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516412 Olive leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men]
*[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/727602/ An extract of Tinospora crispa induces insulin release from pancreatic islets]
*[

===Additional approaches that may help diabetes===
*[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/271356.php Progression of diabetes stalled by traditional Chinese medicines]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE56P1RL20090726 Allergy drugs can help Type 2 diabetes]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/10/us-diabetes-exercise-idUKKBN0FF1O120140710?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews Combining aerobic, resistance exercise may be best for diabetes]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140623131038.htm Sleeve gastrectomy surgery improves diabetes control better than medical care]
*[

===Things to avoid===
*[http://floxiehope.com/2014/08/27/fluoroquinolones-linked-to-type-2-diabetes/ Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Linked to Type 2 Diabetes]
*[http://www.foodsmatter.com/es/health_risks/articles/diabetes_electrosmog_havas.html Diabetes type 3 - the electrosmog connection]

It appears that the interaction between helminths and humans is very complex and not yet totally understood, because some isolated helminth products have not shown promise:
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30336585 Failure of the Anti-Inflammatory Parasitic Worm Product ES-62 to Provide Protection in Mouse Models of Type I Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-11-30T17:48:47Z

Kate:

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing.

Helminth infection appears to be associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes:
*"Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes." [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355 The global diabetes epidemic: what does it mean for infectious diseases in tropical countries?]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764 Does Strongyloides stercoralis infection protect against type 2 diabetes in humans? Evidence from Australian Aboriginal adults.]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042 Infection with Soil-Transmitted Helminths Is Associated with Increased Insulin Sensitivity.]
*"Ss infection is associated with a significant modulation of glycemic, hormonal and cytokine parameters in T2DM and its reversal following anthelmintic therapy. Hence, Ss infection has a protective effect on diabetes-related parameters." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548 Metabolic consequences of concomitant Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Type 2 diabetes mellitus]
*And a 2017 study found that "in helminth-infected subjects, treatment significantly increases [insulin resistance], highlighting the need for metabolic health monitoring with ongoing deworming programs." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383 Effect of Anthelmintic Treatment on Insulin Resistance: A Cluster-Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Indonesia]
*"We found previous schistosome infection significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087 The potential long-term effect of previous schistosome infection reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome among Chinese men.]
*"Participants with previous schistosome infection had significantly lower levels of adjusted fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance as well as a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524 Association of previous schistosome infection with diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in rural China.]

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in type 2 diabetes, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on type 2 diabetes [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that helps type 2 diabetes:
*"Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D)." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994 Regulation of type 2 diabetes by helminth-induced Th2 immune response.]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759 Cell Type-Specific Immunomodulation Induced by Helminths: Effect on Metainflammation, Insulin Resistance and Type-2 Diabetes]
*"Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease" [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896 Parasite excretory-secretory products and their effects on metabolic syndrome.]
*"There are a number of proposed mechanisms by which parasitic nematodes can impact metabolism including effects gastrointestinal hormones, altering epithelial function and changing the number and/or phenotype of immune cells in metabolic tissues. Nematodes can also exert their beneficial effects through Th2 cytokines that activate the transcription factor STAT6, which upregulates genes that regulate glucose and lipid metabolism." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148 Parasites, nutrition, immune responses and biology of metabolic tissues.]

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm], and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that "helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]

Animal models have shown promise in helping us understanding the mechanisms of why helminths can help prevent and possibly treat type 2 diabetes:
*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556 A worm of one's own: how helminths modulate host adipose tissue function and metabolism.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614 Infection with Schistosoma mansoni prevents insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in non-obese diabetic mice.]
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk Helminths improve insulin sensitivity and enhance M2 macrophage numbers in WAT of obese mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007 Secreted proteins from the helminth Fasciola hepatica inhibit the initiation of autoreactive T cell responses and prevent diabetes in the NOD mouse.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264 Helminth infection in mice improves insulin sensitivity via modulation of gut microbiota and fatty acid metabolism.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044 Chronic helminth infection and helminth-derived egg antigens promote adipose tissue M2 macrophages and improve insulin sensitivity in obese mice.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678 Decreased basal non-insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by diaphragm in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668 Filarial Infection or Antigen Administration Improves Glucose Tolerance in Diet-Induced Obese Mice.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691 Effect of nematode Trichinella infection on glucose tolerance and status of macrophage in obese mice.]
*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143 Parasitic nematode-induced modulation of body weight and associated metabolic dysfunction in mouse models of obesity.

A helminthic therapy user with type 2 diabetes submitted this experience:
*“My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL!” (Received via email.)

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:
*“I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]

Type 1

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels.

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Prevention of pancreatic cell destruction is ideal, and there is evidence that the presence of helminths can immunomodulate in such a way to prevent Type 1 diabetes.
*[https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt Prevention of Type 1 diabetes through parasite infection.]

Animal models
*"These findings suggest that infection with H. polygyrus significantly inhibits T1D in NOD mice through CD25- and IL-10-independent mechanisms and also reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101 Inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by gastrointestinal helminth infection.]
*"In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071 Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the activity of the innate immune response and prevent onset of type 1 diabetes.]
*An animal model involving induced type 1 diabetes found that helminth infection provided a protective effect, reducing the severity of pancreatic cell destruction. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23968688 Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection reduces severity of type 1 diabetes induced by multiple low-dose streptozotocin in mice via STAT6- and IL-10-independent mechanisms.]
*"T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101 Prevention of type 1 diabetes through infection with an intestinal nematode parasite requires IL-10 in the absence of a Th2-type response.]
*"...the (parasite-derived) peptide interacted with macrophages and reduced their capacity to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-6. We propose this inhibition of innate pro-inflammatory immune responses, which are central to the initiation of autoimmunity in both diseases, prevented the trafficking of autoreactive lymphocytes from the periphery to the site of autoimmunity (as opposed to directly modulating their function per se), and thus prevented tissue destruction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079 A parasite-derived 68-mer peptide ameliorates autoimmune disease in murine models of Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis.]
*"A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/ Taenia crassiceps Infection Attenuates Multiple Low-Dose Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes]
*This study takes a closer look at the "putative signaling pathways triggered by these T. crassiceps-derived products to understand more completely the mechanisms associated with their anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/ Taenia crassiceps Antigens Control Experimental Type 1 Diabetes by Inducing Alternatively Activated Macrophages]

The following papers are reviews of scientific literature and may be helpful for those who want to get a general overview of the topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
*"...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]

It appears that the interaction between helminths and humans is very complex and not yet totally understood, because some isolated helminth products have not shown promise:
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30336585 Failure of the Anti-Inflammatory Parasitic Worm Product ES-62 to Provide Protection in Mouse Models of Type I Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-11-30T17:48:08Z

Kate:

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing.

Helminth infection appears to be associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes:
*"Some...antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes." [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355 The global diabetes epidemic: what does it mean for infectious diseases in tropical countries?]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764 Does Strongyloides stercoralis infection protect against type 2 diabetes in humans? Evidence from Australian Aboriginal adults.]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042 Infection with Soil-Transmitted Helminths Is Associated with Increased Insulin Sensitivity.]
*"Ss infection is associated with a significant modulation of glycemic, hormonal and cytokine parameters in T2DM and its reversal following anthelmintic therapy. Hence, Ss infection has a protective effect on diabetes-related parameters." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548 Metabolic consequences of concomitant Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Type 2 diabetes mellitus]
*And a 2017 study found that "in helminth-infected subjects, treatment significantly increases [insulin resistance], highlighting the need for metabolic health monitoring with ongoing deworming programs." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383 Effect of Anthelmintic Treatment on Insulin Resistance: A Cluster-Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Indonesia]
*"We found previous schistosome infection significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087 The potential long-term effect of previous schistosome infection reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome among Chinese men.
*"Participants with previous schistosome infection had significantly lower levels of adjusted fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance as well as a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524 Association of previous schistosome infection with diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in rural China.]

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in type 2 diabetes, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on type 2 diabetes [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that helps type 2 diabetes:
*"Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D)." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994 Regulation of type 2 diabetes by helminth-induced Th2 immune response.]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759 Cell Type-Specific Immunomodulation Induced by Helminths: Effect on Metainflammation, Insulin Resistance and Type-2 Diabetes]
*"Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease" [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896 Parasite excretory-secretory products and their effects on metabolic syndrome.]
*"There are a number of proposed mechanisms by which parasitic nematodes can impact metabolism including effects gastrointestinal hormones, altering epithelial function and changing the number and/or phenotype of immune cells in metabolic tissues. Nematodes can also exert their beneficial effects through Th2 cytokines that activate the transcription factor STAT6, which upregulates genes that regulate glucose and lipid metabolism." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148 Parasites, nutrition, immune responses and biology of metabolic tissues.]

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm], and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that "helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]

Animal models have shown promise in helping us understanding the mechanisms of why helminths can help prevent and possibly treat type 2 diabetes:
*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556 A worm of one's own: how helminths modulate host adipose tissue function and metabolism.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614 Infection with Schistosoma mansoni prevents insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in non-obese diabetic mice.]
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk Helminths improve insulin sensitivity and enhance M2 macrophage numbers in WAT of obese mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007 Secreted proteins from the helminth Fasciola hepatica inhibit the initiation of autoreactive T cell responses and prevent diabetes in the NOD mouse.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264 Helminth infection in mice improves insulin sensitivity via modulation of gut microbiota and fatty acid metabolism.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044 Chronic helminth infection and helminth-derived egg antigens promote adipose tissue M2 macrophages and improve insulin sensitivity in obese mice.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678 Decreased basal non-insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by diaphragm in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668 Filarial Infection or Antigen Administration Improves Glucose Tolerance in Diet-Induced Obese Mice.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691 Effect of nematode Trichinella infection on glucose tolerance and status of macrophage in obese mice.]
*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143 Parasitic nematode-induced modulation of body weight and associated metabolic dysfunction in mouse models of obesity.

A helminthic therapy user with type 2 diabetes submitted this experience:
*“My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL!” (Received via email.)

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:
*“I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]

Type 1

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels.

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Prevention of pancreatic cell destruction is ideal, and there is evidence that the presence of helminths can immunomodulate in such a way to prevent Type 1 diabetes.
*[https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt Prevention of Type 1 diabetes through parasite infection.]

Animal models
*"These findings suggest that infection with H. polygyrus significantly inhibits T1D in NOD mice through CD25- and IL-10-independent mechanisms and also reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101 Inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by gastrointestinal helminth infection.]
*"In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071 Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the activity of the innate immune response and prevent onset of type 1 diabetes.]
*An animal model involving induced type 1 diabetes found that helminth infection provided a protective effect, reducing the severity of pancreatic cell destruction. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23968688 Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection reduces severity of type 1 diabetes induced by multiple low-dose streptozotocin in mice via STAT6- and IL-10-independent mechanisms.]
*"T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101 Prevention of type 1 diabetes through infection with an intestinal nematode parasite requires IL-10 in the absence of a Th2-type response.]
*"...the (parasite-derived) peptide interacted with macrophages and reduced their capacity to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-6. We propose this inhibition of innate pro-inflammatory immune responses, which are central to the initiation of autoimmunity in both diseases, prevented the trafficking of autoreactive lymphocytes from the periphery to the site of autoimmunity (as opposed to directly modulating their function per se), and thus prevented tissue destruction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079 A parasite-derived 68-mer peptide ameliorates autoimmune disease in murine models of Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis.]
*"A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/ Taenia crassiceps Infection Attenuates Multiple Low-Dose Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes]
*This study takes a closer look at the "putative signaling pathways triggered by these T. crassiceps-derived products to understand more completely the mechanisms associated with their anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/ Taenia crassiceps Antigens Control Experimental Type 1 Diabetes by Inducing Alternatively Activated Macrophages]

The following papers are reviews of scientific literature and may be helpful for those who want to get a general overview of the topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
*"...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]

It appears that the interaction between helminths and humans is very complex and not yet totally understood, because some isolated helminth products have not shown promise:
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30336585 Failure of the Anti-Inflammatory Parasitic Worm Product ES-62 to Provide Protection in Mouse Models of Type I Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease]

Helminthic therapy and diabetes

2018-11-30T17:47:29Z

Kate:

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are major health issue across the globe. There is evidence that helminthic therapy may assist with prevention and treatment of these disorders.

Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body still produces insulin, but develops resistance/insensitivity and cannot use it effectively. The pancreas will try to compensate by producing more insulin, leading to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream and damage to the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes can lead to health complications such as kidney problems, vision problems, nerve damage, poor blood circulation, heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction, and slow wound healing.

Helminth infection appears to be associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes:
*"Some HIV and antiparasitic drugs might induce diabetes, whereas helminth infections appear to afford some protection against future diabetes." [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27499355 The global diabetes epidemic: what does it mean for infectious diseases in tropical countries?]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764 Does Strongyloides stercoralis infection protect against type 2 diabetes in humans? Evidence from Australian Aboriginal adults.]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042 Infection with Soil-Transmitted Helminths Is Associated with Increased Insulin Sensitivity.]
*"Ss infection is associated with a significant modulation of glycemic, hormonal and cytokine parameters in T2DM and its reversal following anthelmintic therapy. Hence, Ss infection has a protective effect on diabetes-related parameters." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548 Metabolic consequences of concomitant Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Type 2 diabetes mellitus]
*And a 2017 study found that "in helminth-infected subjects, treatment significantly increases [insulin resistance], highlighting the need for metabolic health monitoring with ongoing deworming programs." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383 Effect of Anthelmintic Treatment on Insulin Resistance: A Cluster-Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Indonesia]
*"We found previous schistosome infection significantly correlated with lower prevalences of metabolic syndrome and its components, including central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which indicates that the potential long-term effects of PSI may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087 The potential long-term effect of previous schistosome infection reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome among Chinese men.
*"Participants with previous schistosome infection had significantly lower levels of adjusted fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance as well as a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524 Association of previous schistosome infection with diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in rural China.]

It is becoming more apparent that the immune system is involved in type 2 diabetes, as researchers find that experimental immunomodulation has an effect on type 2 diabetes [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/222766.php] Helminths are known immunomodulators, and there is evidence that they affect the immune system in a way that helps type 2 diabetes:
*"Helminth-induced type 2 cytokines increase the number of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, resulting in modulation of the host-immune system. Studies on these parasite-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms might contribute to the development of new therapies for inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D)." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994 Regulation of type 2 diabetes by helminth-induced Th2 immune response.]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759 Cell Type-Specific Immunomodulation Induced by Helminths: Effect on Metainflammation, Insulin Resistance and Type-2 Diabetes]
*"Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease" [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896 Parasite excretory-secretory products and their effects on metabolic syndrome.]
*"There are a number of proposed mechanisms by which parasitic nematodes can impact metabolism including effects gastrointestinal hormones, altering epithelial function and changing the number and/or phenotype of immune cells in metabolic tissues. Nematodes can also exert their beneficial effects through Th2 cytokines that activate the transcription factor STAT6, which upregulates genes that regulate glucose and lipid metabolism." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148 Parasites, nutrition, immune responses and biology of metabolic tissues.]

There is also growing evidence to suggest that type 2 diabetes involves inflammation [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/foas-mes010214.php] [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150205123018.htm], and inflammation may be the reason why high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in people with diabetes. [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-09-inflammation-key-diabetes-heart-disease.html] It’s been known for more than a decade that helminths are effective against inflammation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067]. A 2017 study found that "helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759]

Animal models have shown promise in helping us understanding the mechanisms of why helminths can help prevent and possibly treat type 2 diabetes:
*"Recent studies in mice describe how type 2 immune cells, traditionally associated with helminth infection, maintain adipose tissue homeostasis and promote adipose tissue beiging, protecting against obesity and metabolic dysfunction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556 A worm of one's own: how helminths modulate host adipose tissue function and metabolism.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614 Infection with Schistosoma mansoni prevents insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in non-obese diabetic mice.]
*[https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2015.68?fbclid=IwAR1ljxKy2-gcoXJNfsn73zMIbKz9xAmFK2uYRC47zoZaKdffz5o6YhCoILk Helminths improve insulin sensitivity and enhance M2 macrophage numbers in WAT of obese mice]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007 Secreted proteins from the helminth Fasciola hepatica inhibit the initiation of autoreactive T cell responses and prevent diabetes in the NOD mouse.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264 Helminth infection in mice improves insulin sensitivity via modulation of gut microbiota and fatty acid metabolism.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044 Chronic helminth infection and helminth-derived egg antigens promote adipose tissue M2 macrophages and improve insulin sensitivity in obese mice.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678 Decreased basal non-insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by diaphragm in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668 Filarial Infection or Antigen Administration Improves Glucose Tolerance in Diet-Induced Obese Mice.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691 Effect of nematode Trichinella infection on glucose tolerance and status of macrophage in obese mice.]
*"Parasitic nematode infection has both preventive and therapeutic effects against the development of obesity and associated features of metabolic dysfunction in mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143 Parasitic nematode-induced modulation of body weight and associated metabolic dysfunction in mouse models of obesity.

A helminthic therapy user with type 2 diabetes submitted this experience:
*“My blood sugar came down steadily with my first few doses of HDC, until I was getting readings of 70 (close to perilously low!). Then it normalized to 90-100 range (excellent even for non-diabetics) when dosing with 30 every 2 weeks. When a shipment went astray, my blood sugar crept up to diabetic levels again. The replacement dose arrived 2 weeks late, but brought quick relief, and five days after taking this dose, I was normal again. My blood sugar readings went down each day: first 130 (solidly diabetic), next day 122 (borderline), then 110 (fair), 103 (good) until today 100, NORMAL!” (Received via email.)

Roughly 10-15% of type 2 diabetes cases may be an autoimmune disorder known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also known as "type 1.5" diabetes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12059095] A helminthic therapy user with LADA shared his experience:
*“I am 60+ male who developed LADA (latent auto-immune diabetes in adults - sometimes called Type 1.5) out of the blue appx 20+ years ago. It gradually evolved to becoming insulin dependent. Nov. 2014 (13 months ago), all was going pretty well until I developed flu-like symptoms… Small doses of ibuprofen kept the pain at bay, but overall health continued to deteriorate… Then came the periodic double vision and ocular aches. January 31st, I started losing vision in one eye for 10 minutes at a time… My CRP was 165 and Sed Rate was 67. Oops! Neural ophthalmologist and Rheumatology Docs put me on high dose of Prednisone (60mg) to knock out the inflammation which had localized in the fat cells behind my eyes… by June the docs could not determine what caused this inflammatory outbreak. They ruled out everything and primarily ended up with a diagnosis of auto-immune disease with inflammation of unknown origin. Put me on 20mg weekly of Methotrexate (MTX) to replace the prednisone, but there was still some residual inflammation around my eyes. Rheumatologists wanted to put me on Rituximab… Still fatigued most of the time. My primary suggested HT as another approach. I began taking HDC at end of July. After 3 doses I was feeling much better and started reducing my doses of MTX… I increased doses to 60 ova biweekly in mid-October and have stayed at that dose. I weaned off MTX and stopped it entirely in mid-Nov. My inflammation markers are back to normal (CRP is 4.4; Sed Rate is 11) and I feel better than I have in 12 months… Ophthalmologist says everything looks ok and to only call if any symptoms return… My primary and I are both pleased with how HT is going.” [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/928017050587584/]

Type 1

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Once these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels.

A 25-year study found that the rate of type 1 diabetes in Europe is increasing by more than 3 percent per year [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181128182132.htm], and a recent study by the US Centers for Disease control found increasing rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people. [https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/p0412-diabtes-rates.html] The World Health Organization has found that diabetes is becoming more prevalent in middle- and low-income countries. [http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes]

Prevention of pancreatic cell destruction is ideal, and there is evidence that the presence of helminths can immunomodulate in such a way to prevent Type 1 diabetes.
*[https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/imt.15.34?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=imt Prevention of Type 1 diabetes through parasite infection.]

Animal models
*"These findings suggest that infection with H. polygyrus significantly inhibits T1D in NOD mice through CD25- and IL-10-independent mechanisms and also reduces the severity of T1D when administered late after the onset of insulitis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101 Inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by gastrointestinal helminth infection.]
*"In this study we show that soluble extracts of S. mansoni worm or egg completely prevent onset of type 1 diabetes in these mice but only if injection is started at 4 weeks of age... These effects of schistosome antigens on the innate immune system provide a mechanism for their ability to prevent type 1 diabetes in NOD mice." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071 Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the activity of the innate immune response and prevent onset of type 1 diabetes.]
*An animal model involving induced type 1 diabetes found that helminth infection provided a protective effect, reducing the severity of pancreatic cell destruction. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23968688 Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection reduces severity of type 1 diabetes induced by multiple low-dose streptozotocin in mice via STAT6- and IL-10-independent mechanisms.]
*"T cells from H. polygyrus (Hp)-inoculated NOD IL-4(-/-) mice to NOD mice blocked the onset of T1D." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101 Prevention of type 1 diabetes through infection with an intestinal nematode parasite requires IL-10 in the absence of a Th2-type response.]
*"...the (parasite-derived) peptide interacted with macrophages and reduced their capacity to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-6. We propose this inhibition of innate pro-inflammatory immune responses, which are central to the initiation of autoimmunity in both diseases, prevented the trafficking of autoreactive lymphocytes from the periphery to the site of autoimmunity (as opposed to directly modulating their function per se), and thus prevented tissue destruction." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079 A parasite-derived 68-mer peptide ameliorates autoimmune disease in murine models of Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis.]
*"A significantly lower percentage of T. crassiceps-infected mice (40%) developed T1D compared to the uninfected group (100%). Insulitis was remarkably absent in T. crassiceps-infected mice, which had normal pancreatic insulin content, whereas uninfected mice showed a dramatic reduction in pancreatic insulin." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/ Taenia crassiceps Infection Attenuates Multiple Low-Dose Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes]
*This study takes a closer look at the "putative signaling pathways triggered by these T. crassiceps-derived products to understand more completely the mechanisms associated with their anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/ Taenia crassiceps Antigens Control Experimental Type 1 Diabetes by Inducing Alternatively Activated Macrophages]

The following papers are reviews of scientific literature and may be helpful for those who want to get a general overview of the topic:

*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]"In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes] "In this review we summarize studies that investigated parasitic helminths and helminth-derived products and their impact on both type 1 and type 2 diabetes highlighting potential protective mechanisms."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D).] "This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes.] "This review outlines basic insight into the ability of helminths to modulate the onset and progression of T1D, and frames some of the challenges that helminth-derived therapies may face in the context of clinical translation."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] "In this review, some of the ways in which certain organisms might have influenced the onset of autoimmunity are discussed."
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites.] "In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity."
*[https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths?]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis.]
*"...recent literature indicates that various aspects of the Th2-associated inflammatory response contribute to metabolic homeostasis." [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders.]

It appears that the interaction between helminths and humans is very complex and not yet totally understood, because some isolated helminth products have not shown promise:
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30336585 Failure of the Anti-Inflammatory Parasitic Worm Product ES-62 to Provide Protection in Mouse Models of Type I Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease]