Helminthic Therapy wiki - User contributions [en]

Helminthic therapy and pregnancy

2025-07-21T05:34:00Z

Laurel: i'm just too ocd....

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=Pregnancy and helminths - Benefits and safety for mother and child
|description=Therapeutic helminths during pregnancy provide significant benefits including allergy prevention, immune system development, and protection against complications. Research shows hosting hookworm, TSO, and other therapeutic species is safe with positive outcomes for both mother and baby.
|keywords=pregnancy helminths, hookworm pregnancy, TSO pregnancy, therapeutic worms pregnancy, helminthic therapy pregnancy, pregnancy parasites, allergy prevention pregnancy, immune system pregnancy, pregnancy autoimmune, maternal helminths
|og:image=/pregnant_lady_1200x630.png}}
{{Columns|2}}

= Pregnancy and helminths =

Hosting therapeutic helminths during pregnancy provides significant benefits for both mother and child. Approximately 44 million pregnancies occur globally each year in women who naturally host helminths, with extensive research showing positive outcomes for immune development and health. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370621]

== Benefits for mother and child ==

When mothers host helminths during pregnancy, their babies develop stronger, better-balanced immune systems. Babies whose mothers didn't host helminths show signs of immune system problems. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27062712]

Research shows that when pregnant women host helminths, it helps their babies' immune systems develop properly and prevents the development of allergies and autoimmune problems. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24471654]

=== Protection against allergies and eczema ===

Studies from Uganda have shown that hookworm colonisation in pregnant women confers protection against infantile atopic eczema, protection that is abrogated by anthelmintic treatment during pregnancy. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21255083/] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25171741/] The presence of helminths at delivery has also been shown to be inversely related to infantile eczema, adding further support to the hypothesis that maternal helminth infection protects against this disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16249415]

Studies in mice indicate that helminth infection during pregnancy may reduce the susceptibility of the offspring to allergic airway inflammation. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28271497]

=== Neurological protection ===

Helminth infection in the perinatal period protects children from the neurological damage that can accompany bacterial infections, and this protection extends into adulthood. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26162711]

=== Enhanced immune responses ===

Babies whose mothers hosted helminths during pregnancy have stronger immune responses to vaccines. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26908751]

=== Protection against serious complications ===

Since helminths control inflammation, commencing helminthic therapy prior to pregnancy might help women who have autoimmune disorders such as colitis to stay healthy during pregnancy, [http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-pregnancy-effects-inflammatory-idUKBREA3A16020140411] and help to spare their offspring adverse, inflammation-related effects on brain development, some of which can result in autism-like features. [https://spectrumnews.org/news/maternal-infection-may-trigger-autism-traits-via-neuronal-patches/] [http://www.medicaldaily.com/immune-system-activity-pregnant-women-could-harm-babies-brains-422707]

As a helminth infection counterbalances the exacerbated pro-inflammatory immune responses that occur during sepsis, thus improving survival, it is arguable that the presence of a small colony of therapeutic helminths might actually prevent a woman developing sepsis. [http://www.newswise.com/articles/rising-rates-of-severe-and-fatal-sepsis-during-labor-and-delivery] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis Sepsis] is now the leading cause of direct maternal death in the UK.

In view of the fact that allergy is the most significant condition associated with severe pregnancy nausea and vomiting (hyperemesis gravidarum or HG) prior to pregnancy [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3560915/] - which suggests a possible allergic or autoimmune component - it is possible that women who are hosting helminths might be less likely to develop HG.

== Reports by women who hosted therapeutic helminths while pregnant ==

Many women have safely hosted small numbers of therapeutic helminths during pregnancy with excellent outcomes for both mother and child.

One woman who examined all the available evidence on the risks and benefits came to the following conclusion:

{{Quote|indent}} I got hookworm (and just a couple of whipworms) to help keep my immune system in check during my next pregnancy, since my first kid is on the autism spectrum. From my research it seems safe in low doses and can prevent allergy in offspring, another reason I decided to go for this. Not pregnant yet, just planning. {{Quote|/indent}}

She later reported:

{{Quote|indent}} I hosted whipworm and hookworm during 2 term pregnancies. The first baby is 2 years old and is free of allergies and autoimmunity, unlike the older sibling who was sick since birth. {{Quote|/indent}}

Someone else, who had previously had two children with severe eosinophilic esophagitis-related food intolerances, maintained a hookworm colony throughout her next pregnancy and delivered a healthy, allergy-free baby.

Other mothers have reported:

{{Quote|indent}}I did 3 NA at second trimester. And another 3 one month after giving birth. Baby is healthy ❤ and breastfeeding continues with no worries. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/5374775042578407/?comment_id=5375666359155942&reply_comment_id=5376981595691085]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I hosted hookworm while pregnant with my second and had no issues. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/821187211270569/?comment_id=821817414540882&offset=0&total_comments=23&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D] {{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I continued dosing with NA during pregnancy. I thought my wayward immune system was a much greater risk to my baby. My daughter is happy, healthy and intelligent. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/7435129273209630/?comment_id=7464478123608078]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}In June of 2016 I decided to try TSO 2500 every 2 weeks, and for the first time, had some real improvement in my (RA-related) inflammation and pain. I got pregnant in September 2016 and from my own research and from talking to [http://www.tanawisa.com Tanawisa], I felt comfortable continuing with the TSO throughout my pregnancy. Because uncontrolled inflammation in a pregnant mother has been proven so detrimental to the health of the child, I decided to bump up my dose of TSO to 2500 every week. Throughout my pregnancy I have had almost no inflammation or joint pain, except for a couple of small flare ups during some stressful events. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1325920704130548/] (This mother also reported, in a different Facebook group, that her baby is healthy.){{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I have UC and continued dosing 100 TTO about every 6 weeks throughout pregnancy. I was actually more afraid to stop dosing than to continue because of being scared of a flare. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/4142012142521376/?comment_id=4142058122516778] I use NA too. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/4142012142521376?comment_id=4142065339182723]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I took a couple of doses of NA during pregnancy because I had to take antibiotics (the same type that seemed to have adversely affected my worm colony in the past) and I decided being wormless was more of a risk to baby than re-dosing after the antibiotics. My pregnancy went to full term and my daughter is healthy - no signs of allergy or any other problems. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/4843930465662870?comment_id=4847897555266161]{{Quote|/indent}}

A physician in the community states:

{{Quote|indent}}I am a physician and see absolutely no problem with using HT while pregnant. In fact, I plan to do it myself later this year.{{Quote|/indent}}

== Starting helminthic therapy during pregnancy ==

While approximately 44 million pregnancies occur globally each year in women who are already hosting helminths, [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19370621/] some women prefer to establish their helminth colony before becoming pregnant rather than starting for the first time during pregnancy.

{{Quote|indent}} If it were me, I would feel comfortable infecting myself with helminths for the first time before a pregnancy but not during.{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}} I made the decision not to inoculate during either of my pregnancies - the first because I didn't have an existing colony and I was worried about the heightened immune response triggering heightened immune responses in my child as well as my ability to take any medications to manage the side effects; the second because I already had an existing colony and felt well enough that I was happy to wait. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/888779374511352/?comment_id=888889677833655&offset=0&total_comments=6&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{Quote|/indent}}

However, many women have successfully started helminthic therapy during pregnancy:

{{Quote|indent}} I inoculated throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding, baby is almost 9 months old and we have no issues. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/2901842726538330/?comment_id=2902108523178417]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I dosed 2 x (with NA) during pregnancy. Prevented me from going over the edge as my stomach was in a special sort of hell since conception. The baby is healthy. My first one had severe milk protein allergies, but so far so good with this baby. I'm doing well as well. (I have Crohn's/colitis.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/4142012142521376?comment_id=4142096539179603] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/4142012142521376?comment_id=4142096539179603&reply_comment_id=4142098729179384]{{Quote|/indent}}

== Provider perspectives ==

Commercial providers have varying policies regarding pregnancy:

{{Quote|indent}} Since this therapy is so new we do not know the effects on the fetus so we do not treat women who are pregnant. ([http://www.wormtherapy.com/faq.html Worm Therapy]) {{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}} Due to the lack of clinical data, anyone who is pregnant would need to wait until after the child is born before beginning the treatment. ([http://www.symmbio.com/ufaqs/who-shouldnt-use-this-treatment/ Symmbio]) {{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}} If someone wishes to begin to restore their biome while pregnant, they should do so under a physician's supervision. ([http://biomerestoration.com/faqs/ Biome Restoration]) {{Quote|/indent}}

One provider with extensive experience reports:

{{Quote|indent}} No studies on pregnancy have been performed so far, but TSO (has been) taken since 1998 by many thousands of patients, and many have taken TSO during pregnancy without any problems. Their life cycle also keeps (these organisms) away from any other organs and contact with sensitive areas. They are fully digested in the gut. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/4330917560297499?comment_id=4331100930279162&reply_comment_id=4331468780242377]{{Quote|/indent}}

== Medical supervision ==

The Helminthic Therapy community includes a number of medical practitioners who are willing to be consulted about the therapy, including a registered nurse/midwife who has many years of experience with the therapy and hosts helminths herself. For her details, see the following page:

* [[Helminthic therapy practitioners | '''Helminthic therapy practitioners''']]

== Deworming during pregnancy: research shows it's not beneficial ==

Many doctors worldwide recommend deworming pregnant women to prevent health problems, but research shows this practice doesn't help and may actually cause harm. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370621] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857962/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28178298]

{{Quote|indent}}Deworming did not show consistent benefits for indicators of mortality, anemia, or growth in children younger than five or women of reproductive age. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29143641]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}… anthelmintic treatment during pregnancy has no benefit for an infant's response to immunisation, or for their health and development… [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21176950]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}... treatment may impose more costs than benefits, for example, by increasing the risk of infant eczema. Treatment may also have additional unanticipated effects by altering maternal blood glucose regulation, microbiota, or hormonal environment. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27956844]{{Quote|/indent}}

Note: if a woman wished to terminate a helminth colony during pregnancy, a study in 2016 found no association between exposure to mebendazole at any time during pregnancy and negative birth outcomes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27189319]

== Discussion threads about helminths and pregnancy ==

1. Experiences of pregnancy as a current or recent helminth host. Sept 2013. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/545673522155274/]

2. A doctor's concern about a hookworm-hosting pregnant patient. Dec 2016. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1175873742468579/]

== See also ==

* [[Helminthic therapy and fertility | '''Helminthic therapy and fertility''']]
* [[Helminthic therapy and breastfeeding | '''Helminthic therapy and breastfeeding''']]
* [[Helminthic therapy and children | '''Helminthic therapy and children''']]
* [[Helminthic therapy safety | '''Helminthic therapy safety''']]
* [[Deworming debunked | '''Deworming debunked''']]
* [https://today.duke.edu/2015/07/wormsonthebrain Gut Worms Protect Babies' Brains From Inflammation]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30372527 Maternal helminth infections and the shaping of offspring immunity]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181012115045.htm Calm the immune system, halt premature birth]
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34406855/ Exposure to Parasitic Protists and Helminths Changes the Intestinal Community Structure of Bacterial Communities in a Cohort of Mother-Child Binomials…]

{{Columns}}

Helminthic therapy and pregnancy

2025-07-21T05:26:57Z

Laurel: just minor edits after the big one

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=Pregnancy and helminths - Benefits and safety for mother and child
|description=Therapeutic helminths during pregnancy provide significant benefits including allergy prevention, immune system development, and protection against complications. Research shows hosting hookworm, TSO, and other therapeutic species is safe with positive outcomes for both mother and baby.
|keywords=pregnancy helminths, hookworm pregnancy, TSO pregnancy, therapeutic worms pregnancy, helminthic therapy pregnancy, pregnancy parasites, allergy prevention pregnancy, immune system pregnancy, pregnancy autoimmune, maternal helminths
|og:image=/pregnant_lady_1200x630.png}}
{{Columns|2}}

= Pregnancy and helminths =

Hosting therapeutic helminths during pregnancy provides significant benefits for both mother and child. Approximately 44 million pregnancies occur globally each year in women who naturally host helminths, with extensive research showing positive outcomes for immune development and health. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370621]

== Benefits for mother and child ==

'''Prenatal exposure to helminth antigens impacts the strength and width of postnatal immune responsiveness without generating aberrant inflammatory immune responses.''' Neonates not exposed to these beneficial organisms have inappropriately increased or decreased gene expression profiles. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27062712]

Current epidemiological findings suggest that prenatal exposure to helminth infection may have an important effect on the development of the foetal immune response and that this might help prevent the emergence of inflammatory conditions such as allergy. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24471654]

=== Protection against allergies and eczema ===

Studies from Uganda have shown that hookworm colonisation in pregnant women confers protection against infantile atopic eczema, protection that is abrogated by anthelmintic treatment during pregnancy. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21255083/] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25171741/] The presence of helminths at delivery has also been shown to be inversely related to infantile eczema, adding further support to the hypothesis that maternal helminth infection protects against this disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16249415]

Studies in mice indicate that helminth infection during pregnancy may reduce the susceptibility of the offspring to allergic airway inflammation. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28271497]

=== Neurological protection ===

Helminth infection in the perinatal period protects children from the neurological damage that can accompany bacterial infections, and this protection extends into adulthood. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26162711]

=== Enhanced immune responses ===

Antenatal maternal helminth infections are associated with modestly increased IgA responses to oral infant vaccines. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26908751]

=== Protection against serious complications ===

Since helminths control inflammation, commencing helminthic therapy prior to pregnancy might help women who have autoimmune disorders such as colitis to stay healthy during pregnancy, [http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-pregnancy-effects-inflammatory-idUKBREA3A16020140411] and help to spare their offspring adverse, inflammation-related effects on brain development, some of which can result in autism-like features. [https://spectrumnews.org/news/maternal-infection-may-trigger-autism-traits-via-neuronal-patches/] [http://www.medicaldaily.com/immune-system-activity-pregnant-women-could-harm-babies-brains-422707]

As a helminth infection counterbalances the exacerbated pro-inflammatory immune responses that occur during sepsis, thus improving survival, it is arguable that the presence of a small colony of therapeutic helminths might actually prevent a woman developing sepsis. [http://www.newswise.com/articles/rising-rates-of-severe-and-fatal-sepsis-during-labor-and-delivery] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis Sepsis] is now the leading cause of direct maternal death in the UK.

In view of the fact that allergy is the most significant condition associated with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperemesis_gravidarum hyperemesis gravidarum (HG)] prior to pregnancy [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3560915/] - which suggests a possible allergic or autoimmune component - it is possible that women who are hosting helminths might be less likely to develop HG.

== Reports by women who hosted therapeutic helminths while pregnant ==

Many women have safely hosted small numbers of therapeutic helminths during pregnancy with excellent outcomes for both mother and child.

One woman who examined all the available evidence on the risks and benefits came to the following conclusion:

{{Quote|indent}} I got hookworm (and just a couple of whipworms) to help keep my immune system in check during my next pregnancy, since my first kid is on the autism spectrum. From my research it seems safe in low doses and can prevent allergy in offspring, another reason I decided to go for this. Not pregnant yet, just planning. {{Quote|/indent}}

She later reported:

{{Quote|indent}} I hosted whipworm and hookworm during 2 term pregnancies. The first baby is 2 years old and is free of allergies and autoimmunity, unlike the older sibling who was sick since birth. {{Quote|/indent}}

Someone else, who had previously had two children with severe eosinophilic esophagitis-related food intolerances, maintained a hookworm colony throughout her next pregnancy and delivered a healthy, allergy-free baby.

Other mothers have reported:

{{Quote|indent}}I did 3 NA at second trimester. And another 3 one month after giving birth. Baby is healthy ❤ and breastfeeding continues with no worries. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/5374775042578407/?comment_id=5375666359155942&reply_comment_id=5376981595691085]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I hosted hookworm while pregnant with my second and had no issues. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/821187211270569/?comment_id=821817414540882&offset=0&total_comments=23&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D] {{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I continued dosing with NA during pregnancy. I thought my wayward immune system was a much greater risk to my baby. My daughter is happy, healthy and intelligent. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/7435129273209630/?comment_id=7464478123608078]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}In June of 2016 I decided to try TSO 2500 every 2 weeks, and for the first time, had some real improvement in my (RA-related) inflammation and pain. I got pregnant in September 2016 and from my own research and from talking to [http://www.tanawisa.com Tanawisa], I felt comfortable continuing with the TSO throughout my pregnancy. Because uncontrolled inflammation in a pregnant mother has been proven so detrimental to the health of the child, I decided to bump up my dose of TSO to 2500 every week. Throughout my pregnancy I have had almost no inflammation or joint pain, except for a couple of small flare ups during some stressful events. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1325920704130548/] (This mother also reported, in a different Facebook group, that her baby is healthy.){{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I have UC and continued dosing 100 TTO about every 6 weeks throughout pregnancy. I was actually more afraid to stop dosing than to continue because of being scared of a flare. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/4142012142521376/?comment_id=4142058122516778] I use NA too. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/4142012142521376?comment_id=4142065339182723]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I took a couple of doses of NA during pregnancy because I had to take antibiotics (the same type that seemed to have adversely affected my worm colony in the past) and I decided being wormless was more of a risk to baby than re-dosing after the antibiotics. My pregnancy went to full term and my daughter is healthy - no signs of allergy or any other problems. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/4843930465662870?comment_id=4847897555266161]{{Quote|/indent}}

A physician in the community states:

{{Quote|indent}}I am a physician and see absolutely no problem with using HT while pregnant. In fact, I plan to do it myself later this year.{{Quote|/indent}}

== Starting helminthic therapy during pregnancy ==

While approximately 44 million pregnancies occur globally each year in women who are already hosting helminths, [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19370621/] some women prefer to establish their helminth colony before becoming pregnant rather than starting for the first time during pregnancy.

{{Quote|indent}} If it were me, I would feel comfortable infecting myself with helminths for the first time before a pregnancy but not during.{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}} I made the decision not to inoculate during either of my pregnancies - the first because I didn't have an existing colony and I was worried about the heightened immune response triggering heightened immune responses in my child as well as my ability to take any medications to manage the side effects; the second because I already had an existing colony and felt well enough that I was happy to wait. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/888779374511352/?comment_id=888889677833655&offset=0&total_comments=6&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{Quote|/indent}}

However, many women have successfully started helminthic therapy during pregnancy:

{{Quote|indent}} I inoculated throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding, baby is almost 9 months old and we have no issues. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/2901842726538330/?comment_id=2902108523178417]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I dosed 2 x (with NA) during pregnancy. Prevented me from going over the edge as my stomach was in a special sort of hell since conception. The baby is healthy. My first one had severe milk protein allergies, but so far so good with this baby. I'm doing well as well. (I have Crohn's/colitis.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/4142012142521376?comment_id=4142096539179603] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/4142012142521376?comment_id=4142096539179603&reply_comment_id=4142098729179384]{{Quote|/indent}}

== Provider perspectives ==

Commercial providers have varying policies regarding pregnancy:

{{Quote|indent}} Since this therapy is so new we do not know the effects on the fetus so we do not treat women who are pregnant. ([http://www.wormtherapy.com/faq.html Worm Therapy]) {{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}} Due to the lack of clinical data, anyone who is pregnant would need to wait until after the child is born before beginning the treatment. ([http://www.symmbio.com/ufaqs/who-shouldnt-use-this-treatment/ Symmbio]) {{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}} If someone wishes to begin to restore their biome while pregnant, they should do so under a physician's supervision. ([http://biomerestoration.com/faqs/ Biome Restoration]) {{Quote|/indent}}

One provider with extensive experience reports:

{{Quote|indent}} No studies on pregnancy have been performed so far, but TSO (has been) taken since 1998 by many thousands of patients, and many have taken TSO during pregnancy without any problems. Their life cycle also keeps (these organisms) away from any other organs and contact with sensitive areas. They are fully digested in the gut. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/4330917560297499?comment_id=4331100930279162&reply_comment_id=4331468780242377]{{Quote|/indent}}

== Medical supervision ==

The Helminthic Therapy community includes a number of medical practitioners who are willing to be consulted about the therapy, including a registered nurse/midwife who has many years of experience with the therapy and hosts helminths herself. For her details, see the following page:

* [[Helminthic therapy practitioners | '''Helminthic therapy practitioners''']]

== Research on pathogenic helminth elimination ==

'''Important note:''' The research below refers to pathogenic helminths that cause disease - not the safe, therapeutic species used in helminthic therapy.

Many medics worldwide have advocated eliminating pathogenic helminths in pregnant women to prevent a range of supposed health risks. However, studies have found that where good antenatal care is provided, this elimination produces no benefits in respect of anaemia, birth weight, perinatal mortality, infant mortality or infant response to immunisation. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370621] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857962/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28178298]

{{Quote|indent}}Deworming did not show consistent benefits for indicators of mortality, anemia, or growth in children younger than five or women of reproductive age. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29143641]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}… anthelmintic treatment during pregnancy has no benefit for an infant's response to immunisation, or for their health and development… [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21176950]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}... treatment may impose more costs than benefits, for example, by increasing the risk of infant eczema. Treatment may also have additional unanticipated effects by altering maternal blood glucose regulation, microbiota, or hormonal environment. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27956844]{{Quote|/indent}}

Note: if a woman wished to terminate a helminth colony during pregnancy, a study in 2016 found no association between exposure to mebendazole at any time during pregnancy and negative birth outcomes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27189319]

== Discussion threads about helminths and pregnancy ==

1. Experiences of pregnancy as a current or recent helminth host. Sept 2013. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/545673522155274/]

2. A doctor's concern about a hookworm-hosting pregnant patient. Dec 2016. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1175873742468579/]

== See also ==

* [[Helminthic therapy and fertility | '''Helminthic therapy and fertility''']]
* [[Helminthic therapy and breastfeeding | '''Helminthic therapy and breastfeeding''']]
* [[Helminthic therapy and children | '''Helminthic therapy and children''']]
* [[Helminthic therapy safety | '''Helminthic therapy safety''']]
* [[Deworming debunked | '''Deworming debunked''']]
* [https://today.duke.edu/2015/07/wormsonthebrain Gut Worms Protect Babies' Brains From Inflammation]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30372527 Maternal helminth infections and the shaping of offspring immunity]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181012115045.htm Calm the immune system, halt premature birth]
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34406855/ Exposure to Parasitic Protists and Helminths Changes the Intestinal Community Structure of Bacterial Communities in a Cohort of Mother-Child Binomials…]

{{Columns}}

Helminthic therapy and pregnancy

2025-07-21T05:23:48Z

Laurel: this page was starting with DEWORMING. I have redone it and it may need to be checked, although it looks fine to me.

{{Breadcrumb|[[Effects_of_helminthic_therapy|Effects of helminthic therapy]]}}
{{SEO 
|title=Pregnancy and helminths - Benefits and safety for mother and child
|description=Therapeutic helminths during pregnancy provide significant benefits including allergy prevention, immune system development, and protection against complications. Research shows hosting hookworm, TSO, and other therapeutic species is safe with positive outcomes for both mother and baby.
|keywords=pregnancy helminths, hookworm pregnancy, TSO pregnancy, therapeutic worms pregnancy, helminthic therapy pregnancy, pregnancy parasites, allergy prevention pregnancy, immune system pregnancy, pregnancy autoimmune, maternal helminths
|og:image=/pregnant_lady_1200x630.png}}
{{Columns|2}}

= Pregnancy and helminths =

Hosting therapeutic helminths during pregnancy provides significant benefits for both mother and child. Approximately 44 million pregnancies occur globally each year in women who naturally host helminths, with extensive research showing positive outcomes for immune development and health. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370621]

== Benefits for mother and child ==

'''Prenatal exposure to helminth antigens impacts the strength and width of postnatal immune responsiveness without generating aberrant inflammatory immune responses.''' Neonates not exposed to these beneficial organisms have inappropriately increased or decreased gene expression profiles. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27062712]

Current epidemiological findings suggest that prenatal exposure to helminth infection may have an important effect on the development of the foetal immune response and that this might help prevent the emergence of inflammatory conditions such as allergy. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24471654]

=== Protection against allergies and eczema ===

Studies from Uganda have shown that hookworm colonisation in pregnant women confers protection against infantile atopic eczema, protection that is abrogated by anthelmintic treatment during pregnancy. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21255083/] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25171741/] The presence of helminths at delivery has also been shown to be inversely related to infantile eczema, adding further support to the hypothesis that maternal helminth infection protects against this disease. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16249415]

Studies in mice indicate that helminth infection during pregnancy may reduce the susceptibility of the offspring to allergic airway inflammation. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28271497]

=== Neurological protection ===

Helminth infection in the perinatal period protects children from the neurological damage that can accompany bacterial infections, and this protection extends into adulthood. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26162711]

=== Enhanced immune responses ===

Antenatal maternal helminth infections are associated with modestly increased IgA responses to oral infant vaccines. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26908751]

=== Protection against serious complications ===

Since helminths control inflammation, commencing helminthic therapy prior to pregnancy might help women who have autoimmune disorders such as colitis to stay healthy during pregnancy, [http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-pregnancy-effects-inflammatory-idUKBREA3A16020140411] and help to spare their offspring adverse, inflammation-related effects on brain development, some of which can result in autism-like features. [https://spectrumnews.org/news/maternal-infection-may-trigger-autism-traits-via-neuronal-patches/] [http://www.medicaldaily.com/immune-system-activity-pregnant-women-could-harm-babies-brains-422707]

As a helminth infection counterbalances the exacerbated pro-inflammatory immune responses that occur during sepsis, thus improving survival, it is arguable that the presence of a small colony of therapeutic helminths might actually prevent a woman developing sepsis. [http://www.newswise.com/articles/rising-rates-of-severe-and-fatal-sepsis-during-labor-and-delivery] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis Sepsis] is now the leading cause of direct maternal death in the UK.

In view of the fact that allergy is the most significant condition associated with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperemesis_gravidarum hyperemesis gravidarum (HG)] prior to pregnancy [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3560915/] - which suggests a possible allergic or autoimmune component - it is possible that women who are hosting helminths might be less likely to develop HG.

== Reports by women who hosted therapeutic helminths while pregnant ==

Many women have safely hosted small numbers of therapeutic helminths during pregnancy with excellent outcomes for both mother and child.

One woman who examined all the available evidence on the risks and benefits came to the following conclusion:

{{Quote|indent}} I got hookworm (and just a couple of whipworms) to help keep my immune system in check during my next pregnancy, since my first kid is on the autism spectrum. From my research it seems safe in low doses and can prevent allergy in offspring, another reason I decided to go for this. Not pregnant yet, just planning. {{Quote|/indent}}

She later reported:

{{Quote|indent}} I hosted whipworm and hookworm during 2 term pregnancies. The first baby is 2 years old and is free of allergies and autoimmunity, unlike the older sibling who was sick since birth. {{Quote|/indent}}

Someone else, who had previously had two children with severe eosinophilic esophagitis-related food intolerances, maintained a hookworm colony throughout her next pregnancy and delivered a healthy, allergy-free baby.

Other mothers have reported:

{{Quote|indent}}I did 3 NA at second trimester. And another 3 one month after giving birth. Baby is healthy ❤ and breastfeeding continues with no worries. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/5374775042578407/?comment_id=5375666359155942&reply_comment_id=5376981595691085]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I hosted hookworm while pregnant with my second and had no issues. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/821187211270569/?comment_id=821817414540882&offset=0&total_comments=23&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R0%22%7D] {{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I continued dosing with NA during pregnancy. I thought my wayward immune system was a much greater risk to my baby. My daughter is happy, healthy and intelligent. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/7435129273209630/?comment_id=7464478123608078]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}In June of 2016 I decided to try TSO 2500 every 2 weeks, and for the first time, had some real improvement in my (RA-related) inflammation and pain. I got pregnant in September 2016 and from my own research and from talking to [http://www.tanawisa.com Tanawisa], I felt comfortable continuing with the TSO throughout my pregnancy. Because uncontrolled inflammation in a pregnant mother has been proven so detrimental to the health of the child, I decided to bump up my dose of TSO to 2500 every week. Throughout my pregnancy I have had almost no inflammation or joint pain, except for a couple of small flare ups during some stressful events. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1325920704130548/] (This mother also reported, in a different Facebook group, that her baby is healthy.){{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I have UC and continued dosing 100 TTO about every 6 weeks throughout pregnancy. I was actually more afraid to stop dosing than to continue because of being scared of a flare. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/4142012142521376/?comment_id=4142058122516778] I use NA too. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/4142012142521376?comment_id=4142065339182723]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I took a couple of doses of NA during pregnancy because I had to take antibiotics (the same type that seemed to have adversely affected my worm colony in the past) and I decided being wormless was more of a risk to baby than re-dosing after the antibiotics. My pregnancy went to full term and my daughter is healthy - no signs of allergy or any other problems. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/4843930465662870?comment_id=4847897555266161]{{Quote|/indent}}

A physician in the community states:

{{Quote|indent}}I am a physician and see absolutely no problem with using HT while pregnant. In fact, I plan to do it myself later this year.{{Quote|/indent}}

== Starting helminthic therapy during pregnancy ==

While approximately 44 million pregnancies occur globally each year in women who are already hosting helminths, [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19370621/] some women prefer to establish their helminth colony before becoming pregnant rather than starting for the first time during pregnancy.

{{Quote|indent}} If it were me, I would feel comfortable infecting myself with helminths for the first time before a pregnancy but not during.{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}} I made the decision not to inoculate during either of my pregnancies - the first because I didn't have an existing colony and I was worried about the heightened immune response triggering heightened immune responses in my child as well as my ability to take any medications to manage the side effects; the second because I already had an existing colony and felt well enough that I was happy to wait. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/888779374511352/?comment_id=888889677833655&offset=0&total_comments=6&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{Quote|/indent}}

However, many women have successfully started helminthic therapy during pregnancy:

{{Quote|indent}} I inoculated throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding, baby is almost 9 months old and we have no issues. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/2901842726538330/?comment_id=2902108523178417]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I dosed 2 x (with NA) during pregnancy. Prevented me from going over the edge as my stomach was in a special sort of hell since conception. The baby is healthy. My first one had severe milk protein allergies, but so far so good with this baby. I'm doing well as well. (I have Crohn's/colitis.) [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/4142012142521376?comment_id=4142096539179603] [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/4142012142521376?comment_id=4142096539179603&reply_comment_id=4142098729179384]{{Quote|/indent}}

== Provider perspectives ==

Commercial providers have varying policies regarding pregnancy:

{{Quote|indent}} Since this therapy is so new we do not know the effects on the fetus so we do not treat women who are pregnant. ([http://www.wormtherapy.com/faq.html Worm Therapy]) {{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}} Due to the lack of clinical data, anyone who is pregnant would need to wait until after the child is born before beginning the treatment. ([http://www.symmbio.com/ufaqs/who-shouldnt-use-this-treatment/ Symmbio]) {{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}} If someone wishes to begin to restore their biome while pregnant, they should do so under a physician's supervision. ([http://biomerestoration.com/faqs/ Biome Restoration]) {{Quote|/indent}}

One provider with extensive experience reports:

{{Quote|indent}} No studies on pregnancy have been performed so far, but TSO (has been) taken since 1998 by many thousands of patients, and many have taken TSO during pregnancy without any problems. Their life cycle also keeps (these organisms) away from any other organs and contact with sensitive areas. They are fully digested in the gut. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/4330917560297499?comment_id=4331100930279162&reply_comment_id=4331468780242377]{{Quote|/indent}}

== Medical supervision ==

The Helminthic Therapy community includes a number of medical practitioners who are willing to be consulted about the therapy, including a registered nurse/midwife who has many years of experience with the therapy and hosts helminths herself. For her details, see the following page:

* [[Helminthic therapy practitioners | '''Helminthic therapy practitioners''']]

== Research on pathogenic helminth elimination ==

'''Important note:''' The research below refers to pathogenic helminths that cause disease - not the safe, therapeutic species used in helminthic therapy.

Studies have found that where good antenatal care is provided, eliminating pathogenic helminths produces no benefits in respect of anaemia, birth weight, perinatal mortality, infant mortality or infant response to immunisation. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370621] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857962/] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28178298]

{{Quote|indent}}Deworming did not show consistent benefits for indicators of mortality, anemia, or growth in children younger than five or women of reproductive age. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29143641]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}… anthelmintic treatment during pregnancy has no benefit for an infant's response to immunisation, or for their health and development… [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21176950]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}... treatment may impose more costs than benefits, for example, by increasing the risk of infant eczema. Treatment may also have additional unanticipated effects by altering maternal blood glucose regulation, microbiota, or hormonal environment. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27956844]{{Quote|/indent}}

Note: if a woman wished to terminate a helminth colony during pregnancy, a study in 2016 found no association between exposure to mebendazole at any time during pregnancy and negative birth outcomes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27189319]

== Discussion threads about helminths and pregnancy ==

1. Experiences of pregnancy as a current or recent helminth host. Sept 2013. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/545673522155274/]

2. A doctor's concern about a hookworm-hosting pregnant patient. Dec 2016. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1175873742468579/]

== See also ==

* [[Helminthic therapy and fertility | '''Helminthic therapy and fertility''']]
* [[Helminthic therapy and breastfeeding | '''Helminthic therapy and breastfeeding''']]
* [[Helminthic therapy and children | '''Helminthic therapy and children''']]
* [[Helminthic therapy safety | '''Helminthic therapy safety''']]
* [[Deworming debunked | '''Deworming debunked''']]
* [https://today.duke.edu/2015/07/wormsonthebrain Gut Worms Protect Babies' Brains From Inflammation]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30372527 Maternal helminth infections and the shaping of offspring immunity]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181012115045.htm Calm the immune system, halt premature birth]
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34406855/ Exposure to Parasitic Protists and Helminths Changes the Intestinal Community Structure of Bacterial Communities in a Cohort of Mother-Child Binomials…]

{{Columns}}

File:pregnant lady 1200x630.png

2025-07-21T05:21:48Z

Laurel: source: https://www.needpix.com/photo/download/1132946/pregnant-woman-nature-happy-free-pictures-free-photos-free-images-royalty-free-free-illustrations

== Summary ==
source: https://www.needpix.com/photo/download/1132946/pregnant-woman-nature-happy-free-pictures-free-photos-free-images-royalty-free-free-illustrations

File:Helminthic therapy information for doctors.pdf

2025-07-20T23:01:17Z

Laurel:

One-page physician handout for patients to print and share with their healthcare providers. Covers essential information about helminthic therapy, safety profile, and clarifies that no medical supervision is required.

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T21:00:51Z

Laurel: /* Available Treatment Options */

= Introduction to helminthic therapy =

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 6px; margin-bottom: 25px; border-left: 4px solid #0066cc; font-size: 1.2em;">
== '''Quick Navigation by Role:''' ==
* '''Medical professionals:''' [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors]] - Clinical handout and safety profile
* '''Researchers & clinicians:''' [[Clinical_information_for_physicians]] - Comprehensive clinical guide
* '''Journalists:''' [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy]] - Development timeline and key studies
* '''Considering treatment:''' Continue reading this page

</div>
<div style="border: 2px solid #d32f2f; background: #fff; padding: 20px; margin: 0 auto 30px auto; width: 80%; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);">
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #d32f2f; margin-bottom: 12px;">
⚠ CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION
</div>
<p style="margin-bottom: 12px;">
'''DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:'''
</p>
* '''[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]''' - Safety guidelines and contraindications
* '''[[Choosing_a_helminth]]''' - Species selection guidance
* '''[[Getting_started_guide]]''' - Dosing and preparation protocols
<p style="margin-top: 12px; font-style: italic; color: #666;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</p>
</div>

== Is Helminthic Therapy Right for You? ==

'''What it is:''' Helminthic therapy safely restores beneficial intestinal worms that modern sanitation removed from human biology. These therapeutic organisms help thousands of people worldwide treat autoimmune diseases, allergies, and neuropsychiatric conditions.

'''Safety profile:''' This therapy has an excellent safety record spanning over 20 years of use. It is far safer than most pharmaceutical treatments for the same conditions. Side effects are typically limited to the first three months and are dose-dependent.

'''Effectiveness:''' Research and community data show 75-80% of people with autoimmune or psychological conditions experience meaningful improvement. The therapy helps with over 170 documented conditions including Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, severe allergies, and autism spectrum disorders.

'''Community evidence:''' Thousands of people worldwide use this therapy successfully. Over 1,000 detailed personal stories document outcomes across diverse conditions. See [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories]] for experiences with your specific condition.

'''Not disgusting:''' Many people initially feel uncomfortable about hosting worms. This is normal and manageable. See [[Overcoming_worm_phobia]] for perspective and support.

== Available Treatment Options ==

Four safe, domesticated helminth species are available commercially:

<div style="background: #f5f5f5; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; margin: 20px 0;">
Each species has different characteristics, effects, and dosing schedules. Most people start with one species based on their condition and sensitivity level.
</div>

* '''Pig whipworm (TSO)''' - Gentlest option, taken every 2-3 weeks
* '''Human hookworm (NA)''' - Most powerful effects, less frequent dosing
* '''Human whipworm (TTO)''' - Strong effects, taken every 2-3 weeks
* '''Rat tapeworm (HDC)''' - Excellent for autism and ADHD, taken every 2-3 weeks

For detailed comparison and selection guidance, see [[Choosing_a_helminth]].

== What to Expect ==

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; background: #fff; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; margin: 20px 0;">
'''Timeline reality:''' This therapy requires patience. Most people see meaningful improvement between 3-5 months. Some need 6-12 months, others 18-24 months. About 25% do not respond.
</div>

'''Individual dosing required:''' What works varies dramatically between people. Starting with very small doses and adjusting based on response prevents problems and optimizes outcomes.

'''Ongoing commitment:''' This therapy requires continued dosing and attention. Most people continue indefinitely to maintain improvements. It's not a one-time cure.

'''Realistic outcomes:''' While many people achieve dramatic improvements, some need to combine helminthic therapy with other treatments. Success often means significant symptom reduction rather than complete elimination.

== Safety Considerations ==

'''Excellent overall safety:''' Two decades of use by thousands shows remarkable safety. Compatible with most medications including immunosuppressants.

'''Important exceptions:''' Do not use if you have severe immunosuppression (HIV/AIDS), pregnancy, severe intestinal strictures, or acute anemia.

'''Essential preparation:''' Read [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]] completely before proceeding. This covers all contraindications, drug interactions, and special considerations.

== Your Next Steps ==

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%); color: white; padding: 20px; border-radius: 6px; margin: 25px 0;">
'''Ready to proceed? Follow this sequence:'''

'''Step 1:''' Read [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]] thoroughly
'''Step 2:''' Choose your species at [[Choosing_a_helminth]]
'''Step 3:''' Review protocols at [[Getting_started_guide]]
'''Step 4:''' Select provider from [[Helminth_providers]]
'''Step 5:''' Join support community at [[Online_support]]
</div>

== Practical Considerations ==

'''Medical support:''' Optional but helpful. Most doctors are unfamiliar with this therapy but can provide supportive care. See [[Working_with_doctors]] for guidance on discussing therapy with physicians.

'''Cost perspective:''' While initially expensive, helminthic therapy typically costs less than pharmaceutical treatments for the same conditions. Many users reduce medical expenses and improve earning capacity. See [[Treatment_costs]] for detailed analysis.

'''Home cultivation:''' Three species can be cultivated at home after purchasing starter doses, reducing long-term costs. See [[Helminth_incubation]] for instructions.

== Community Support and Information ==

'''Essential resources:'''
* [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories]] - Over 1,000 user experiences
* [[Online_support]] - Active discussion communities with experienced users
* [[Helminthic_therapy_FAQ]] - Answers to common questions

'''Professional resources:'''
* [[Helminthic_therapy_research]] - 900+ scientific studies
* [[Helminthic_therapy_in_the_media]] - Video lectures and media coverage
* [[Terminology]] - Technical term definitions

'''Implementation guidance:'''
* [[Treatment_expectations]] - Timeline and outcome details
* [[Treatment_documentation]] - Tracking progress and optimizing doses
* [[Human_helminth_care_manual]] - Drug and supplement interactions

== Need More Information? ==

'''For specific concerns:''' Use the search function (top right) to find information about your condition, medications, or specific questions.

'''Site navigation:''' See [[Index_to_topics]] for complete subject listing or [[Sitemap]] for full site structure.

'''Getting started:''' The [[Getting_started_guide]] provides step-by-step preparation instructions.

---

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; font-style: italic; text-align: center; color: #666;">
This wiki is the world's largest database documenting helminth replacement therapy. Content is maintained by volunteers with no commercial interests and updated daily based on user experiences and research.
</div>

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T20:59:46Z

Laurel: 0-p

= Introduction to helminthic therapy =

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 6px; margin-bottom: 25px; border-left: 4px solid #0066cc; font-size: 1.2em;">
== '''Quick Navigation by Role:''' ==
* '''Medical professionals:''' [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors]] - Clinical handout and safety profile
* '''Researchers & clinicians:''' [[Clinical_information_for_physicians]] - Comprehensive clinical guide
* '''Journalists:''' [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy]] - Development timeline and key studies
* '''Considering treatment:''' Continue reading this page

</div>
<div style="border: 2px solid #d32f2f; background: #fff; padding: 20px; margin: 0 auto 30px auto; width: 80%; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);">
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #d32f2f; margin-bottom: 12px;">
⚠ CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION
</div>
<p style="margin-bottom: 12px;">
'''DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:'''
</p>
* '''[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]''' - Safety guidelines and contraindications
* '''[[Choosing_a_helminth]]''' - Species selection guidance
* '''[[Getting_started_guide]]''' - Dosing and preparation protocols
<p style="margin-top: 12px; font-style: italic; color: #666;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</p>
</div>

== Is Helminthic Therapy Right for You? ==

'''What it is:''' Helminthic therapy safely restores beneficial intestinal worms that modern sanitation removed from human biology. These therapeutic organisms help thousands of people worldwide treat autoimmune diseases, allergies, and neuropsychiatric conditions.

'''Safety profile:''' This therapy has an excellent safety record spanning over 20 years of use. It is far safer than most pharmaceutical treatments for the same conditions. Side effects are typically limited to the first three months and are dose-dependent.

'''Effectiveness:''' Research and community data show 75-80% of people with autoimmune or psychological conditions experience meaningful improvement. The therapy helps with over 170 documented conditions including Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, severe allergies, and autism spectrum disorders.

'''Community evidence:''' Thousands of people worldwide use this therapy successfully. Over 1,000 detailed personal stories document outcomes across diverse conditions. See [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories]] for experiences with your specific condition.

'''Not disgusting:''' Many people initially feel uncomfortable about hosting worms. This is normal and manageable. See [[Overcoming_worm_phobia]] for perspective and support.

== Available Treatment Options ==

Four safe, domesticated helminth species are available commercially:

<div style="background: #f5f5f5; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; margin: 20px 0;">
Each species has different characteristics, effects, and dosing schedules. Most people start with one species based on their condition and sensitivity level.
</div>

* '''Pig whipworm (TSO)''' - Gentlest option, taken every 2-3 weeks
* '''Human hookworm (NA)''' - Most powerful effects, lasts 3-5 years per dose
* '''Human whipworm (TTO)''' - Strong effects, taken every 2-3 weeks
* '''Rat tapeworm (HDC)''' - Excellent for autism and ADHD, taken every 2-3 weeks

For detailed comparison and selection guidance, see [[Choosing_a_helminth]].

== What to Expect ==

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; background: #fff; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; margin: 20px 0;">
'''Timeline reality:''' This therapy requires patience. Most people see meaningful improvement between 3-5 months. Some need 6-12 months, others 18-24 months. About 25% do not respond.
</div>

'''Individual dosing required:''' What works varies dramatically between people. Starting with very small doses and adjusting based on response prevents problems and optimizes outcomes.

'''Ongoing commitment:''' This therapy requires continued dosing and attention. Most people continue indefinitely to maintain improvements. It's not a one-time cure.

'''Realistic outcomes:''' While many people achieve dramatic improvements, some need to combine helminthic therapy with other treatments. Success often means significant symptom reduction rather than complete elimination.

== Safety Considerations ==

'''Excellent overall safety:''' Two decades of use by thousands shows remarkable safety. Compatible with most medications including immunosuppressants.

'''Important exceptions:''' Do not use if you have severe immunosuppression (HIV/AIDS), pregnancy, severe intestinal strictures, or acute anemia.

'''Essential preparation:''' Read [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]] completely before proceeding. This covers all contraindications, drug interactions, and special considerations.

== Your Next Steps ==

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%); color: white; padding: 20px; border-radius: 6px; margin: 25px 0;">
'''Ready to proceed? Follow this sequence:'''

'''Step 1:''' Read [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]] thoroughly
'''Step 2:''' Choose your species at [[Choosing_a_helminth]]
'''Step 3:''' Review protocols at [[Getting_started_guide]]
'''Step 4:''' Select provider from [[Helminth_providers]]
'''Step 5:''' Join support community at [[Online_support]]
</div>

== Practical Considerations ==

'''Medical support:''' Optional but helpful. Most doctors are unfamiliar with this therapy but can provide supportive care. See [[Working_with_doctors]] for guidance on discussing therapy with physicians.

'''Cost perspective:''' While initially expensive, helminthic therapy typically costs less than pharmaceutical treatments for the same conditions. Many users reduce medical expenses and improve earning capacity. See [[Treatment_costs]] for detailed analysis.

'''Home cultivation:''' Three species can be cultivated at home after purchasing starter doses, reducing long-term costs. See [[Helminth_incubation]] for instructions.

== Community Support and Information ==

'''Essential resources:'''
* [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories]] - Over 1,000 user experiences
* [[Online_support]] - Active discussion communities with experienced users
* [[Helminthic_therapy_FAQ]] - Answers to common questions

'''Professional resources:'''
* [[Helminthic_therapy_research]] - 900+ scientific studies
* [[Helminthic_therapy_in_the_media]] - Video lectures and media coverage
* [[Terminology]] - Technical term definitions

'''Implementation guidance:'''
* [[Treatment_expectations]] - Timeline and outcome details
* [[Treatment_documentation]] - Tracking progress and optimizing doses
* [[Human_helminth_care_manual]] - Drug and supplement interactions

== Need More Information? ==

'''For specific concerns:''' Use the search function (top right) to find information about your condition, medications, or specific questions.

'''Site navigation:''' See [[Index_to_topics]] for complete subject listing or [[Sitemap]] for full site structure.

'''Getting started:''' The [[Getting_started_guide]] provides step-by-step preparation instructions.

---

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; font-style: italic; text-align: center; color: #666;">
This wiki is the world's largest database documenting helminth replacement therapy. Content is maintained by volunteers with no commercial interests and updated daily based on user experiences and research.
</div>

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T20:59:13Z

Laurel: \]

= Introduction to helminthic therapy =

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 6px; margin-bottom: 25px; border-left: 4px solid #0066cc; font-size: 1.2em;">
'''Quick Navigation by Role:'''
* '''Medical professionals:''' [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors]] - Clinical handout and safety profile
* '''Researchers & clinicians:''' [[Clinical_information_for_physicians]] - Comprehensive clinical guide
* '''Journalists:''' [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy]] - Development timeline and key studies
* '''Considering treatment:''' Continue reading this page

</div>
<div style="border: 2px solid #d32f2f; background: #fff; padding: 20px; margin: 0 auto 30px auto; width: 80%; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);">
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #d32f2f; margin-bottom: 12px;">
⚠ CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION
</div>
<p style="margin-bottom: 12px;">
'''DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:'''
</p>
* '''[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]''' - Safety guidelines and contraindications
* '''[[Choosing_a_helminth]]''' - Species selection guidance
* '''[[Getting_started_guide]]''' - Dosing and preparation protocols
<p style="margin-top: 12px; font-style: italic; color: #666;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</p>
</div>

== Is Helminthic Therapy Right for You? ==

'''What it is:''' Helminthic therapy safely restores beneficial intestinal worms that modern sanitation removed from human biology. These therapeutic organisms help thousands of people worldwide treat autoimmune diseases, allergies, and neuropsychiatric conditions.

'''Safety profile:''' This therapy has an excellent safety record spanning over 20 years of use. It is far safer than most pharmaceutical treatments for the same conditions. Side effects are typically limited to the first three months and are dose-dependent.

'''Effectiveness:''' Research and community data show 75-80% of people with autoimmune or psychological conditions experience meaningful improvement. The therapy helps with over 170 documented conditions including Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, severe allergies, and autism spectrum disorders.

'''Community evidence:''' Thousands of people worldwide use this therapy successfully. Over 1,000 detailed personal stories document outcomes across diverse conditions. See [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories]] for experiences with your specific condition.

'''Not disgusting:''' Many people initially feel uncomfortable about hosting worms. This is normal and manageable. See [[Overcoming_worm_phobia]] for perspective and support.

== Available Treatment Options ==

Four safe, domesticated helminth species are available commercially:

<div style="background: #f5f5f5; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; margin: 20px 0;">
Each species has different characteristics, effects, and dosing schedules. Most people start with one species based on their condition and sensitivity level.
</div>

* '''Pig whipworm (TSO)''' - Gentlest option, taken every 2-3 weeks
* '''Human hookworm (NA)''' - Most powerful effects, lasts 3-5 years per dose
* '''Human whipworm (TTO)''' - Strong effects, taken every 2-3 weeks
* '''Rat tapeworm (HDC)''' - Excellent for autism and ADHD, taken every 2-3 weeks

For detailed comparison and selection guidance, see [[Choosing_a_helminth]].

== What to Expect ==

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; background: #fff; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; margin: 20px 0;">
'''Timeline reality:''' This therapy requires patience. Most people see meaningful improvement between 3-5 months. Some need 6-12 months, others 18-24 months. About 25% do not respond.
</div>

'''Individual dosing required:''' What works varies dramatically between people. Starting with very small doses and adjusting based on response prevents problems and optimizes outcomes.

'''Ongoing commitment:''' This therapy requires continued dosing and attention. Most people continue indefinitely to maintain improvements. It's not a one-time cure.

'''Realistic outcomes:''' While many people achieve dramatic improvements, some need to combine helminthic therapy with other treatments. Success often means significant symptom reduction rather than complete elimination.

== Safety Considerations ==

'''Excellent overall safety:''' Two decades of use by thousands shows remarkable safety. Compatible with most medications including immunosuppressants.

'''Important exceptions:''' Do not use if you have severe immunosuppression (HIV/AIDS), pregnancy, severe intestinal strictures, or acute anemia.

'''Essential preparation:''' Read [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]] completely before proceeding. This covers all contraindications, drug interactions, and special considerations.

== Your Next Steps ==

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%); color: white; padding: 20px; border-radius: 6px; margin: 25px 0;">
'''Ready to proceed? Follow this sequence:'''

'''Step 1:''' Read [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]] thoroughly
'''Step 2:''' Choose your species at [[Choosing_a_helminth]]
'''Step 3:''' Review protocols at [[Getting_started_guide]]
'''Step 4:''' Select provider from [[Helminth_providers]]
'''Step 5:''' Join support community at [[Online_support]]
</div>

== Practical Considerations ==

'''Medical support:''' Optional but helpful. Most doctors are unfamiliar with this therapy but can provide supportive care. See [[Working_with_doctors]] for guidance on discussing therapy with physicians.

'''Cost perspective:''' While initially expensive, helminthic therapy typically costs less than pharmaceutical treatments for the same conditions. Many users reduce medical expenses and improve earning capacity. See [[Treatment_costs]] for detailed analysis.

'''Home cultivation:''' Three species can be cultivated at home after purchasing starter doses, reducing long-term costs. See [[Helminth_incubation]] for instructions.

== Community Support and Information ==

'''Essential resources:'''
* [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories]] - Over 1,000 user experiences
* [[Online_support]] - Active discussion communities with experienced users
* [[Helminthic_therapy_FAQ]] - Answers to common questions

'''Professional resources:'''
* [[Helminthic_therapy_research]] - 900+ scientific studies
* [[Helminthic_therapy_in_the_media]] - Video lectures and media coverage
* [[Terminology]] - Technical term definitions

'''Implementation guidance:'''
* [[Treatment_expectations]] - Timeline and outcome details
* [[Treatment_documentation]] - Tracking progress and optimizing doses
* [[Human_helminth_care_manual]] - Drug and supplement interactions

== Need More Information? ==

'''For specific concerns:''' Use the search function (top right) to find information about your condition, medications, or specific questions.

'''Site navigation:''' See [[Index_to_topics]] for complete subject listing or [[Sitemap]] for full site structure.

'''Getting started:''' The [[Getting_started_guide]] provides step-by-step preparation instructions.

---

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; font-style: italic; text-align: center; color: #666;">
This wiki is the world's largest database documenting helminth replacement therapy. Content is maintained by volunteers with no commercial interests and updated daily based on user experiences and research.
</div>

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T20:57:32Z

Laurel: [

= Introduction to helminthic therapy =

<div style="border: 2px solid #d32f2f; background: #fff; padding: 20px; margin: 0 auto 30px auto; width: 80%; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);">
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #d32f2f; margin-bottom: 12px;">
⚠ CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION
</div>
<p style="margin-bottom: 12px;">
'''DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:'''
</p>
* '''[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]''' - Safety guidelines and contraindications
* '''[[Choosing_a_helminth]]''' - Species selection guidance
* '''[[Getting_started_guide]]''' - Dosing and preparation protocols
<p style="margin-top: 12px; font-style: italic; color: #666;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</p>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 6px; margin-bottom: 25px; border-left: 4px solid #0066cc;">
'''Quick Navigation by Role:'''
* '''Medical professionals:''' [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors]] - Clinical handout and safety profile
* '''Researchers & clinicians:''' [[Clinical_information_for_physicians]] - Comprehensive clinical guide
* '''Journalists:''' [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy]] - Development timeline and key studies
* '''Considering treatment:''' Continue reading this page
</div>

== Is Helminthic Therapy Right for You? ==

'''What it is:''' Helminthic therapy safely restores beneficial intestinal worms that modern sanitation removed from human biology. These therapeutic organisms help thousands of people worldwide treat autoimmune diseases, allergies, and neuropsychiatric conditions.

'''Safety profile:''' This therapy has an excellent safety record spanning over 20 years of use. It is far safer than most pharmaceutical treatments for the same conditions. Side effects are typically limited to the first three months and are dose-dependent.

'''Effectiveness:''' Research and community data show 75-80% of people with autoimmune or psychological conditions experience meaningful improvement. The therapy helps with over 170 documented conditions including Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, severe allergies, and autism spectrum disorders.

'''Community evidence:''' Thousands of people worldwide use this therapy successfully. Over 1,000 detailed personal stories document outcomes across diverse conditions. See [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories]] for experiences with your specific condition.

'''Not disgusting:''' Many people initially feel uncomfortable about hosting worms. This is normal and manageable. See [[Overcoming_worm_phobia]] for perspective and support.

== Available Treatment Options ==

Four safe, domesticated helminth species are available commercially:

<div style="background: #f5f5f5; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; margin: 20px 0;">
Each species has different characteristics, effects, and dosing schedules. Most people start with one species based on their condition and sensitivity level.
</div>

* '''Pig whipworm (TSO)''' - Gentlest option, taken every 2-3 weeks
* '''Human hookworm (NA)''' - Most powerful effects, lasts 3-5 years per dose
* '''Human whipworm (TTO)''' - Strong effects, taken every 2-3 weeks
* '''Rat tapeworm (HDC)''' - Excellent for autism and ADHD, taken every 2-3 weeks

For detailed comparison and selection guidance, see [[Choosing_a_helminth]].

== What to Expect ==

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; background: #fff; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; margin: 20px 0;">
'''Timeline reality:''' This therapy requires patience. Most people see meaningful improvement between 3-5 months. Some need 6-12 months, others 18-24 months. About 25% do not respond.
</div>

'''Individual dosing required:''' What works varies dramatically between people. Starting with very small doses and adjusting based on response prevents problems and optimizes outcomes.

'''Ongoing commitment:''' This therapy requires continued dosing and attention. Most people continue indefinitely to maintain improvements. It's not a one-time cure.

'''Realistic outcomes:''' While many people achieve dramatic improvements, some need to combine helminthic therapy with other treatments. Success often means significant symptom reduction rather than complete elimination.

== Safety Considerations ==

'''Excellent overall safety:''' Two decades of use by thousands shows remarkable safety. Compatible with most medications including immunosuppressants.

'''Important exceptions:''' Do not use if you have severe immunosuppression (HIV/AIDS), pregnancy, severe intestinal strictures, or acute anemia.

'''Essential preparation:''' Read [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]] completely before proceeding. This covers all contraindications, drug interactions, and special considerations.

== Your Next Steps ==

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%); color: white; padding: 20px; border-radius: 6px; margin: 25px 0;">
'''Ready to proceed? Follow this sequence:'''

'''Step 1:''' Read [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]] thoroughly
'''Step 2:''' Choose your species at [[Choosing_a_helminth]]
'''Step 3:''' Review protocols at [[Getting_started_guide]]
'''Step 4:''' Select provider from [[Helminth_providers]]
'''Step 5:''' Join support community at [[Online_support]]
</div>

== Practical Considerations ==

'''Medical support:''' Optional but helpful. Most doctors are unfamiliar with this therapy but can provide supportive care. See [[Working_with_doctors]] for guidance on discussing therapy with physicians.

'''Cost perspective:''' While initially expensive, helminthic therapy typically costs less than pharmaceutical treatments for the same conditions. Many users reduce medical expenses and improve earning capacity. See [[Treatment_costs]] for detailed analysis.

'''Home cultivation:''' Three species can be cultivated at home after purchasing starter doses, reducing long-term costs. See [[Helminth_incubation]] for instructions.

== Community Support and Information ==

'''Essential resources:'''
* [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories]] - Over 1,000 user experiences
* [[Online_support]] - Active discussion communities with experienced users
* [[Helminthic_therapy_FAQ]] - Answers to common questions

'''Professional resources:'''
* [[Helminthic_therapy_research]] - 900+ scientific studies
* [[Helminthic_therapy_in_the_media]] - Video lectures and media coverage
* [[Terminology]] - Technical term definitions

'''Implementation guidance:'''
* [[Treatment_expectations]] - Timeline and outcome details
* [[Treatment_documentation]] - Tracking progress and optimizing doses
* [[Human_helminth_care_manual]] - Drug and supplement interactions

== Need More Information? ==

'''For specific concerns:''' Use the search function (top right) to find information about your condition, medications, or specific questions.

'''Site navigation:''' See [[Index_to_topics]] for complete subject listing or [[Sitemap]] for full site structure.

'''Getting started:''' The [[Getting_started_guide]] provides step-by-step preparation instructions.

---

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; font-style: italic; text-align: center; color: #666;">
This wiki is the world's largest database documenting helminth replacement therapy. Content is maintained by volunteers with no commercial interests and updated daily based on user experiences and research.
</div>

Introduction to helminthic therapy

2025-07-20T20:53:00Z

Laurel: restoring the correct version

{{Breadcrumb}}
{{SEO 
|title=
|description=All the basic information needed to understand, access and start using helminthic therapy.
|keywords=helminthic therapy, helminth therapy, helminth replacement, helminth care, worm therapy, wiki, HTWiki, autoimmune, autoimmunity, autoimmune therapy, Autoimmune Therapies, immunotherapy, biotherapy, biological therapy, Hygiene Hypothesis, Old Friends' Hypothesis, evolutionary mismatch, biome depletion, biota alteration, biome restoration, biome reconstitution, macrobiota, helminth providers, HT, AIT
|og:image=[[File:wiki.png]]}}<div style="background-color:#CEDFF2; border:1px solid #A3B0BF; padding:6px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
'''Are you a doctor or other medical professional?'''

: Please first see, [[Helminthic therapy information for doctors | '''Helminthic therapy information for doctors''']].

'''Are you a journalist, or skeptical about this therapy?'''

:You may find it helpful to start with the [[The history of helminthic therapy | '''History of Helminthic Therapy''']], which reviews this therapy's development alongside the emerging science.


'''Are you considering using this therapy?'''

:In order to ensure a satisfactory outcome, it's essential that you read this entire page ''very'' carefully, along with the material at the links within the text. Many of those who have failed to do this have regretted it.

:{{Quote|indent}}Make sure to read the wiki... literally all of the questions are answered there. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/4086725951383329/?comment_id=4086728104716447&reply_comment_id=4087079534681304]{{Quote|/indent}}

:{{Quote|indent}}I didn't read the wiki closely enough before starting. So I'm paying the price! [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/3718183734904221/?comment_id=3718478751541386&reply_comment_id=3718612754861319]{{Quote|/indent}}
</div>

== What is helminthic therapy? ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28phztp-uG8 '''What is helminthic therapy?'''] - William Parker, retired Professor of Surgery, explains in this 2-minute video.<br>

<span class="mw-lingo-tooltip-abbr">Helminthic therapy</span> is a "probiotic" self-treatment involving the reintroduction to the digestive tract of a controlled number of specially domesticated, safe, mutualistic helminths (intestinal worms) in the form of microscopic eggs or microscopic larvae.

{{Quote|indent}}We think of these worms as kind of big probiotics. (Dr Paul Giacomin, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine.) [http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/nights/audio/201819018/hookworms-to-treat-coeliac-disease]{{Quote|/indent}}

People living in developed countries gradually lost contact with this type of organism during the 20th century as a result of the introduction of "systems hygiene" in the form of indoor flush toilets and sewage treatment as well as water purification facilities and food processing plants, plus innovations such as mass-produced shoes, canned food, artificial refrigeration and anthelmintic drugs. [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/The_history_of_helminthic_therapy#The_origins_of_helminth_deficiency_in_industrialised_populations]

By reconstituting and enriching the intestinal biome, helminthic therapy counteracts this loss of biodiversity, as well as halting the immune-related disorders that result from it.

The therapy is being used today by many thousands of individuals to successfully treat and prevent autoimmunity, inflammation and allergy as well as neuropsychiatric and metabolic disorders.

Since it is not a medical treatment, doctors are not normally involved in its use, although many naturopathic physicians and practitioners of functional medicine recommend their patients to use it.

In order to experience optimum benefits from helminthic therapy, the self-treater must fully understand how to use it '''''before''''' commencing, and there is a lot to learn, with a choice of four different organisms, each with different characteristics and somewhat different effects. Fortunately for anyone who is new to this therapy, all the information they need is presented on this site, and this page is the main doorway into that information.

* [https://www.youtube.com/@HelminthTherapy '''Helminthic therapy in practice'''] - Key aspects of the therapy explained in a series of YouTube videos.

== Terminology ==

This practice is known variously by the following terms:
* Helminthic therapy
* Helminth therapy
* Helminth replacement therapy
* Helminth-induced immunomodulation therapy (HINT) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29064315/]
* Worm therapy
* Biome restoration
* Biome reconstitution
Hovering your cursor over any word or abbreviation that has a faint underlining will reveal a definition. Alternatively, go to the [[Terminology | '''Terminology page''']].
<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA; border:1px solid #A3B0BF; padding:6px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">

== Humans need helminths ==

The term, “helminthic therapy” may suggest that this might be just another therapeutic option that one can try in the hope of fixing some health issue that has not responded adequately to other forms of treatment, but helminth replacement is actually far more than this.

Helminths are an essential component of a healthy human biome and provide uniquely effective exercise and training for the immune system, such that ''continual'' exposure to helminths is a fundamental necessity for optimal human health.

The first suggestion that this might be the case emerged in a report published in 1968 by a researcher working in Nigeria who opined that the rarity of autoimmune disease in tropical Africa might be related to the fact that Africans typically host multiple parasites.   [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/1/1f/Autoimmune_disease_and_parasitic_infections_in_Nigerians.pdf]

Since then, it has become abundantly clear that humankind’s coevolution with helminths over millennia has left the human immune system less able to function optimally without the presence of this type of organism.  

{{Quote|indent}}All immunocompetent humans need regular exposure to helminths in order to maintain optimal immune function and avoid risk for inflammation-associated disease. [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/6/10/98/htm]{{Quote|/indent}}

It is now known that helminths train the developing immune system in infancy and continue to regulate immunity throughout the rest of life for as long as they remain with their host. The science supporting this view is now extensive, and growing continually.  

{{Quote|indent}}Independent lines of evidence, including epidemiologic studies, studies using animal models and clinical observations, point to the idea that we need exposure to helminths in order to avoid biota alteration and immune hypersensitivity. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33732461/]{{Quote|/indent}}

The gradual loss of intestinal worms from industrialised societies from the mid-1800s, leading to their virtual eradication during the 20th century, has undoubtedly relieved these populations of the health issues associated with pathogenic helminths, but it has also led to inflammation-associated deficiencies in immune function that have contributed to widespread pandemics of allergy and autoimmune disease, as well as metabolic and neuropsychiatric disorders.

{{Quote|indent}}Exposure to helminths is a necessary component of our biology, and the essentially complete absence of those organisms is an underlying cause of inflammatory disease. Based on this view, we have argued that access to helminths is a basic human need. [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/6/10/98/htm]{{Quote|/indent}}

The only rational solution to the loss of these essential, [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22612580/ "keystone" organisms] is their routine replacement in the form of the non-pathogenic helminth species that have been domesticated and made available commercially in the 21st century for use as "probiotic" supplements. (See [[#Therapeutic helminths|'''Therapeutic helminths''']].)

{{Quote|indent}}In some not too distant futurity, there may come a day when we all take ‘helminth supplements’ along with our Omega 3 fatty acids, vitamins, and whatever else goes to make up a modern balanced diet. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16965287/]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}Twenty years from now everybody is going to have a helminth, and no insurance company will begin to cover you if you don’t have your helminths. We’re very confident in the science, that every single human being needs a helminth. It’s part of our biology. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221227042743/https://centerforhealthjournalism.org/fellowships/projects/hooked-hookworms-and-other-parasites]{{Quote|/indent}}
</div>
<div style="background-color:#CEDFF2; border:1px solid #A3B0BF; padding:6px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">

== The rewards of re-worming ==

 Socio-medical studies have examined the effects of intentional re-worming and found that the controlled reintroduction of mutualistic helminths is effective in treating a wide range of inflammation-related diseases including allergic disorders and autoimmune conditions as well as digestive and metabolic diseases. Even neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, migraine headaches, ASD, bipolar disorder and Parkinson’s disease have been effectively ameliorated by self-treaters using the available [[#Therapeutic helminths|'''therapeutic helminths''']].

* [[media:Overcoming_Evolutionary_Mismatch_by_Self-Treatment_with_Helminths.pdf | Overcoming Evolutionary Mismatch by Self-Treatment with Helminths: Current Practices and Experience]] (PDF)

* [[media:Practices_and_outcomes_of_self-treatment_with_helminths_based_on_physicians_observations.pdf | Practices and outcomes of self-treatment with helminths based on physicians observations]] (PDF)

* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737071/ Socio-medical studies of individuals self-treating with helminths provide insight into clinical trial design for assessing helminth therapy] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576921002063 Full text] | [[media:Socio-medical_studies_of_individuals_self-treating_with_helminths_provide_insight_into_clinical_trial_design_for_assessing_helminth_therapy.pdf | PDF]]

For over a thousand anecdotal reports of success using helminths to treat over 170 different conditions, see the following page.

* [[Helminthic therapy personal stories | '''Helminthic therapy personal stories''']]

  In addition to re-worming being an effective treatment for existing immune-related disorders, there are many benefits to be gained from hosting helminths throughout life. Amongst these are a reduction in risk for a whole raft of conditions which include the degenerative diseases that develop with age. 

* [[Helminthic therapy for well people | '''Helminthic therapy for well people''']]
</div>

== A brief history of helminthic therapy ==

The gradual loss of intestinal worms in industrialised societies that began in the mid-19th century, leading to their virtual eradication during the 20th century, has undoubtedly relieved these populations of the health issues associated with pathogenic helminths, but it has also led to inflammation-associated deficiencies in immune function that have contributed to widespread epidemics of allergy and autoimmune disease, as well as metabolic and neuropsychiatric disorders. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21741180/] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24481190/] However, this wasn’t recognised as a potential problem until the mid-to-late 20th century. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4174413/] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10973934/]

The first evidence that reintroducing helminths might prove beneficial was reported in 1948 after 25 patients had been relieved of their [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycythemia polycythemia] as a result of being experimentally colonised by hookworms, [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5190334/] and a parasitologist writing in the Lancet in 1976 described how the hay-fever from which he had suffered for 25 years had been completely relieved after he had colonised his small intestine with hookworms. See: [[media:Letter_-_IgE%2C_parasites%2C_and_allergy_%28Turton%29.pdf | IgE, parasites, and allergy]]. (PDF)

While editing journal articles on parasites of the liver and intestine, the late [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(22)00802-2/fulltext Joel Weinstock] from Iowa University began to consider the possibility that the reintroduction of helminths might help his IBD patients. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231231011912/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/31/health/in-pursuit-of-autoimmune-worm-cure.html] (Internet Archive copy) This eventually led Weinstock to carry out ground-breaking studies in which IBD patients were given TSO, the ova of the pig whipworm, Trichuris suis, which were revealed to be safe and shown to reduce disease activity. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14499784/]

The product used in the Iowa trials, which had been granted regulatory approval by the Thai FDA, became the first "therapeutic" helminth to be made available to the public when it was introduced for sale in 2003. The human hookworm, Necator americanus, also became available for purchase in 2007, followed by the human whipworm, Trichuris trichiura, in 2009. The fourth organism to be domesticated for use in helminthic therapy was the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, which was first offered to the public in 2013, in the larval (cysticerci) form that was referred to as HDC.

Research had suggested that the use of these helminth species to reconstitute the human biome may be the best solution to the biome depletion caused by industrialisation. [https://mywikis-eu-wiki-media.s3.eu-central-2.wasabisys.com/htwiki/A_prescription_for_clinical_immunology-_the_pills_are_available_and_ready_for_testing._A_review.pdf] (PDF) However the majority of clinical trials conducted during the first two decades of the 21st century produced lacklustre results due to flawed trial design and a failure to accommodate the nuances of therapy using living worms. In particular, there was a failure to address the effect of product formulation on the efficacy of helminths, and to accommodate the very large range of helminth doses typically needed within any cohort of individuals. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737071/]

The poor results from these clinical trials were at odds with other strands of evidence that include numerous positive results in animal models, the positive results reported for individuals self-treating with helminths [https://www.yourwildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/galley-proof-v2.pdf] (PDF) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27240605/] and the positive reports from clinical examination following accidental exposure to helminths. [https://jrnms.bmj.com/content/56/3/229] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18655096/] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21277637/]

As a result of the disappointing clinical trial results published in the second decade of the 21st century, medical researchers had, by the start of the 2020s, largely switched from using living worms to working towards "helminth-derived product therapy" (HDPT) by seeking to create helminth-inspired pharmaceuticals using synthetic versions of the molecules excreted/secreted by helminths. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36084127/] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35353624/] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35764965/]
Some researchers also began investigating the use of living helminths that have been custom engineered to perform specific purposes, such as seeking out and destroying cancer cells, [https://www.tweaktown.com/news/87338/new-custom-engineered-parasites-seek-out-and-destroy-cancer-cells/index.html] or protecting soldiers from chemical and biological weapons. [https://medicine.washu.edu/news/hookworms-have-potential-to-protect-soldiers-from-chemical-biological-weapons/]

In the absence of the availability from mainstream medicine of helminthic therapy using living worms, a global, online community comprising thousands of helminth self-treaters took over the development of the therapeutic use of living helminths, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/] to the extent that this community has, according to at least one group of scientists, become the primary "laboratory” for helminthic therapy. These scientists have further suggested that, with the impetus no longer being provided by medical researchers, the self-treatment community’s “biohacking” endeavours may yet prove to be critical for public health by addressing the helminth deficiency that is a fundamental cause of disease in Western society. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737071/]

Scientists from a range of disciplines have expressed support for therapy using living worms, [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30003599/] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29133248/] [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-medical-knowledge-commons/chronic-disease-new-thinking-and-outlaw-innovation-patients-on-the-edge-in-the-knowledge-commons/8105C66FEBA55446E15538FD4B164005] with some of them arguing that biome reconstitution will always be preferable to the use of synthesised pharmaceutical products. [https://www.manchester.ac.uk/about/news/how-the-parasitic-worm-has-turned/] [https://www.bbc.co.uk/future/article/20130422-feeling-ill-swallow-a-parasite] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31153721/] Living helminths offer patients a convenient self-administered, "probiotic" treatment that is very safe, [https://www.helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/Helminthic_therapy_safety] remarkably effective, [https://www.yourwildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/galley-proof-v2.pdf] (PDF) and available for immediate use from a range of vetted suppliers. [https://www.helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/Helminth_providers]

For a more detailed examination of the history of this therapy, see the full [[The history of helminthic therapy | '''History of helminthic therapy''']].

== Helminthic therapy science ==

Here is a short selection of scientific papers that provide a good overview of the therapeutic potential of controlled colonisation by benign helminths.
* [[Helminthic therapy research#Reading packet | '''Reading packet''']]

For a full list of scientific papers and articles from the media documenting the history and development of helminthic therapy from its beginnings up until the present day, see the following pages.
* [[Helminthic therapy research | '''Helminthic therapy research''']]
* [[Helminthic therapy in the media | '''Helminthic therapy in the media''']]

==Helminthic therapy safety==

Helminthic therapy is very safe.

For details about benefits and risks, known and possible contraindications, and a list of conditions that require a modified approach to helminth dosing, see the following page.

* [[Helminthic therapy safety | '''Helminthic therapy safety''']]
<span id=''Therapeutic helminths''></span>

== Therapeutic helminths ==

For a helminth to be suitable for use in therapy, it must meet a number of generally agreed criteria. The following
list is a composite drawn from several sources, including [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17313951] & [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminthic_therapy].

Criteria for a therapeutic helminth

# does not cause disease in humans at therapeutic doses
# is not a potential vector for other parasites, viruses, or bacteria
# does not cause long-term symptoms in humans at therapeutic doses
# does not alter its behaviour in patients with depressed immunity
# is not easily transmissible from the host to other people
# is not able to reproduce in a host, ensuring dosage control
# is easily eradicated from the host if required
# is compatible with commonly used medications
# is easy to administer
# is amenable to production in large numbers
# is amenable to storage and transportation

A more recent ''Graphical Overview of (Re)formulated Eligibility Criteria for Present and Future Therapeutic Worm Candidates'' can be found in Figure 1 of [[media:Helminth_Therapy_–_From_the_Parasite_Perspective.pdf | this paper]].

There are currently four types of helminth available commercially for use in self-treatment. All of these meet the above criteria.

# '''Pig whipworm''', [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuris_suis Trichuris suis] (TS)<br>Introduced for therapy in 2003. Sold as ova (TSO) and taken as a drink.
# '''Human hookworm''', [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necator_americanus Necator americanus] (NA or HW)<br>Introduced for therapy in 2006. Sold as microscopic larvae which are applied to the skin.
# '''Human whipworm''', [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuris_trichiura Trichuris trichiura] (TT)<br>Introduced for therapy in 2009. Sold as ova (TTO) and taken in a drink.
# '''Rat tapeworm''', [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenolepis_diminuta Hymenolepis diminuta] (HD)<br>Introduced for therapy in 2011. Sold as cysticercoids (HDC) and taken in a drink.

=== Choosing a therapeutic helminth ===

See the separate page:
* [[Selecting a therapeutic helminth | '''Selecting a therapeutic helminth''']]

== Helminthic therapy in practice ==

=== Before starting ===

==== Worm phobia ====

If you are reluctant to try helminthic therapy because of a fear of, or aversion to, worms, see: [[Overcoming worm phobia | '''Overcoming worm phobia''']].

==== Contraindications ====

Helminthic therapy is contraindicated for people with certain conditions.
* [[Helminthic therapy safety#Known and possible contraindications for the use of helminthic therapy | '''Known and possible contraindications for the use of helminthic therapy''']]

People considering self-treatment with helminths sometimes ask if they need to make sure they don’t already have any worms before introducing therapeutic ones. However, this is unnecessary in the vast majority of cases, as can be seen from the details on the [[Deworming debunked |'''Deworming debunked''']] page. Additionally, the use of "parasite cleanses" is rarely a good idea, for the reasons set out in [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/a/a4/Why_a_parasite_cleanse_can_make_you_worse.pdf this article].

In a study carried out in Argentina, 12 MS patients were found to be hosting a variety of helminths. Three had Hymenolepis nana, 3 Trichuris trichiura, 3 Ascaris lumbricoides, 2 Strongyloides stercolaris, and 1 Enterobius vermicularis. Only one of these species is a mutualistic helminth (Trichuris trichiura), yet no patient developed clinical disease associated with any of the helminths during the 4.6 year period that they were followed by the researchers. And there were only 3 reported relapses in MS in the subjects hosting this wide range of mostly non-mutualistic helminth species in comparison with 56 relapses in those without helminths. [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/e/ec/Association_Between_Parasite_Infection_and_Immune_Responses_in_Multiple_Sclerosis_.pdf]

However, any potentially pathogenic helminths that also have the capability to proliferate within a host may do so if the host were to become immunosuppressed, for example due to chemotherapy or HIV, or as a result of taking a corticosteroid drug such as prednisone. This could result in a helminth such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongyloides_stercoralis Strongyloides stercolaris] multiplying and causing the pathologies associated with this species, including [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18321548/ Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome] which has a high mortality rate. Therefore, if someone has previously travelled to an area of the world where pathogenic helminths are endemic, they may wish to take a parasite test before commencing helminthic therapy. This would allow them to avoid the possibility that any future immunosuppression might cause the proliferation of a species that would require termination, causing the collateral loss of any therapeutic helminths that were also being hosted at that time.

The '''''only''''' reliable test for this purpose is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction PCR (polymerase chain reaction)] analysis that checks for helminth DNA, and this can be ordered internationally online from [https://www.diagnosticsolutionslab.com/tests/pathogens-panel-stool Diagnostic Solutions] in Atlanta, Georgia, US. The clinician ordering this test should ask specifically for the '''helminth''' test.

=== Getting started ===

This quick start guide will ensure that the prospective helminth host has covered all bases before commencing treatment.

*[[Helminthic therapy FAQ#How do I get started with helminthic therapy? | '''How do I get started with helminthic therapy?''']]

=== Further considerations ===

Self-treatment with helminths is very individual so, even with guidance, it can take a while to establish the ideal dosing regimen.

{{Quote|indent}}I now realise that the dosage, intervals and maintenance of Helminthic Therapy is ongoing and requires lots of attention, which if I’m being honest I wasn’t expecting.{{Quote|/indent}}
{{Quote|indent}}Self treatment is hard. I'm still figuring out the right species and number of worms best for me, 5 years into this. For some of us, it's much more complicated than 'take worms, get better.'{{Quote|/indent}}

Helminthic therapy is typically very slow to deliver benefits when compared with drugs. For the majority who do respond, significant and consistent improvements do not usually materialise until at least 3 months after the first inoculation, with most people only seeing improvement in their condition between 3 and 5 months. Some may only start to improve between 6 and 12 months and a few may even have to wait for as long as 18-24 months.

{{Quote|indent}}18 month update. After hitting the one year mark with no improvement I was starting to get discouraged… Finally, a couple weeks ago, everything changed. I was able to eat regular foods again. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1035915279797760/]{{Quote|/indent}}
{{Quote|indent}}I was a year and a half into HT and flaring. My GI wouldn't do my colonoscopy because I was so inflamed he thought I would perf. He thought I should be admitted for IV steroids and started on Remicade. (but, at almost 2 years) I have been in complete remission for the past two months and have never felt as good. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/855123671210256/]{{Quote|/indent}}

Once improvements do begin to materialise, some people can experience a sudden and dramatic reduction in symptoms, while others may respond more gradually over time, possibly over three years, or even longer.

One self treater with systemic scleroderma tracked the level of inflammation in her muscles over more than a decade using [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine_kinase creatine kinase] tests. These show that, after remaining quite high during the 8 years before she began helminthic therapy, her inflammation then quickly dropped to, and remained in, the normal range throughout her first four years with helminths. [https://www.biomeora.com/about]

Anohther self-treater used [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faecal_calprotectin fecal calprotectin] tests over six years to track the response of her colonic Crohn’s disease to helminthic therapy, and saw her calprotectin levels fall gradually during the whole of this period, as shown in the graph [[Thirteen years and counting: maintaining remission with TSO for Crohn's and IBD-related (non erosive) arthritis#Calprotectin levels, 2018-2024 | '''here''']].

Improvements during the first 2 years are not always continuous because there can be periods of exacerbation during which symptoms may worsen again, albeit temporarily. And approximately 25% of those who try helminthic therapy do not respond at all.

Helminthic therapy is also not a one-size-fits-all solution, nor a one dose fix. Dosing needs to be tailored to the unique needs of each individual, and continued indefinitely in the vast majority of cases.

It is not yet possible to predict exactly who is likely to benefit from helminthic therapy, but statistics compiled from responses to a survey carried out by one provider of NA showed that 70-80% of those who self-treated with this species experienced an improvement in their health. The [https://www.ashdin.com/articles/overcoming-evolutionary-mismatch-by-selftreatment-with-helminths-current-practices-and-experience.pdf report] of a [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/1/1c/Helminth_Self-treatment_Survey_V2.pdf survey] conducted by researchers at Duke University showed that treatment with HDC was effective in more than 90% of cases, although this apparently higher efficacy of HDC in comparison with NA is likely to be at least partly due to the fact that users of HDC tend to be relatively less ill than those who use other therapeutic helminths.

Helminthic therapy is not always a complete solution on its own, and some self-treaters may need to combine this therapy with lifestyle changes, dietary modification [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/6468841779838389/] and other treatments, either complementary or pharmaceutical. For example, one self-treater has said:

{{Quote|indent}}My personal efficacy is quite low without entocort. Without it, I need to take the HDC about weekly to get any effect on my sinuses, and the effect still isn't as good as with it.{{Quote|/indent}}
There are many examples of both successful and unsuccessful outcomes in the [[Helminthic therapy personal stories | '''Helminthic therapy personal stories''']] collection, which presents thumbnails and links to more than 1,000 accounts by people who have used helminthic therapy to treat over 170 different medical conditions.

There are very few doctors who understand helminthic therapy, let alone have any practical experience with it. A few medics are using HDC in some client groups, especially children with autism ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDhB_kQjjYA video]) and a few doctors may recommend that patients with various autoimmune conditions try TSO. There is also a small but growing number of doctors, especially naturopathic practitioners, who are recommending the use of NA and a few doctors have become sufficiently knowledgeable to be able to advise self-treaters. (See [[Helminthic therapy practitioners | '''Helminthic therapy practitioners''']].)

The [[Helminth providers | '''helminth providers''']] are another valuable source of information and guidance, although no one company sells or has experience with all four helminth species, so they are unlikely to be able to match the objectivity or breadth of information found in this wiki, which offers a balanced assessment of all 4 available helminth species based on the findings of science and the first-hand experience of self-treaters. It is therefore recommended that, before proceeding with this therapy, each would-be helminth self-treater should make full use of this site and familiarise themselves with as much of its contents as possible.

{{Quote|indent}}The only bumps I have had as a self treater, were when I didn't check the wiki. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/2100578413331436/?comment_id=2103549636367647&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]{{Quote|/indent}}

=== Obtaining helminths ===

Newcomers to helminthic therapy will often ask in the [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/ support group] for personal recommendations about the best place to buy helminths, but purchasing worms for therapy needs to be approached on an individual basis.

There are four different species of therapeutic helminth available with two different methods of application, widely differing lifespans and somewhat different effects. None of the companies who supply therapeutic helminths sell all the available species, ship to all global destinations, or accept all payment options. And, while most sell individual doses, with discounts for purchasing multiple doses at one time, a few offer long-term contracts. Therefore, details from '''''all''''' of the following three pages will need to be considered '''''in conjunction''''' in order to make the best decisions about which organism(s) will meet each user’s unique needs and circumstances, and where to purchase them.

* [[Selecting a therapeutic helminth | '''Selecting a therapeutic helminth''']]
* [[Helminth providers | '''Helminth providers''']]
* [[Helminth provider reviews | '''Helminth provider customer reviews''']]

Some adventurous would-be hookworm hosts may consider traveling to an area where these worms are endemic, in the hope of acquiring their larvae at zero cost in the same way that the locals do - accidentally, while walking barefoot in open-air latrines. This is a not a good idea, however, for a number of reasons, as is explained [https://web.archive.org/web/20231128130336/http://www.jasper-lawrence.com/why-acquiring-hookworm-the-old-fashioned-way-is-a-baaaad-idea/ here] by the only Westerner known to have done this.

=== Working with a doctor ===

At the present time, helminthic therapy is not approved as a medical treatment anywhere outside Thailand, so mainstream doctors - as opposed to naturopathic doctors (NDs) - face the possibility of losing their medical licence if they become involved In its use. Fortunately, helminthic therapy does not need to be doctor-led because, in practice, it is little different from taking a probiotic supplement, which most people do without involving a doctor.

One of the purposes of this wiki is to provide everything that the helminth self-treater needs in order to use this therapy safely, but it is essential that would-be self-treaters familiarise themselves fully with all the relevant sections of the site before commencing their treatment.

While a doctor's involvement is not essential, it can be helpful to have medical support available during the early stages of helminthic therapy. For example, a doctor will be able to prescribe an immunosuppressant drug to ease helminth side effects if these were to become troublesome, or to prescribe an anthelmintic drug if termination of a worm colony became necessary. But exactly how much to involve a physician is a matter for each self-treater to decide for themselves, based on their knowledge of their own practitioner.

Most doctors are dismissive of helminthic therapy, some are even hostile to its use, and many intensely dislike patients taking matters into their own hands to try what the doctor will likely consider an "experimental" treatment. Fortunately, '''all that is required from a doctor is that, while the patient is using helminthic therapy, they continue to provide the routine medical care that they would normally provide'''.

If a helminthic therapy self-treater decides to tell their doctor what they are doing, the language used can be important because, if a doctor thinks that their permission, approval or cooperation is being sought, they may feel they have no choice but to refuse to become involved in any way. To avoid placing a doctor in a difficult position, they can simply be informed by the patient of their intention to pursue the therapy. This lets the doctor off the hook and gives them the option of ending the relationship if they feel uncomfortable about it.

Doctors should certainly not disparage this therapy nor try to dissuade their patients from using it, especially if they are not fully conversant with the therapy. Any physician who does arbitrarily discourage self-treatment with helminths, in disregard of all the available [[Helminthic therapy research | '''research''']] and [[Helminthic therapy personal stories | '''anecdotal evidence''']] would clearly be violating the Hippocratic principle of primum non nocere (first, do no harm) and, in acting in this way, would arguably be committing medical abuse.

If a doctor is open to learning about helminthic therapy, they can be given a link to, or a copy of, the concise summary of information on this wiki page: [[Helminthic therapy information for doctors | '''Helminthic therapy information for doctors''']].

One patient who shared a few [[Helminthic therapy research#Reading packet | '''selected scientific papers''']] with her doctor and explained what she’d learned about the therapy reported that, after glancing through the literature, the doctor responded as follows.

{{Quote|indent}}I cannot officially recommend this as treatment, or treat you with this, but, in your case i think this is a great idea. The risks seem minimal. I see no threat to your health, and I’m happy to run any monitoring testing you want. Just let me know. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1563747870347829/?comment_id=1564416723614277&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]{{Quote|/indent}}

Here are comments by other patients who have found their doctors to be supportive of their decision to try helminthic therapy.

{{Quote|indent}}I told my GP and he was totally fine. He even agreed to allow me a test for anemia down the line. (Link expired){{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}My neurologist is totally on board and thinks I am brave for doing it. (Link expired){{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I was very nervous to be upfront with my doctor, but when I did, I felt much better, and my doctor never dissuaded me to stop treatment. He screens me annually in a metabolic panel just to be sure. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/3004108712978397/?comment_id=3017078365014765&reply_comment_id=3297734953615770]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I told my specialist. He said don't stop if it's working. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/5137991819590065/?comment_id=5138019112920669&reply_comment_id=5138023626253551]{{Quote|/indent}}

But some doctors are completely closed to even learning about this therapy. When an extensively published and award-winning toxicologist presented the head of adult allergy and asthma at his local university with papers about helminthic therapy, she refused to consider them and promptly fired him as a patient. (Link expired)

Another self-treater whose doctor was not supportive found it necessary to locate a new one when he needed a prescription for prednisone to help ease the initial side effects after inoculating with too many hookworms. He did this by identifying all the most alternative and “hippie-looking” doctors in his area and emailing them. While most of them declined to help him, two agreed, and the one he selected carried out before-and-after blood tests and was willing to prescribe whatever he needed.

One self-treater takes a very proactive approach when introducing the subject with a doctor.

{{Quote|indent}}My drs are all well trained in what I will tolerate from them. I basically say this is the deal and I need your help monitoring general health for everything but biome. This works for 99% [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/2016054118450533/?comment_id=2016157205106891&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]{{Quote|/indent}}

For further help with talking to a doctor about helminthic therapy, see the following resources.

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211130054709/http://colonyofme.com/how-to-talk-to-your-doctor-about-helminthic-therapy/ How to talk to your doctor about helminthic therapy] (Scroll down the page to locate the article.)

* [[Helminthic therapy information for doctors | '''Helminthic therapy information for doctors''']]

* [[Helminthic therapy research#Reading packet | ''' Helminthic Therapy Reading packet''']]. (A list of scientific papers that are suitable to be given to a doctor.)

=== Doctors as helminthic therapists ===

Some naturopathic doctors (NDs), may recommend helminthic therapy and be willing to become involved in its use, and a few may act as an intermediary in the supply of helminths to their patients. However, even some NDs can be poorly informed about helminthic therapy, and those whose understanding of it is limited can sometimes give their patients incorrect advice. For example, one patient was told by an ND that worms won’t work in someone who has SIBO, which is not the case. See [[Helminthic therapy and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) | '''Helminthic therapy and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)''']].

Doctors who do offer helminthic therapy to their patients often do not treat a sufficiently large number of individuals to have encountered some of the outliers with [[Helminthic therapy safety#Conditions that require a modified approach to helminth dosing | '''conditions that require a modified approach to helminth dosing''']], especially the extremely hypersensitive and those who are helminth permissive, i.e., their immune systems allow much longer helminth persistence. Some NDs may also favour the use of a fixed dosing protocol which they have personally determined as being best for most patients, rather than employing an individualised dose-finding approach in each case, starting with a very small number of worms as recommended in this wiki.

This latter factor can be a particular issue in the case of therapy with the hookworm, NA. The range of physician-determined dosing protocols for introducing NA varies widely, from the addition of a single larva every week or fortnight, to starting with a single dose of between 25 and 35 larvae. If a patient encounters adverse effects as a result of dosing that proves to be too much for them, an overseeing physician will obviously be able to prescribe immune suppressant drugs and/or anthelmintics, but this eventuality is arguably best avoided in the first place by following a very gentle introductory protocol that establishes the unique dosing needs of each individual. See [[Hookworm dosing and response | '''Hookworm dosing and response''']].

If a doctor offers to supply helminths, their prices should be checked against those of the [[Helminth providers | '''online helminth providers''']], who will likely be considerably cheaper. Some doctors have claimed that the worms they supply are more gentle, “stronger”, more effective, or even safer, than those available online, but none of these claims is true. See [[Helminth providers#Doctors as providers | '''Doctors as providers''']]. The only possible difference between the worms available from doctors and online helminth providers is seen in the "fresh" and "commercially prepared" versions of HDC, and, in this case, correct dosing with commercially prepared HDC fully compensates for their slightly reduced effect in comparison with fresh HDC. See [[Self-treating with HDC#Dosing with HDC | '''Dosing with HDC''']].

For a list of doctors who are experienced in the use of helminthic therapy and who offer remote consultations via telephone and Skype, see the following page.

* [[Helminthic therapy practitioners | '''Helminthic therapy practitioners''']]

=== Combining helminthic therapy with drug treatments ===

====Immunosuppressant drugs are fully compatible with helminthic therapy====

No incompatibility issues have been reported as a result of combining NA, TTO or TSO with any immunosuppressive medication, such as the following examples mentioned by helminth self-treaters.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclosporin Cyclosporin]; synthetic [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid corticosteroids] including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisolone prednisone] and its active metabolite, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisolone prednisolone]; the
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiopurine thiopurines], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azathioprine azathioprine] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-MP mercaptopurine]/6-MP (purinethol); the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF_inhibitor TNF inhibitors], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infliximab infliximab] (Remicade),
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalimumab adalimumab] (Humira), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certolizumab_pegol certolizumab pegol] (Cimzia) and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golimumab golimumab] (Simponi); [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanized_antibody humanized antibody] drugs, e.g.,
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omalizumab omalizumab] (Xolair); [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody%23.22Fully.22_human_monoclonal_antibodies humanized monoclonal antibody] drugs such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalizumab natalizumab] (Tysabri); and recombinant
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_protein fusion protein drugs] such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etanercept etanercept] (Enbrel).

====No need to terminate therapeutic helminths while taking immunosuppressants====

The detail sheet for some immunosuppressant drugs - for example [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupilumab dupilumab] (Dupixent) and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezepelumab tezepelumab] (Tezspire) - may advise that helminth infections should be treated before commencing use of the drug. This advice is to prevent immunosuppression by the drug from supporting the proliferation of ''pathogenic'' helminths, but this is not an issue for users of NA, TTO or TSO because these species cannot proliferate within a host. (For example, see, [[Helminthic therapy safety#Can hookworms multiply within a host? |'''Can hookworms multiply within a host?''']].) However, it may not be advisable for anyone to take HDCs who is immunocompromised as a result of treatment with major immune-suppressive drugs, or due to HIV/AIDS or a genetic condition. [http://biomerestoration.com/faqs/]

====Immunosuppressant drugs can reduce initial helminth side effects====

It can actually be an advantage to be taking an immunosuppressive drug in the early stages of helminthic therapy using NA, TTO or TSO because the drugs reduce, and often completely prevent, the transient side effects sometimes caused by the introduction of helminths, especially NA.

People who are already taking a daily dose of prednisone when they begin helminthic therapy experience little or no side effects after inoculation, and those who have used this drug on a short-term basis specifically to reduce side effects have found that 5 or 10 mg per day is usually sufficient for this purpose.

{{Quote|indent}}We've found that a half-pill (5 or 10 mg?) of Prednisone per day is enough to kill any of those symptoms from dosing. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1016630521726236/?comment_id=1016974145025207&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{Quote|/indent}}
{{Quote|indent}}I was having bad diarrhea every day from worm flu starting around week three or four. 5mg of prednisone per day helped a lot (I'm 135 pounds). I am in week 7 now and stopped taking prednisone a few days ago (after
tapering off).[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/960597907329498/?comment_id=960661000656522&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R9%22%7D]{{Quote|/indent}}
{{Quote|indent}}5-10 mg/day completely alleviated my GI symptoms after my first inoculation. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/977396905649598/?comment_id=978535158869106&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R1%22%7D]{{Quote|/indent}}
If prednisone is used specifically to relieve side effects, the prescribing doctor will determine a taper to wean their patient off the drug and, if the symptoms return, they may be willing to defer the taper.

====Immunosuppressant drugs can help helminths become established====

Immunosuppressive drugs can help human helminths become established by reducing intestinal inflammation, so anyone who is already on one of these drugs should resist the temptation to stop taking them too soon after introducing NA or TTO. As the majority of those who respond to this therapy don’t see significant or consistent benefits until at least 3 months after their first inoculation, it would arguably be unwise to stop taking an immunosuppressant drug before this. In fact, many users have found it best to continue with the drug treatment beyond this point because some people only start to improve between 6 and 9 months, some only after 9 months, and a few not until between 18 and 24 months.

One individual with IBD-related arthritis found that reducing prednisone too soon caused her joints to ache and stiffen, so she continued to take azathioprine (Imuran) on its own after stopping prednisone, and this provided an intermediate step which allowed her to wean herself off drugs altogether, a process that took between 8 months and a year. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1414212941967990/?comment_id=1415214955201122&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D]

====Immunosuppressant drugs can support helminthic therapy====

Even helminth hosts who see early benefits can continue to experience periodic exacerbations or flares of their disease for up to 18 months, and a few may need to continue to take medication alongside helminthic therapy in the longterm.

{{Quote|indent}}I have had success only while taking TSO plus Humira. Humira alone does not make my Crohn's improve. Same with TSO. The combination seems to put me in clinical remission. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/1147012698688017/?comment_id=3358780404177891]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}I've had UC for 18 years, mostly mild to moderate. I take 25-50mg azathioprine daily and 250 TTO every 12 weeks. This treatment has kept me in complete clinical and endoscopic remission for 5 years, with no diet restrictions of any kind. (Edited from [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/posts/6595206410535258/?comment_id=6622999654422600 this post]){{Quote|/indent}}

Another self-treater who has kept his ulcerative colitis in remission for many years by combining TTO and NA, also takes 6.75g per day of Balsalazide (Colazal). He says that he probably doesn’t need the drug now, but that it’s cheap and has no side effects so he continues to take it. (Details from private communication.)

In view of this wide variation in experience, each individual must decide, in consultation with their physician, how long into their therapy to continue with an immunosuppressive drug before beginning, very slowly, to taper the dose. However, one supplier of human helminths (NA and TT) has been very specific about this and advised waiting until at least five months have elapsed after achieving a substantial improvement in symptoms.

This is particularly important for subjects with Crohn’s disease, or one of the other intestinal diseases, because they tend to have a vigorous immune response to helminths, so suddenly stopping a drug that has been keeping this response in check may result in a flare and, potentially, a loss of worms in the case of NA or TTO.

====Some drugs can harm therapeutic helminths====

A few drugs are harmful to helminths, and those that can adversely affect NA and TT are listed in the [[Human helminth care manual | '''Human Helminth Care Manual''']]. These drugs include some oral and injected antibiotics, the effects of which can be such that there may be little point in using NA, or possibly TT, if there is a need to take antibiotics regularly, or on a longterm basis. Those drugs that are incompatible with TSO are listed here: [[Self-treating with TSO#Caring for TSO | '''Caring for TSO''']], and those that are best avoided by users of HDC are shown here: [[Self-treating with HDC#Caring for HDC | '''Caring for HDC''']].

== Documenting one's helminthic therapy experience ==

Unlike pharmaceutical treatments, helminthic therapy is a journey that unfolds over a number of months and, to a lesser extent, over the first two or three years. Recalling the details of one’s experience can be important for informing choices about dosing, which needs to be optimised in the early stages of treatment and may require further adjustment over time. Since memory about these details can fade quickly, it’s important to record the size and dates of doses, along with details of any physical and/or symptomatic changes that occur along the way.

Some people have found a '''log app''' useful for this, possibly combined with a '''disease activity index''' to take periodic snapshots of progress during treatment, for example with Crohn's disease, [https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/3318/crohns-disease-activity-index-cdai] Ulcerative Colitis, [https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/3675/mayo-score-disease-activity-index-dai-ulcerative-colitis] Rheumatoid Arthritis, [https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/2194/simple-disease-activity-index-sdai-rheumatoid-arthritis] Ankylosing Spondylitis [https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/10047/ankylosing-spondylitis-disease-activity-score-crp-asdas-crp] or Lupus (SLE). [https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/10099/systemic-lupus-erythematosus-disease-activity-index-2000-sledai-2k]

== Considering the cost of helminthic therapy ==

At first sight, helminthic therapy may appear to be expensive, especially to those who live in countries with free health care, but a number of factors need to be taken into consideration, including the following.

1. Compared with other treatments used for the conditions that helminthic therapy treats, it is extremely cost-effective. For example, TSO is only 1/5th of the cost of Remicade, and the other helminths are even cheaper than this.

{{Quote|indent}}What we ended up paying for 3-years worked out to be cheaper than any hospital bill we would ever get. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/956494664406489/?comment_id=956646001058022&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D]{{Quote|/indent}}
{{Quote|indent}}It may sound like a lot, but it can save money in the long run. I have been on HWs for about a year and I have decreased my medication, stopped my twice monthly IV therapy that cost $145/bag, and reduced my visits to the doctor. In addition I feel better and my quality of life has improved tremendously, for which there is no price tag.{{Quote|/indent}}
{{Quote|indent}}It’s actually quite affordable. Definitely less expensive than all of the supplements & medications that I took prior. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/3362273833828548?comment_id=3362383860484212&reply_comment_id=3363256360396962]{{Quote|/indent}}
{{Quote|indent}}It is still early after my 4th inoculation but I'm seeing amazing benefits. Gone are the days of terrible IBS-D and the improvement in life quality is tremendous. All that for about 400 usd per year. I never spent my money better in my life.
[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/2726061500783121?comment_id=3922843074438285]{{Quote|/indent}}

2. There is a good chance that helminthic therapy users will be able to earn more after treatment than they could before.

{{Quote|indent}}Since taking helminth therapy I am able to work, full time and then some, allowing me to make money to support myself and have a meaningful life of contribution and giving, instead of going broke, being a burden and dependent on charity. For those who think Helminthic therapy is expensive I suggest you recalculate the cost of your health care bills and the value of quality of life. I am grateful for helminthic therapy and for those who make it possible. It has literally saved my life! (From someone with Crohn’s disease.){{Quote|/indent}}
{{Quote|indent}}Coming up to 3 year anniversary of starting Helminthic therapy. Overall things very good. No significant relapses. Holding down very well paid job and loving it. (From someone with Multiple Sclerosis.){{Quote|/indent}}

3. People who smoke, and many others with a variety of interests and hobbies, often pay out far more than the cost of helminths just to provide themselves with pleasure and entertainment.<br>

4. Please look ''carefully'' at the details for each of the companies on the [[Helminth providers | '''Helminth providers''']] page. There is considerable variation in what is on offer, and discounts and payment plans may be available to those who ask. You may be able to work out something more manageable if you talk to each of the providers who are offering the species of helminth that you want and are able to ship to your location.

If you are still unhappy with the cost of helminths, you can grow your own NA, HDC or TTO. Incubating the first two of these species is well within the ability of most people if they follow the detailed instructions on the [[Helminth incubation | '''Helminth incubation''']] page, but a single first dose will need to be purchased from a provider to start the process.

== DIY helminth incubation ==

Three of the four species of helminth that are used in therapy are suitable for DIY incubation at home. See [[Helminth incubation | '''Helminth incubation''']]. However, if you intend to incubate hookworms, it is recommended that you obtain your starter dose from an established provider because this will obviate the risk of acquiring a different and possibly harmful species of worm, or some other unwanted infection, from another self-treater. See [[Helminth incubation#Hookworm incubation issues | '''Hookworm incubation issues''']] for more about these risks.
<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA; border:1px solid #A3B0BF; padding:6px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">
== How to drill into the contents of this site ==

* [[Helminthic Therapy Wiki | '''The Home page''']] shows the site’s main sections.
* [[Index to topics | '''The Index to Topics''']] lists every subject covered on the site.
* [[Special:AllPages | '''The List of Pages''']] includes the title of every page on the site.
* [[Sitemap | '''The Sitemap''']] provides a schematic of the site's contents.
* '''The Search tool''' available at the top right of every page on the site offers the best way to find specific details. Type a keyword into the search box - e.g., the name of a disease - and hit "Return". This will bring up a list of all the references to that keyword in the wiki, and clicking on any of the items listed will take you to another wiki page where you can use the search function on your device (Control+F on a PC, or Command+F on a Mac) to locate each mention of your keyword on that page.
</div>

== Online support ==

See the separate page:

* [[Helminthic therapy support groups | '''Helminthic therapy support groups''']]

== Further information ==
Enquirers who use a search engine to locate information about helminthic therapy will be presented, first, with sites that favour mainstream, mainly pharmaceutical approaches to healthcare and deprecate natural and alternative approaches such as helminthic therapy. This is because of Google’s active censorship of the details returned by its searches.

Prominant among the sites ranked most highly by Google are the larger general health information websites, which carry pages about helminthic therapy. Unfortunately, these pages have invariably been written, and reviewed, by staff members who have no personal experience of helminthic therapy, so have turned for information to the evidence presented by the authors of clinical trials, which, in the case of this particular therapy, are mostly seriously flawed, as is explained here: [[Helminthic therapy research#Problems with clinical trials using live helminths | '''Problems with clinical trials using live helminths''']].

An example of this is the article on the ''Healthline'' website entitled, [http://www.healthline.com/health/crohns-disease/hook-worms#1 Helminthic Treatment for Crohn's Disease]. This speaks of worm eggs being “injected” into patients, and of helminths causing dangerous side effects over time, including anaemia, protein deficiency and stunted growth. However, none of these claims are true in the case of the four species of ''mutualistic'' helminth being used in small numbers in helminthic therapy, as can be seen from the following wiki pages.

* [[Helminthic therapy safety | '''Helminthic therapy safety''']]
* [[Helminth inoculation | '''Helminth inoculation''']]
* [[Helminthic therapy and nutritional deficiencies | '''Helminthic therapy and nutritional deficiencies''']]

Editors of this wiki have made several attempts to have the errors in the Healthline article corrected, but no one has ever responded to any communication about the article, a situation that is typical for most of the large health information websites, many of which have been acquired by pharmaceutical companies and are controlled by these companies' employees or representatives.

In view of these issues with online health sites, anyone who is seeking information about helminthic therapy is urged to use this wiki as their primary source. It is the definitive database of information about all aspects of the therapy and its primary sources are the personal experience of helmnth self-treaters and the best of the available science. And it is updated daily by volunteer citizen scientists who are directly involved in pioneering its use.

Introduction to helminthic therapy

2025-07-20T20:46:16Z

Laurel: sz

= Introduction to helminthic therapy =

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 6px; margin-bottom: 25px; border-left: 4px solid #0066cc; font-size: 1.1em;">
== '''Quick Navigation by Role:''' ==
* '''Medical professionals:''' [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors]] - Clinical handout and safety profile
* '''Researchers & clinicians:''' [[Clinical_information_for_physicians]] - Comprehensive clinical guide
* '''Journalists:''' [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy]] - Development timeline and key studies
* '''Considering treatment:''' Continue reading this page
</div>

<div style="border: 2px solid #d32f2f; background: #fff; padding: 20px; margin: 0 auto 30px auto; width: 80%; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);">
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #d32f2f; margin-bottom: 12px;">
⚠ CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION
</div>
<p style="margin-bottom: 12px;">
'''DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:'''
</p>
* '''[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]''' - Safety guidelines and contraindications
* '''[[Choosing_a_helminth]]''' - Species selection guidance
* '''[[Getting_started_guide]]''' - Dosing and preparation protocols
<p style="margin-top: 12px; font-style: italic; color: #666;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</p>
</div>

== Is Helminthic Therapy Right for You? ==

'''What it is:''' Helminthic therapy safely restores beneficial intestinal worms that modern sanitation removed from human biology. These therapeutic organisms help thousands of people worldwide treat autoimmune diseases, allergies, and neuropsychiatric conditions.

'''Safety profile:''' This therapy has an excellent safety record spanning over 20 years of use. It is far safer than most pharmaceutical treatments for the same conditions. Side effects are typically limited to the first three months and are dose-dependent.

'''Effectiveness:''' Research and community data show 75-80% of people with autoimmune or psychological conditions experience meaningful improvement. The therapy helps with over 170 documented conditions including Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, severe allergies, and autism spectrum disorders.

'''Community evidence:''' Thousands of people worldwide use this therapy successfully. Over 1,000 detailed personal stories document outcomes across diverse conditions. See [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories]] for experiences with your specific condition.

'''Not disgusting:''' Many people initially feel uncomfortable about hosting worms. This is normal and manageable. See [[Overcoming_worm_phobia]] for perspective and support.

== Available Treatment Options ==

Four safe, domesticated helminth species are available commercially:

<div style="background: #f5f5f5; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; margin: 20px 0;">
Each species has different characteristics, effects, and dosing schedules. Most people start with one species based on their condition and sensitivity level.
</div>

* '''Pig whipworm (TSO)''' - Gentlest option, taken every 2-3 weeks
* '''Human hookworm (NA)''' - Most powerful effects, lasts 3-5 years per dose
* '''Human whipworm (TTO)''' - Strong effects, taken every 2-3 weeks
* '''Rat tapeworm (HDC)''' - Excellent for autism and ADHD, taken every 2-3 weeks

For detailed comparison and selection guidance, see [[Choosing_a_helminth]].

== What to Expect ==

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; background: #fff; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; margin: 20px 0;">
'''Timeline reality:''' This therapy requires patience. Most people see meaningful improvement between 3-5 months. Some need 6-12 months, others 18-24 months. About 25% do not respond.
</div>

'''Individual dosing required:''' What works varies dramatically between people. Starting with very small doses and adjusting based on response prevents problems and optimizes outcomes.

'''Ongoing commitment:''' This therapy requires continued dosing and attention. Most people continue indefinitely to maintain improvements. It's not a one-time cure.

'''Realistic outcomes:''' While many people achieve dramatic improvements, some need to combine helminthic therapy with other treatments. Success often means significant symptom reduction rather than complete elimination.

== Safety Considerations ==

'''Excellent overall safety:''' Two decades of use by thousands shows remarkable safety. Compatible with most medications including immunosuppressants.

'''Important exceptions:''' Do not use if you have severe immunosuppression (HIV/AIDS), pregnancy, severe intestinal strictures, or acute anemia.

'''Essential preparation:''' Read [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]] completely before proceeding. This covers all contraindications, drug interactions, and special considerations.

== Your Next Steps ==

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%); color: white; padding: 20px; border-radius: 6px; margin: 25px 0;">
'''Ready to proceed? Follow this sequence:'''

'''Step 1:''' Read [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]] thoroughly
'''Step 2:''' Choose your species at [[Choosing_a_helminth]]
'''Step 3:''' Review protocols at [[Getting_started_guide]]
'''Step 4:''' Select provider from [[Helminth_providers]]
'''Step 5:''' Join support community at [[Online_support]]
</div>

== Practical Considerations ==

'''Medical support:''' Optional but helpful. Most doctors are unfamiliar with this therapy but can provide supportive care. See [[Working_with_doctors]] for guidance on discussing therapy with physicians.

'''Cost perspective:''' While initially expensive, helminthic therapy typically costs less than pharmaceutical treatments for the same conditions. Many users reduce medical expenses and improve earning capacity. See [[Treatment_costs]] for detailed analysis.

'''Home cultivation:''' Three species can be cultivated at home after purchasing starter doses, reducing long-term costs. See [[Helminth_incubation]] for instructions.

== Community Support and Information ==

'''Essential resources:'''
* [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories]] - Over 1,000 user experiences
* [[Online_support]] - Active discussion communities with experienced users
* [[Helminthic_therapy_FAQ]] - Answers to common questions

'''Professional resources:'''
* [[Helminthic_therapy_research]] - 900+ scientific studies
* [[Helminthic_therapy_in_the_media]] - Video lectures and media coverage
* [[Terminology]] - Technical term definitions

'''Implementation guidance:'''
* [[Treatment_expectations]] - Timeline and outcome details
* [[Treatment_documentation]] - Tracking progress and optimizing doses
* [[Human_helminth_care_manual]] - Drug and supplement interactions

== Need More Information? ==

'''For specific concerns:''' Use the search function (top right) to find information about your condition, medications, or specific questions.

'''Site navigation:''' See [[Index_to_topics]] for complete subject listing or [[Sitemap]] for full site structure.

'''Getting started:''' The [[Getting_started_guide]] provides step-by-step preparation instructions.

---

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; font-style: italic; text-align: center; color: #666;">
This wiki is the world's largest database documenting helminth replacement therapy. Content is maintained by volunteers with no commercial interests and updated daily based on user experiences and research.
</div>

Introduction to helminthic therapy

2025-07-20T20:37:04Z

Laurel: df

= Introduction to helminthic therapy =

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 6px; margin-bottom: 25px; border-left: 4px solid #0066cc;">
== '''Quick Navigation by Role:''' ==
* '''Medical professionals:''' [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors]] - Clinical handout and safety profile
* '''Researchers & clinicians:''' [[Clinical_information_for_physicians]] - Comprehensive clinical guide
* '''Journalists:''' [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy]] - Development timeline and key studies
* '''Considering treatment:''' Continue reading this page
</div>

<div style="border: 2px solid #d32f2f; background: #fff; padding: 20px; margin: 0 auto 30px auto; width: 80%; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);">
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #d32f2f; margin-bottom: 12px;">
⚠ CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION
</div>
<p style="margin-bottom: 12px;">
'''DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:'''
</p>
* '''[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]''' - Safety guidelines and contraindications
* '''[[Choosing_a_helminth]]''' - Species selection guidance
* '''[[Getting_started_guide]]''' - Dosing and preparation protocols
<p style="margin-top: 12px; font-style: italic; color: #666;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</p>
</div>

== Is Helminthic Therapy Right for You? ==

'''What it is:''' Helminthic therapy safely restores beneficial intestinal worms that modern sanitation removed from human biology. These therapeutic organisms help thousands of people worldwide treat autoimmune diseases, allergies, and neuropsychiatric conditions.

'''Safety profile:''' This therapy has an excellent safety record spanning over 20 years of use. It is far safer than most pharmaceutical treatments for the same conditions. Side effects are typically limited to the first three months and are dose-dependent.

'''Effectiveness:''' Research and community data show 75-80% of people with autoimmune or psychological conditions experience meaningful improvement. The therapy helps with over 170 documented conditions including Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, severe allergies, and autism spectrum disorders.

'''Community evidence:''' Thousands of people worldwide use this therapy successfully. Over 1,000 detailed personal stories document outcomes across diverse conditions. See [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories]] for experiences with your specific condition.

'''Not disgusting:''' Many people initially feel uncomfortable about hosting worms. This is normal and manageable. See [[Overcoming_worm_phobia]] for perspective and support.

== Available Treatment Options ==

Four safe, domesticated helminth species are available commercially:

<div style="background: #f5f5f5; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; margin: 20px 0;">
Each species has different characteristics, effects, and dosing schedules. Most people start with one species based on their condition and sensitivity level.
</div>

* '''Pig whipworm (TSO)''' - Gentlest option, taken every 2-3 weeks
* '''Human hookworm (NA)''' - Most powerful effects, lasts 3-5 years per dose
* '''Human whipworm (TTO)''' - Strong effects, taken every 2-3 weeks
* '''Rat tapeworm (HDC)''' - Excellent for autism and ADHD, taken every 2-3 weeks

For detailed comparison and selection guidance, see [[Choosing_a_helminth]].

== What to Expect ==

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; background: #fff; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; margin: 20px 0;">
'''Timeline reality:''' This therapy requires patience. Most people see meaningful improvement between 3-5 months. Some need 6-12 months, others 18-24 months. About 25% do not respond.
</div>

'''Individual dosing required:''' What works varies dramatically between people. Starting with very small doses and adjusting based on response prevents problems and optimizes outcomes.

'''Ongoing commitment:''' This therapy requires continued dosing and attention. Most people continue indefinitely to maintain improvements. It's not a one-time cure.

'''Realistic outcomes:''' While many people achieve dramatic improvements, some need to combine helminthic therapy with other treatments. Success often means significant symptom reduction rather than complete elimination.

== Safety Considerations ==

'''Excellent overall safety:''' Two decades of use by thousands shows remarkable safety. Compatible with most medications including immunosuppressants.

'''Important exceptions:''' Do not use if you have severe immunosuppression (HIV/AIDS), pregnancy, severe intestinal strictures, or acute anemia.

'''Essential preparation:''' Read [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]] completely before proceeding. This covers all contraindications, drug interactions, and special considerations.

== Your Next Steps ==

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%); color: white; padding: 20px; border-radius: 6px; margin: 25px 0;">
'''Ready to proceed? Follow this sequence:'''

'''Step 1:''' Read [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]] thoroughly
'''Step 2:''' Choose your species at [[Choosing_a_helminth]]
'''Step 3:''' Review protocols at [[Getting_started_guide]]
'''Step 4:''' Select provider from [[Helminth_providers]]
'''Step 5:''' Join support community at [[Online_support]]
</div>

== Practical Considerations ==

'''Medical support:''' Optional but helpful. Most doctors are unfamiliar with this therapy but can provide supportive care. See [[Working_with_doctors]] for guidance on discussing therapy with physicians.

'''Cost perspective:''' While initially expensive, helminthic therapy typically costs less than pharmaceutical treatments for the same conditions. Many users reduce medical expenses and improve earning capacity. See [[Treatment_costs]] for detailed analysis.

'''Home cultivation:''' Three species can be cultivated at home after purchasing starter doses, reducing long-term costs. See [[Helminth_incubation]] for instructions.

== Community Support and Information ==

'''Essential resources:'''
* [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories]] - Over 1,000 user experiences
* [[Online_support]] - Active discussion communities with experienced users
* [[Helminthic_therapy_FAQ]] - Answers to common questions

'''Professional resources:'''
* [[Helminthic_therapy_research]] - 900+ scientific studies
* [[Helminthic_therapy_in_the_media]] - Video lectures and media coverage
* [[Terminology]] - Technical term definitions

'''Implementation guidance:'''
* [[Treatment_expectations]] - Timeline and outcome details
* [[Treatment_documentation]] - Tracking progress and optimizing doses
* [[Human_helminth_care_manual]] - Drug and supplement interactions

== Need More Information? ==

'''For specific concerns:''' Use the search function (top right) to find information about your condition, medications, or specific questions.

'''Site navigation:''' See [[Index_to_topics]] for complete subject listing or [[Sitemap]] for full site structure.

'''Getting started:''' The [[Getting_started_guide]] provides step-by-step preparation instructions.

---

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; font-style: italic; text-align: center; color: #666;">
This wiki is the world's largest database documenting helminth replacement therapy. Content is maintained by volunteers with no commercial interests and updated daily based on user experiences and research.
</div>

Introduction to helminthic therapy

2025-07-20T20:36:04Z

Laurel: s

= Introduction to helminthic therapy =

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 6px; margin-bottom: 25px; border-left: 4px solid #0066cc;">
'''Quick Navigation by Role:'''
* '''Medical professionals:''' [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors]] - Clinical handout and safety profile
* '''Researchers & clinicians:''' [[Clinical_information_for_physicians]] - Comprehensive clinical guide
* '''Journalists:''' [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy]] - Development timeline and key studies
* '''Considering treatment:''' Continue reading this page
</div>

<div style="border: 2px solid #d32f2f; background: #fff; padding: 20px; margin: 0 auto 30px auto; width: 80%; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);">
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #d32f2f; margin-bottom: 12px;">
⚠ CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION
</div>
<p style="margin-bottom: 12px;">
'''DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:'''
</p>
* '''[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]''' - Safety guidelines and contraindications
* '''[[Choosing_a_helminth]]''' - Species selection guidance
* '''[[Getting_started_guide]]''' - Dosing and preparation protocols
<p style="margin-top: 12px; font-style: italic; color: #666;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</p>
</div>

== Is Helminthic Therapy Right for You? ==

'''What it is:''' Helminthic therapy safely restores beneficial intestinal worms that modern sanitation removed from human biology. These therapeutic organisms help thousands of people worldwide treat autoimmune diseases, allergies, and neuropsychiatric conditions.

'''Safety profile:''' This therapy has an excellent safety record spanning over 20 years of use. It is far safer than most pharmaceutical treatments for the same conditions. Side effects are typically limited to the first three months and are dose-dependent.

'''Effectiveness:''' Research and community data show 75-80% of people with autoimmune or psychological conditions experience meaningful improvement. The therapy helps with over 170 documented conditions including Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, severe allergies, and autism spectrum disorders.

'''Community evidence:''' Thousands of people worldwide use this therapy successfully. Over 1,000 detailed personal stories document outcomes across diverse conditions. See [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories]] for experiences with your specific condition.

'''Not disgusting:''' Many people initially feel uncomfortable about hosting worms. This is normal and manageable. See [[Overcoming_worm_phobia]] for perspective and support.

== Available Treatment Options ==

Four safe, domesticated helminth species are available commercially:

<div style="background: #f5f5f5; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; margin: 20px 0;">
Each species has different characteristics, effects, and dosing schedules. Most people start with one species based on their condition and sensitivity level.
</div>

* '''Pig whipworm (TSO)''' - Gentlest option, taken every 2-3 weeks
* '''Human hookworm (NA)''' - Most powerful effects, lasts 3-5 years per dose
* '''Human whipworm (TTO)''' - Strong effects, taken every 2-3 weeks
* '''Rat tapeworm (HDC)''' - Excellent for autism and ADHD, taken every 2-3 weeks

For detailed comparison and selection guidance, see [[Choosing_a_helminth]].

== What to Expect ==

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; background: #fff; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; margin: 20px 0;">
'''Timeline reality:''' This therapy requires patience. Most people see meaningful improvement between 3-5 months. Some need 6-12 months, others 18-24 months. About 25% do not respond.
</div>

'''Individual dosing required:''' What works varies dramatically between people. Starting with very small doses and adjusting based on response prevents problems and optimizes outcomes.

'''Ongoing commitment:''' This therapy requires continued dosing and attention. Most people continue indefinitely to maintain improvements. It's not a one-time cure.

'''Realistic outcomes:''' While many people achieve dramatic improvements, some need to combine helminthic therapy with other treatments. Success often means significant symptom reduction rather than complete elimination.

== Safety Considerations ==

'''Excellent overall safety:''' Two decades of use by thousands shows remarkable safety. Compatible with most medications including immunosuppressants.

'''Important exceptions:''' Do not use if you have severe immunosuppression (HIV/AIDS), pregnancy, severe intestinal strictures, or acute anemia.

'''Essential preparation:''' Read [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]] completely before proceeding. This covers all contraindications, drug interactions, and special considerations.

== Your Next Steps ==

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%); color: white; padding: 20px; border-radius: 6px; margin: 25px 0;">
'''Ready to proceed? Follow this sequence:'''

'''Step 1:''' Read [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]] thoroughly
'''Step 2:''' Choose your species at [[Choosing_a_helminth]]
'''Step 3:''' Review protocols at [[Getting_started_guide]]
'''Step 4:''' Select provider from [[Helminth_providers]]
'''Step 5:''' Join support community at [[Online_support]]
</div>

== Practical Considerations ==

'''Medical support:''' Optional but helpful. Most doctors are unfamiliar with this therapy but can provide supportive care. See [[Working_with_doctors]] for guidance on discussing therapy with physicians.

'''Cost perspective:''' While initially expensive, helminthic therapy typically costs less than pharmaceutical treatments for the same conditions. Many users reduce medical expenses and improve earning capacity. See [[Treatment_costs]] for detailed analysis.

'''Home cultivation:''' Three species can be cultivated at home after purchasing starter doses, reducing long-term costs. See [[Helminth_incubation]] for instructions.

== Community Support and Information ==

'''Essential resources:'''
* [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories]] - Over 1,000 user experiences
* [[Online_support]] - Active discussion communities with experienced users
* [[Helminthic_therapy_FAQ]] - Answers to common questions

'''Professional resources:'''
* [[Helminthic_therapy_research]] - 900+ scientific studies
* [[Helminthic_therapy_in_the_media]] - Video lectures and media coverage
* [[Terminology]] - Technical term definitions

'''Implementation guidance:'''
* [[Treatment_expectations]] - Timeline and outcome details
* [[Treatment_documentation]] - Tracking progress and optimizing doses
* [[Human_helminth_care_manual]] - Drug and supplement interactions

== Need More Information? ==

'''For specific concerns:''' Use the search function (top right) to find information about your condition, medications, or specific questions.

'''Site navigation:''' See [[Index_to_topics]] for complete subject listing or [[Sitemap]] for full site structure.

'''Getting started:''' The [[Getting_started_guide]] provides step-by-step preparation instructions.

---

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; font-style: italic; text-align: center; color: #666;">
This wiki is the world's largest database documenting helminth replacement therapy. Content is maintained by volunteers with no commercial interests and updated daily based on user experiences and research.
</div>

Introduction to helminthic therapy

2025-07-20T20:32:22Z

Laurel: s

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T19:43:24Z

Laurel: s

= Introduction to helminthic therapy =

<div style="border: 2px solid #d32f2f; background: #fff; padding: 20px; margin: 0 auto 30px auto; width: 80%; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);">
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #d32f2f; margin-bottom: 12px;">
⚠ CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION
</div>
<p style="margin-bottom: 12px;">
'''DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:'''
</p>
* '''[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]''' - Safety guidelines and contraindications
* '''[[Choosing_a_helminth]]''' - Species selection guidance
* '''[[Getting_started_guide]]''' - Dosing and preparation protocols
<p style="margin-top: 12px; font-style: italic; color: #666;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</p>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 6px; margin-bottom: 25px; border-left: 4px solid #0066cc;">
'''Quick Navigation by Role:'''
* '''Medical professionals:''' [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors]]
* '''Researchers & journalists:''' [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy]]
* '''Considering treatment:''' Continue reading this page
</div>

== Understanding Helminthic Therapy ==

'''What it is:''' Helminthic therapy is the controlled reintroduction of specially domesticated intestinal worms to restore immune balance. These microscopic organisms act like large probiotics, helping reconstitute the human biome that modern sanitation removed during the 20th century.

'''Why it works:''' Humans coevolved with these organisms over millennia. Without them, immune systems become dysregulated, causing widespread inflammation that drives autoimmune diseases, allergies, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

'''Current use:''' Thousands of people worldwide use this therapy to treat conditions ranging from Crohn's disease and multiple sclerosis to depression and severe allergies. Because it functions like a probiotic supplement, medical supervision is optional.

== The Four Therapeutic Species ==

<div style="background: #f5f5f5; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; margin: 20px 0;">
'''Quick comparison:''' Choose based on your condition severity, tolerance for side effects, and dosing preferences. Most people start with one species and may add others.
</div>

'''Pig whipworm (TSO)''' - ''Trichuris suis ova''
* Gentlest option with minimal side effects
* Taken as drink every 2-3 weeks
* Good for beginners and sensitive individuals
* Most expensive but most predictable

'''Human hookworm (NA)''' - ''Necator americanus''
* Most powerful anti-inflammatory effects
* Applied to skin, lasts 3-5 years per dose
* Can cause temporary side effects initially
* Most cost-effective long-term

'''Human whipworm (TTO)''' - ''Trichuris trichiura ova''
* Strong effects similar to TSO
* Taken as drink every 2-3 weeks
* Moderate side effect profile
* Good middle-ground option

'''Rat tapeworm (HDC)''' - ''Hymenolepis diminuta cysticercoids''
* Excellent for autism spectrum and ADHD
* Taken as drink every 2-3 weeks
* Very gentle, suitable for children
* Shortest lifespan (2-4 weeks)

== Setting Realistic Expectations ==

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; background: #fff; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; margin: 20px 0;">
'''Timeline reality check:''' This is slow medicine. Most people see meaningful improvement between 3-5 months. Some need 6-12 months, others require 18-24 months. About 25% do not respond.
</div>

'''Not a quick fix:''' Unlike pharmaceuticals, helminthic therapy requires patience. Benefits develop gradually as your immune system rebalances over months or years.

'''Ongoing commitment:''' This therapy requires continued dosing and attention to optimize benefits. Most people continue indefinitely to maintain improvements.

'''Individual dosing:''' What works varies dramatically between people. Starting with tiny doses and adjusting based on response prevents problems and optimizes outcomes.

== Safety and Contraindications ==

'''Excellent safety record:''' Side effects are typically limited to the first 3 months and are dose-dependent. The therapy is compatible with most medications, including immunosuppressants.

'''Important exceptions:''' Do not use if you have severe immunosuppression (HIV/AIDS), pregnancy, severe intestinal strictures, or acute anemia.

'''Full safety review required:''' Read [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]] completely before proceeding. This covers contraindications, drug interactions, and special populations.

== Your Next Steps ==

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%); color: white; padding: 20px; border-radius: 6px; margin: 25px 0;">
'''Ready to proceed? Follow this sequence:'''

'''Step 1:''' Read [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]] thoroughly
'''Step 2:''' Choose your species at [[Choosing_a_helminth]]
'''Step 3:''' Review protocols at [[Getting_started_guide]]
'''Step 4:''' Select provider from [[Helminth_providers]]
'''Step 5:''' Join support community at [[Online_support]]
</div>

== Cost and Practical Considerations ==

'''Investment perspective:''' While initially expensive, helminthic therapy typically costs less than pharmaceutical treatments for the same conditions. Many users reduce medical expenses and improve earning capacity.

'''Money-saving options:''' Three species (NA, HDC, TTO) can be home-incubated after purchasing starter doses. Payment plans may be available from providers.

'''Medical support:''' Optional but helpful. Doctors can prescribe medications for initial side effects or therapy termination if needed. Most require patient education using [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors]].

== Community and Ongoing Support ==

'''Essential resources:'''
* [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories]] - Over 1,000 user experiences across 170+ conditions
* [[Online_support]] - Active discussion communities
* [[Helminthic_therapy_FAQ]] - Answers to common questions

'''Professional resources:'''
* [[Helminthic_therapy_research]] - 900+ scientific studies
* [[Helminthic_therapy_in_the_media]] - Video lectures and media coverage
* [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy]] - Complete development timeline

== Advanced Information ==

'''Implementation details:'''
* [[Helminth_incubation]] - Home cultivation instructions
* [[Human_helminth_care_manual]] - Drug and supplement interactions
* [[Overcoming_worm_phobia]] - Addressing psychological barriers
* [[Terminology]] - Technical term definitions

'''Site navigation:'''
* [[Index_to_topics]] - Complete subject index
* [[Sitemap]] - Full site structure

---

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 15px; border-radius: 4px; font-style: italic; text-align: center; color: #666;">
This wiki is the world's largest database documenting helminth replacement therapy science, management, and results. Content is maintained by volunteers with no commercial interests and updated daily based on user experiences and research.
</div>

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T19:32:21Z

Laurel: s

= Introduction to helminthic therapy =

<div style="border: 2px solid #d32f2f; background: #fff; padding: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px;">
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #d32f2f; margin-bottom: 12px;">
⚠ CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION
</div>
<p style="margin-bottom: 12px;">
'''DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:'''
</p>
* '''[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]''' - Safety guidelines and contraindications
* '''[[Choosing_a_helminth]]''' - Species selection guidance
* '''[[Getting_started_guide]]''' - Dosing and preparation protocols
<p style="margin-top: 12px; font-style: italic; color: #666;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</p>
</div>

== Professional Resources ==

'''Are you a medical professional?''' See [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors]] for clinical information and research summaries.

'''Are you a researcher or journalist?''' Start with [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy]] to understand the therapy's development alongside emerging science.

'''Looking for research evidence?''' Review [[Helminthic_therapy_research]] for studies documenting effectiveness across multiple conditions.

== What is Helminthic Therapy? ==

Helminthic therapy is a probiotic self-treatment involving the controlled reintroduction of specially domesticated, safe, mutualistic helminths (intestinal worms) to the digestive tract. These microscopic organisms help reconstitute the human biome that was depleted during the 20th century through improved sanitation and medical interventions.

The therapy works by restoring beneficial organisms that coevolved with humans over millennia. Without these "old friends," the immune system can become dysregulated, leading to widespread inflammation-related disorders including autoimmune diseases, allergies, and neuropsychiatric conditions.

Thousands of people worldwide now use helminthic therapy to successfully treat and prevent these conditions. The therapy requires no medical supervision because it functions similarly to taking a probiotic supplement.

== Available Therapeutic Species ==

Four domesticated helminth species are commercially available for therapy:

* '''Pig whipworm (TSO)''' - Trichuris suis ova, taken as a drink every 2-3 weeks
* '''Human hookworm (NA)''' - Necator americanus larvae, applied to skin every 3-5 years
* '''Human whipworm (TTO)''' - Trichuris trichiura ova, taken as a drink every 2-3 weeks
* '''Rat tapeworm (HDC)''' - Hymenolepis diminuta cysticercoids, taken as a drink every 2-3 weeks

Each species has different characteristics, effects, and dosing requirements. Most people start with one species and may add others based on their response and needs.

== Safety Profile ==

Helminthic therapy has an excellent safety record. Any side effects typically occur only during the first three months and are dose-dependent. The therapy is compatible with most medications, including immunosuppressants.

However, the therapy is contraindicated for people with certain conditions including severe immunosuppression from HIV/AIDS, pregnancy, severe intestinal strictures, and acute anemia. Review the complete safety information at [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]] before proceeding.

== Realistic Expectations ==

'''Timeline:''' Significant improvements typically begin 3-5 months after starting therapy. Some people improve within 6-12 months, while others may need 18-24 months to see benefits. About 70-80% of users experience meaningful improvement.

'''Ongoing management:''' This is not a one-time treatment. Therapy requires continued dosing and attention to optimize benefits. Most people need to continue indefinitely to maintain improvements.

'''Individual variation:''' Dosing must be tailored to each person's unique needs. What works for one person may not work for another. Starting with very small doses and adjusting based on response is essential.

== Getting Started ==

Before beginning therapy, complete these essential steps:

1. '''Read safety information''' at [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]
2. '''Choose your species''' using guidance at [[Choosing_a_helminth]]
3. '''Review dosing protocols''' at [[Getting_started_guide]]
4. '''Select a provider''' from vetted companies at [[Helminth_providers]]
5. '''Understand management''' by reviewing species-specific pages

Consider documenting your experience with a treatment log to track doses, timing, and symptom changes. This information helps optimize dosing over time.

== Cost Considerations ==

While helminthic therapy may seem expensive initially, it is cost-effective compared to pharmaceutical treatments for the same conditions. Many users reduce or eliminate expensive medications and medical visits. Some providers offer payment plans or bulk discounts.

For ongoing cost savings, three species (NA, HDC, TTO) can be incubated at home after purchasing an initial dose. See [[Helminth_incubation]] for detailed instructions.

== Medical Support ==

Medical supervision is not required but can be helpful. A doctor can prescribe medications to ease initial side effects or terminate therapy if needed. Most doctors are unfamiliar with helminthic therapy, so patient education may be necessary.

If discussing therapy with a doctor, provide them with [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors]] for clinical context. Frame the conversation as informing rather than seeking permission to avoid putting the doctor in a difficult position.

== Online Community Support ==

Connect with experienced users and get ongoing support through:

* '''[[Helminthic_Therapy_Support]]''' - Main support community
* '''[[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories]]''' - Over 1,000 user experiences
* '''[[Online_support]]''' - Complete list of discussion groups and resources

== Next Steps ==

'''New to helminthic therapy?''' Start by reading the complete safety information at [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]], then review species options at [[Choosing_a_helminth]].

'''Ready to begin?''' Follow the step-by-step guidance at [[Getting_started_guide]] and select a provider from [[Helminth_providers]].

'''Want to learn more?''' Explore the complete research database at [[Helminthic_therapy_research]] or read user experiences at [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories]].

'''Have specific concerns?''' Check [[Overcoming_worm_phobia]] for addressing psychological barriers, or [[Terminology]] for clarification of technical terms.

== Additional Resources ==

* [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy]] - Complete historical development
* [[Helminthic_therapy_in_the_media]] - Media coverage and videos
* [[Helminth_incubation]] - Home cultivation instructions
* [[Human_helminth_care_manual]] - Medication and substance interactions
* [[Helminthic_therapy_FAQ]] - Frequently asked questions
* [[Index_to_topics]] - Complete subject listing
* [[Sitemap]] - Full site navigation

---

'''This wiki is the world's largest information database documenting the science, management, experience and results of helminth replacement therapy.''' All content is maintained by volunteers with no commercial interests and updated daily based on user experiences and scientific research.

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T19:08:51Z

Laurel: n

== Introduction to Helminthic Therapy ==

<div style="border: 2px solid #d32f2f; background: #fff; padding: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px;">
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #d32f2f; margin-bottom: 12px;">
⚠ CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION
</div>
<p style="margin-bottom: 12px;">
'''DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:'''
</p>
* '''[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]''' - Safety guidelines and contraindications
* '''[[Choosing_a_helminth]]''' - Species selection guidance
* '''[[Getting_started_guide]]''' - Dosing and preparation protocols
<p style="margin-top: 12px; font-style: italic; color: #666;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</p>
</div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; background: #fafafa; padding: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px;">
'''Medical Professional?''' Start with our [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|comprehensive professional overview]] covering clinical evidence, patient guidance, and regulatory considerations.

'''Journalist or Researcher?''' Begin with [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|the scientific history and evidence]] documenting this therapy's development alongside emerging research.

'''Considering Treatment?''' Read the safety information above, then continue with this overview to understand the fundamentals.
</div>

=== What Is Helminthic Therapy? ===

<div style="float: right; width: 300px; margin: 0 0 20px 30px; border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 15px; background: #f9f9f9;">
'''Video Overview:''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28phztp-uG8 What is helminthic therapy?]<br>
''William Parker, retired Professor of Surgery, explains in this 2-minute video.''
</div>

'''Helminthic therapy''' is a carefully controlled medical approach involving the deliberate reintroduction of specially selected, non-pathogenic [[helminths]] (intestinal worms) to the human digestive tract. These microscopic organisms are administered in the form of eggs ([[ova]]) or larvae through oral consumption or topical skin application, depending on the species.

The therapy represents a form of "[[biome reconstitution]]" - restoring beneficial organisms that co-evolved with humans over millennia but were largely eliminated from industrialized populations during the 20th century. Rather than being a conventional medical treatment, helminthic therapy functions as a biological intervention that works by modulating immune system function through the presence of these carefully selected organisms.

==== The Scientific Foundation ====

The rationale for helminthic therapy stems from the "[[hygiene hypothesis]]" and more specifically, the "[[Old Friends hypothesis]]" proposed by researchers studying the dramatic rise in immune-related disorders in developed countries. The fundamental premise is that the human immune system requires exposure to certain microorganisms and [[helminths]] during development to function optimally throughout life.

Research has demonstrated that [[helminths]] serve as "keystone species" in the human [[microbiome]], influencing not only immune function but also the composition of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Their absence appears to contribute to immune system dysregulation, leading to increased rates of:

* '''Autoimmune diseases''' - Multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 diabetes
* '''Allergic disorders''' - Asthma, eczema, food allergies, allergic rhinitis
* '''Inflammatory conditions''' - Inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome
* '''Neuropsychiatric disorders''' - Depression, anxiety, ADHD, autism spectrum disorders

The loss of these organisms from human populations began in the mid-19th century with improvements in sanitation, accelerating dramatically during the 20th century with the introduction of modern sewage systems, water treatment, mass-produced footwear, and widespread use of [[anthelmintic]] medications.

=== How Helminthic Therapy Works ===

[[Helminths]] exert their therapeutic effects through multiple interconnected mechanisms:

'''Immune System Modulation:''' [[Helminths]] promote the development of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and stimulate anti-inflammatory cytokine production, particularly IL-10 and TGF-β. This helps rebalance an overactive immune system toward a more regulated state.

'''Microbiome Enhancement:''' The presence of [[helminths]] influences the composition and diversity of gut bacteria, promoting beneficial microbial populations that support overall health.

'''Gut Barrier Function:''' [[Helminths]] can strengthen intestinal barrier function, reducing systemic inflammation caused by increased intestinal permeability ("leaky gut").

'''Neuroimmune Pathways:''' Through the gut-brain axis, [[helminths]] may influence neurological function and mental health, explaining their effects on conditions like depression and anxiety.

=== Therapeutic Helminth Species ===

Only four species of [[helminth]] are currently available for therapeutic use, each carefully selected to meet strict safety criteria:

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin: 20px 0;"
|-
! Species !! Common Name !! Administration !! Lifespan !! Primary Applications
|-
| '''[[Necator americanus]]''' (NA) || Human hookworm || Applied to skin || 3-5 years || Severe autoimmune conditions, allergies
|-
| '''[[Trichuris suis]]''' (TSO) || Pig whipworm ova || Oral (drink) || 2-3 weeks || Inflammatory bowel disease, autism
|-
| '''[[Hymenolepis diminuta]]''' (HDC) || Rat tapeworm larvae || Oral (drink) || 2-4 weeks || Allergies, mild autoimmune conditions
|-
| '''[[Trichuris trichiura]]''' (TTO) || Human whipworm ova || Oral (drink) || 1-2 years || Complex autoimmune conditions
|}

==== Species Selection Criteria ====

For a [[helminth]] to be suitable for therapeutic use, it must meet rigorous safety requirements:

* Cannot cause disease in humans at therapeutic doses
* Does not reproduce within the human host (ensuring dose control)
* Cannot transmit other pathogens, viruses, or bacteria
* Does not alter behavior in immunocompromised patients
* Is not easily transmissible between humans
* Can be completely eliminated with standard medications if needed
* Is compatible with commonly used pharmaceuticals
* Can be produced, stored, and transported reliably

=== Safety Profile and Clinical Evidence ===

Helminthic therapy has an exceptional safety record based on over two decades of clinical use and research. The therapy is considered very safe when properly implemented, with serious adverse events being extremely rare.

'''Clinical Safety Data:'''
* Over 20 years of documented clinical use
* Thousands of individuals treated worldwide
* Extensive safety data from clinical trials
* No reported deaths or permanent injuries from therapeutic [[helminths]]
* Compatible with most medications, including immunosuppressants

'''Common Side Effects:''' Most users experience minimal side effects, though some may notice:
* Mild gastrointestinal symptoms during initial weeks
* Temporary fatigue or flu-like symptoms
* Mild skin irritation at application site (for [[hookworms]])
* Temporary worsening of symptoms before improvement

'''Contraindications:''' While generally safe, helminthic therapy is not appropriate for individuals with:
* Severe immunocompromise (HIV/AIDS, active chemotherapy)
* Pregnancy (limited safety data available)
* Certain pre-existing parasitic infections
* Specific genetic immunodeficiencies

→ '''Complete safety information:''' [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]

=== Treatment Expectations and Outcomes ===

Understanding realistic expectations is crucial for treatment success. Helminthic therapy differs significantly from conventional pharmaceuticals in its timeline and approach.

==== Timeline for Results ====

'''Helminthic therapy requires significant patience.''' Unlike pharmaceutical drugs that may show effects within days or weeks, [[helminths]] work by gradually retraining the immune system over months:

* '''0-3 months:''' Initial colonization period, possible side effects, minimal therapeutic benefit
* '''3-6 months:''' Most responsive individuals begin seeing meaningful improvements
* '''6-12 months:''' Continued improvement, dose optimization may be needed
* '''12-18 months:''' Some individuals require this long to see significant benefits
* '''18+ months:''' A small percentage of responders may need extended time

'''Important:''' Approximately 25% of individuals do not respond to helminthic therapy despite proper implementation.

==== Individual Variation ====

Success with helminthic therapy depends on numerous factors:

'''Biological Factors:'''
* Genetic variations in immune system function
* Existing [[microbiome]] composition
* Severity and duration of condition
* Previous medication history
* Overall health status

'''Treatment Factors:'''
* Appropriate species selection
* Optimal dosing (varies dramatically between individuals)
* Consistency of treatment
* Concurrent therapies and lifestyle factors

'''Support Factors:'''
* Access to knowledgeable healthcare guidance
* Understanding of the therapy process
* Patience and realistic expectations
* Proper monitoring and adjustment

=== Dosing and Administration ===

Helminthic therapy is highly individualized, with optimal dosing varying significantly between individuals. The therapy follows a "start low, go slow" approach to minimize side effects while establishing effective colonization.

==== General Dosing Principles ====

'''Initial Dosing:''' Most practitioners recommend starting with very small numbers of organisms:
* [[Hookworms]] (NA): 1-3 larvae initially
* [[TSO]]: 500-1000 ova every 2 weeks
* [[HDC]]: 5-15 cysticercoids initially
* [[TTO]]: 10-50 ova initially

'''Dose Escalation:''' Doses are gradually increased based on individual response and tolerance, with some individuals requiring significantly higher numbers than others.

'''Maintenance Protocols:''' Long-lived species like [[hookworms]] may require periodic "top-ups," while short-lived species require regular dosing schedules.

==== Monitoring and Adjustment ====

Successful treatment requires careful monitoring and dose optimization:

* Regular symptom tracking and assessment
* Monitoring for side effects or adverse reactions
* Periodic dose adjustments based on response
* Long-term follow-up to maintain benefits

=== Working with Healthcare Providers ===

While helminthic therapy can be pursued as [[self-treatment]], having medical support significantly improves outcomes and safety.

==== Medical Supervision Benefits ====

* Professional guidance on species selection and dosing
* Monitoring for drug interactions and contraindications
* Management of side effects if they occur
* Access to prescription medications if needed (immunosuppressants, [[anthelmintics]])
* Objective assessment of treatment response

==== Finding Supportive Practitioners ====

Most conventional physicians are unfamiliar with helminthic therapy, but some healthcare providers are knowledgeable and supportive:

* '''Naturopathic doctors''' (NDs) - Most likely to be familiar with the therapy
* '''Functional medicine practitioners''' - Often open to alternative approaches
* '''Integrative medicine physicians''' - May be willing to provide support
* '''Gastroenterologists''' - Some are familiar with [[TSO]] research

→ '''Directory of knowledgeable practitioners:''' [[Helminthic_therapy_practitioners]]

=== Drug Interactions and Compatibility ===

One of the advantages of helminthic therapy is its compatibility with most medications, including immunosuppressive drugs.

==== Compatible Medications ====

[[Helminths]] are generally compatible with:
* Immunosuppressants (prednisone, azathioprine, biologics)
* Most chronic disease medications
* Psychiatric medications
* Hormone therapies
* Most supplements and natural treatments

==== Medications That May Affect Helminths ====

Certain medications can reduce [[helminth]] survival or effectiveness:
* '''Antibiotics''' (particularly broad-spectrum types)
* '''[[Anthelmintic]] drugs''' (designed to eliminate worms)
* '''Some antiparasitic medications'''
* '''Certain herbal preparations''' with antiparasitic properties

→ '''Complete drug interaction information:''' [[Human_helminth_care_manual]]

=== Obtaining Therapeutic Helminths ===

[[Helminths]] for therapy are available from specialized commercial providers who maintain strict quality and safety standards.

==== Choosing a Provider ====

Reputable [[helminth]] providers should offer:
* Laboratory-controlled cultivation conditions
* Regular testing for contamination and viability
* Proper shipping and storage protocols
* Detailed instructions for use
* Ongoing customer support

==== Cost Considerations ====

While helminthic therapy may appear expensive initially, it is often cost-effective compared to other treatments for chronic conditions:

* [[TSO]] costs approximately $300-500 per month
* [[Hookworms]] require initial investment but last for years
* [[HDC]] costs approximately $200-400 per month
* Many users reduce pharmaceutical costs over time

Payment plans and discounts may be available from some providers.

→ '''Provider directory and cost comparisons:''' [[Helminth_providers]]

=== Research and Evidence Base ===

Helminthic therapy is supported by extensive research, though clinical trial results have been mixed due to study design challenges.

==== Supporting Evidence ====

* '''Epidemiological studies''' showing inverse correlation between [[helminth]] presence and autoimmune disease
* '''Animal studies''' demonstrating therapeutic effects in disease models
* '''Clinical trials''' with positive results in multiple conditions
* '''Real-world data''' from thousands of [[self-treaters]]
* '''Mechanistic studies''' explaining how [[helminths]] modulate immunity

==== Challenges in Clinical Research ====

Traditional clinical trial methodology is poorly suited to helminthic therapy because:
* Living organisms cannot be "blinded" like pharmaceutical drugs
* Individual dosing requirements vary dramatically
* Long timelines for effect make trials expensive and difficult
* Regulatory barriers limit research opportunities

→ '''Complete research overview:''' [[Helminthic_therapy_research]]

=== Getting Started: Implementation Protocol ===

For individuals considering helminthic therapy, a systematic approach ensures the best outcomes:

'''Phase 1: Education and Preparation'''
# Thoroughly research the therapy and its requirements
# Assess personal suitability and contraindications
# Identify supportive healthcare providers if possible
# Understand realistic timelines and expectations

'''Phase 2: Species Selection and Sourcing'''
# Determine the most appropriate [[helminth]] species
# Research and select a reputable provider
# Understand dosing protocols and administration methods
# Prepare for monitoring and documentation

'''Phase 3: Initiation and Monitoring'''
# Begin with conservative initial dosing
# Carefully monitor response and side effects
# Maintain detailed records of doses and symptoms
# Adjust protocols based on individual response

'''Phase 4: Optimization and Maintenance'''
# Fine-tune dosing for optimal benefits
# Establish long-term maintenance protocols
# Monitor for changes requiring adjustment
# Plan for ongoing provider relationships

→ '''Detailed implementation guide:''' [[Getting_started_guide]]

=== Conclusion ===

Helminthic therapy represents a novel approach to treating immune-related disorders by addressing the fundamental biological mismatch between human evolution and modern hygiene practices. While not suitable for everyone, the therapy offers hope for individuals with chronic conditions that have not responded adequately to conventional treatments.

Success with helminthic therapy requires careful preparation, realistic expectations, appropriate species selection, and often considerable patience. The therapy works best when implemented with professional guidance and as part of a comprehensive approach to health that may include dietary modifications, lifestyle changes, and other supportive therapies.

As research continues to elucidate the mechanisms by which [[helminths]] modulate human health, helminthic therapy may eventually transition from an alternative treatment pursued by pioneering individuals to a recognized medical intervention. Until then, those considering this approach should thoroughly educate themselves about both its potential benefits and limitations.

----

'''Important:''' This information is for educational purposes only. Helminthic therapy is not approved as a medical treatment outside of Thailand. Individuals considering this therapy should make informed decisions based on thorough research and, where appropriate, consultation with knowledgeable healthcare providers.

=== Additional Resources ===

'''Scientific Background:'''
* [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|Complete therapy history]]
* [[Helminthic_therapy_research|Research and clinical evidence]]
* [[Terminology|Medical terminology and definitions]]

'''Clinical Implementation:'''
* [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|Information for healthcare providers]]
* [[Helminthic_therapy_safety|Complete safety information]]
* [[Choosing_a_helminth|Species selection guide]]

'''Practical Considerations:'''
* [[Helminth_providers|Provider directory and costs]]
* [[Getting_started_guide|Step-by-step implementation]]
* [[Human_helminth_care_manual|Drug interactions and care]]

'''Community and Support:'''
* [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories|Treatment outcomes and case reports]]
* [[Online_support|Professional communities and forums]]
* [[Overcoming_worm_phobia|Addressing treatment concerns]]

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T19:03:06Z

Laurel: s

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T18:59:49Z

Laurel: s

# Introduction to Helminthic Therapy

<div style="border: 2px solid #d32f2f; background: #fff; padding: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px;">
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #d32f2f; margin-bottom: 12px;">
⚠ CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION
</div>
<p style="margin-bottom: 12px;">
<strong>DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:</strong>
</p>
<ul style="margin: 0; padding-left: 20px; line-height: 1.6;">
<li><strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]</strong> - Safety guidelines and contraindications</li>
<li><strong>[[Choosing_a_helminth]]</strong> - Species selection guidance</li>
<li><strong>[[Getting_started_guide]]</strong> - Dosing and preparation protocols</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-top: 12px; font-style: italic; color: #666;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</p>
</div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; background: #fafafa; padding: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px;">
<p><strong>Medical Professional?</strong> Start with our [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|comprehensive professional overview]] covering clinical evidence, patient guidance, and regulatory considerations.</p>

<p><strong>Journalist or Researcher?</strong> Begin with [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|the scientific history and evidence]] documenting this therapy's development alongside emerging research.</p>

<p><strong>Considering Treatment?</strong> Read the safety information above, then continue with this overview to understand the fundamentals.</p>
</div>

## What Is Helminthic Therapy?

<div style="float: right; width: 300px; margin: 0 0 20px 30px; border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 15px; background: #f9f9f9;">
<strong>Video Overview:</strong> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28phztp-uG8 What is helminthic therapy?]<br>
<em>William Parker, retired Professor of Surgery, explains in this 2-minute video.</em>
</div>

**Helminthic therapy** is a carefully controlled medical approach that uses specially selected microscopic intestinal organisms—called therapeutic **helminths**—to help restore healthy immune balance.

These organisms have co-evolved with humans over millennia and play a natural role in regulating immune function. The therapy involves reintroducing a controlled number of these organisms to counteract the immune dysfunction that results from their absence in modern industrialized societies.

### Background and Rationale

<p>The human immune system evolved alongside a rich internal ecosystem including bacteria, fungi, and helminths. Modern sanitation and medical advances—while eliminating dangerous pathogens—also removed beneficial organisms that helped train and regulate immunity.</p>

<p><strong>This biological disruption contributes to rising rates of:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Autoimmune diseases (Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis)</li>
<li>Allergic disorders (asthma, eczema, food allergies)</li>
<li>Inflammatory conditions (IBS, chronic fatigue, migraines)</li>
<li>Neuropsychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, autism spectrum traits)</li>
</ul>

---

## Therapeutic Species Available

Four species of helminth are currently available for therapeutic use, each meeting strict safety criteria:

<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 20px 0;">
<tr style="background: #f5f5f5;">
<th style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; text-align: left;">Species</th>
<th style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; text-align: left;">Administration</th>
<th style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; text-align: left;">Duration</th>
<th style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; text-align: left;">Primary Indications</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;"><strong>Necator americanus</strong> (NA)<br><em>Human hookworm</em></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Applied to skin</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Long-lasting (years)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Severe autoimmune conditions</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #fafafa;">
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;"><strong>Trichuris suis</strong> (TSO)<br><em>Pig whipworm ova</em></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Oral (drink)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">2-3 weeks</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Inflammatory bowel disease</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;"><strong>Hymenolepis diminuta</strong> (HDC)<br><em>Rat tapeworm larvae</em></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Oral (drink)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">2-4 weeks</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Allergies, mild conditions</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #fafafa;">
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;"><strong>Trichuris trichiura</strong> (TTO)<br><em>Human whipworm ova</em></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Oral (drink)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Long-lasting (years)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Complex immune conditions</td>
</tr>
</table>

**→ Detailed species comparison and selection guidance:** [[Choosing_a_helminth]]

---

<div>
<h2>Safety Profile</h2>

<div style="margin-bottom: 20px;">
<strong>▪ Therapeutic helminths are specifically chosen because they:</strong>
<div style="margin-left: 20px;">
• Cannot reproduce inside the human body<br>
• Remain confined to the digestive tract<br>
• Cause no disease at therapeutic doses<br>
• Are easily eliminated with standard anti-parasitic medication<br>
• Are compatible with most medications
</div>
</div>

<div style="margin-bottom: 20px;">
<strong>▪ Clinical Evidence</strong>
<div style="margin-left: 20px;">
• <strong>70-80%</strong> of users report health improvements<br>
• <strong>20+ years</strong> of documented clinical use<br>
• <strong>1000+</strong> documented case reports across 170+ conditions<br>
• Extensive safety data from clinical trials and real-world use
</div>
</div>
</div>

**→ Complete safety information and contraindications:** [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]

---

## Treatment Expectations

**▪ Timeline**
This therapy requires patience. Most people see meaningful improvements between 3-6 months, with some requiring 6-18 months. Unlike pharmaceutical drugs, helminthic therapy works by gradually retraining the immune system.

**▪ Individual Variation**
Success depends on:
- Appropriate species selection for the condition
- Finding optimal dosing (varies significantly between individuals)
- Maintaining consistent treatment (usually ongoing)
- Access to knowledgeable medical guidance

Approximately 25% of users do not respond to treatment. The therapy is not a one-size-fits-all solution and requires individualized dosing protocols.

---

## Implementation Protocol

**▪ Recommended Approach**
1. **Comprehensive research** - Review safety guidelines and species information
2. **Medical consultation** - Engage supportive healthcare provider when possible
3. **Species selection** - Based on condition and individual circumstances
4. **Provider selection** - Choose from established, vetted suppliers
5. **Conservative initiation** - Start with minimal doses and monitor response

**→ Step-by-step implementation guide:** [[Getting_started_guide]]

---

## Additional Resources

### Scientific Background
- [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|Complete therapy history]] - Development from early observations to current practice
- [[Helminthic_therapy_research|Research evidence]] - Clinical trials and scientific studies
- [[Terminology|Medical terminology]] - Key terms and definitions

### Clinical Implementation
- [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|Information for healthcare providers]] - Clinical guidance and patient management
- [[Helminthic_therapy_practitioners|Healthcare practitioners]] - Directory of knowledgeable providers
- [[Human_helminth_care_manual|Drug interactions]] - Medication compatibility and contraindications

### Practical Considerations
- [[Helminth_providers|Supplier directory]] - Vetted commercial sources
- [[Helminth_incubation|Laboratory cultivation]] - Self-preparation methods
- [[Overcoming_worm_phobia|Addressing concerns]] - Managing treatment anxiety

### Clinical Outcomes
- [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories|Case reports]] - Documented treatment outcomes
- [[Online_support|Professional communities]] - Clinical discussion forums
- [[Getting_started_guide|Clinical troubleshooting]] - Managing treatment challenges

---

<div style="border-top: 1px solid #ddd; padding-top: 20px; margin-top: 30px; font-size: 0.9em; color: #666;">
<strong>Important:</strong> This information is for educational purposes. Helminthic therapy is not approved as a medical treatment outside of Thailand. Individuals considering this therapy should make informed decisions based on thorough research and, where appropriate, consultation with knowledgeable healthcare providers.
</div>

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T18:55:04Z

Laurel: s

# Introduction to Helminthic Therapy

<div style="border: 2px solid #d32f2f; background: #fff; padding: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px;">
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #d32f2f; margin-bottom: 12px;">
⚠ CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION
</div>
<p style="margin-bottom: 12px;">
<strong>DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:</strong>
</p>
<ul style="margin: 0; padding-left: 20px; line-height: 1.6;">
<li><strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]</strong> - Safety guidelines and contraindications</li>
<li><strong>[[Choosing_a_helminth]]</strong> - Species selection guidance</li>
<li><strong>[[Getting_started_guide]]</strong> - Dosing and preparation protocols</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-top: 12px; font-style: italic; color: #666;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</p>
</div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; background: #fafafa; padding: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px;">
<p><strong>Medical Professional?</strong> Start with our [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|comprehensive professional overview]] covering clinical evidence, patient guidance, and regulatory considerations.</p>

<p><strong>Journalist or Researcher?</strong> Begin with [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|the scientific history and evidence]] documenting this therapy's development alongside emerging research.</p>

<p><strong>Considering Treatment?</strong> Read the safety information above, then continue with this overview to understand the fundamentals.</p>
</div>

## What Is Helminthic Therapy?

<div style="float: right; width: 300px; margin: 0 0 20px 30px; border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 15px; background: #f9f9f9;">
<strong>Video Overview:</strong> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28phztp-uG8 What is helminthic therapy?]<br>
<em>William Parker, retired Professor of Surgery, explains in this 2-minute video.</em>
</div>

**Helminthic therapy** is a carefully controlled medical approach that uses specially selected microscopic intestinal organisms—called therapeutic **helminths**—to help restore healthy immune balance.

These organisms have co-evolved with humans over millennia and play a natural role in regulating immune function. The therapy involves reintroducing a controlled number of these organisms to counteract the immune dysfunction that results from their absence in modern industrialized societies.

### Background and Rationale

<p>The human immune system evolved alongside a rich internal ecosystem including bacteria, fungi, and helminths. Modern sanitation and medical advances—while eliminating dangerous pathogens—also removed beneficial organisms that helped train and regulate immunity.</p>

<p><strong>This biological disruption contributes to rising rates of:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Autoimmune diseases (Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis)</li>
<li>Allergic disorders (asthma, eczema, food allergies)</li>
<li>Inflammatory conditions (IBS, chronic fatigue, migraines)</li>
<li>Neuropsychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, autism spectrum traits)</li>
</ul>

---

## Therapeutic Species Available

Four species of helminth are currently available for therapeutic use, each meeting strict safety criteria:

<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 20px 0;">
<tr style="background: #f5f5f5;">
<th style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; text-align: left;">Species</th>
<th style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; text-align: left;">Administration</th>
<th style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; text-align: left;">Duration</th>
<th style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; text-align: left;">Primary Indications</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;"><strong>Necator americanus</strong> (NA)<br><em>Human hookworm</em></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Applied to skin</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Long-lasting (years)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Severe autoimmune conditions</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #fafafa;">
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;"><strong>Trichuris suis</strong> (TSO)<br><em>Pig whipworm ova</em></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Oral (drink)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">2-3 weeks</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Inflammatory bowel disease</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;"><strong>Hymenolepis diminuta</strong> (HDC)<br><em>Rat tapeworm larvae</em></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Oral (drink)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">2-4 weeks</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Allergies, mild conditions</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #fafafa;">
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;"><strong>Trichuris trichiura</strong> (TTO)<br><em>Human whipworm ova</em></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Oral (drink)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Long-lasting (years)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Complex immune conditions</td>
</tr>
</table>

**→ Detailed species comparison and selection guidance:** [[Choosing_a_helminth]]

---

## Safety Profile

**▪ Therapeutic helminths are specifically chosen because they:**
- Cannot reproduce inside the human body
- Remain confined to the digestive tract
- Cause no disease at therapeutic doses
- Are easily eliminated with standard anti-parasitic medication
- Are compatible with most medications

**▪ Clinical Evidence**
- **70-80%** of users report health improvements
- **20+ years** of documented clinical use
- **1000+** documented case reports across 170+ conditions
- Extensive safety data from clinical trials and real-world use

**→ Complete safety information and contraindications:** [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]

---

## Treatment Expectations

**▪ Timeline**
This therapy requires patience. Most people see meaningful improvements between 3-6 months, with some requiring 6-18 months. Unlike pharmaceutical drugs, helminthic therapy works by gradually retraining the immune system.

**▪ Individual Variation**
Success depends on:
- Appropriate species selection for the condition
- Finding optimal dosing (varies significantly between individuals)
- Maintaining consistent treatment (usually ongoing)
- Access to knowledgeable medical guidance

Approximately 25% of users do not respond to treatment. The therapy is not a one-size-fits-all solution and requires individualized dosing protocols.

---

## Implementation Protocol

**▪ Recommended Approach**
1. **Comprehensive research** - Review safety guidelines and species information
2. **Medical consultation** - Engage supportive healthcare provider when possible
3. **Species selection** - Based on condition and individual circumstances
4. **Provider selection** - Choose from established, vetted suppliers
5. **Conservative initiation** - Start with minimal doses and monitor response

**→ Step-by-step implementation guide:** [[Getting_started_guide]]

---

## Additional Resources

### Scientific Background
- [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|Complete therapy history]] - Development from early observations to current practice
- [[Helminthic_therapy_research|Research evidence]] - Clinical trials and scientific studies
- [[Terminology|Medical terminology]] - Key terms and definitions

### Clinical Implementation
- [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|Information for healthcare providers]] - Clinical guidance and patient management
- [[Helminthic_therapy_practitioners|Healthcare practitioners]] - Directory of knowledgeable providers
- [[Human_helminth_care_manual|Drug interactions]] - Medication compatibility and contraindications

### Practical Considerations
- [[Helminth_providers|Supplier directory]] - Vetted commercial sources
- [[Helminth_incubation|Laboratory cultivation]] - Self-preparation methods
- [[Overcoming_worm_phobia|Addressing concerns]] - Managing treatment anxiety

### Clinical Outcomes
- [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories|Case reports]] - Documented treatment outcomes
- [[Online_support|Professional communities]] - Clinical discussion forums
- [[Getting_started_guide|Clinical troubleshooting]] - Managing treatment challenges

---

<div style="border-top: 1px solid #ddd; padding-top: 20px; margin-top: 30px; font-size: 0.9em; color: #666;">
<strong>Important:</strong> This information is for educational purposes. Helminthic therapy is not approved as a medical treatment outside of Thailand. Individuals considering this therapy should make informed decisions based on thorough research and, where appropriate, consultation with knowledgeable healthcare providers.
</div>

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T18:53:14Z

Laurel: s

# Introduction to Helminthic Therapy

<div style="border: 2px solid #d32f2f; background: #fff; padding: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px;">
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #d32f2f; margin-bottom: 12px;">
⚠ CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION
</div>
<p style="margin-bottom: 12px;">
<strong>DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:</strong>
</p>
<ul style="margin: 0; padding-left: 20px; line-height: 1.6;">
<li><strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]</strong> - Safety guidelines and contraindications</li>
<li><strong>[[Choosing_a_helminth]]</strong> - Species selection guidance</li>
<li><strong>[[Getting_started_guide]]</strong> - Dosing and preparation protocols</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-top: 12px; font-style: italic; color: #666;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</p>
</div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; background: #fafafa; padding: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px;">
<p><strong>Medical Professional?</strong> Start with our [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|comprehensive professional overview]] covering clinical evidence, patient guidance, and regulatory considerations.</p>

<p><strong>Journalist or Researcher?</strong> Begin with [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|the scientific history and evidence]] documenting this therapy's development alongside emerging research.</p>

<p><strong>Considering Treatment?</strong> Read the safety information above, then continue with this overview to understand the fundamentals.</p>
</div>

## What Is Helminthic Therapy?

<div style="float: right; width: 300px; margin: 0 0 20px 30px; border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 15px; background: #f9f9f9;">
<strong>Video Overview:</strong> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28phztp-uG8 What is helminthic therapy?]<br>
<em>William Parker, retired Professor of Surgery, explains in this 2-minute video.</em>
</div>

**Helminthic therapy** is a carefully controlled medical approach that uses specially selected microscopic intestinal organisms—called therapeutic **helminths**—to help restore healthy immune balance.

These organisms have co-evolved with humans over millennia and play a natural role in regulating immune function. The therapy involves reintroducing a controlled number of these organisms to counteract the immune dysfunction that results from their absence in modern industrialized societies.

### Background and Rationale

<p>The human immune system evolved alongside a rich internal ecosystem including bacteria, fungi, and helminths. Modern sanitation and medical advances—while eliminating dangerous pathogens—also removed beneficial organisms that helped train and regulate immunity.</p>

<p><strong>This biological disruption contributes to rising rates of:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Autoimmune diseases (Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis)</li>
<li>Allergic disorders (asthma, eczema, food allergies)</li>
<li>Inflammatory conditions (IBS, chronic fatigue, migraines)</li>
<li>Neuropsychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, autism spectrum traits)</li>
</ul>

---

## Therapeutic Species Available

Four species of helminth are currently available for therapeutic use, each meeting strict safety criteria:

<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 20px 0;">
<tr style="background: #f5f5f5;">
<th style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; text-align: left;">Species</th>
<th style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; text-align: left;">Administration</th>
<th style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; text-align: left;">Duration</th>
<th style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; text-align: left;">Primary Indications</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;"><strong>Necator americanus</strong> (NA)<br><em>Human hookworm</em></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Applied to skin</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Long-lasting (years)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Severe autoimmune conditions</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #fafafa;">
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;"><strong>Trichuris suis</strong> (TSO)<br><em>Pig whipworm ova</em></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Oral (drink)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">2-3 weeks</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Inflammatory bowel disease</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;"><strong>Hymenolepis diminuta</strong> (HDC)<br><em>Rat tapeworm larvae</em></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Oral (drink)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">2-4 weeks</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Allergies, mild conditions</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #fafafa;">
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;"><strong>Trichuris trichiura</strong> (TTO)<br><em>Human whipworm ova</em></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Oral (drink)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Long-lasting (years)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Complex immune conditions</td>
</tr>
</table>

**→ Detailed species comparison and selection guidance:** [[Choosing_a_helminth]]

---

## Safety Profile

<p><strong>Therapeutic helminths are specifically chosen because they:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Cannot reproduce inside the human body</li>
<li>Remain confined to the digestive tract</li>
<li>Cause no disease at therapeutic doses</li>
<li>Are easily eliminated with standard anti-parasitic medication</li>
<li>Are compatible with most medications</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Clinical Evidence</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>70-80%</strong> of users report health improvements</li>
<li><strong>20+ years</strong> of documented clinical use</li>
<li><strong>1000+</strong> documented case reports across 170+ conditions</li>
<li>Extensive safety data from clinical trials and real-world use</li>
</ul>

**→ Complete safety information and contraindications:** [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]

---

## Treatment Expectations

<p><strong>Timeline</strong><br>
This therapy requires patience. Most people see meaningful improvements between 3-6 months, with some requiring 6-18 months. Unlike pharmaceutical drugs, helminthic therapy works by gradually retraining the immune system.</p>

<p><strong>Individual Variation</strong><br>
Success depends on:</p>
<ul>
<li>Appropriate species selection for the condition</li>
<li>Finding optimal dosing (varies significantly between individuals)</li>
<li>Maintaining consistent treatment (usually ongoing)</li>
<li>Access to knowledgeable medical guidance</li>
</ul>

<p>Approximately 25% of users do not respond to treatment. The therapy is not a one-size-fits-all solution and requires individualized dosing protocols.</p>

---

## Implementation Protocol

<p><strong>Recommended Approach</strong></p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Comprehensive research</strong> - Review safety guidelines and species information</li>
<li><strong>Medical consultation</strong> - Engage supportive healthcare provider when possible</li>
<li><strong>Species selection</strong> - Based on condition and individual circumstances</li>
<li><strong>Provider selection</strong> - Choose from established, vetted suppliers</li>
<li><strong>Conservative initiation</strong> - Start with minimal doses and monitor response</li>
</ol>

**→ Step-by-step implementation guide:** [[Getting_started_guide]]

---

## Additional Resources

### Scientific Background
- [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|Complete therapy history]] - Development from early observations to current practice
- [[Helminthic_therapy_research|Research evidence]] - Clinical trials and scientific studies
- [[Terminology|Medical terminology]] - Key terms and definitions

### Clinical Implementation
- [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|Information for healthcare providers]] - Clinical guidance and patient management
- [[Helminthic_therapy_practitioners|Healthcare practitioners]] - Directory of knowledgeable providers
- [[Human_helminth_care_manual|Drug interactions]] - Medication compatibility and contraindications

### Practical Considerations
- [[Helminth_providers|Supplier directory]] - Vetted commercial sources
- [[Helminth_incubation|Laboratory cultivation]] - Self-preparation methods
- [[Overcoming_worm_phobia|Addressing concerns]] - Managing treatment anxiety

### Clinical Outcomes
- [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories|Case reports]] - Documented treatment outcomes
- [[Online_support|Professional communities]] - Clinical discussion forums
- [[Getting_started_guide|Clinical troubleshooting]] - Managing treatment challenges

---

<div style="border-top: 1px solid #ddd; padding-top: 20px; margin-top: 30px; font-size: 0.9em; color: #666;">
<strong>Important:</strong> This information is for educational purposes. Helminthic therapy is not approved as a medical treatment outside of Thailand. Individuals considering this therapy should make informed decisions based on thorough research and, where appropriate, consultation with knowledgeable healthcare providers.
</div>

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T18:50:59Z

Laurel: s

# Introduction to Helminthic Therapy

<div style="border: 2px solid #d32f2f; background: #fff; padding: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px;">
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #d32f2f; margin-bottom: 12px;">
⚠ CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION
</div>
<p style="margin-bottom: 12px;">
<strong>DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:</strong>
</p>
<ul style="margin: 0; padding-left: 20px; line-height: 1.6;">
<li><strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]</strong> - Safety guidelines and contraindications</li>
<li><strong>[[Choosing_a_helminth]]</strong> - Species selection guidance</li>
<li><strong>[[Getting_started_guide]]</strong> - Dosing and preparation protocols</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-top: 12px; font-style: italic; color: #666;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</p>
</div>

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; background: #fafafa; padding: 20px; margin-bottom: 30px;">
<p><strong>Medical Professional?</strong> Start with our [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|comprehensive professional overview]] covering clinical evidence, patient guidance, and regulatory considerations.</p>

<p><strong>Journalist or Researcher?</strong> Begin with [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|the scientific history and evidence]] documenting this therapy's development alongside emerging research.</p>

<p><strong>Considering Treatment?</strong> Read the safety information above, then continue with this overview to understand the fundamentals.</p>
</div>

## What Is Helminthic Therapy?

<div style="float: right; width: 300px; margin: 0 0 20px 30px; border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 15px; background: #f9f9f9;">
<strong>Video Overview:</strong> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28phztp-uG8 What is helminthic therapy?]<br>
<em>William Parker, retired Professor of Surgery, explains in this 2-minute video.</em>
</div>

**Helminthic therapy** is a carefully controlled medical approach that uses specially selected microscopic intestinal organisms—called therapeutic **helminths**—to help restore healthy immune balance.

These organisms have co-evolved with humans over millennia and play a natural role in regulating immune function. The therapy involves reintroducing a controlled number of these organisms to counteract the immune dysfunction that results from their absence in modern industrialized societies.

### Background and Rationale

The human immune system evolved alongside a rich internal ecosystem including bacteria, fungi, and helminths. Modern sanitation and medical advances—while eliminating dangerous pathogens—also removed beneficial organisms that helped train and regulate immunity.

This biological disruption contributes to rising rates of:
- Autoimmune diseases (Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis)
- Allergic disorders (asthma, eczema, food allergies)
- Inflammatory conditions (IBS, chronic fatigue, migraines)
- Neuropsychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, autism spectrum traits)

---

## Therapeutic Species Available

Four species of helminth are currently available for therapeutic use, each meeting strict safety criteria:

<table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 20px 0;">
<tr style="background: #f5f5f5;">
<th style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; text-align: left;">Species</th>
<th style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; text-align: left;">Administration</th>
<th style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; text-align: left;">Duration</th>
<th style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px; text-align: left;">Primary Indications</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;"><strong>Necator americanus</strong> (NA)<br><em>Human hookworm</em></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Applied to skin</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Long-lasting (years)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Severe autoimmune conditions</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #fafafa;">
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;"><strong>Trichuris suis</strong> (TSO)<br><em>Pig whipworm ova</em></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Oral (drink)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">2-3 weeks</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Inflammatory bowel disease</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;"><strong>Hymenolepis diminuta</strong> (HDC)<br><em>Rat tapeworm larvae</em></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Oral (drink)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">2-4 weeks</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Allergies, mild conditions</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background: #fafafa;">
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;"><strong>Trichuris trichiura</strong> (TTO)<br><em>Human whipworm ova</em></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Oral (drink)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Long-lasting (years)</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 12px;">Complex immune conditions</td>
</tr>
</table>

**→ Detailed species comparison and selection guidance:** [[Choosing_a_helminth]]

---

## Safety Profile

Therapeutic helminths are specifically chosen because they:
- Cannot reproduce inside the human body
- Remain confined to the digestive tract
- Cause no disease at therapeutic doses
- Are easily eliminated with standard anti-parasitic medication
- Are compatible with most medications

### Clinical Evidence

- **70-80%** of users report health improvements
- **20+ years** of documented clinical use
- **1000+** documented case reports across 170+ conditions
- Extensive safety data from clinical trials and real-world use

**→ Complete safety information and contraindications:** [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]

---

## Treatment Expectations

### Timeline
**This therapy requires patience.** Most people see meaningful improvements between 3-6 months, with some requiring 6-18 months. Unlike pharmaceutical drugs, helminthic therapy works by gradually retraining the immune system.

### Individual Variation
Success depends on:
- Appropriate species selection for the condition
- Finding optimal dosing (varies significantly between individuals)
- Maintaining consistent treatment (usually ongoing)
- Access to knowledgeable medical guidance

Approximately 25% of users do not respond to treatment. The therapy is not a one-size-fits-all solution and requires individualized dosing protocols.

---

## Implementation Protocol

### Recommended Approach
1. **Comprehensive research** - Review safety guidelines and species information
2. **Medical consultation** - Engage supportive healthcare provider when possible
3. **Species selection** - Based on condition and individual circumstances
4. **Provider selection** - Choose from established, vetted suppliers
5. **Conservative initiation** - Start with minimal doses and monitor response

**→ Step-by-step implementation guide:** [[Getting_started_guide]]

---

## Additional Resources

### Scientific Background
- [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|Complete therapy history]] - Development from early observations to current practice
- [[Helminthic_therapy_research|Research evidence]] - Clinical trials and scientific studies
- [[Terminology|Medical terminology]] - Key terms and definitions

### Clinical Implementation
- [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|Information for healthcare providers]] - Clinical guidance and patient management
- [[Helminthic_therapy_practitioners|Healthcare practitioners]] - Directory of knowledgeable providers
- [[Human_helminth_care_manual|Drug interactions]] - Medication compatibility and contraindications

### Practical Considerations
- [[Helminth_providers|Supplier directory]] - Vetted commercial sources
- [[Helminth_incubation|Laboratory cultivation]] - Self-preparation methods
- [[Overcoming_worm_phobia|Addressing concerns]] - Managing treatment anxiety

### Clinical Outcomes
- [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories|Case reports]] - Documented treatment outcomes
- [[Online_support|Professional communities]] - Clinical discussion forums
- [[Getting_started_guide|Clinical troubleshooting]] - Managing treatment challenges

---

<div style="border-top: 1px solid #ddd; padding-top: 20px; margin-top: 30px; font-size: 0.9em; color: #666;">
<strong>Important:</strong> This information is for educational purposes. Helminthic therapy is not approved as a medical treatment outside of Thailand. Individuals considering this therapy should make informed decisions based on thorough research and, where appropriate, consultation with knowledgeable healthcare providers.
</div>

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T18:46:30Z

Laurel: s

# Introduction to Helminthic Therapy

<div style="background: white; border: 3px solid #dc3545; padding: 12px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 8px;">
<div style="font-size: 1.5em; margin-right: 10px; color: #dc3545;">⚠</div>
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #dc3545;">CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 8px;">
<strong>DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:</strong>
</div>
<ul style="margin: 8px 0; padding-left: 20px;">
<li><strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]</strong> - Safety guidelines and contraindications</li>
<li><strong>[[Choosing_a_helminth]]</strong> - Species selection guidance</li>
<li><strong>[[Getting_started_guide]]</strong> - Dosing and preparation protocols</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-style: italic; margin-top: 8px;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</div>
</div>

<div style="border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB; background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; margin: 20px 0; border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">► Medical Professional?</strong><br>
Start with our <strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|comprehensive professional overview]]</strong> covering clinical evidence, patient guidance, and regulatory considerations.

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">► Journalist or Researcher?</strong><br>
Begin with <strong>[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|the scientific history and evidence]]</strong> documenting this therapy's development alongside emerging research.

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">► Considering Treatment?</strong><br>
<strong>Essential first step:</strong> Read the safety information above, then continue with this overview to understand the fundamentals.

</div>

<strong style="font-size: 1.3em;">What Is Helminthic Therapy?</strong>

<div style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px; max-width: 300px;">
<div style="background: #e8f4f8; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB;">
<strong>► Watch:</strong> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28phztp-uG8 What is helminthic therapy?]<br>
<em>William Parker, retired Professor of Surgery, explains in this 2-minute video.</em>
</div>
</div>

<strong>Helminthic therapy</strong> is a carefully controlled approach that uses specially selected microscopic intestinal organisms—called therapeutic <strong>helminths</strong>—to help restore healthy immune balance.

These organisms have <strong>co-evolved with humans</strong> over millennia and play a natural role in regulating immune function. The therapy involves reintroducing a controlled number of these organisms to counteract the immune dysfunction that results from their absence in modern industrialized societies.

<strong style="font-size: 1.2em;">Why This Therapy Exists</strong>

The human immune system evolved alongside a rich internal ecosystem including bacteria, fungi, and helminths. <strong>Modern sanitation and medical advances</strong>—while eliminating dangerous pathogens—also removed beneficial organisms that helped train and regulate immunity.

This biological disruption contributes to rising rates of:
- <strong>Autoimmune diseases</strong> (Crohn's, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis)
- <strong>Allergic disorders</strong> (asthma, eczema, food allergies)
- <strong>Inflammatory conditions</strong> (IBS, chronic fatigue, migraines)
- <strong>Neuropsychiatric disorders</strong> (depression, anxiety, autism spectrum traits)

---

<strong style="font-size: 1.3em;">The Four Therapeutic Species</strong>

<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr)); gap: 20px; margin: 25px 0;">

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #28a745;">
<strong style="font-size: 1.1em; color: #28a745;">■ Hookworm (NA)</strong><br>
<strong>Necator americanus</strong><br>
Applied to skin • Long-lasting • Most researched<br>
<em>Best for: Severe autoimmune conditions</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #007bff;">
<strong style="font-size: 1.1em; color: #007bff;">■ Pig Whipworm (TSO)</strong><br>
<strong>Trichuris suis ova</strong><br>
Taken as drink • 2-3 week lifespan • FDA studied<br>
<em>Best for: Inflammatory bowel disease</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #6f42c1;">
<strong style="font-size: 1.1em; color: #6f42c1;">■ Rat Tapeworm (HDC)</strong><br>
<strong>Hymenolepis diminuta</strong><br>
Taken as drink • 2-4 week lifespan • Gentle option<br>
<em>Best for: Allergies, mild conditions</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #fd7e14;">
<strong style="font-size: 1.1em; color: #fd7e14;">■ Human Whipworm (TTO)</strong><br>
<strong>Trichuris trichiura ova</strong><br>
Taken as drink • Long-lasting • Limited availability<br>
<em>Best for: Complex immune conditions</em>
</div>

</div>

<strong>→ Detailed comparison:</strong> [[Choosing_a_helminth]]

---

<strong style="font-size: 1.3em;">Safety and Effectiveness</strong>

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e8f5e8 0%, #f0f8f0 100%); padding: 25px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #28a745; margin: 25px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">✓ Why These Organisms Are Safe</strong>

<strong>Therapeutic helminths</strong> are specifically chosen because they:
- <strong>Cannot reproduce</strong> inside the human body
- <strong>Remain in the digestive tract</strong> (don't migrate to organs)
- <strong>Cause no disease</strong> at therapeutic doses
- <strong>Are easily eliminated</strong> with standard anti-parasitic medication
- <strong>Are compatible</strong> with most medications

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">■ Real-World Results</strong>

<div style="display: flex; gap: 30px; margin: 20px 0; flex-wrap: wrap;">
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">70-80%</div>
<div>report health improvements</div>
</div>
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">20+ years</div>
<div>of safe clinical use</div>
</div>
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">1000+</div>
<div>documented success stories</div>
</div>
</div>

</div>

<strong>→ Complete safety information:</strong> [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]

---

<strong style="font-size: 1.3em;">What to Expect</strong>

<div style="background: #fff3cd; border: 1px solid #ffeaa7; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin: 25px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">◆ Timeline Expectations</strong>

<strong>This therapy requires patience.</strong> Most people see meaningful improvements between <strong>3-6 months</strong>, with some requiring <strong>6-18 months</strong>. Unlike pharmaceutical drugs, helminthic therapy works by gradually retraining your immune system.

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">◆ Individualized Approach</strong>

Success depends on:
- <strong>Choosing the right species</strong> for your condition
- <strong>Finding your optimal dose</strong> (varies significantly between individuals)
- <strong>Maintaining consistent treatment</strong> (usually ongoing)
- <strong>Working with a knowledgeable practitioner</strong> (when possible)

</div>

---

<strong style="font-size: 1.3em;">Getting Started</strong>

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e3f2fd 0%, #f1f8ff 100%); padding: 25px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #2196f3; margin: 25px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">Step-by-Step Process</strong>

1. <strong>Research thoroughly</strong> - Read safety guidelines and species information
2. <strong>Consider medical consultation</strong> - Find a supportive healthcare provider if possible
3. <strong>Choose your species</strong> - Based on your condition and circumstances
4. <strong>Select a provider</strong> - From vetted, established suppliers
5. <strong>Start conservatively</strong> - Begin with small doses and track your response

<strong>→ Detailed guidance:</strong> [[Getting_started_guide]]

</div>

---

<strong style="font-size: 1.3em;">Learn More</strong>

<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr)); gap: 25px; margin: 30px 0;">

<div>
<strong style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px; font-size: 1.1em;">■ Science & Background</strong>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|Complete therapy history]]</li>
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_research|Scientific research]]</li>
<li>[[Terminology|Key terms and definitions]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<strong style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px; font-size: 1.1em;">■ Working with Healthcare</strong>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|Information for doctors]]</li>
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_practitioners|Finding supportive practitioners]]</li>
<li>[[Human_helminth_care_manual|Drug interactions]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<strong style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px; font-size: 1.1em;">■ Practical Implementation</strong>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminth_providers|Reputable suppliers]]</li>
<li>[[Helminth_incubation|DIY cultivation methods]]</li>
<li>[[Overcoming_worm_phobia|Addressing concerns]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<strong style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px; font-size: 1.1em;">■ Community & Support</strong>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories|Success stories]]</li>
<li>[[Online_support|Communities and forums]]</li>
<li>[[Getting_started_guide|Troubleshooting guide]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

</div>

---

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #6c757d; margin: 30px 0; font-size: 0.95em; color: #6c757d;">
<strong>Important:</strong> This information is for educational purposes. Helminthic therapy is not approved as a medical treatment outside of Thailand. Individuals considering this therapy should make informed decisions based on thorough research and, where appropriate, consultation with knowledgeable healthcare providers.
</div>

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T18:46:08Z

Laurel: Protected "User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

# Introduction to Helminthic Therapy

<div style="background: white; border: 3px solid #dc3545; padding: 12px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 8px;">
<div style="font-size: 1.5em; margin-right: 10px; color: #dc3545;">⚠️</div>
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #dc3545;">CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 8px;">
<strong>DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:</strong>
</div>
<ul style="margin: 8px 0; padding-left: 20px;">
<li><strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]</strong> - Safety guidelines and contraindications</li>
<li><strong>[[Choosing_a_helminth]]</strong> - Species selection guidance</li>
<li><strong>[[Getting_started_guide]]</strong> - Dosing and preparation protocols</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-style: italic; margin-top: 8px;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</div>
</div>

<div style="border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB; background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; margin: 20px 0; border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">👩‍⚕️ Medical Professional?</strong><br>
Start with our <strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|comprehensive professional overview]]</strong> covering clinical evidence, patient guidance, and regulatory considerations.

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">📰 Journalist or Researcher?</strong><br>
Begin with <strong>[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|the scientific history and evidence]]</strong> documenting this therapy's development alongside emerging research.

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">🤔 Considering Treatment?</strong><br>
<strong>Essential first step:</strong> Read the safety information above, then continue with this overview to understand the fundamentals.

</div>

## What Is Helminthic Therapy?

<div style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px; max-width: 300px;">
<div style="background: #e8f4f8; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB;">
<strong>📺 Watch:</strong> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28phztp-uG8 What is helminthic therapy?]<br>
<em>William Parker, retired Professor of Surgery, explains in this 2-minute video.</em>
</div>
</div>

**Helminthic therapy** is a carefully controlled approach that uses specially selected microscopic intestinal organisms—called therapeutic **helminths**—to help restore healthy immune balance.

These organisms have **co-evolved with humans** over millennia and play a natural role in regulating immune function. The therapy involves reintroducing a controlled number of these organisms to counteract the immune dysfunction that results from their absence in modern industrialized societies.

### Why This Therapy Exists

The human immune system evolved alongside a rich internal ecosystem including bacteria, fungi, and helminths. **Modern sanitation and medical advances**—while eliminating dangerous pathogens—also removed beneficial organisms that helped train and regulate immunity.

This biological disruption contributes to rising rates of:
- **Autoimmune diseases** (Crohn's, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis)
- **Allergic disorders** (asthma, eczema, food allergies)
- **Inflammatory conditions** (IBS, chronic fatigue, migraines)
- **Neuropsychiatric disorders** (depression, anxiety, autism spectrum traits)

---

## The Four Therapeutic Species

<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr)); gap: 20px; margin: 25px 0;">

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #28a745;">
<strong style="font-size: 1.1em; color: #28a745;">🪱 Hookworm (NA)</strong><br>
<strong>Necator americanus</strong><br>
Applied to skin • Long-lasting • Most researched<br>
<em>Best for: Severe autoimmune conditions</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #007bff;">
<strong style="font-size: 1.1em; color: #007bff;">🥤 Pig Whipworm (TSO)</strong><br>
<strong>Trichuris suis ova</strong><br>
Taken as drink • 2-3 week lifespan • FDA studied<br>
<em>Best for: Inflammatory bowel disease</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #6f42c1;">
<strong style="font-size: 1.1em; color: #6f42c1;">🦠 Rat Tapeworm (HDC)</strong><br>
<strong>Hymenolepis diminuta</strong><br>
Taken as drink • 2-4 week lifespan • Gentle option<br>
<em>Best for: Allergies, mild conditions</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #fd7e14;">
<strong style="font-size: 1.1em; color: #fd7e14;">🌿 Human Whipworm (TTO)</strong><br>
<strong>Trichuris trichiura ova</strong><br>
Taken as drink • Long-lasting • Limited availability<br>
<em>Best for: Complex immune conditions</em>
</div>

</div>

**→ Detailed comparison:** [[Choosing_a_helminth]]

---

## Safety and Effectiveness

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e8f5e8 0%, #f0f8f0 100%); padding: 25px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #28a745; margin: 25px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">✅ Why These Organisms Are Safe</strong>

<strong>Therapeutic helminths</strong> are specifically chosen because they:
- <strong>Cannot reproduce</strong> inside the human body
- <strong>Remain in the digestive tract</strong> (don't migrate to organs)
- <strong>Cause no disease</strong> at therapeutic doses
- <strong>Are easily eliminated</strong> with standard anti-parasitic medication
- <strong>Are compatible</strong> with most medications

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">📊 Real-World Results</strong>

<div style="display: flex; gap: 30px; margin: 20px 0; flex-wrap: wrap;">
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">70-80%</div>
<div>report health improvements</div>
</div>
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">20+ years</div>
<div>of safe clinical use</div>
</div>
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">1000+</div>
<div>documented success stories</div>
</div>
</div>

</div>

**→ Complete safety information:** [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]

---

## What to Expect

<div style="background: #fff3cd; border: 1px solid #ffeaa7; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin: 25px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">⏱️ Timeline Expectations</strong>

<strong>This therapy requires patience.</strong> Most people see meaningful improvements between <strong>3-6 months</strong>, with some requiring <strong>6-18 months</strong>. Unlike pharmaceutical drugs, helminthic therapy works by gradually retraining your immune system.

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">🎯 Individualized Approach</strong>

Success depends on:
- <strong>Choosing the right species</strong> for your condition
- <strong>Finding your optimal dose</strong> (varies significantly between individuals)
- <strong>Maintaining consistent treatment</strong> (usually ongoing)
- <strong>Working with a knowledgeable practitioner</strong> (when possible)

</div>

---

## Getting Started

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e3f2fd 0%, #f1f8ff 100%); padding: 25px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #2196f3; margin: 25px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">Step-by-Step Process</strong>

1. **📚 Research thoroughly** - Read safety guidelines and species information
2. **🩺 Consider medical consultation** - Find a supportive healthcare provider if possible
3. **🧬 Choose your species** - Based on your condition and circumstances
4. **🏪 Select a provider** - From vetted, established suppliers
5. **📝 Start conservatively** - Begin with small doses and track your response

**→ Detailed guidance:** [[Getting_started_guide]]

</div>

---

## Learn More

<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr)); gap: 25px; margin: 30px 0;">

<div>
<strong style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px; font-size: 1.1em;">🔬 Science & Background</strong>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|Complete therapy history]]</li>
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_research|Scientific research]]</li>
<li>[[Terminology|Key terms and definitions]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<strong style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px; font-size: 1.1em;">⚕️ Working with Healthcare</strong>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|Information for doctors]]</li>
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_practitioners|Finding supportive practitioners]]</li>
<li>[[Human_helminth_care_manual|Drug interactions]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<strong style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px; font-size: 1.1em;">🛒 Practical Implementation</strong>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminth_providers|Reputable suppliers]]</li>
<li>[[Helminth_incubation|DIY cultivation methods]]</li>
<li>[[Overcoming_worm_phobia|Addressing concerns]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<strong style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px; font-size: 1.1em;">👥 Community & Support</strong>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories|Success stories]]</li>
<li>[[Online_support|Communities and forums]]</li>
<li>[[Getting_started_guide|Troubleshooting guide]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

</div>

---

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #6c757d; margin: 30px 0; font-size: 0.95em; color: #6c757d;">
<strong>Important:</strong> This information is for educational purposes. Helminthic therapy is not approved as a medical treatment outside of Thailand. Individuals considering this therapy should make informed decisions based on thorough research and, where appropriate, consultation with knowledgeable healthcare providers.
</div>

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T18:43:00Z

Laurel: s

# Introduction to Helminthic Therapy

<div style="background: white; border: 3px solid #dc3545; padding: 12px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 8px;">
<div style="font-size: 1.5em; margin-right: 10px; color: #dc3545;">⚠️</div>
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #dc3545;">CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 8px;">
<strong>DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:</strong>
</div>
<ul style="margin: 8px 0; padding-left: 20px;">
<li><strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]</strong> - Safety guidelines and contraindications</li>
<li><strong>[[Choosing_a_helminth]]</strong> - Species selection guidance</li>
<li><strong>[[Getting_started_guide]]</strong> - Dosing and preparation protocols</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-style: italic; margin-top: 8px;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</div>
</div>

<div style="border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB; background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; margin: 20px 0; border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">👩‍⚕️ Medical Professional?</strong><br>
Start with our <strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|comprehensive professional overview]]</strong> covering clinical evidence, patient guidance, and regulatory considerations.

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">📰 Journalist or Researcher?</strong><br>
Begin with <strong>[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|the scientific history and evidence]]</strong> documenting this therapy's development alongside emerging research.

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">🤔 Considering Treatment?</strong><br>
<strong>Essential first step:</strong> Read the safety information above, then continue with this overview to understand the fundamentals.

</div>

## What Is Helminthic Therapy?

<div style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px; max-width: 300px;">
<div style="background: #e8f4f8; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB;">
<strong>📺 Watch:</strong> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28phztp-uG8 What is helminthic therapy?]<br>
<em>William Parker, retired Professor of Surgery, explains in this 2-minute video.</em>
</div>
</div>

**Helminthic therapy** is a carefully controlled approach that uses specially selected microscopic intestinal organisms—called therapeutic **helminths**—to help restore healthy immune balance.

These organisms have **co-evolved with humans** over millennia and play a natural role in regulating immune function. The therapy involves reintroducing a controlled number of these organisms to counteract the immune dysfunction that results from their absence in modern industrialized societies.

### Why This Therapy Exists

The human immune system evolved alongside a rich internal ecosystem including bacteria, fungi, and helminths. **Modern sanitation and medical advances**—while eliminating dangerous pathogens—also removed beneficial organisms that helped train and regulate immunity.

This biological disruption contributes to rising rates of:
- **Autoimmune diseases** (Crohn's, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis)
- **Allergic disorders** (asthma, eczema, food allergies)
- **Inflammatory conditions** (IBS, chronic fatigue, migraines)
- **Neuropsychiatric disorders** (depression, anxiety, autism spectrum traits)

---

## The Four Therapeutic Species

<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr)); gap: 20px; margin: 25px 0;">

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #28a745;">
<strong style="font-size: 1.1em; color: #28a745;">🪱 Hookworm (NA)</strong><br>
<strong>Necator americanus</strong><br>
Applied to skin • Long-lasting • Most researched<br>
<em>Best for: Severe autoimmune conditions</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #007bff;">
<strong style="font-size: 1.1em; color: #007bff;">🥤 Pig Whipworm (TSO)</strong><br>
<strong>Trichuris suis ova</strong><br>
Taken as drink • 2-3 week lifespan • FDA studied<br>
<em>Best for: Inflammatory bowel disease</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #6f42c1;">
<strong style="font-size: 1.1em; color: #6f42c1;">🦠 Rat Tapeworm (HDC)</strong><br>
<strong>Hymenolepis diminuta</strong><br>
Taken as drink • 2-4 week lifespan • Gentle option<br>
<em>Best for: Allergies, mild conditions</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #fd7e14;">
<strong style="font-size: 1.1em; color: #fd7e14;">🌿 Human Whipworm (TTO)</strong><br>
<strong>Trichuris trichiura ova</strong><br>
Taken as drink • Long-lasting • Limited availability<br>
<em>Best for: Complex immune conditions</em>
</div>

</div>

**→ Detailed comparison:** [[Choosing_a_helminth]]

---

## Safety and Effectiveness

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e8f5e8 0%, #f0f8f0 100%); padding: 25px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #28a745; margin: 25px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">✅ Why These Organisms Are Safe</strong>

<strong>Therapeutic helminths</strong> are specifically chosen because they:
- <strong>Cannot reproduce</strong> inside the human body
- <strong>Remain in the digestive tract</strong> (don't migrate to organs)
- <strong>Cause no disease</strong> at therapeutic doses
- <strong>Are easily eliminated</strong> with standard anti-parasitic medication
- <strong>Are compatible</strong> with most medications

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">📊 Real-World Results</strong>

<div style="display: flex; gap: 30px; margin: 20px 0; flex-wrap: wrap;">
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">70-80%</div>
<div>report health improvements</div>
</div>
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">20+ years</div>
<div>of safe clinical use</div>
</div>
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">1000+</div>
<div>documented success stories</div>
</div>
</div>

</div>

**→ Complete safety information:** [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]

---

## What to Expect

<div style="background: #fff3cd; border: 1px solid #ffeaa7; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin: 25px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">⏱️ Timeline Expectations</strong>

<strong>This therapy requires patience.</strong> Most people see meaningful improvements between <strong>3-6 months</strong>, with some requiring <strong>6-18 months</strong>. Unlike pharmaceutical drugs, helminthic therapy works by gradually retraining your immune system.

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">🎯 Individualized Approach</strong>

Success depends on:
- <strong>Choosing the right species</strong> for your condition
- <strong>Finding your optimal dose</strong> (varies significantly between individuals)
- <strong>Maintaining consistent treatment</strong> (usually ongoing)
- <strong>Working with a knowledgeable practitioner</strong> (when possible)

</div>

---

## Getting Started

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e3f2fd 0%, #f1f8ff 100%); padding: 25px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #2196f3; margin: 25px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">Step-by-Step Process</strong>

1. **📚 Research thoroughly** - Read safety guidelines and species information
2. **🩺 Consider medical consultation** - Find a supportive healthcare provider if possible
3. **🧬 Choose your species** - Based on your condition and circumstances
4. **🏪 Select a provider** - From vetted, established suppliers
5. **📝 Start conservatively** - Begin with small doses and track your response

**→ Detailed guidance:** [[Getting_started_guide]]

</div>

---

## Learn More

<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr)); gap: 25px; margin: 30px 0;">

<div>
<strong style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px; font-size: 1.1em;">🔬 Science & Background</strong>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|Complete therapy history]]</li>
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_research|Scientific research]]</li>
<li>[[Terminology|Key terms and definitions]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<strong style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px; font-size: 1.1em;">⚕️ Working with Healthcare</strong>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|Information for doctors]]</li>
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_practitioners|Finding supportive practitioners]]</li>
<li>[[Human_helminth_care_manual|Drug interactions]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<strong style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px; font-size: 1.1em;">🛒 Practical Implementation</strong>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminth_providers|Reputable suppliers]]</li>
<li>[[Helminth_incubation|DIY cultivation methods]]</li>
<li>[[Overcoming_worm_phobia|Addressing concerns]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<strong style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px; font-size: 1.1em;">👥 Community & Support</strong>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories|Success stories]]</li>
<li>[[Online_support|Communities and forums]]</li>
<li>[[Getting_started_guide|Troubleshooting guide]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

</div>

---

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #6c757d; margin: 30px 0; font-size: 0.95em; color: #6c757d;">
<strong>Important:</strong> This information is for educational purposes. Helminthic therapy is not approved as a medical treatment outside of Thailand. Individuals considering this therapy should make informed decisions based on thorough research and, where appropriate, consultation with knowledgeable healthcare providers.
</div>

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T18:41:09Z

Laurel: s

# Introduction to Helminthic Therapy

<div style="background: white; border: 3px solid #dc3545; padding: 12px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 8px;">
<div style="font-size: 1.5em; margin-right: 10px; color: #dc3545;">⚠️</div>
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #dc3545;">CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 8px;">
<strong>DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:</strong>
</div>
<ul style="margin: 8px 0; padding-left: 20px;">
<li><strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]</strong> - Safety guidelines and contraindications</li>
<li><strong>[[Choosing_a_helminth]]</strong> - Species selection guidance</li>
<li><strong>[[Getting_started_guide]]</strong> - Dosing and preparation protocols</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-style: italic; margin-top: 8px;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</div>
</div>

<div style="border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB; background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; margin: 20px 0; border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">👩‍⚕️ Medical Professional?</strong><br>
Start with our <strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|comprehensive professional overview]]</strong> covering clinical evidence, patient guidance, and regulatory considerations.

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">📰 Journalist or Researcher?</strong><br>
Begin with <strong>[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|the scientific history and evidence]]</strong> documenting this therapy's development alongside emerging research.

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">🤔 Considering Treatment?</strong><br>
<strong>Essential first step:</strong> Read the safety information above, then continue with this overview to understand the fundamentals.

</div>

## What Is Helminthic Therapy?

<div style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px; max-width: 300px;">
<div style="background: #e8f4f8; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB;">
<strong>📺 Watch:</strong> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28phztp-uG8 What is helminthic therapy?]<br>
<em>William Parker, retired Professor of Surgery, explains in this 2-minute video.</em>
</div>
</div>

**Helminthic therapy** is a carefully controlled approach that uses specially selected microscopic intestinal organisms—called therapeutic **helminths**—to help restore healthy immune balance.

These organisms have **co-evolved with humans** over millennia and play a natural role in regulating immune function. The therapy involves reintroducing a controlled number of these organisms to counteract the immune dysfunction that results from their absence in modern industrialized societies.

### Why This Therapy Exists

The human immune system evolved alongside a rich internal ecosystem including bacteria, fungi, and helminths. **Modern sanitation and medical advances**—while eliminating dangerous pathogens—also removed beneficial organisms that helped train and regulate immunity.

This biological disruption contributes to rising rates of:
- **Autoimmune diseases** (Crohn's, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis)
- **Allergic disorders** (asthma, eczema, food allergies)
- **Inflammatory conditions** (IBS, chronic fatigue, migraines)
- **Neuropsychiatric disorders** (depression, anxiety, autism spectrum traits)

---

## The Four Therapeutic Species

<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr)); gap: 20px; margin: 25px 0;">

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #28a745;">
<strong style="font-size: 1.1em; color: #28a745;">🪱 Hookworm (NA)</strong><br>
<strong>Necator americanus</strong><br>
Applied to skin • Long-lasting • Most researched<br>
<em>Best for: Severe autoimmune conditions</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #007bff;">
<strong style="font-size: 1.1em; color: #007bff;">🥤 Pig Whipworm (TSO)</strong><br>
<strong>Trichuris suis ova</strong><br>
Taken as drink • 2-3 week lifespan • FDA studied<br>
<em>Best for: Inflammatory bowel disease</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #6f42c1;">
<strong style="font-size: 1.1em; color: #6f42c1;">🦠 Rat Tapeworm (HDC)</strong><br>
<strong>Hymenolepis diminuta</strong><br>
Taken as drink • 2-4 week lifespan • Gentle option<br>
<em>Best for: Allergies, mild conditions</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #fd7e14;">
<strong style="font-size: 1.1em; color: #fd7e14;">🌿 Human Whipworm (TTO)</strong><br>
<strong>Trichuris trichiura ova</strong><br>
Taken as drink • Long-lasting • Limited availability<br>
<em>Best for: Complex immune conditions</em>
</div>

</div>

**→ Detailed comparison:** [[Choosing_a_helminth]]

---

## Safety and Effectiveness

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e8f5e8 0%, #f0f8f0 100%); padding: 25px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #28a745; margin: 25px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">✅ Why These Organisms Are Safe</strong>

<strong>Therapeutic helminths</strong> are specifically chosen because they:
- <strong>Cannot reproduce</strong> inside the human body
- <strong>Remain in the digestive tract</strong> (don't migrate to organs)
- <strong>Cause no disease</strong> at therapeutic doses
- <strong>Are easily eliminated</strong> with standard anti-parasitic medication
- <strong>Are compatible</strong> with most medications

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">📊 Real-World Results</strong>

<div style="display: flex; gap: 30px; margin: 20px 0; flex-wrap: wrap;">
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">70-80%</div>
<div>report health improvements</div>
</div>
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">20+ years</div>
<div>of safe clinical use</div>
</div>
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">1000+</div>
<div>documented success stories</div>
</div>
</div>

</div>

**→ Complete safety information:** [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]

---

## What to Expect

<div style="background: #fff3cd; border: 1px solid #ffeaa7; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin: 25px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">⏱️ Timeline Expectations</strong>

<strong>This therapy requires patience.</strong> Most people see meaningful improvements between <strong>3-6 months</strong>, with some requiring <strong>6-18 months</strong>. Unlike pharmaceutical drugs, helminthic therapy works by gradually retraining your immune system.

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">🎯 Individualized Approach</strong>

Success depends on:
- <strong>Choosing the right species</strong> for your condition
- <strong>Finding your optimal dose</strong> (varies significantly between individuals)
- <strong>Maintaining consistent treatment</strong> (usually ongoing)
- <strong>Working with a knowledgeable practitioner</strong> (when possible)

</div>

---

## Getting Started

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e3f2fd 0%, #f1f8ff 100%); padding: 25px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #2196f3; margin: 25px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">Step-by-Step Process</strong>

1. **📚 Research thoroughly** - Read safety guidelines and species information
2. **🩺 Consider medical consultation** - Find a supportive healthcare provider if possible
3. **🧬 Choose your species** - Based on your condition and circumstances
4. **🏪 Select a provider** - From vetted, established suppliers
5. **📝 Start conservatively** - Begin with small doses and track your response

**→ Detailed guidance:** [[Getting_started_guide]]

</div>

---

## Learn More

<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr)); gap: 25px; margin: 30px 0;">

<div>
<strong style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px; font-size: 1.1em;">🔬 Science & Background</strong>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|Complete therapy history]]</li>
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_research|Scientific research]]</li>
<li>[[Terminology|Key terms and definitions]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<strong style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px; font-size: 1.1em;">⚕️ Working with Healthcare</strong>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|Information for doctors]]</li>
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_practitioners|Finding supportive practitioners]]</li>
<li>[[Human_helminth_care_manual|Drug interactions]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<strong style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px; font-size: 1.1em;">🛒 Practical Implementation</strong>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminth_providers|Reputable suppliers]]</li>
<li>[[Helminth_incubation|DIY cultivation methods]]</li>
<li>[[Overcoming_worm_phobia|Addressing concerns]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<strong style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px; font-size: 1.1em;">👥 Community & Support</strong>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories|Success stories]]</li>
<li>[[Online_support|Communities and forums]]</li>
<li>[[Getting_started_guide|Troubleshooting guide]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

</div>

---

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #6c757d; margin: 30px 0; font-size: 0.95em; color: #6c757d;">
<strong>Important:</strong> This information is for educational purposes. Helminthic therapy is not approved as a medical treatment outside of Thailand. Individuals considering this therapy should make informed decisions based on thorough research and, where appropriate, consultation with knowledgeable healthcare providers.
</div>s

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T18:39:15Z

Laurel: s

# Introduction to Helminthic Therapy

<div style="background: white; border: 3px solid #dc3545; padding: 12px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 8px;">
<div style="font-size: 1.5em; margin-right: 10px; color: #dc3545;">⚠️</div>
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #dc3545;">CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 8px;">
<strong>DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:</strong>
</div>
<ul style="margin: 8px 0; padding-left: 20px;">
<li><strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]</strong> - Safety guidelines and contraindications</li>
<li><strong>[[Choosing_a_helminth]]</strong> - Species selection guidance</li>
<li><strong>[[Getting_started_guide]]</strong> - Dosing and preparation protocols</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-style: italic; margin-top: 8px;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</div>
</div>

<div style="border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB; background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; margin: 20px 0; border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">👩‍⚕️ Medical Professional?</strong><br>
Start with our <strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|comprehensive professional overview]]</strong> covering clinical evidence, patient guidance, and regulatory considerations.

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">📰 Journalist or Researcher?</strong><br>
Begin with <strong>[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|the scientific history and evidence]]</strong> documenting this therapy's development alongside emerging research.

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">🤔 Considering Treatment?</strong><br>
<strong>Essential first step:</strong> Read the safety information above, then continue with this overview to understand the fundamentals.

</div>

## What Is Helminthic Therapy?

<div style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px; max-width: 300px;">
<div style="background: #e8f4f8; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB;">
<strong>📺 Watch:</strong> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28phztp-uG8 What is helminthic therapy?]<br>
<em>William Parker, retired Professor of Surgery, explains in this 2-minute video.</em>
</div>
</div>

**Helminthic therapy** is a carefully controlled approach that uses specially selected microscopic intestinal organisms—called therapeutic **helminths**—to help restore healthy immune balance.

These organisms have **co-evolved with humans** over millennia and play a natural role in regulating immune function. The therapy involves reintroducing a controlled number of these organisms to counteract the immune dysfunction that results from their absence in modern industrialized societies.

### Why This Therapy Exists

The human immune system evolved alongside a rich internal ecosystem including bacteria, fungi, and helminths. **Modern sanitation and medical advances**—while eliminating dangerous pathogens—also removed beneficial organisms that helped train and regulate immunity.

This biological disruption contributes to rising rates of:
- **Autoimmune diseases** (Crohn's, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis)
- **Allergic disorders** (asthma, eczema, food allergies)
- **Inflammatory conditions** (IBS, chronic fatigue, migraines)
- **Neuropsychiatric disorders** (depression, anxiety, autism spectrum traits)

---

## The Four Therapeutic Species

<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr)); gap: 20px; margin: 25px 0;">

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #28a745;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #28a745;">🪱 Hookworm (NA)</h3>
<strong>Necator americanus</strong><br>
Applied to skin • Long-lasting • Most researched<br>
<em>Best for: Severe autoimmune conditions</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #007bff;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #007bff;">🥤 Pig Whipworm (TSO)</h3>
<strong>Trichuris suis ova</strong><br>
Taken as drink • 2-3 week lifespan • FDA studied<br>
<em>Best for: Inflammatory bowel disease</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #6f42c1;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #6f42c1;">🦠 Rat Tapeworm (HDC)</h3>
<strong>Hymenolepis diminuta</strong><br>
Taken as drink • 2-4 week lifespan • Gentle option<br>
<em>Best for: Allergies, mild conditions</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #fd7e14;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #fd7e14;">🌿 Human Whipworm (TTO)</h3>
<strong>Trichuris trichiura ova</strong><br>
Taken as drink • Long-lasting • Limited availability<br>
<em>Best for: Complex immune conditions</em>
</div>

</div>

**→ Detailed comparison:** [[Choosing_a_helminth]]

---

## Safety and Effectiveness

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e8f5e8 0%, #f0f8f0 100%); padding: 25px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #28a745; margin: 25px 0;">

### ✅ Why These Organisms Are Safe

**Therapeutic helminths** are specifically chosen because they:
- **Cannot reproduce** inside the human body
- **Remain in the digestive tract** (don't migrate to organs)
- **Cause no disease** at therapeutic doses
- **Are easily eliminated** with standard anti-parasitic medication
- **Are compatible** with most medications

### 📊 Real-World Results

<div style="display: flex; gap: 30px; margin: 20px 0; flex-wrap: wrap;">
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">70-80%</div>
<div>report health improvements</div>
</div>
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">20+ years</div>
<div>of safe clinical use</div>
</div>
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">1000+</div>
<div>documented success stories</div>
</div>
</div>

</div>

**→ Complete safety information:** [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]

---

## What to Expect

<div style="background: #fff3cd; border: 1px solid #ffeaa7; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin: 25px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">⏱️ Timeline Expectations</strong>

<strong>This therapy requires patience.</strong> Most people see meaningful improvements between <strong>3-6 months</strong>, with some requiring <strong>6-18 months</strong>. Unlike pharmaceutical drugs, helminthic therapy works by gradually retraining your immune system.

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">🎯 Individualized Approach</strong>

Success depends on:
- <strong>Choosing the right species</strong> for your condition
- <strong>Finding your optimal dose</strong> (varies significantly between individuals)
- <strong>Maintaining consistent treatment</strong> (usually ongoing)
- <strong>Working with a knowledgeable practitioner</strong> (when possible)

</div>

---

## Getting Started

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e3f2fd 0%, #f1f8ff 100%); padding: 25px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #2196f3; margin: 25px 0;">

### Step-by-Step Process

1. **📚 Research thoroughly** - Read safety guidelines and species information
2. **🩺 Consider medical consultation** - Find a supportive healthcare provider if possible
3. **🧬 Choose your species** - Based on your condition and circumstances
4. **🏪 Select a provider** - From vetted, established suppliers
5. **📝 Start conservatively** - Begin with small doses and track your response

**→ Detailed guidance:** [[Getting_started_guide]]

</div>

---

## Learn More

<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr)); gap: 25px; margin: 30px 0;">

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">🔬 Science & Background</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|Complete therapy history]]</li>
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_research|Scientific research]]</li>
<li>[[Terminology|Key terms and definitions]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">⚕️ Working with Healthcare</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|Information for doctors]]</li>
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_practitioners|Finding supportive practitioners]]</li>
<li>[[Human_helminth_care_manual|Drug interactions]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">🛒 Practical Implementation</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminth_providers|Reputable suppliers]]</li>
<li>[[Helminth_incubation|DIY cultivation methods]]</li>
<li>[[Overcoming_worm_phobia|Addressing concerns]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">👥 Community & Support</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories|Success stories]]</li>
<li>[[Online_support|Communities and forums]]</li>
<li>[[Getting_started_guide|Troubleshooting guide]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

</div>

---

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #6c757d; margin: 30px 0; font-size: 0.95em; color: #6c757d;">
<strong>Important:</strong> This information is for educational purposes. Helminthic therapy is not approved as a medical treatment outside of Thailand. Individuals considering this therapy should make informed decisions based on thorough research and, where appropriate, consultation with knowledgeable healthcare providers.
</div>

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T18:37:41Z

Laurel: s

# Introduction to Helminthic Therapy

<div style="background: white; border: 3px solid #dc3545; padding: 12px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 8px;">
<div style="font-size: 1.5em; margin-right: 10px; color: #dc3545;">⚠️</div>
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #dc3545;">CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 8px;">
<strong>DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:</strong>
</div>
<ul style="margin: 8px 0; padding-left: 20px;">
<li><strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]</strong> - Safety guidelines and contraindications</li>
<li><strong>[[Choosing_a_helminth]]</strong> - Species selection guidance</li>
<li><strong>[[Getting_started_guide]]</strong> - Dosing and preparation protocols</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-style: italic; margin-top: 8px;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</div>
</div>

<div style="border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB; background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; margin: 20px 0; border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">👩‍⚕️ Medical Professional?</strong><br>
Start with our <strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|comprehensive professional overview]]</strong> covering clinical evidence, patient guidance, and regulatory considerations.

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">📰 Journalist or Researcher?</strong><br>
Begin with <strong>[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|the scientific history and evidence]]</strong> documenting this therapy's development alongside emerging research.

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">🤔 Considering Treatment?</strong><br>
<strong>Essential first step:</strong> Read the safety information above, then continue with this overview to understand the fundamentals.

</div>

## What Is Helminthic Therapy?

<div style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px; max-width: 300px;">
<div style="background: #e8f4f8; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB;">
<strong>📺 Watch:</strong> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28phztp-uG8 What is helminthic therapy?]<br>
<em>William Parker, retired Professor of Surgery, explains in this 2-minute video.</em>
</div>
</div>

**Helminthic therapy** is a carefully controlled approach that uses specially selected microscopic intestinal organisms—called therapeutic **helminths**—to help restore healthy immune balance.

These organisms have **co-evolved with humans** over millennia and play a natural role in regulating immune function. The therapy involves reintroducing a controlled number of these organisms to counteract the immune dysfunction that results from their absence in modern industrialized societies.

### Why This Therapy Exists

The human immune system evolved alongside a rich internal ecosystem including bacteria, fungi, and helminths. **Modern sanitation and medical advances**—while eliminating dangerous pathogens—also removed beneficial organisms that helped train and regulate immunity.

This biological disruption contributes to rising rates of:
- **Autoimmune diseases** (Crohn's, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis)
- **Allergic disorders** (asthma, eczema, food allergies)
- **Inflammatory conditions** (IBS, chronic fatigue, migraines)
- **Neuropsychiatric disorders** (depression, anxiety, autism spectrum traits)

---

## The Four Therapeutic Species

<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr)); gap: 20px; margin: 25px 0;">

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #28a745;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #28a745;">🪱 Hookworm (NA)</h3>
<strong>Necator americanus</strong><br>
Applied to skin • Long-lasting • Most researched<br>
<em>Best for: Severe autoimmune conditions</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #007bff;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #007bff;">🥤 Pig Whipworm (TSO)</h3>
<strong>Trichuris suis ova</strong><br>
Taken as drink • 2-3 week lifespan • FDA studied<br>
<em>Best for: Inflammatory bowel disease</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #6f42c1;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #6f42c1;">🦠 Rat Tapeworm (HDC)</h3>
<strong>Hymenolepis diminuta</strong><br>
Taken as drink • 2-4 week lifespan • Gentle option<br>
<em>Best for: Allergies, mild conditions</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #fd7e14;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #fd7e14;">🌿 Human Whipworm (TTO)</h3>
<strong>Trichuris trichiura ova</strong><br>
Taken as drink • Long-lasting • Limited availability<br>
<em>Best for: Complex immune conditions</em>
</div>

</div>

**→ Detailed comparison:** [[Choosing_a_helminth]]

---

## Safety and Effectiveness

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e8f5e8 0%, #f0f8f0 100%); padding: 25px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #28a745; margin: 25px 0;">

### ✅ Why These Organisms Are Safe

**Therapeutic helminths** are specifically chosen because they:
- **Cannot reproduce** inside the human body
- **Remain in the digestive tract** (don't migrate to organs)
- **Cause no disease** at therapeutic doses
- **Are easily eliminated** with standard anti-parasitic medication
- **Are compatible** with most medications

### 📊 Real-World Results

<div style="display: flex; gap: 30px; margin: 20px 0; flex-wrap: wrap;">
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">70-80%</div>
<div>report health improvements</div>
</div>
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">20+ years</div>
<div>of safe clinical use</div>
</div>
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">1000+</div>
<div>documented success stories</div>
</div>
</div>

</div>

**→ Complete safety information:** [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]

---

## What to Expect

<div style="background: #fff3cd; border: 1px solid #ffeaa7; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin: 25px 0;">

### ⏱️ Timeline Expectations

**This therapy requires patience.** Most people see meaningful improvements between **3-6 months**, with some requiring **6-18 months**. Unlike pharmaceutical drugs, helminthic therapy works by gradually retraining your immune system.

### 🎯 Individualized Approach

Success depends on:
- **Choosing the right species** for your condition
- **Finding your optimal dose** (varies significantly between individuals)
- **Maintaining consistent treatment** (usually ongoing)
- **Working with a knowledgeable practitioner** (when possible)

</div>

---

## Getting Started

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e3f2fd 0%, #f1f8ff 100%); padding: 25px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #2196f3; margin: 25px 0;">

### Step-by-Step Process

1. **📚 Research thoroughly** - Read safety guidelines and species information
2. **🩺 Consider medical consultation** - Find a supportive healthcare provider if possible
3. **🧬 Choose your species** - Based on your condition and circumstances
4. **🏪 Select a provider** - From vetted, established suppliers
5. **📝 Start conservatively** - Begin with small doses and track your response

**→ Detailed guidance:** [[Getting_started_guide]]

</div>

---

## Learn More

<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr)); gap: 25px; margin: 30px 0;">

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">🔬 Science & Background</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|Complete therapy history]]</li>
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_research|Scientific research]]</li>
<li>[[Terminology|Key terms and definitions]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">⚕️ Working with Healthcare</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|Information for doctors]]</li>
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_practitioners|Finding supportive practitioners]]</li>
<li>[[Human_helminth_care_manual|Drug interactions]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">🛒 Practical Implementation</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminth_providers|Reputable suppliers]]</li>
<li>[[Helminth_incubation|DIY cultivation methods]]</li>
<li>[[Overcoming_worm_phobia|Addressing concerns]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">👥 Community & Support</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories|Success stories]]</li>
<li>[[Online_support|Communities and forums]]</li>
<li>[[Getting_started_guide|Troubleshooting guide]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

</div>

---

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #6c757d; margin: 30px 0; font-size: 0.95em; color: #6c757d;">
<strong>Important:</strong> This information is for educational purposes. Helminthic therapy is not approved as a medical treatment outside of Thailand. Individuals considering this therapy should make informed decisions based on thorough research and, where appropriate, consultation with knowledgeable healthcare providers.
</div>

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T18:36:17Z

Laurel: s

# Introduction to Helminthic Therapy

<div style="background: white; border: 3px solid #dc3545; padding: 12px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 8px;">
<div style="font-size: 1.5em; margin-right: 10px; color: #dc3545;">⚠️</div>
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #dc3545;">CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 8px;">
<strong>DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:</strong>
</div>
<ul style="margin: 8px 0; padding-left: 20px;">
<li><strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]</strong> - Safety guidelines and contraindications</li>
<li><strong>[[Choosing_a_helminth]]</strong> - Species selection guidance</li>
<li><strong>[[Getting_started_guide]]</strong> - Dosing and preparation protocols</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-style: italic; margin-top: 8px;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</div>
</div>

<div style="border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB; background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; margin: 20px 0; border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;">

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">👩‍⚕️ Medical Professional?</strong><br>
Start with our <strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|comprehensive professional overview]]</strong> covering clinical evidence, patient guidance, and regulatory considerations.

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">📰 Journalist or Researcher?</strong><br>
Begin with <strong>[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|the scientific history and evidence]]</strong> documenting this therapy's development alongside emerging research.

<strong style="font-size: 1.1em;">🤔 Considering Treatment?</strong><br>
<strong>Essential first step:</strong> Read the safety information above, then continue with this overview to understand the fundamentals.

</div>

## What Is Helminthic Therapy?

<div style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px; max-width: 300px;">
<div style="background: #e8f4f8; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB;">
<strong>📺 Watch:</strong> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28phztp-uG8">What is helminthic therapy?</a><br>
<em>William Parker, retired Professor of Surgery, explains in this 2-minute video.</em>
</div>
</div>

**Helminthic therapy** is a carefully controlled approach that uses specially selected microscopic intestinal organisms—called therapeutic **helminths**—to help restore healthy immune balance.

These organisms have **co-evolved with humans** over millennia and play a natural role in regulating immune function. The therapy involves reintroducing a controlled number of these organisms to counteract the immune dysfunction that results from their absence in modern industrialized societies.

### Why This Therapy Exists

The human immune system evolved alongside a rich internal ecosystem including bacteria, fungi, and helminths. **Modern sanitation and medical advances**—while eliminating dangerous pathogens—also removed beneficial organisms that helped train and regulate immunity.

This biological disruption contributes to rising rates of:
- **Autoimmune diseases** (Crohn's, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis)
- **Allergic disorders** (asthma, eczema, food allergies)
- **Inflammatory conditions** (IBS, chronic fatigue, migraines)
- **Neuropsychiatric disorders** (depression, anxiety, autism spectrum traits)

---

## The Four Therapeutic Species

<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr)); gap: 20px; margin: 25px 0;">

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #28a745;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #28a745;">🪱 Hookworm (NA)</h3>
<strong>Necator americanus</strong><br>
Applied to skin • Long-lasting • Most researched<br>
<em>Best for: Severe autoimmune conditions</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #007bff;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #007bff;">🥤 Pig Whipworm (TSO)</h3>
<strong>Trichuris suis ova</strong><br>
Taken as drink • 2-3 week lifespan • FDA studied<br>
<em>Best for: Inflammatory bowel disease</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #6f42c1;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #6f42c1;">🦠 Rat Tapeworm (HDC)</h3>
<strong>Hymenolepis diminuta</strong><br>
Taken as drink • 2-4 week lifespan • Gentle option<br>
<em>Best for: Allergies, mild conditions</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #fd7e14;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #fd7e14;">🌿 Human Whipworm (TTO)</h3>
<strong>Trichuris trichiura ova</strong><br>
Taken as drink • Long-lasting • Limited availability<br>
<em>Best for: Complex immune conditions</em>
</div>

</div>

**→ Detailed comparison:** [[Choosing_a_helminth]]

---

## Safety and Effectiveness

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e8f5e8 0%, #f0f8f0 100%); padding: 25px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #28a745; margin: 25px 0;">

### ✅ Why These Organisms Are Safe

**Therapeutic helminths** are specifically chosen because they:
- **Cannot reproduce** inside the human body
- **Remain in the digestive tract** (don't migrate to organs)
- **Cause no disease** at therapeutic doses
- **Are easily eliminated** with standard anti-parasitic medication
- **Are compatible** with most medications

### 📊 Real-World Results

<div style="display: flex; gap: 30px; margin: 20px 0; flex-wrap: wrap;">
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">70-80%</div>
<div>report health improvements</div>
</div>
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">20+ years</div>
<div>of safe clinical use</div>
</div>
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">1000+</div>
<div>documented success stories</div>
</div>
</div>

</div>

**→ Complete safety information:** [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]

---

## What to Expect

<div style="background: #fff3cd; border: 1px solid #ffeaa7; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin: 25px 0;">

### ⏱️ Timeline Expectations

**This therapy requires patience.** Most people see meaningful improvements between **3-6 months**, with some requiring **6-18 months**. Unlike pharmaceutical drugs, helminthic therapy works by gradually retraining your immune system.

### 🎯 Individualized Approach

Success depends on:
- **Choosing the right species** for your condition
- **Finding your optimal dose** (varies significantly between individuals)
- **Maintaining consistent treatment** (usually ongoing)
- **Working with a knowledgeable practitioner** (when possible)

</div>

---

## Getting Started

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e3f2fd 0%, #f1f8ff 100%); padding: 25px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #2196f3; margin: 25px 0;">

### Step-by-Step Process

1. **📚 Research thoroughly** - Read safety guidelines and species information
2. **🩺 Consider medical consultation** - Find a supportive healthcare provider if possible
3. **🧬 Choose your species** - Based on your condition and circumstances
4. **🏪 Select a provider** - From vetted, established suppliers
5. **📝 Start conservatively** - Begin with small doses and track your response

**→ Detailed guidance:** [[Getting_started_guide]]

</div>

---

## Learn More

<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr)); gap: 25px; margin: 30px 0;">

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">🔬 Science & Background</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|Complete therapy history]]</li>
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_research|Scientific research]]</li>
<li>[[Terminology|Key terms and definitions]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">⚕️ Working with Healthcare</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|Information for doctors]]</li>
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_practitioners|Finding supportive practitioners]]</li>
<li>[[Human_helminth_care_manual|Drug interactions]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">🛒 Practical Implementation</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminth_providers|Reputable suppliers]]</li>
<li>[[Helminth_incubation|DIY cultivation methods]]</li>
<li>[[Overcoming_worm_phobia|Addressing concerns]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">👥 Community & Support</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories|Success stories]]</li>
<li>[[Online_support|Communities and forums]]</li>
<li>[[Getting_started_guide|Troubleshooting guide]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

</div>

---

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #6c757d; margin: 30px 0; font-size: 0.95em; color: #6c757d;">
<strong>Important:</strong> This information is for educational purposes. Helminthic therapy is not approved as a medical treatment outside of Thailand. Individuals considering this therapy should make informed decisions based on thorough research and, where appropriate, consultation with knowledgeable healthcare providers.
</div>

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T18:34:09Z

Laurel: s

# Introduction to Helminthic Therapy

<div style="background: white; border: 3px solid #dc3545; padding: 12px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 8px;">
<div style="font-size: 1.5em; margin-right: 10px; color: #dc3545;">⚠️</div>
<div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #dc3545;">CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 8px;">
<strong>DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:</strong>
</div>
<ul style="margin: 8px 0; padding-left: 20px;">
<li><strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]</strong> - Safety guidelines and contraindications</li>
<li><strong>[[Choosing_a_helminth]]</strong> - Species selection guidance</li>
<li><strong>[[Getting_started_guide]]</strong> - Dosing and preparation protocols</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-style: italic; margin-top: 8px;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</div>
</div>

<div style="border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB; background: #f8f9fa; padding: 25px; margin: 25px 0; border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;">

### 👩‍⚕️ Medical Professional?
Start with our **[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|comprehensive professional overview]]** covering clinical evidence, patient guidance, and regulatory considerations.

### 📰 Journalist or Researcher?
Begin with **[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|the scientific history and evidence]]** documenting this therapy's development alongside emerging research.

### 🤔 Considering Treatment?
**Essential first step:** Read the safety information above, then continue with this overview to understand the fundamentals.

</div>

## What Is Helminthic Therapy?

<div style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px; max-width: 300px;">
<div style="background: #e8f4f8; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB;">
<strong>📺 Watch:</strong> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28phztp-uG8">What is helminthic therapy?</a><br>
<em>William Parker, retired Professor of Surgery, explains in this 2-minute video.</em>
</div>
</div>

**Helminthic therapy** is a carefully controlled approach that uses specially selected microscopic intestinal organisms—called therapeutic **helminths**—to help restore healthy immune balance.

These organisms have **co-evolved with humans** over millennia and play a natural role in regulating immune function. The therapy involves reintroducing a controlled number of these organisms to counteract the immune dysfunction that results from their absence in modern industrialized societies.

### Why This Therapy Exists

The human immune system evolved alongside a rich internal ecosystem including bacteria, fungi, and helminths. **Modern sanitation and medical advances**—while eliminating dangerous pathogens—also removed beneficial organisms that helped train and regulate immunity.

This biological disruption contributes to rising rates of:
- **Autoimmune diseases** (Crohn's, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis)
- **Allergic disorders** (asthma, eczema, food allergies)
- **Inflammatory conditions** (IBS, chronic fatigue, migraines)
- **Neuropsychiatric disorders** (depression, anxiety, autism spectrum traits)

---

## The Four Therapeutic Species

<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr)); gap: 20px; margin: 25px 0;">

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #28a745;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #28a745;">🪱 Hookworm (NA)</h3>
<strong>Necator americanus</strong><br>
Applied to skin • Long-lasting • Most researched<br>
<em>Best for: Severe autoimmune conditions</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #007bff;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #007bff;">🥤 Pig Whipworm (TSO)</h3>
<strong>Trichuris suis ova</strong><br>
Taken as drink • 2-3 week lifespan • FDA studied<br>
<em>Best for: Inflammatory bowel disease</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #6f42c1;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #6f42c1;">🦠 Rat Tapeworm (HDC)</h3>
<strong>Hymenolepis diminuta</strong><br>
Taken as drink • 2-4 week lifespan • Gentle option<br>
<em>Best for: Allergies, mild conditions</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #fd7e14;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #fd7e14;">🌿 Human Whipworm (TTO)</h3>
<strong>Trichuris trichiura ova</strong><br>
Taken as drink • Long-lasting • Limited availability<br>
<em>Best for: Complex immune conditions</em>
</div>

</div>

**→ Detailed comparison:** [[Choosing_a_helminth]]

---

## Safety and Effectiveness

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e8f5e8 0%, #f0f8f0 100%); padding: 25px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #28a745; margin: 25px 0;">

### ✅ Why These Organisms Are Safe

**Therapeutic helminths** are specifically chosen because they:
- **Cannot reproduce** inside the human body
- **Remain in the digestive tract** (don't migrate to organs)
- **Cause no disease** at therapeutic doses
- **Are easily eliminated** with standard anti-parasitic medication
- **Are compatible** with most medications

### 📊 Real-World Results

<div style="display: flex; gap: 30px; margin: 20px 0; flex-wrap: wrap;">
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">70-80%</div>
<div>report health improvements</div>
</div>
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">20+ years</div>
<div>of safe clinical use</div>
</div>
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">1000+</div>
<div>documented success stories</div>
</div>
</div>

</div>

**→ Complete safety information:** [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]

---

## What to Expect

<div style="background: #fff3cd; border: 1px solid #ffeaa7; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin: 25px 0;">

### ⏱️ Timeline Expectations

**This therapy requires patience.** Most people see meaningful improvements between **3-6 months**, with some requiring **6-18 months**. Unlike pharmaceutical drugs, helminthic therapy works by gradually retraining your immune system.

### 🎯 Individualized Approach

Success depends on:
- **Choosing the right species** for your condition
- **Finding your optimal dose** (varies significantly between individuals)
- **Maintaining consistent treatment** (usually ongoing)
- **Working with a knowledgeable practitioner** (when possible)

</div>

---

## Getting Started

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e3f2fd 0%, #f1f8ff 100%); padding: 25px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #2196f3; margin: 25px 0;">

### Step-by-Step Process

1. **📚 Research thoroughly** - Read safety guidelines and species information
2. **🩺 Consider medical consultation** - Find a supportive healthcare provider if possible
3. **🧬 Choose your species** - Based on your condition and circumstances
4. **🏪 Select a provider** - From vetted, established suppliers
5. **📝 Start conservatively** - Begin with small doses and track your response

**→ Detailed guidance:** [[Getting_started_guide]]

</div>

---

## Learn More

<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr)); gap: 25px; margin: 30px 0;">

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">🔬 Science & Background</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|Complete therapy history]]</li>
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_research|Scientific research]]</li>
<li>[[Terminology|Key terms and definitions]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">⚕️ Working with Healthcare</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|Information for doctors]]</li>
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_practitioners|Finding supportive practitioners]]</li>
<li>[[Human_helminth_care_manual|Drug interactions]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">🛒 Practical Implementation</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminth_providers|Reputable suppliers]]</li>
<li>[[Helminth_incubation|DIY cultivation methods]]</li>
<li>[[Overcoming_worm_phobia|Addressing concerns]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">👥 Community & Support</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories|Success stories]]</li>
<li>[[Online_support|Communities and forums]]</li>
<li>[[Getting_started_guide|Troubleshooting guide]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

</div>

---

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #6c757d; margin: 30px 0; font-size: 0.95em; color: #6c757d;">
<strong>Important:</strong> This information is for educational purposes. Helminthic therapy is not approved as a medical treatment outside of Thailand. Individuals considering this therapy should make informed decisions based on thorough research and, where appropriate, consultation with knowledgeable healthcare providers.
</div>

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T18:31:14Z

Laurel:

# Introduction to Helminthic Therapy

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ff4444 0%, #cc0000 100%); color: white; padding: 20px; border-radius: 12px; margin-bottom: 30px; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(255,68,68,0.3);">
<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 15px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; margin-right: 15px;">⚠️</div>
<div style="font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.2;">CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION</div>
</div>
<div style="font-size: 1.1em; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 15px;">
<strong>DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:</strong>
</div>
<ul style="margin: 0; padding-left: 20px; font-size: 1.05em;">
<li><strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]</strong> - Safety guidelines and contraindications</li>
<li><strong>[[Choosing_a_helminth]]</strong> - Species selection guidance</li>
<li><strong>[[Getting_started_guide]]</strong> - Dosing and preparation protocols</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-top: 15px; font-size: 1.05em; font-style: italic;">
People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.
</div>
</div>

<div style="border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB; background: #f8f9fa; padding: 25px; margin: 25px 0; border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;">

### 👩‍⚕️ Medical Professional?
Start with our **[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|comprehensive professional overview]]** covering clinical evidence, patient guidance, and regulatory considerations.

### 📰 Journalist or Researcher?
Begin with **[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|the scientific history and evidence]]** documenting this therapy's development alongside emerging research.

### 🤔 Considering Treatment?
**Essential first step:** Read the safety information above, then continue with this overview to understand the fundamentals.

</div>

## What Is Helminthic Therapy?

<div style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px; max-width: 300px;">
<div style="background: #e8f4f8; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB;">
<strong>📺 Watch:</strong> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28phztp-uG8">What is helminthic therapy?</a><br>
<em>William Parker, retired Professor of Surgery, explains in this 2-minute video.</em>
</div>
</div>

**Helminthic therapy** is a carefully controlled approach that uses specially selected microscopic intestinal organisms—called therapeutic **helminths**—to help restore healthy immune balance.

These organisms have **co-evolved with humans** over millennia and play a natural role in regulating immune function. The therapy involves reintroducing a controlled number of these organisms to counteract the immune dysfunction that results from their absence in modern industrialized societies.

### Why This Therapy Exists

The human immune system evolved alongside a rich internal ecosystem including bacteria, fungi, and helminths. **Modern sanitation and medical advances**—while eliminating dangerous pathogens—also removed beneficial organisms that helped train and regulate immunity.

This biological disruption contributes to rising rates of:
- **Autoimmune diseases** (Crohn's, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis)
- **Allergic disorders** (asthma, eczema, food allergies)
- **Inflammatory conditions** (IBS, chronic fatigue, migraines)
- **Neuropsychiatric disorders** (depression, anxiety, autism spectrum traits)

---

## The Four Therapeutic Species

<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr)); gap: 20px; margin: 25px 0;">

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #28a745;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #28a745;">🪱 Hookworm (NA)</h3>
<strong>Necator americanus</strong><br>
Applied to skin • Long-lasting • Most researched<br>
<em>Best for: Severe autoimmune conditions</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #007bff;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #007bff;">🥤 Pig Whipworm (TSO)</h3>
<strong>Trichuris suis ova</strong><br>
Taken as drink • 2-3 week lifespan • FDA studied<br>
<em>Best for: Inflammatory bowel disease</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #6f42c1;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #6f42c1;">🦠 Rat Tapeworm (HDC)</h3>
<strong>Hymenolepis diminuta</strong><br>
Taken as drink • 2-4 week lifespan • Gentle option<br>
<em>Best for: Allergies, mild conditions</em>
</div>

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #fd7e14;">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #fd7e14;">🌿 Human Whipworm (TTO)</h3>
<strong>Trichuris trichiura ova</strong><br>
Taken as drink • Long-lasting • Limited availability<br>
<em>Best for: Complex immune conditions</em>
</div>

</div>

**→ Detailed comparison:** [[Choosing_a_helminth]]

---

## Safety and Effectiveness

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e8f5e8 0%, #f0f8f0 100%); padding: 25px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #28a745; margin: 25px 0;">

### ✅ Why These Organisms Are Safe

**Therapeutic helminths** are specifically chosen because they:
- **Cannot reproduce** inside the human body
- **Remain in the digestive tract** (don't migrate to organs)
- **Cause no disease** at therapeutic doses
- **Are easily eliminated** with standard anti-parasitic medication
- **Are compatible** with most medications

### 📊 Real-World Results

<div style="display: flex; gap: 30px; margin: 20px 0; flex-wrap: wrap;">
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">70-80%</div>
<div>report health improvements</div>
</div>
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">20+ years</div>
<div>of safe clinical use</div>
</div>
<div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;">
<div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">1000+</div>
<div>documented success stories</div>
</div>
</div>

</div>

**→ Complete safety information:** [[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]

---

## What to Expect

<div style="background: #fff3cd; border: 1px solid #ffeaa7; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin: 25px 0;">

### ⏱️ Timeline Expectations

**This therapy requires patience.** Most people see meaningful improvements between **3-6 months**, with some requiring **6-18 months**. Unlike pharmaceutical drugs, helminthic therapy works by gradually retraining your immune system.

### 🎯 Individualized Approach

Success depends on:
- **Choosing the right species** for your condition
- **Finding your optimal dose** (varies significantly between individuals)
- **Maintaining consistent treatment** (usually ongoing)
- **Working with a knowledgeable practitioner** (when possible)

</div>

---

## Getting Started

<div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e3f2fd 0%, #f1f8ff 100%); padding: 25px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #2196f3; margin: 25px 0;">

### Step-by-Step Process

1. **📚 Research thoroughly** - Read safety guidelines and species information
2. **🩺 Consider medical consultation** - Find a supportive healthcare provider if possible
3. **🧬 Choose your species** - Based on your condition and circumstances
4. **🏪 Select a provider** - From vetted, established suppliers
5. **📝 Start conservatively** - Begin with small doses and track your response

**→ Detailed guidance:** [[Getting_started_guide]]

</div>

---

## Learn More

<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr)); gap: 25px; margin: 30px 0;">

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">🔬 Science & Background</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|Complete therapy history]]</li>
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_research|Scientific research]]</li>
<li>[[Terminology|Key terms and definitions]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">⚕️ Working with Healthcare</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|Information for doctors]]</li>
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_practitioners|Finding supportive practitioners]]</li>
<li>[[Human_helminth_care_manual|Drug interactions]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">🛒 Practical Implementation</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminth_providers|Reputable suppliers]]</li>
<li>[[Helminth_incubation|DIY cultivation methods]]</li>
<li>[[Overcoming_worm_phobia|Addressing concerns]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">👥 Community & Support</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li>[[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories|Success stories]]</li>
<li>[[Online_support|Communities and forums]]</li>
<li>[[Getting_started_guide|Troubleshooting guide]]</li>
</ul>
</div>

</div>

---

<div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #6c757d; margin: 30px 0; font-size: 0.95em; color: #6c757d;">
<strong>Important:</strong> This information is for educational purposes. Helminthic therapy is not approved as a medical treatment outside of Thailand. Individuals considering this therapy should make informed decisions based on thorough research and, where appropriate, consultation with knowledgeable healthcare providers.
</div>

User:Laurel/Sandbox Introduction

2025-07-20T18:30:12Z

Laurel: creating sandbox introduction page

= Introduction to Helminthic Therapy =
<nowiki><div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ff4444 0%, #cc0000 100%); color: white; padding: 20px; border-radius: 12px; margin-bottom: 30px; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(255,68,68,0.3);"> <div style="display: flex; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 15px;"> <div style="font-size: 2em; margin-right: 15px;">⚠️</div></nowiki> <nowiki><div style="font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.2;">CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION</div></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki> <nowiki><div style="font-size: 1.1em; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 15px;"> <strong>DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:</strong></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki> <nowiki><ul style="margin: 0; padding-left: 20px; font-size: 1.05em;"> <li><strong>[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]</nowiki><nowiki></strong></nowiki> - Safety guidelines and contraindications<nowiki></li></nowiki> <nowiki><li><strong>[[Choosing_a_helminth]]</nowiki><nowiki></strong></nowiki> - Species selection guidance<nowiki></li></nowiki> <nowiki><li><strong>[[Getting_started_guide]]</nowiki><nowiki></strong></nowiki> - Dosing and preparation protocols<nowiki></li></nowiki> <nowiki></ul></nowiki> <nowiki><div style="margin-top: 15px; font-size: 1.05em; font-style: italic;"> People who skip this preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions. </div></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki> <nowiki><div style="border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB; background: #f8f9fa; padding: 25px; margin: 25px 0; border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;"></nowiki>

=== 👩‍⚕️ Medical Professional? ===
Start with our '''<nowiki>[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|comprehensive professional overview]]</nowiki>''' covering clinical evidence, patient guidance, and regulatory considerations.

=== 📰 Journalist or Researcher? ===
Begin with '''<nowiki>[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|the scientific history and evidence]]</nowiki>''' documenting this therapy's development alongside emerging research.

=== 🤔 Considering Treatment? ===
'''Essential first step:''' Read the safety information above, then continue with this overview to understand the fundamentals.

<nowiki></div></nowiki>

== What Is Helminthic Therapy? ==
<nowiki><div style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px; max-width: 300px;"> <div style="background: #e8f4f8; padding: 15px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #2E86AB;"> <strong>📺 Watch:</strong></nowiki> <nowiki><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28phztp-uG8">What is helminthic therapy?</a></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki> <nowiki><em>William Parker, retired Professor of Surgery, explains in this 2-minute video.</em></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki>

'''Helminthic therapy''' is a carefully controlled approach that uses specially selected microscopic intestinal organisms—called therapeutic '''helminths'''—to help restore healthy immune balance.

These organisms have '''co-evolved with humans''' over millennia and play a natural role in regulating immune function. The therapy involves reintroducing a controlled number of these organisms to counteract the immune dysfunction that results from their absence in modern industrialized societies.

=== Why This Therapy Exists ===
The human immune system evolved alongside a rich internal ecosystem including bacteria, fungi, and helminths. '''Modern sanitation and medical advances'''—while eliminating dangerous pathogens—also removed beneficial organisms that helped train and regulate immunity.

This biological disruption contributes to rising rates of:

* '''Autoimmune diseases''' (Crohn's, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis)
* '''Allergic disorders''' (asthma, eczema, food allergies)
* '''Inflammatory conditions''' (IBS, chronic fatigue, migraines)
* '''Neuropsychiatric disorders''' (depression, anxiety, autism spectrum traits)

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== The Four Therapeutic Species ==
<nowiki><div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr)); gap: 20px; margin: 25px 0;"> <div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #28a745;"> <h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #28a745;">🪱 Hookworm (NA)</h3></nowiki> <nowiki><strong>Necator americanus</strong></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki> Applied to skin • Long-lasting • Most researched<nowiki><br></nowiki> <nowiki><em>Best for: Severe autoimmune conditions</em></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki> <nowiki><div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #007bff;"> <h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #007bff;">🥤 Pig Whipworm (TSO)</h3></nowiki> <nowiki><strong>Trichuris suis ova</strong></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki> Taken as drink • 2-3 week lifespan • FDA studied<nowiki><br></nowiki> <nowiki><em>Best for: Inflammatory bowel disease</em></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki> <nowiki><div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #6f42c1;"> <h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #6f42c1;">🦠 Rat Tapeworm (HDC)</h3></nowiki> <nowiki><strong>Hymenolepis diminuta</strong></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki> Taken as drink • 2-4 week lifespan • Gentle option<nowiki><br></nowiki> <nowiki><em>Best for: Allergies, mild conditions</em></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki> <nowiki><div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 10px; border-top: 4px solid #fd7e14;"> <h3 style="margin-top: 0; color: #fd7e14;">🌿 Human Whipworm (TTO)</h3></nowiki> <nowiki><strong>Trichuris trichiura ova</strong></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki> Taken as drink • Long-lasting • Limited availability<nowiki><br></nowiki> <nowiki><em>Best for: Complex immune conditions</em></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki>

'''→ Detailed comparison:''' <nowiki>[[Choosing_a_helminth]]</nowiki>
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== Safety and Effectiveness ==
<nowiki><div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e8f5e8 0%, #f0f8f0 100%); padding: 25px; border-radius: 12px; border: 1px solid #28a745; margin: 25px 0;"></nowiki>

=== ✅ Why These Organisms Are Safe ===
'''Therapeutic helminths''' are specifically chosen because they:

* '''Cannot reproduce''' inside the human body
* '''Remain in the digestive tract''' (don't migrate to organs)
* '''Cause no disease''' at therapeutic doses
* '''Are easily eliminated''' with standard anti-parasitic medication
* '''Are compatible''' with most medications

=== 📊 Real-World Results ===
<nowiki><div style="display: flex; gap: 30px; margin: 20px 0; flex-wrap: wrap;"> <div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;"> <div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">70-80%</div></nowiki> <nowiki><div>report health improvements</div></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki> <nowiki><div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;"> <div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">20+ years</div></nowiki> <nowiki><div>of safe clinical use</div></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki> <nowiki><div style="flex: 1; min-width: 200px;"> <div style="font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; color: #28a745;">1000+</div></nowiki> <nowiki><div>documented success stories</div></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki>

'''→ Complete safety information:''' <nowiki>[[Helminthic_therapy_safety]]</nowiki>
----

== What to Expect ==
<nowiki><div style="background: #fff3cd; border: 1px solid #ffeaa7; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; margin: 25px 0;"></nowiki>

=== ⏱️ Timeline Expectations ===
'''This therapy requires patience.''' Most people see meaningful improvements between '''3-6 months''', with some requiring '''6-18 months'''. Unlike pharmaceutical drugs, helminthic therapy works by gradually retraining your immune system.

=== 🎯 Individualized Approach ===
Success depends on:

* '''Choosing the right species''' for your condition
* '''Finding your optimal dose''' (varies significantly between individuals)
* '''Maintaining consistent treatment''' (usually ongoing)
* '''Working with a knowledgeable practitioner''' (when possible)

<nowiki></div></nowiki>
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== Getting Started ==
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=== Step-by-Step Process ===

# '''📚 Research thoroughly''' - Read safety guidelines and species information
# '''🩺 Consider medical consultation''' - Find a supportive healthcare provider if possible
# '''🧬 Choose your species''' - Based on your condition and circumstances
# '''🏪 Select a provider''' - From vetted, established suppliers
# '''📝 Start conservatively''' - Begin with small doses and track your response

'''→ Detailed guidance:''' <nowiki>[[Getting_started_guide]]</nowiki>

<nowiki></div></nowiki>
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== Learn More ==
<nowiki><div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr)); gap: 25px; margin: 30px 0;"> <div> <h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">🔬 Science & Background</h3></nowiki> <nowiki><ul style="line-height: 1.6;"> <li>[[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|Complete therapy history]]</nowiki><nowiki></li></nowiki> <nowiki><li>[[Helminthic_therapy_research|Scientific research]]</nowiki><nowiki></li></nowiki> <nowiki><li>[[Terminology|Key terms and definitions]]</nowiki><nowiki></li></nowiki> <nowiki></ul></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki> <nowiki><div> <h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">⚕️ Working with Healthcare</h3></nowiki> <nowiki><ul style="line-height: 1.6;"> <li>[[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors|Information for doctors]]</nowiki><nowiki></li></nowiki> <nowiki><li>[[Helminthic_therapy_practitioners|Finding supportive practitioners]]</nowiki><nowiki></li></nowiki> <nowiki><li>[[Human_helminth_care_manual|Drug interactions]]</nowiki><nowiki></li></nowiki> <nowiki></ul></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki> <nowiki><div> <h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">🛒 Practical Implementation</h3></nowiki> <nowiki><ul style="line-height: 1.6;"> <li>[[Helminth_providers|Reputable suppliers]]</nowiki><nowiki></li></nowiki> <nowiki><li>[[Helminth_incubation|DIY cultivation methods]]</nowiki><nowiki></li></nowiki> <nowiki><li>[[Overcoming_worm_phobia|Addressing concerns]]</nowiki><nowiki></li></nowiki> <nowiki></ul></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki> <nowiki><div> <h3 style="color: #2E86AB; margin-bottom: 15px;">👥 Community & Support</h3></nowiki> <nowiki><ul style="line-height: 1.6;"> <li>[[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories|Success stories]]</nowiki><nowiki></li></nowiki> <nowiki><li>[[Online_support|Communities and forums]]</nowiki><nowiki></li></nowiki> <nowiki><li>[[Getting_started_guide|Troubleshooting guide]]</nowiki><nowiki></li></nowiki> <nowiki></ul></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki> <nowiki></div></nowiki>
----<nowiki><div style="background: #f8f9fa; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; border-left: 4px solid #6c757d; margin: 30px 0; font-size: 0.95em; color: #6c757d;"> <strong>Important:</strong></nowiki> This information is for educational purposes. Helminthic therapy is not approved as a medical treatment outside of Thailand. Individuals considering this therapy should make informed decisions based on thorough research and, where appropriate, consultation with knowledgeable healthcare providers. <nowiki></div></nowiki>

Helminthic Therapy wiki:Sandbox

2025-07-20T18:26:05Z

Laurel: Reverted edits by Laurel (talk) to last revision by John

<div style="background-color:#FFF5FA;border: 1px solid #F2CEDD; border-radius:16px; padding:8px; padding-left:8px; margin-bottom:12px;">'''<font color=#B40431><font size=4>This is an administrative page that is only accessible to site editors.<br></font></font>'''The space immediately below this notice can be used to experiment with new ideas for the site, avoiding the need to create new pages until their contents are fully ready for publication. This space will expand to accommodate whatever you add, and anything you want to retain for a longer period can be added to the bottom of the page.</div>

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= Introduction to Helminthic Therapy =

== What Is Helminthic Therapy? ==

Helminthic therapy is an emerging medical approach that uses carefully selected microscopic intestinal organisms—called ''therapeutic helminths''—to help restore healthy immune balance. These organisms have co-evolved with humans and play a natural role in regulating immune function.

Therapeutic helminths are chosen for their unique safety profile. They:
* Remain confined to the digestive tract
* Do not replicate inside the body
* Cause no known disease
* Can be fully and reliably cleared with a single dose of standard anti-parasitic medication

They are used under controlled conditions by individuals seeking alternatives for chronic immune-related conditions.

== Why Use Helminths? ==

The human body evolved in the constant presence of a rich internal ecosystem—including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and helminths. Many of these organisms played active roles in helping the immune system develop and stay balanced. In modern industrialized societies, widespread sanitation, antibiotics, and pathogen elimination have disrupted this evolutionary relationship.

As a result, the immune system may become hyperreactive or misdirected. This is one explanation for the rise in conditions such as:
* Autoimmune diseases
* Allergies and asthma
* Chronic inflammation

Helminthic therapy is one strategy for restoring part of that lost biological complexity. Reintroducing a specific type of beneficial organism may help reestablish immune regulation and reduce inflammatory responses.

== Therapeutic Helminths: What They Are ==

Only a small number of helminth species are suitable for therapy. Each meets strict criteria for safety, predictability, and reversibility. Therapeutic helminths are:
* Tiny and non-invasive
* Contained entirely within the gut
* Short-lived or easily removed
* Non-replicating in the human body
* Naturally compatible with human physiology

Common species include:
* ''Necator americanus'' (NA) – human hookworm
* ''Trichuris suis ova'' (TSO) – pig whipworm
* ''Hymenolepis diminuta'' (HD) – rat tapeworm
* ''Hymenolepis nana'' (HN) – dwarf tapeworm (used selectively)

Each species offers different advantages depending on the individual’s condition, goals, and biological context.

''See also:'' [[Helminths used in helminthic therapy]]

== Immune Conditions and Applications ==

Helminthic therapy has been explored by individuals and researchers in a wide range of immune-related conditions, including:

* Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
* Multiple sclerosis
* Asthma, eczema, and allergies
* Food sensitivities
* Autism spectrum traits
* Chronic migraines, ME/CFS, psoriasis, and other inflammatory conditions

Reported outcomes vary. Some individuals experience substantial and lasting benefit, while others see more modest shifts. Success appears to depend on factors such as species used, dose, immune history, gut health, and overall system resilience.

''See also:'' [[Conditions treated with helminthic therapy]]

== Understanding Safety ==

Therapeutic helminths are selected for their exceptional safety record. They have been studied in clinical settings and used by thousands of individuals over the past two decades. Key safety features inc

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= Deeper Learning: Explore Helminthic Therapy in Detail =

This page provides a gateway to the more technical, historical, and experiential aspects of helminthic therapy. If you are already familiar with the basics and want to explore specific areas in more depth, the following sections will guide you.

== Scientific Foundations ==

Helminthic therapy is supported by decades of scientific inquiry into the role of helminths in immune regulation, biome depletion, and inflammation. Clinical trials and laboratory studies have explored how helminths influence cytokine expression, T-reg cell behavior, microbiome composition, and more.

* [[Scientific_studies]]
* [[How helminthic therapy works]]
* [[Biome depletion and the hygiene hypothesis]] 

== History and Evolution of the Therapy ==

From early observations in developing countries to modern clinical experimentation, the history of helminthic therapy reflects a shift in thinking about parasites, immunity, and health. This section explores key milestones, research programs, and public interest stories that shaped the field.

* [[History of helminthic therapy]] 
* [[Key publications and pioneers]] 

== Species Used in Therapy ==

Not all helminths are alike. Each species used in therapy offers a different profile of immune effects, host compatibility, persistence, and practicality. This section compares the main species used and includes sourcing considerations.

* [[Helminths used in helminthic therapy]]
* [[Species comparison guide]] 
* [[Choosing the right helminth]] 

== Dosing and Protocols ==

How many organisms? How often? What’s the difference between species in terms of tolerance buildup, maintenance schedules, and symptom response? This section outlines practical information from both research and real-world application.

* [[Helminth dosing and protocols]]
* [[Starting a helminthic regimen]] 
* [[Managing die-off and immune flares]] 

== Risks, Contraindications, and Side Effects ==

While therapeutic helminths are chosen for their safety, they are biologically active and require thoughtful use. This section outlines known risks, who should avoid the therapy, and what to expect during early adjustment phases.

* [[Risks and contraindications]]
* [[Side effects and symptom cycles]] 
* [[Pregnancy, medications, and comorbidities]] 

== User Experiences and Case Reports ==

Thousands of individuals have experimented with helminthic therapy across a range of conditions. Their stories provide insight into real-world variability, timelines, symptom patterns, and unexpected benefits or challenges.

* [[Helminthic therapy personal stories]]
* [[User-reported outcomes by condition]] 
* [[Lessons from long-term users]] 

== Legal, Ethical, and Regulatory Landscape ==

The use of live organisms in self-treatment raises legal and ethical questions around regulation, informed consent, and accessibility. This section explores how helminthic therapy is treated across jurisdictions and offers context for navigating gray areas.

* [[Legal and ethical considerations]]
* [[Access and shipping issues]] 
* [[Informed consent in self-directed therapy]] 

== Suggested Path for Deeper Study ==

For those new to helminthic therapy but ready to go beyond the introduction, we recommend the following reading path:

# [[How helminthic therapy works]]

# [[Helminths used in helminthic therapy]]

# [[Helminth dosing and protocols]]

# [[Risks and contraindications]]

# [[Scientific_studies]]

# [[Helminthic therapy personal stories]]

You can also return to the [[Introduction to Helminthic Therapy]] if you need a refresher on the fundamentals.

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= Glossary of Terms in Helminthic Therapy =

''Tip: Use your browser’s search function (Ctrl+F or Command+F) to find specific terms on this page. You can also click section titles in the table of contents below to jump between categories.''

This glossary explains the most important terms used in helminthic therapy, including basic definitions and usage. Wherever possible, each term includes a short, clear description—so users don’t have to click away unless they want to learn more.

== Abbreviations ==

* **AD** – Ancylostoma duodenale, a type of hookworm not used in helminthic therapy.
* **ASD** – Autism spectrum disorder.
* **CD** – Crohn's disease, a chronic inflammatory bowel condition.
* **CRP** – C-reactive protein, a blood marker used to assess inflammation.
* **EE / EoE** – Eosinophilic esophagitis, a chronic allergic inflammation of the esophagus.
* **EV** – Enterobius vermicularis, also known as pinworm.
* **FMT** – Fecal microbiota transplant, a procedure to restore healthy gut bacteria.
* **GI** – Gastrointestinal (digestive tract).
* **HINT** – Helminth-Induced Immunomodulation Therapy, a research term for therapeutic helminth use.
* **HD** – Hymenolepis diminuta, a rat tapeworm used in therapy.
* **HDC / HDCs** – Hymenolepis diminuta cysticercoids, the larval stage used in therapy.
* **HK / HW / hw / hws** – Hookworm, typically referring to Necator americanus.
* **HT** – Helminthic therapy.
* **IBD** – Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's and ulcerative colitis.
* **IBS** – Irritable bowel syndrome, a common digestive disorder.
* **LDN** – Low-dose naltrexone, sometimes used off-label for immune regulation.
* **MCAD / MCAS** – Mast cell activation disorder or syndrome, involving immune overreaction.
* **MCS** – Multiple Chemical Sensitivity, involving extreme sensitivity to environmental chemicals.
* **MD** – Doctor of Medicine.
* **MS** – Multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disease affecting the nervous system.
* **NA** – Necator americanus, the human hookworm used in helminthic therapy.
* **TS / TSO** – Trichuris suis / Trichuris suis ova, the pig whipworm and its eggs.
* **TT / TTO** – Trichuris trichiura / its ova, the human whipworm.
* **UC** – Ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory condition of the colon.
* **WW** – Whipworm.
* **DIY** – Do-it-yourself, often referring to self-administered helminthic therapy.

== Conditions and Clinical Terms ==

* **Crohn's disease** – A chronic inflammatory disease of the intestines that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract.
* **Ulcerative colitis** – A form of inflammatory bowel disease that specifically affects the colon.
* **Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)** – A functional gastrointestinal disorder with symptoms like cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits.
* **Multiple sclerosis (MS)** – A chronic autoimmune condition affecting the brain and spinal cord.
* **Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)** – An allergic condition involving inflammation of the esophagus.
* **Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS)** – A disorder where mast cells release mediators excessively, leading to allergic-type symptoms.
* **Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS)** – A chronic condition involving reactions to low levels of common environmental chemicals.

== Species and Life Stages ==

* **Necator americanus (NA)** – A species of human hookworm commonly used in helminthic therapy.
* **Trichuris suis (TS)** – The pig whipworm used therapeutically in its egg form (TSO).
* **Trichuris trichiura (TT)** – The human whipworm, occasionally used in therapy.
* **Hymenolepis diminuta (HD)** – A rat tapeworm used in therapy as a non-replicating larval stage (HDC).
* **Hymenolepis nana (HN)** – A dwarf tapeworm not typically used due to its ability to reproduce in the host.
* **Enterobius vermicularis (EV)** – Also known as pinworm, a common intestinal worm not used therapeutically.
* **Larva / Larvae** – The early life stage of a helminth, typically the form used for inoculation.
* **Cysticercoid** – A larval form of tapeworm used in therapy, particularly with HD.

== Therapeutic Concepts ==

* **Helminthic therapy** – The use of carefully selected, non-pathogenic helminths to regulate immune system function.
* **Biome depletion** – The loss of natural intestinal organisms, including helminths, due to modern hygiene and antibiotics.
* **Biome reconstitution** – The process of restoring lost members of the human biome through therapeutic intervention.
* **Helminth replacement therapy** – Another term for helminthic therapy emphasizing the reintroduction of organisms lost in modern environments.
* **Mutualism** – A biological interaction where both species benefit; therapeutic helminths and humans form a mutualistic relationship.
* **Symbiosis** – A long-term interaction between two organisms; helminths form a symbiotic relationship with the host.
* **Obligatory symbiont** – An organism that requires a host to survive.
* **Ectosymbiont** – A symbiont that lives on the surface of its host (in the gut, in the case of helminths).
* **Worm burden** – The number of helminths present in the host at any time.
* **Inoculation** – The introduction of helminths into the body for therapeutic purposes.
* **Reworming** – Reintroducing helminths after they have died off or been intentionally cleared.

== Diagnostic and Medical Tools ==

* **O\&P test** – A laboratory test for detecting ova (eggs) and parasites in stool samples.
* **McMaster egg count** – A technique for estimating the number of helminth eggs in feces.
* **Colonoscopy** – A procedure to examine the inside of the colon using a camera.
* **Endoscopy** – A general term for procedures using a flexible tube to view the digestive tract.
* **C-reactive protein (CRP)** – A blood test marker for inflammation.
* **Impact factor** – A measure of how often articles from a scientific journal are cited.

== Microbiome and Ecology Terms ==

* **Microbiome** – The collection of microorganisms living in and on the human body.
* **Microbiota** – A specific group of microorganisms in a particular body region (e.g., gut microbiota).
* **Macrobiome** – The total collection of larger organisms (like helminths) associated with the body.
* **Macrobiota** – The subset of macroorganisms in a particular site.
* **Holobiome** – All microbes and macrobes (including helminths) coexisting with a host.
* **Commensalism** – A relationship where one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
* **Parasite / Parasitic** – An organism that benefits at the expense of its host; therapeutic helminths are selected to avoid this behavior.

== Colloquial and Community Terms ==

* **Worm flu** – A common term for the short-term symptoms some people experience after helminth inoculation.
* **Side effect** – An unintended physical response to a treatment.
* **Effectiveness / Efficacy** – A measure of how well a therapy achieves its intended goal.
* **Self-treatment / Self-treater** – An individual who undertakes helminthic therapy without direct medical supervision.
* **Vermifuge** – A substance that expels worms from the body.
* **Vermicide** – A substance that kills worms.
* **Probiotic** – A microorganism that supports health when introduced into the body.
* **Hookworm / Whipworm / Tapeworm** – Common names for different types of helminths used or considered for therapy.
* **Strobila** – The segmented body of a tapeworm.
* **Proglottid** – Each segment of a tapeworm’s strobila.
* **Suppuration** – The production of pus as part of the body’s inflammatory response.
* **Exudate** – Fluid that leaks from blood vessels during inflammation.
* **Serous drainage** – A clear, watery fluid released during early wound healing.

''For additional context, see related pages: \[\[Helminths used in helminthic therapy]], \[\[How helminthic therapy works]], \[\[Risks and contraindications]], and \[\[Helminthic therapy personal stories]].''

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= Miscellaneous documents hosted by this wiki ...... PLEASE DO NOT DELETE ...... =

A number of texts that are hosted by this wiki but not readily availalbe elsewhere are listed on the [[Helminthic therapy documentary resources | '''Helminthic therapy documentary resources''']] page.

The following further resources were created for limited audiences.

* [[media:Notes_for_support_group_moderators_and_admins.pdf | Notes for support group moderators and admins]]

* [[media:Notes_for_prospective_helminth_providers.pdf | Notes for prospective helminth providers]] (For the information of prospective providers only. Not for general distribution.)

== Health professionals in the Helminthic Therapy Support group ...... PLEASE DO NOT DELETE ...... ==

There are a lot of medical professionals in the group, many of whom don't reveal their occupation. Those listed below are just a few of the ones who have mentioned their profession. Please add any others as you discover them, along with whatever details are appropriate and available.

=== Medical doctors ===

* '''Andrea McBeth ND''' - US

* '''Piper Dobner ND''' - US

* '''Liz Mcauliff ND''' (Student in 2022) - joined the HT support group in Nov 2022, after hearing a lecture by Piper Dobner.

* '''Mark Davis ND''' - US (Mark likes to start patients with a dose of 25 NA. Having only treated a few dozen individuals, he hasn't yet encountered anyone who is hypersensitive to worms or helminth permissive.)

* '''Sean Murphy MD'''- Tucson, Arizona, US. Specialist in emergency medicine, and long-term user of NA. He tried to set up a clinical trial and a company selling NA in the US, both unsuccessfully.

* '''Richard Doehring MD''' - retired pathologist, New Zealand

* '''Jorge Llamas MD''' - runs the Llamas Clinic in Tijuana, Mexico. (Jorge is unfortunately still of the belief that large doses of hookworms are required, and typically starts patients with a dose of 25 NA. He can be very reluctant to start with less, and sent one online patient 10 larvae after having agreed to send her only 3!)

* '''Cory Tichauer''' - heard about HT from Piper Dobner. "I am a physician who has been working with HDC for several years successfully in the treatment of immune inflammatory conditions and am interested in expanding my knowledge to NA and TSO as well."

* '''Nidia Diaz''' - "I’m a physician learning about this fascinating worm!"

* '''Ronald Goedeke''' - "Am a MD and heard about it at a medical conference."

* '''Victoria Laurin''' - "I'm a physician and still lots of my friends are skeptical despite my 'miraculous' recovery". I feel like I've gotten my life back. Trying to convince others is so hard.

* '''Sam Tarshis''' - emergency medicine resident physician at NYC Health + Hospitals/Lincoln.

* '''Jake Duncan''' - functional medicine practitioner.

* '''Jillian Casey ND'''

* '''Oleg Shulik MD''' - gastoenterology specialist

* '''Anthony Vandersteen''' - physician

=== Nurses ===

* '''Jane Puckey RN/RM''' - registered nurse now specialisig in helminthic therapy, New Zealznd. [https://www.biomeora.com]

=== Pharmacists ===

* '''Brecht Moerenhout'''

=== Chiropractors ===

* '''Carrie Clark''' - chiropractor and functional medicine practitioner, Minneapolis, US. [https://traditionallyhealthy.com]

=== Counsellors ===

* '''Benjamin Blay MA''' (counselling). One of the first adopters of NA (in 2007) and TTO, and a helminthic therapist for many years. [http://cognitiveresonance.co]

=== Dentists ===

* '''Wassim Kelada''' - Masters from the Dept. of Orthodontics at Dundee University. Then studied at The Royal College of Surgeons in the UK.

=== Veterinarians ===

* '''Christopher John Cooper''' - Senior veterinary surgeon

=== Health coaches ===

* '''Casi Cole''' - Experienced with the use of NA and TSO in both children and adults. [https://casicole.com]

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Buff background / orange border / large round corners - Used on Home page</div>

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== Banner notice example (Grab the markup to reproduce) ...... PLEASE DO NOT DELETE ...... ==

<div style="background-color:#F2DFCE; border:1px solid #F2DFCE; border-radius:16px; padding: 15px 16px 15px 18px;min-width:300px;">
'''<font color=#B40431><font size=5>Helminthic therapy events 2023</font></font>'''<br>
In September, 2023, helminth self-treaters will be meeting up at venues around the world to discuss this cutting-edge approach and its incredible benefits.<br>
Come along to one of our planned events, or host one yourself. For details, or to get in touch, click [http://htevents.org '''HERE'''].
</div>

== Cleaning larvae that are to be shared with others ...... PLEASE DO NOT DELETE ...... ==

Given that hookworms shed a layer of skin before entering a host, it is very unlikely that hookworms would transmit infectious organisms to a host, and a literature search yielded no record of pathogen transmission between hookworm and host. [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/e/e4/Hookworm.pdf] However, the possibility of pathogen transmission between hookworm hosts as a result of inoculation by one individual with larvae grown from the faeces of another has not been ruled out unequivocally. This is why the commercial providers of NA periodically test their reservoir donors for a range of communicable diseases such as HIV and hepatitis, always use an antimicrobial wash to clean the larvae they supply, and then ship them in a weak antibiotic solution. These precautionary measures are as far as the hookworm providers can go to obviate the risk of pathogen transmission, given that helminths are living organisms, and would be killed by any attempt to completely sterilise them.

Hookworm larvae do not need to be cleaned if they have been grown at home for use by the same individual who provided the stool sample for their incubation. However, if that individual wishes to share the larvae they have grown, these can be cleaned using one of the following methods.

'''Bleach treatment'''

Collect the brown water from the bottom of the container used for incubation and leave this in a champagne glass for 24 hours. Then add one or two drops of bleach to one litre of water and use some of the resulting bleach solution to almost fill a second champagne glass. The next day, use a pipette to carefully draw up the worms that have settled to the bottom of the champagne glass containing the brown water. Avoid squeezing the pipette once it is in the water because this would create bubbles that would disturb any sediment and distribute the larvae. Instead, slightly squeeze the bulb of the pipette before it enters the water, and hold this position carefully until the pipette reaches the bottom of the glass, where it can be gently released to collect the larvae. Then add the larvae collected to the bleach solution in the second champagne glass. Leave the larvae in the bleach solution for a further 24 hours. The following day, use a pipette to draw up the larvae from the bottom of the bleach solution and transfer them to a microscope slide for counting in preparation for inoculation, or add them to an eppendorf tube containing fresh water (distilled, filtered or bottled water, or dechlorinated tap water) for supply to someone else. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/678894952216125/permalink/3644376115667979/?comment_id=3653994954706095&reply_comment_id=3660985507340373]

'''Iodine treatment'''

Add one drop of commercially available 5% Lugol’s iodine to 5 ml of water (distilled, filtered or bottled water, or dechlorinated tap water) to create a 0.02% iodine solution. Then add 1 ml of this solution to 1 ml of water containing the larvae to be cleaned. After the larvae have spent 20 minutes in this solution, the iodine should be neutralised by adding a pinch of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) powder to the solution. Neutralisation of the iodine is confirmed when sufficient ascorbic acid has been sprinkled into the water to make this completely clear.

Larvae that have been cleaned by any method will have a shorter shelf life than those that have not been cleaned.

Helminthic Therapy wiki:Sandbox

2025-07-20T18:14:22Z

Laurel: /* Introduction to Helminthic Therapy */ july 2025 update

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# Introduction to Helminthic Therapy

<div style="background-color:#FFE6E6; border:2px solid #FF0000; padding:15px; border-radius:8px; margin-bottom:20px;">
'''⚠️ CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION - READ BEFORE PROCEEDING ⚠️'''

'''DO NOT attempt helminthic therapy without first reading these essential pages:'''
* [[Safety_Guidelines_and_Contraindications]]
* [[Choosing_Your_Therapeutic_Helminth]]
* [[Getting_Started_with_Helminthic_Therapy]]

'''People who skip this essential preparation often experience poor outcomes or regret their decisions.''' This therapy requires careful preparation and understanding for safe and effective use.
</div>

Are you a doctor or other medical professional?
- Please first see [[Helminthic_therapy_information_for_doctors]].

Are you a journalist, or skeptical about this therapy?
- You may find it helpful to start with the [[The_history_of_helminthic_therapy|History of Helminthic Therapy]], which reviews this therapy's development alongside the emerging science.

Are you considering using this therapy?
- In order to ensure a satisfactory outcome, it's essential that you read the safety guidelines and preparation materials linked in the red box above, along with the detailed information at the links within this page.

## What Is Helminthic Therapy?

[[File:Helminthic_therapy_video.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28phztp-uG8 What is helminthic therapy?] - William Parker, retired Professor of Surgery, explains in this 2-minute video.]]

[[Helminthic_therapy]] is an emerging medical approach that uses carefully selected microscopic intestinal organisms—called therapeutic [[helminths]]—to help restore healthy immune balance. These organisms have co-evolved with humans over millennia and play a natural role in regulating immune function.

Therapeutic [[helminths]] are chosen for their unique safety profile. They:
- Remain confined to the digestive tract
- Do not replicate inside the body
- Cause no known disease at therapeutic doses
- Can be fully and reliably cleared with standard anti-parasitic medication

They are used under controlled conditions by individuals seeking alternatives for chronic immune-related conditions.

## Why Use Helminths?

The human body evolved in the constant presence of a rich internal ecosystem—including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and [[helminths]]. Many of these organisms played active roles in helping the immune system develop and stay balanced. In modern industrialized societies, widespread sanitation, antibiotics, and pathogen elimination have disrupted this evolutionary relationship.

As a result, the immune system may become hyperreactive or misdirected. This is one explanation for the rise in conditions such as:
- Autoimmune diseases
- Allergies and asthma
- Chronic inflammation
- Metabolic and neuropsychiatric disorders

[[Helminthic_therapy]] is one strategy for restoring part of that lost biological complexity. Reintroducing specific beneficial organisms may help reestablish immune regulation and reduce inflammatory responses.

## Therapeutic Helminths: What They Are

Only a small number of [[helminth]] species are suitable for therapy. Each meets strict criteria for safety, predictability, and reversibility. The four therapeutic [[helminths]] currently available are:

* '''[[Necator_americanus]] ([[NA]])''' – human [[hookworm]]
* '''[[Trichuris_suis]] ova ([[TSO]])''' – pig [[whipworm]]
* '''[[Trichuris_trichiura]] ([[TT]])''' – human [[whipworm]]
* '''[[Hymenolepis_diminuta]] ([[HDC]])''' – rat [[tapeworm]] (larval form)

Each species offers different advantages depending on the individual's condition, goals, and biological context.

→ **Learn more:** [[Choosing_Your_Therapeutic_Helminth]]

## Safety and Effectiveness

[[Helminthic_therapy]] has been used safely by thousands of individuals over the past two decades. When properly implemented with appropriate preparation and dosing, serious adverse effects are extremely rare.

However, this therapy requires:
- **Careful species selection** based on individual needs
- **Proper dosing protocols** tailored to each person
- **Understanding of contraindications** and risk factors
- **Realistic expectations** about timelines and outcomes

→ **Essential reading:** [[Safety_Guidelines_and_Contraindications]]

## Conditions and Applications

[[Helminthic_therapy]] has been explored by individuals with a wide range of immune-related conditions, including:
- Inflammatory bowel disease ([[Crohn's_disease]], [[ulcerative_colitis]])
- Multiple sclerosis
- Asthma, eczema, and allergies
- Food sensitivities
- Autism spectrum traits
- Chronic migraines, ME/CFS, psoriasis, and other inflammatory conditions

Reported outcomes vary significantly. Some individuals experience substantial and lasting benefit, while others see more modest improvements. Success depends on factors such as species used, dosing, immune history, gut health, and overall system resilience.

→ **See examples:** [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories]]

## Getting Started

Before beginning [[helminthic_therapy]], prospective users should:

1. **Read the essential safety information** (linked in the red box above)
2. **Understand the time commitment** - this therapy typically requires 3-18 months to show benefits
3. **Choose the appropriate species** for their specific situation
4. **Locate a reputable provider** and understand costs
5. **Consider involving a supportive healthcare provider**

→ **Step-by-step guide:** [[Getting_Started_with_Helminthic_Therapy]]

## Learn More

### Background and Science
* [[Complete_History_of_Helminthic_Therapy]] - Development from early observations to modern use
* [[Why_Humans_Need_Helminths]] - The evolutionary and biological rationale
* [[Helminthic_therapy_research]] - Scientific studies and evidence

### Practical Implementation
* [[Working_with_Healthcare_Providers]] - How to discuss this therapy with doctors
* [[Combining_with_Medications]] - Drug interactions and compatibility
* [[Helminth_providers]] - Where to obtain therapeutic helminths
* [[DIY_Incubation_Guide]] - Home cultivation methods

### Support and Community
* [[Helminthic_therapy_personal_stories]] - First-hand accounts and case studies
* [[Online_support]] - Communities and resources for users
* [[Troubleshooting_and_Support]] - What to do when problems arise

---

**Important:** This information is for educational purposes. [[Helminthic_therapy]] is not approved as a medical treatment outside of Thailand. Individuals considering this therapy should make informed decisions based on thorough research and, where appropriate, consultation with knowledgeable healthcare providers.

= Deeper Learning: Explore Helminthic Therapy in Detail =

This page provides a gateway to the more technical, historical, and experiential aspects of helminthic therapy. If you are already familiar with the basics and want to explore specific areas in more depth, the following sections will guide you.

== Scientific Foundations ==

Helminthic therapy is supported by decades of scientific inquiry into the role of helminths in immune regulation, biome depletion, and inflammation. Clinical trials and laboratory studies have explored how helminths influence cytokine expression, T-reg cell behavior, microbiome composition, and more.

* [[Scientific_studies]]
* [[How helminthic therapy works]]
* [[Biome depletion and the hygiene hypothesis]] 

== History and Evolution of the Therapy ==

From early observations in developing countries to modern clinical experimentation, the history of helminthic therapy reflects a shift in thinking about parasites, immunity, and health. This section explores key milestones, research programs, and public interest stories that shaped the field.

* [[History of helminthic therapy]] 
* [[Key publications and pioneers]] 

== Species Used in Therapy ==

Not all helminths are alike. Each species used in therapy offers a different profile of immune effects, host compatibility, persistence, and practicality. This section compares the main species used and includes sourcing considerations.

* [[Helminths used in helminthic therapy]]
* [[Species comparison guide]] 
* [[Choosing the right helminth]] 

== Dosing and Protocols ==

How many organisms? How often? What’s the difference between species in terms of tolerance buildup, maintenance schedules, and symptom response? This section outlines practical information from both research and real-world application.

* [[Helminth dosing and protocols]]
* [[Starting a helminthic regimen]] 
* [[Managing die-off and immune flares]] 

== Risks, Contraindications, and Side Effects ==

While therapeutic helminths are chosen for their safety, they are biologically active and require thoughtful use. This section outlines known risks, who should avoid the therapy, and what to expect during early adjustment phases.

* [[Risks and contraindications]]
* [[Side effects and symptom cycles]] 
* [[Pregnancy, medications, and comorbidities]] 

== User Experiences and Case Reports ==

Thousands of individuals have experimented with helminthic therapy across a range of conditions. Their stories provide insight into real-world variability, timelines, symptom patterns, and unexpected benefits or challenges.

* [[Helminthic therapy personal stories]]
* [[User-reported outcomes by condition]] 
* [[Lessons from long-term users]] 

== Legal, Ethical, and Regulatory Landscape ==

The use of live organisms in self-treatment raises legal and ethical questions around regulation, informed consent, and accessibility. This section explores how helminthic therapy is treated across jurisdictions and offers context for navigating gray areas.

* [[Legal and ethical considerations]]
* [[Access and shipping issues]] 
* [[Informed consent in self-directed therapy]] 

== Suggested Path for Deeper Study ==

For those new to helminthic therapy but ready to go beyond the introduction, we recommend the following reading path:

# [[How helminthic therapy works]]

# [[Helminths used in helminthic therapy]]

# [[Helminth dosing and protocols]]

# [[Risks and contraindications]]

# [[Scientific_studies]]

# [[Helminthic therapy personal stories]]

You can also return to the [[Introduction to Helminthic Therapy]] if you need a refresher on the fundamentals.

--------

= Glossary of Terms in Helminthic Therapy =

''Tip: Use your browser’s search function (Ctrl+F or Command+F) to find specific terms on this page. You can also click section titles in the table of contents below to jump between categories.''

This glossary explains the most important terms used in helminthic therapy, including basic definitions and usage. Wherever possible, each term includes a short, clear description—so users don’t have to click away unless they want to learn more.

== Abbreviations ==

* **AD** – Ancylostoma duodenale, a type of hookworm not used in helminthic therapy.
* **ASD** – Autism spectrum disorder.
* **CD** – Crohn's disease, a chronic inflammatory bowel condition.
* **CRP** – C-reactive protein, a blood marker used to assess inflammation.
* **EE / EoE** – Eosinophilic esophagitis, a chronic allergic inflammation of the esophagus.
* **EV** – Enterobius vermicularis, also known as pinworm.
* **FMT** – Fecal microbiota transplant, a procedure to restore healthy gut bacteria.
* **GI** – Gastrointestinal (digestive tract).
* **HINT** – Helminth-Induced Immunomodulation Therapy, a research term for therapeutic helminth use.
* **HD** – Hymenolepis diminuta, a rat tapeworm used in therapy.
* **HDC / HDCs** – Hymenolepis diminuta cysticercoids, the larval stage used in therapy.
* **HK / HW / hw / hws** – Hookworm, typically referring to Necator americanus.
* **HT** – Helminthic therapy.
* **IBD** – Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's and ulcerative colitis.
* **IBS** – Irritable bowel syndrome, a common digestive disorder.
* **LDN** – Low-dose naltrexone, sometimes used off-label for immune regulation.
* **MCAD / MCAS** – Mast cell activation disorder or syndrome, involving immune overreaction.
* **MCS** – Multiple Chemical Sensitivity, involving extreme sensitivity to environmental chemicals.
* **MD** – Doctor of Medicine.
* **MS** – Multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disease affecting the nervous system.
* **NA** – Necator americanus, the human hookworm used in helminthic therapy.
* **TS / TSO** – Trichuris suis / Trichuris suis ova, the pig whipworm and its eggs.
* **TT / TTO** – Trichuris trichiura / its ova, the human whipworm.
* **UC** – Ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory condition of the colon.
* **WW** – Whipworm.
* **DIY** – Do-it-yourself, often referring to self-administered helminthic therapy.

== Conditions and Clinical Terms ==

* **Crohn's disease** – A chronic inflammatory disease of the intestines that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract.
* **Ulcerative colitis** – A form of inflammatory bowel disease that specifically affects the colon.
* **Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)** – A functional gastrointestinal disorder with symptoms like cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits.
* **Multiple sclerosis (MS)** – A chronic autoimmune condition affecting the brain and spinal cord.
* **Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)** – An allergic condition involving inflammation of the esophagus.
* **Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS)** – A disorder where mast cells release mediators excessively, leading to allergic-type symptoms.
* **Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS)** – A chronic condition involving reactions to low levels of common environmental chemicals.

== Species and Life Stages ==

* **Necator americanus (NA)** – A species of human hookworm commonly used in helminthic therapy.
* **Trichuris suis (TS)** – The pig whipworm used therapeutically in its egg form (TSO).
* **Trichuris trichiura (TT)** – The human whipworm, occasionally used in therapy.
* **Hymenolepis diminuta (HD)** – A rat tapeworm used in therapy as a non-replicating larval stage (HDC).
* **Hymenolepis nana (HN)** – A dwarf tapeworm not typically used due to its ability to reproduce in the host.
* **Enterobius vermicularis (EV)** – Also known as pinworm, a common intestinal worm not used therapeutically.
* **Larva / Larvae** – The early life stage of a helminth, typically the form used for inoculation.
* **Cysticercoid** – A larval form of tapeworm used in therapy, particularly with HD.

== Therapeutic Concepts ==

* **Helminthic therapy** – The use of carefully selected, non-pathogenic helminths to regulate immune system function.
* **Biome depletion** – The loss of natural intestinal organisms, including helminths, due to modern hygiene and antibiotics.
* **Biome reconstitution** – The process of restoring lost members of the human biome through therapeutic intervention.
* **Helminth replacement therapy** – Another term for helminthic therapy emphasizing the reintroduction of organisms lost in modern environments.
* **Mutualism** – A biological interaction where both species benefit; therapeutic helminths and humans form a mutualistic relationship.
* **Symbiosis** – A long-term interaction between two organisms; helminths form a symbiotic relationship with the host.
* **Obligatory symbiont** – An organism that requires a host to survive.
* **Ectosymbiont** – A symbiont that lives on the surface of its host (in the gut, in the case of helminths).
* **Worm burden** – The number of helminths present in the host at any time.
* **Inoculation** – The introduction of helminths into the body for therapeutic purposes.
* **Reworming** – Reintroducing helminths after they have died off or been intentionally cleared.

== Diagnostic and Medical Tools ==

* **O\&P test** – A laboratory test for detecting ova (eggs) and parasites in stool samples.
* **McMaster egg count** – A technique for estimating the number of helminth eggs in feces.
* **Colonoscopy** – A procedure to examine the inside of the colon using a camera.
* **Endoscopy** – A general term for procedures using a flexible tube to view the digestive tract.
* **C-reactive protein (CRP)** – A blood test marker for inflammation.
* **Impact factor** – A measure of how often articles from a scientific journal are cited.

== Microbiome and Ecology Terms ==

* **Microbiome** – The collection of microorganisms living in and on the human body.
* **Microbiota** – A specific group of microorganisms in a particular body region (e.g., gut microbiota).
* **Macrobiome** – The total collection of larger organisms (like helminths) associated with the body.
* **Macrobiota** – The subset of macroorganisms in a particular site.
* **Holobiome** – All microbes and macrobes (including helminths) coexisting with a host.
* **Commensalism** – A relationship where one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
* **Parasite / Parasitic** – An organism that benefits at the expense of its host; therapeutic helminths are selected to avoid this behavior.

== Colloquial and Community Terms ==

* **Worm flu** – A common term for the short-term symptoms some people experience after helminth inoculation.
* **Side effect** – An unintended physical response to a treatment.
* **Effectiveness / Efficacy** – A measure of how well a therapy achieves its intended goal.
* **Self-treatment / Self-treater** – An individual who undertakes helminthic therapy without direct medical supervision.
* **Vermifuge** – A substance that expels worms from the body.
* **Vermicide** – A substance that kills worms.
* **Probiotic** – A microorganism that supports health when introduced into the body.
* **Hookworm / Whipworm / Tapeworm** – Common names for different types of helminths used or considered for therapy.
* **Strobila** – The segmented body of a tapeworm.
* **Proglottid** – Each segment of a tapeworm’s strobila.
* **Suppuration** – The production of pus as part of the body’s inflammatory response.
* **Exudate** – Fluid that leaks from blood vessels during inflammation.
* **Serous drainage** – A clear, watery fluid released during early wound healing.

''For additional context, see related pages: \[\[Helminths used in helminthic therapy]], \[\[How helminthic therapy works]], \[\[Risks and contraindications]], and \[\[Helminthic therapy personal stories]].''

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= Miscellaneous documents hosted by this wiki ...... PLEASE DO NOT DELETE ...... =

A number of texts that are hosted by this wiki but not readily availalbe elsewhere are listed on the [[Helminthic therapy documentary resources | '''Helminthic therapy documentary resources''']] page.

The following further resources were created for limited audiences.

* [[media:Notes_for_support_group_moderators_and_admins.pdf | Notes for support group moderators and admins]]

* [[media:Notes_for_prospective_helminth_providers.pdf | Notes for prospective helminth providers]] (For the information of prospective providers only. Not for general distribution.)

== Health professionals in the Helminthic Therapy Support group ...... PLEASE DO NOT DELETE ...... ==

There are a lot of medical professionals in the group, many of whom don't reveal their occupation. Those listed below are just a few of the ones who have mentioned their profession. Please add any others as you discover them, along with whatever details are appropriate and available.

=== Medical doctors ===

* '''Andrea McBeth ND''' - US

* '''Piper Dobner ND''' - US

* '''Liz Mcauliff ND''' (Student in 2022) - joined the HT support group in Nov 2022, after hearing a lecture by Piper Dobner.

* '''Mark Davis ND''' - US (Mark likes to start patients with a dose of 25 NA. Having only treated a few dozen individuals, he hasn't yet encountered anyone who is hypersensitive to worms or helminth permissive.)

* '''Sean Murphy MD'''- Tucson, Arizona, US. Specialist in emergency medicine, and long-term user of NA. He tried to set up a clinical trial and a company selling NA in the US, both unsuccessfully.

* '''Richard Doehring MD''' - retired pathologist, New Zealand

* '''Jorge Llamas MD''' - runs the Llamas Clinic in Tijuana, Mexico. (Jorge is unfortunately still of the belief that large doses of hookworms are required, and typically starts patients with a dose of 25 NA. He can be very reluctant to start with less, and sent one online patient 10 larvae after having agreed to send her only 3!)

* '''Cory Tichauer''' - heard about HT from Piper Dobner. "I am a physician who has been working with HDC for several years successfully in the treatment of immune inflammatory conditions and am interested in expanding my knowledge to NA and TSO as well."

* '''Nidia Diaz''' - "I’m a physician learning about this fascinating worm!"

* '''Ronald Goedeke''' - "Am a MD and heard about it at a medical conference."

* '''Victoria Laurin''' - "I'm a physician and still lots of my friends are skeptical despite my 'miraculous' recovery". I feel like I've gotten my life back. Trying to convince others is so hard.

* '''Sam Tarshis''' - emergency medicine resident physician at NYC Health + Hospitals/Lincoln.

* '''Jake Duncan''' - functional medicine practitioner.

* '''Jillian Casey ND'''

* '''Oleg Shulik MD''' - gastoenterology specialist

* '''Anthony Vandersteen''' - physician

=== Nurses ===

* '''Jane Puckey RN/RM''' - registered nurse now specialisig in helminthic therapy, New Zealznd. [https://www.biomeora.com]

=== Pharmacists ===

* '''Brecht Moerenhout'''

=== Chiropractors ===

* '''Carrie Clark''' - chiropractor and functional medicine practitioner, Minneapolis, US. [https://traditionallyhealthy.com]

=== Counsellors ===

* '''Benjamin Blay MA''' (counselling). One of the first adopters of NA (in 2007) and TTO, and a helminthic therapist for many years. [http://cognitiveresonance.co]

=== Dentists ===

* '''Wassim Kelada''' - Masters from the Dept. of Orthodontics at Dundee University. Then studied at The Royal College of Surgeons in the UK.

=== Veterinarians ===

* '''Christopher John Cooper''' - Senior veterinary surgeon

=== Health coaches ===

* '''Casi Cole''' - Experienced with the use of NA and TSO in both children and adults. [https://casicole.com]

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'''<font color=#B40431><font size=5>Helminthic therapy events 2023</font></font>'''<br>
In September, 2023, helminth self-treaters will be meeting up at venues around the world to discuss this cutting-edge approach and its incredible benefits.<br>
Come along to one of our planned events, or host one yourself. For details, or to get in touch, click [http://htevents.org '''HERE'''].
</div>

== Cleaning larvae that are to be shared with others ...... PLEASE DO NOT DELETE ...... ==

Given that hookworms shed a layer of skin before entering a host, it is very unlikely that hookworms would transmit infectious organisms to a host, and a literature search yielded no record of pathogen transmission between hookworm and host. [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/e/e4/Hookworm.pdf] However, the possibility of pathogen transmission between hookworm hosts as a result of inoculation by one individual with larvae grown from the faeces of another has not been ruled out unequivocally. This is why the commercial providers of NA periodically test their reservoir donors for a range of communicable diseases such as HIV and hepatitis, always use an antimicrobial wash to clean the larvae they supply, and then ship them in a weak antibiotic solution. These precautionary measures are as far as the hookworm providers can go to obviate the risk of pathogen transmission, given that helminths are living organisms, and would be killed by any attempt to completely sterilise them.

Hookworm larvae do not need to be cleaned if they have been grown at home for use by the same individual who provided the stool sample for their incubation. However, if that individual wishes to share the larvae they have grown, these can be cleaned using one of the following methods.

'''Bleach treatment'''

Collect the brown water from the bottom of the container used for incubation and leave this in a champagne glass for 24 hours. Then add one or two drops of bleach to one litre of water and use some of the resulting bleach solution to almost fill a second champagne glass. The next day, use a pipette to carefully draw up the worms that have settled to the bottom of the champagne glass containing the brown water. Avoid squeezing the pipette once it is in the water because this would create bubbles that would disturb any sediment and distribute the larvae. Instead, slightly squeeze the bulb of the pipette before it enters the water, and hold this position carefully until the pipette reaches the bottom of the glass, where it can be gently released to collect the larvae. Then add the larvae collected to the bleach solution in the second champagne glass. Leave the larvae in the bleach solution for a further 24 hours. The following day, use a pipette to draw up the larvae from the bottom of the bleach solution and transfer them to a microscope slide for counting in preparation for inoculation, or add them to an eppendorf tube containing fresh water (distilled, filtered or bottled water, or dechlorinated tap water) for supply to someone else. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/678894952216125/permalink/3644376115667979/?comment_id=3653994954706095&reply_comment_id=3660985507340373]

'''Iodine treatment'''

Add one drop of commercially available 5% Lugol’s iodine to 5 ml of water (distilled, filtered or bottled water, or dechlorinated tap water) to create a 0.02% iodine solution. Then add 1 ml of this solution to 1 ml of water containing the larvae to be cleaned. After the larvae have spent 20 minutes in this solution, the iodine should be neutralised by adding a pinch of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) powder to the solution. Neutralisation of the iodine is confirmed when sufficient ascorbic acid has been sprinkled into the water to make this completely clear.

Larvae that have been cleaned by any method will have a shorter shelf life than those that have not been cleaned.

Helminthic therapy research

2025-05-18T19:27:26Z

Laurel: minor

{{Breadcrumb}}
{{SEO
|title=Helminthic therapy research
|description=Comprehensive index of over 1,000 scientific studies and reports supporting helminthic therapy, biome reconstitution, and the Hygiene Hypothesis.
|keywords=helminthic therapy research, helminth studies, hygiene hypothesis, biome depletion, immune disorders, self-treatment
|og:image=[[File:wiki.png]]
}}

Helminthic therapy is the deliberate introduction of controlled, non-replicating helminths to improve immune regulation and reduce chronic inflammation. This page provides a curated index of over 1,000 scientific studies and reports related to this therapy and its theoretical foundations, including:

* the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis Hygiene Hypothesis]
* the [http://evmedreview.com/?p=103 Old Friends' Hypothesis]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mismatch_theory Evolutionary Mismatch Theory]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21741180 Biome Depletion Theory] / [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133248 Biota Alteration Theory]

This resource is maintained quarterly by volunteers. '''Last major update: May 2025.''' To suggest edits or updates, use the [[Talk:Helminthic therapy research]] page.

== Therapeutic Helminths ==
Four organisms are currently used in helminthic therapy:

* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necator_americanus Necator americanus]'' (NA) – human hookworm
* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuris_trichiura Trichuris trichiura]'' (TTO) – human whipworm
* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuris_suis Trichuris suis]'' (TSO) – pig whipworm
* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenolepis_diminuta Hymenolepis diminuta]'' (HDC) – rat tapeworm

Some additional studies include other helminth species or helminth-derived molecules. These are included where they offer relevant insights into immune function, inflammation, and host-parasite interactions.

<div style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 1px solid #EEDD82; padding:8px; margin:16px 0;">
'''Navigation tip''': To search by condition (e.g., asthma, MS, autism), use your browser’s “Find in page” function (⌘F or Ctrl+F). For access tips, see the [[#Obtaining copies of scientific papers]] section below.
</div>

== Recommended Starting Points ==
<div style="background-color:#F0F8FF; border:1px solid #ADD8E6; padding:8px;">
'''New to the topic? Start here:'''
* ✅ [[media:Overcoming_Evolutionary_Mismatch_by_Self-Treatment_with_Helminths.pdf]] – Landmark paper on patient-led outcomes
* ✅ [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744090 Helminth–host immunological interactions (2012)] – Summary of core science
* ✅ [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737071 Socio-medical insight on trial limitations (2022)] – Why RCTs may not reflect real-world outcomes
</div>

== Related Pages ==
* [[Introduction to helminthic therapy]]
* [[Hookworm dosing and response]]
* [[Human helminth care manual]]
* [[Helminthic therapy for multiple sclerosis]]
* [[Glossary of helminthic therapy terms]]

<div class="toclimit-2">__TOC__</div>

== What Researchers Say About Helminthic Therapy ==

=== Scientific conclusions from clinical and lab studies ===

{{Quote|indent}}Although some helminths are known to cause disease and have been labeled parasites, it is now clear that some exposure to this class of organisms is necessary for human health. (Bono-Lunn et al) [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10601333.2016.1210159]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}The results strongly support previous indications that helminth therapy can effectively treat a wide range of allergies, autoimmune conditions and neuropsychiatric disorders. (Liu et al) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27240605/]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}Although self-treatment with helminths cannot be recommended by medical professionals due to a lack of blinded, placebo controlled trials, neither should it be discouraged since the available evidence suggests that it is beneficial in most cases when practiced by knowledgeable individuals. (Parker and Morey) [https://evmedreview.com/progress-on-reconstituting-the-depleted-biome-to-prevent-immune-disorders/]{{Quote|/indent}}

=== Researcher commentary, policy vision, and future outlook ===

{{Quote|indent}}What was a costly and sometimes risky venture into the unknown, undertaken by only a few 10 years ago, is rapidly becoming a readily available and well-established resource currently used by thousands of individuals. (Cheng et al, 2015) [[media:Overcoming_Evolutionary_Mismatch_by_Self-Treatment_with_Helminths.pdf]]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}We need to embrace the view that helminths are a necessary component of the ecosystem of a healthy body, and that helminths should be cultivated for population-wide biota restoration. (Villeneuve et al) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1286457917301855?via%3Dihub]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}Biome reconstitution… must be considered a fundamental human right worthy of government support rather than an option for pharmaceutical development. (Parker and Ollerton) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481190]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}Twenty years from now… every single human being needs a helminth. It’s part of our biology. (Prof William Parker, Duke University) [https://web.archive.org/web/202212]()

== '''Research papers & articles''' ==

===2025===

* 2025 Apr 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40302223/ Cytokines from parasites: manipulating host responses by molecular mimicry] — [DOI not listed] DOI
* 2025 Apr 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40298402/ mGem: Decoding transmicrobe messaging-the growing impact of extracellular vesicles] — [https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mbio.03130-24?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed Full text] | [https://journals.asm.org/doi/epub/10.1128/mbio.03130-24 PDF] '''(EVs)'''
* 2025 Apr 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40266093/ Helminth reshapes host gut microbiota and immunoregulation by deploying an antimicrobial program of innate immunity] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12026035/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12026035/pdf/KGMI_17_2496447.pdf PDF] '''(gut microbiota)'''
* 2025 Apr 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40265426/ Modulation of the Inflammatory Signature in an Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model through Treatment with Fasciola hepatica-Derived Recombinant Fatty Acid Binding Protein (rFh15)] — [DOI not listed] DOI '''(F. hepatica, autoimmune, immunology)'''
* 2025 Jan [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39638178/ Cathepsin L of Fasciola hepatica meliorates colitis by altering the gut microbiome and inflammatory macrophages] — [DOI not listed] DOI '''(F. hepatica, colitis, macrophage, microbiome)'''
* 2025 Jan [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39608199/ Host, parasite, and microbiome interaction: Trichuris ovis and its effect on sheep gut microbiota] — [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304401724002450?via%3Dihub Full text] '''(gut microbiota, microbiome)'''

===2024===

* 2024 Dec 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39749005/ Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Helminth-Derived Products: Potential Applications and Challenges in Diabetes Mellitus Management] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11694023/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11694023/pdf/jir-17-11789.pdf PDF] (diabetes)

* 2024 Dec 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39666730/ Hymenolepis nana antigens alleviate ulcerative colitis by promoting intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation via AhR/IL-22 signaling pathway] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11670978/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11670978/pdf/pntd.0012714.pdf PDF] (Hymenolepis nana, colitis)

* 2024 Dec 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39642243/ A helminth enzyme subverts macrophage-mediated immunity by epigenetic targeting of prostaglandin synthesis] — [DOI] (immunomodulation)

* 2024 Dec 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39749005/ Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Helminth-Derived Products: Potential Applications and Challenges in Diabetes Mellitus Management] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11694023/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11694023/pdf/jir-17-11789.pdf PDF] (diabetes)

* 2024 Dec 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39666730/ Hymenolepis nana antigens alleviate ulcerative colitis by promoting intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation via AhR/IL-22 signaling pathway] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11670978/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11670978/pdf/pntd.0012714.pdf PDF] (Hymenolepis nana, colitis)

* 2024 Dec 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39642243/ A helminth enzyme subverts macrophage-mediated immunity by epigenetic targeting of prostaglandin synthesis] — [DOI] (immunomodulation)

* 2024 Dec 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39620820/ Intestinal Helminth Infection Impairs Oral and Parenteral Vaccine Efficacy] — [https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/154/Supplement%204/S51/200114/Intestinal-Helminth-Infection-Impairs-Oral-and?autologincheck=redirected Full text] | [https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-pdf/154/Supplement%204/S51/1745169/peds.2024-069114n.pdf PDF] (vaccine efficacy)

* 2024 Nov 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39609640/ The TGF-β mimic TGM4 achieves cell specificity through combinatorial surface co-receptor binding] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11723922/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11723922/pdf/44319_2024_Article_323.pdf PDF] (TGF-beta mimic)

* 2024 Nov 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39651252/ The IL-33/ST2 signaling axis drives pathogenesis in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11623585/ Full text] | [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625579v1 PDF] (COVID-19)

* 2024 Nov 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39596084/ A Small Intestinal Helminth Infection Alters Colonic Mucus and Shapes the Colonic Mucus Microbiome] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11593901/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11593901/pdf/ijms-25-12015.pdf PDF] (intestinal helminth)

* 2024 Nov 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39569198/ Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles from Ascaris lumbricoides antigen exposure enhance Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth control, reduce IL-1β, and contain miR-342-5p, miR-516b-5p, and miR-570-3p that regulate PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11576181/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11576181/pdf/fimmu-15-1454881.pdf PDF] (Ascaris lumbricoides, tuberculosis)

* 2024 Nov 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39495798/ The gut microbiota is essential for Trichinella spiralis-evoked suppression of colitis] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11563474/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11563474/pdf/pntd.0012645.pdf PDF] (Trichinella spiralis, colitis)

* 2024 Nov 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38899778/ Probiotic Treatment of U lcerative Colitis with Trichuris Suis Ova: A Randomised, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial (the PROCTO Trial)] — [DOI] (Trichuris suis, colitis)

* 2024 Oct 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39530086/ Roles of helminth extracellular vesicle-derived let-7 in host-parasite crosstalk] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11551607/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11551607/pdf/fimmu-15-1449495.pdf PDF] (EVs, let-7)

* 2024 Oct 17 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39406912/ Monocytes/Macrophages in Helminth Infections: Key Players in Host Defence, Inflammation, and Tissue Repair] — [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-65944-7_13 Full text] (macrophages)

* 2024 Oct 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39458384/ Parasites and Microbiota: Dual Interactions and Therapeutic Perspectives] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11510500/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11510500/pdf/microorganisms-12-02076.pdf PDF] (microbiota)

* 2024 Oct 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39406758/ Immunomodulatory effect of Dicrocoelium dendriticum ova on DSS-induced experimental colitis in C57BL/6 mouse] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11480399/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11480399/pdf/41598_2024_Article_73692.pdf PDF] (Dicrocoelium, colitis)

* 2024 Oct 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39385244/ The role of helminths and their antigens in cancer therapy: insights from cell line models] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11465614/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11465614/pdf/13027_2024_Article_613.pdf PDF] (cancer)

* 2024 Oct 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39444692/ Immuno-therapeutic and prophylactic potential of Trichinella spiralis antigens for inflammatory bowel diseases] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11497370/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11497370/pdf/main.pdf PDF] (Trichinella, IBD)

* 2024 Oct 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39367471/ Parasites revive hope for cancer therapy] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11453045/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11453045/pdf/40001_2024_Article_2057.pdf PDF] (cancer)

* 2024 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39159711/ Helminth derivative tuftsin-phopshorylcholine to treat autoimmunity] — [DOI] (autoimmunity)

* 2024 Sept 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39314046/ Helminth-derived molecules: pathogenic and pharmacopeial roles] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11629161/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11629161/pdf/jbr-38-6-547.pdf PDF] (molecular roles)

* 2024 Sept 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39263744/ Health-promoting worms? Prospects and pitfalls of helminth therapy] — [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bies.202400080 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bies.202400080 PDF] (therapy review)

* 2024 Sept 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39243554/ Excretory/secretory antigens from Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae ameliorate HFD-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via driving macrophage anti-inflammatory activity] — [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1567576924016242?via%3Dihub Full text] (Trichinella, NASH)

* 2024 Sept 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39234909/ Immune-mediated Bowel Disease: Role of Intestinal Parasites and Gut Microbiome] (IBD, microbiome)

* 2024 Aug 23 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39179288/ Helminth protein enhances wound healing by inhibiting fibrosis and promoting tissue regeneration] — [https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/molecules-secreted-by-parasitic-worms-found-to-reduce-scarring-during-wound-healing/ Full text] (wound healing)

* 2024 Aug 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39204303/ Geohelminths: Use in the Treatment of Selected Human Diseases] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11356798/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11356798/pdf/pathogens-13-00703.pdf PDF] (geohelminths, therapy)

* 2024 Aug 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39037247/ Echinococcus multilocularis serpin regulates macrophage polarization and reduces gut dysbiosis in colitis] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11320943/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11320943/pdf/iai.00232-24.pdf PDF] (Echinococcus, colitis)

* 2024 Aug 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39211070/ Helminth-derived metabolites induce tolerogenic] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11360915/ Full text] | [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525718v2.full.pdf PDF] (metabolites, immune tolerance)

* 2024 Jul 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39013877/ Controlled human hookworm infection remodels plasmacytoid dendritic cells and regulatory T cells towards profiles seen in natural infections in endemic areas] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11252261/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11252261/pdf/41467_2024_Article_50313.pdf PDF] (hookworm, dendritic cells)

* 2024 Jun 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38947109/ Reevaluating Biota Alteration: Reframing Environmental Influences on Chronic Immune Disorders and Exploring Novel Therapeutic Opportunities] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11202117/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11202117/pdf/yjbm_97_2_253.pdf PDF] (review)

* 2024 Jun 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39065669/ Pharmaceutical Potential of Remedial Plants and Helminths for Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11279646/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11279646/pdf/pharmaceuticals-17-00819.pdf PDF] (IBD)

* 2024 Apr 30 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38687096/ Gut-lung axis and asthma: A historical review on mechanism and future perspective] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11060082/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11060082/pdf/CLT2-14-e12356.pdf PDF] (asthma)

* 2024 Apr 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38637733/ Helminth-derived proteins as immune system regulators] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11025257/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11025257/pdf/12865_2024_Article_614.pdf PDF] (immune regulation)

* 2024 Apr 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38581085/ The helminth-derived peptide, FhHDM-1, reverses the trained phenotype of NOD bone-marrow-derived macrophages and regulates proinflammatory responses] — [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.202350643 Full text] (FhHDM-1, inflammation)

* 2024 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38648862/ Modulation of intestinal epithelial permeability by chronic small intestinal helminth infections] — [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imcb.12749 Full text] (permeability)

* 2024 Mar 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38517214/ Association between helminth infection and allergic disorders among children in Batu, Ethiopia] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10959016/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10959016/pdf/IID3-12-e1222.pdf PDF] (allergy, children)

* 2024 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38325266/ Serine protease inhibitor from the muscle larval Trichinella spiralis ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice via anti-inflammatory properties and gut-liver crosstalk] — [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332224001045?via%3Dihub Full text] (Trichinella, NAFLD)

* 2024 Jan 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38500783/ The parasitic worm product ES-62 protects against collagen-induced arthritis by resetting the gut-bone marrow axis in a microbiome-dependent manner] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7615750/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7615750/pdf/EMS194623.pdf PDF] (ES-62, arthritis)

* 2024 Jan 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38357280/ Effect of Trichinella spiralis-Derived Antigens on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by High-Fat Diet in Mice] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10863434/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10863434/pdf/pt3c00276.pdf PDF] (Trichinella, NAFLD)

===2023===

* 2023 Nov 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38016013/ Immunosuppressive ability of Trichinella spiralis adults can ameliorate type 2 inflammation in a murine allergy model]

* ✅ 2023 Nov [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37449458/ Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/all.15812 Full text] | [[media:Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction.pdf | PDF]]

* 2023 Sept 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37762428/ The Impact of Intestinal Inflammation on Nematode's Excretory-Secretory Proteome] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10531923/ Full Text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10531923/pdf/ijms-24-14127.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Sept 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37760328/ Severely Asthmatic Horses Residing in a Mediterranean Climate Shed a Significantly Lower Number of Parasite Eggs Compared to Healthy Farm Mates] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10525552/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10525552/pdf/animals-13-02928.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Sept 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37762297/ Modulation of LPS-Induced Neurodegeneration by Intestinal Helminth Infection in Ageing Mice] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10530578/ Full Text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10530578/pdf/ijms-24-13994.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Sept [https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/esploro/outputs/doctoral/Helminths-modulation-of-intestinal-barrier-function/9926503779101891 Helminths' modulation of intestinal barrier function] (doctoral thesis)

* 2023 Aug 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37745942/ Hookworm infection induces glycometabolic modulation in South Indian individuals with type 2 diabetes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10514067/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10514067/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Aug 21 [https://www.labonline.com.au/content/life-scientist/article/hookworms-could-offer-protection-from-severe-covid-1149206477 Hookworms could offer protection from severe COVID]

* 2023 Aug 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37585413/ The gut microbiota contributes to changes in the host immune response induced by Trichinella spiralis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431649/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431649/pdf/pntd.0011479.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Aug 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37580819/ Inhibition of GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis triggered by Trichinella spiralis intervention contributes to the alleviation of DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10424392/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10424392/pdf/13071_2023_Article_5857.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Aug 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37579625/ A target-based discovery from a parasitic helminth as a novel therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases] -- [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(23)00316-X/fulltext Full text]

* 2023 Aug 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37566678/ Exposure to lung-migrating helminth protects against murine SARS-CoV-2 infection through macrophage-dependent T cell activation]

* 2023 Jul 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37495576/ Effect of experimental hookworm infection on insulin resistance in people at risk of type 2 diabetes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10372076/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10372076/pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jun 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37355675/ Interaction between tissue-dwelling helminth and the gut microbiota drives mucosal immunoregulation] -- [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41522-023-00410-7 Full text]

* 2023 Jun 23 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37292031/ The mouse model of chronic asthma: Airway remodelling and disease exacerbation by somatic antigen of Echinococcus granulosus]

* 2023 Jun 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37383608/ The Potential Nexus between Helminths and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Literature Review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10299886/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10299886/pdf/JIR2023-5544819.pdf PDF]

* 2023 June 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37318363/ Controlled Hookworm Infection for Medication-free Maintenance in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Pilot, Double-blind, Randomized Control Trial] -- [https://academic.oup.com/ibdjournal/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ibd/izad110/7198522?login=false Full Text]

* 2023 Jun 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37292031/ The mouse model of chronic asthma: Airway remodelling and disease exacerbation by somatic antigen of Echinococcus granulosus]

* 2023 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37207504/ Proteomic profile of Trichinella spiralis infected mice with acute spinal cord injury: A 4D label-free quantitative analysis]

* 2023 Jun [https://repository.univ-msila.dz/items/7987d3ff-f6e5-48dc-aabb-d19a00049b5f/full Echinococcose kystique et l'helmintho-thérapie] -- [https://repository.univ-msila.dz/server/api/core/bitstreams/de28cb6f-60a2-4af2-af13-116215e0a57b/content PDF] (mémoire de master en français / in french)

* 2023 Apr 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37119907/ Helminth-derived biomacromolecules as therapeutic agents for treating inflammatory and infectious diseases: What lessons do we get from recent findings?]

* 2023 Apr 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37189818/ Helminth Lessons in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD)] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135676/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135676/pdf/biomedicines-11-01200.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36848791/ The Trichinella spiralis-derived antigens alleviate HFD-induced obesity and inflammation in mice]

* 2023 Feb 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36827239/ Effects of helminths and anthelmintic treatment on cardiometabolic diseases and risk factors: A systematic review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9956023/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9956023/pdf/pntd.0011022.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Feb 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36788341/ Maternal helminth infection protects offspring from high-fat-diet-induced obesity through altered microbiota and SCFAs]

* 2023 Feb 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36780522/ Helminth egg derivatives as proregenerative immunotherapies]

* 2023 Feb 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36785786/ COVID-19 morbidity in lower versus higher income populations underscores the need to restore lost biodiversity of eukaryotic symbionts] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9908430/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jan 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36761766/ The helminth derived peptide FhHDM-1 redirects macrophage metabolism towards glutaminolysis to regulate the pro-inflammatory response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9905698/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9905698/pdf/fimmu-14-1018076.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jan 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36855464/ Protection from T cell-dependent colitis by the helminth-derived immunomodulatory mimic of transforming growth factor-β, Hp-TGM] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9958376/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9958376/pdf/kyad001.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jan 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36641059/ Heat shock protein 60 in parasitic helminths: a role in immune responses and therapeutic applications]

===2022===

* 2022 Dec 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36601618/ Does the trained immune system play an important role in the extreme longevity that is seen in the Sardinian blue zone?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9806115/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9806115/pdf/fragi-03-1069415.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Dec 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36569142/ The impact of Helicobacter pylori and intestinal helminth infections on gastric adenocarcinoma and inflammatory bowel disease in Sub-Saharan Africa] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780450/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780450/pdf/fmed-09-1013779.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Dec 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36476263/ Gut microbiome of helminth-infected indigenous Malaysians is context dependent] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9727879/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9727879/pdf/40168_2022_Article_1385.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Nov 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36558772/ The Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta as an Important Model Organism in the Experimental Parasitology of the 21st Century] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9784563/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9784563/pdf/pathogens-11-01439.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Nov 10 [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515832v1 Helminth exposure protects against murine SARS-CoV-2 infection through macrophage dependent T cell activation] -- [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515832v1.full Full text] | [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515832v1.full.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Nov 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39816470/ The immunology of parasite infections: Grand challenges] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11732110/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11732110/pdf/fpara-01-1069205.pdf PDF] (editorial)

* 2022 Nov 1 [https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/21/13358 Helminths and Bacterial Microbiota: The Interactions of Two of Humans’ “Old Friends”] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/21/13358/htm Full text]

* 2022 Oct 27 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36289514/ Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and antigen B may decrease inflammatory bowel disease through regulation of M1/2 polarization] -- [https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05498-y Full text]

* 2022 Oct 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36297265/ Inhibition Effects of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Its Derivatives against Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- Mice through Anti-Inflammatory Response] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/10/1208/htm Full text]

* 2022 Oct 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36263053/ Helminth infection and helminth-derived products: A novel therapeutic option for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9573989/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9573989/pdf/fimmu-13-999412.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Sept 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36175934/ Whipworm secretions and their roles in host-parasite interactions] -- [https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05483-5 Full text]

*2022 Sept 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36084127/ Cysteine protease of Clonorchis sinensis alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9491586/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9491586/pdf/pntd.0010774.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Sept [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35712983/ The effect of helminth infection on vaccine responses in humans and animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pim.12939 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/pim.12939 PDF]

* 2022 Aug 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36045216/ Food for thought - ILC metabolism in the context of helminth infections] -- [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41385-022-00559-y Full text]

* 2022 Aug 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36105811/ The parasitic worm product ES-62 protects the osteoimmunology axis in a mouse model of obesity-accelerated ageing] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9465317/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9465317/pdf/fimmu-13-953053.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Aug 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36116939/ Role of alternative activation of macrophages in hookworm therapy for inflammatory diseases: a review]

* 2022 Aug 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35964125/ Immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus by adjuvant-free Schistosoma japonicum-egg tip-loaded asymmetric microneedle patch (STAMP)] -- [https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12951-022-01581-9 Full text]

* 2022 Aug 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36040420/ Early life mebendazole exposure increases the risk of adult-onset ulcerative colitis: a population-based cohort study]

* 2022 Aug 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35955110/ Hymenolepis diminuta Infection Affects Apoptosis in the Small and Large Intestine] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368115/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368115/pdf/ijerph-19-09753.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Aug 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36045216/ Food for thought - ILC metabolism in the context of helminth infections] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9705246/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9705246/pdf/41385_2022_Article_559.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Aug 1 [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/8/1235?fbclid=IwAR2Y4zm19t6UklmkK0WiNZEJyzDWZpqYKNYygzA1UkEFoaMUt9djgtn0vHk Harnessing Immune Evasion Strategy of Lymphatic Filariae: A Therapeutic Approach against Inflammatory and Infective Pathology] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/8/1235/htm Full text]

* 2022 Jul 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35804460/ The production of Necator americanus larvae for use in experimental human infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9264692/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9264692/pdf/13071_2022_Article_5371.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35764965/ Helminth antigens differentially modulate the activation of CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes of convalescent COVID-19 patients in vitro] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9241220/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9241220/pdf/12916_2022_Article_2441.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 27 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35758054/ Suppression of airway allergic eosinophilia by Hp-TGM, a helminth mimic of TGF-β]

* 2022 Jun 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35748460/ "Out of the box" new therapeutic strategies for Crohn’s disease: moving beyond biologics] | [https://online.reed.es/DOI/PDF/ArticuloDOI_9010.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35732819/ Effects of helminths on the human immune response and the microbiome] -- [https://www.mucosalimmunology.org/article/S1933-0219(22)01749-4/fulltext Full text] | [https://www.mucosalimmunology.org/action/showPdf?pii=S1933-0219%2822%2901749-4 PDF]

* 2022 Jun 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35747061/ Multiple sclerosis and the microbiota: Progress in understanding the contribution of the gut microbiome to disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9211007/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9211007/pdf/eoac009.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35675339/ Clinical helminth infections alter host gut and saliva microbiota] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9212162/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9212162/pdf/pntd.0010491.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35774197/ Nematode surface functionalization with hydrogel sheaths tailored in situ] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590006422001260 Full text] |

* 2022 May 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35615625/ Trichinella-induced immunomodulation: Another tale of helminth success] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9125654/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9125654/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2022 May 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35499991/ Helminth infection modulates number and function of adipose tissue Tregs in high fat diet-induced obesity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9098094/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9098094/pdf/pntd.0010105.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Mar 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35357756/ A Good Day for Helminths: how parasite-derived GDH suppresses inflammatory responses] -- [https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.15252/embr.202255054 Full text]

* 2022 Mar 30 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35353624/ Ascarosides from helminths pack a punch against allergy] -- [https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2202250119 Full text] | [https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.2202250119 PDF]

* 2022 Mar 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35386686/ Parasitomimetics: Can We Utilize Parasite-Derived Immunomodulatory Molecules for Interventions to Immunological Disorders?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977410/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977410/pdf/fimmu-13-824695.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Mar 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35286352/ Infection with intestinal helminth (Hymenolepis diminuta) impacts exploratory behavior and cognitive processes in rats by changing the central level of neurotransmitters] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1010330 Full text]

* 2022 Mar 10 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35359963/ Not All Worms Were Created Equal] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8960138/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8960138/pdf/fimmu-13-877707.pdf PDF] (NB. This paper does not include all the facts that are pertinent to the case discussed. For additional important details, see: [[Helminthic therapy safety#Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease? | Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease?]])

* 2022 Mar 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35435987/ Review of the role of parasitic nematode excretory/secretory proteins in host immunomodulation]

* 2022 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34861106/ Immunomodulation of COVID-19 severity by helminth co-infection: Implications for COVID-19 vaccine efficacy] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iid3.573 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iid3.573 PDF]

* 2022 Feb 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35281054/ Helminth and Host Crosstalk: New Insight Into Treatment of Obesity and Its Associated Metabolic Syndromes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8913526/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8913526/pdf/fimmu-13-827486.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Feb 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35281745/ Bone erosion in inflammatory arthritis is attenuated by Trichinella spiralis through inhibiting M1 monocyte/macrophage polarization] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8914552/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8914552/pdf/main.pdf PDF]]

* 2022 Feb 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35202548/ Helminth products modulate innate immune recognition of nucleic acids in systemic lupus erythematosus]

* 2022 Feb 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35188279/ Concurrent allergy and helminthiasis in underprivileged urban South African adults previously residing in rural areas] (NB. Ascarids are known to be associated with asthma, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778161/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25702830] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17698018] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30249744] unlike the species used in helminthic therapy.)

* 2022 Feb 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35222441/ The Fight Against Severe COVID-19: Can Parasitic Worms Contribute?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8874793/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8874793/pdf/fimmu-13-849465.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jan-Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36046565/ Anti-Tumor Effect of Marshallagia marshalli Somatic Antigen on Inhibition Cell Growth of K562] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9375725/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9375725/pdf/IJPA-17-28.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jan 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35115243/ Helminths and COVID-19 susceptibility, disease progression, and vaccination efficacy] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471492222000083 Full text]

* 2022 Jan 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35087284/ Helminth Therapy for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Current and Future Perspectives] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8789313/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8789313/pdf/jir-15-475.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jan 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35031905/ Na-AIP-1 secreted by human hookworms suppresses collagen-induced arthritis]

* 2022 Jan [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014489421001260 Potential of human helminth therapy for resolution of inflammatory bowel disease: The future ahead]

===2021===

* 2021 Dec 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34933444/ Helminth-Induced Human Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Reveals Insights into Altered Taxon Diversity and Microbial Gradient Collapse] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8689561/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8689561/pdf/mbio.02890-21.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Dec 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34930198/ Rapidly progressive respiratory failure after helminth larvae ingestion] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8686539/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8686539/pdf/12890_2021_Article_1788.pdf PDF] (NB. This report omits important facts about the case described, and includes incorrect and misleading details. For a more accurate account, see, [[Helminthic therapy safety#Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease? | Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease?]])

* 2021 Dec 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35046625/ Recombinant protein Schistosoma japonicum-derived molecule attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by inhibiting miRNA-217-5p to alleviate apoptosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8678816/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8678816/pdf/WJG-27-7982.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Dec 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34882670/Experimental human hookworm infection: a narrative historical review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8659326/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8659326/pdf/pntd.0009908.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Dec 6 [https://evmedreview.com/evolutionary-medicine-helps-explain-pandemic-dynamics-predictions-regarding-clinical-impact-of-covid-19-borne-out/ Evolutionary medicine helps explain pandemic dynamics: Predictions regarding clinical impact of COVID-19 borne out]

* 2021 Dec 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34863801/ Helminth-induced CD9 + B-cell subset alleviates obesity-associated inflammation via IL-10 production]

* 2021 Dec Treatment of Refractory Chronic Migraine with Worm Eggs: A Therapy Rooted in Evolution (no abstract) | [[media:Treatment_of_Refractory_Chronic_Migraine_with_Worm_Eggs.pdf |PDF]] (TSO)

* 2021 Nov 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34748611/ Suppression of inflammatory arthritis by the parasitic worm product ES-62 is associated with epigenetic changes in synovial fibroblasts] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8601611/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8601611/pdf/ppat.1010069.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Nov 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34735226/ Small proline-rich protein 2A is a gut bactericidal protein deployed during helminth infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977106/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977106/pdf/nihms-1788060.pdf PDF]

* ✅ 2021 Nov [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737071/ Socio-medical studies of individuals self-treating with helminths provide insight into clinical trial design for assessing helminth therapy] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576921002063 Full text] | [[media:Socio-medical_studies_of_individuals_self-treating_with_helminths_provide_insight_into_clinical_trial_design_for_assessing_helminth_therapy.pdf | PDF]]

* 2021 Nov [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34197631/ Interleukin-35 is a critical regulator of immunity during helminth infections associated with multiple sclerosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8517594/ Full text]

* 2021 Oct 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34717799/ Enteric pathogens induce tissue tolerance and prevent neuronal loss from subsequent infections]

* 2021 Oct 27 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737582/ The Influence of Helminth Immune Regulation on COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes: Is it Beneficial or Detrimental?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558425/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558425/pdf/idr-14-4421.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Oct 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34868595/ Helminth infection is associated with dampened cytokine responses to viral and bacterial stimulations in Tsimane forager-horticulturalists] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8634526/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8634526/pdf/eoab035.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Oct 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34745091/ Parasite-Derived Excretory-Secretory Products Alleviate Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Improve Cognitive Impairment Induced by a High-Fat Diet] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8564115/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8564115/pdf/fimmu-12-710513.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Oct 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34733292/ Emerging Role of Eosinophils in Resolution of Arthritis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558534/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558534/pdf/fimmu-12-764825.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Sept 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34579797/ The use of helminth therapy for management of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a systematic review]

* 2021 Sept 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34583903/ Commandeering the mammalian Ago2 miRNA network: a newly discovered mechanism of helminth immunomodulation]

* 2021 Sept 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34517928/ Cooperation between host immunity and the gut bacteria is essential for helminth-evoked suppression of colitis] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354561896 Full text]

* 2021 Sept 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34488863/ Schistosoma japonicum peptide SJMHE1 inhibits acute and chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8422783/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8422783/pdf/13071_2021_Article_4977.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Sept [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34368662/ Effect of co-infection with intestinal parasites on COVID-19 severity: A prospective observational cohort study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8324426/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8324426/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Aug 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34425258/ Safety and tolerability of medicinal parasite ova (Trichuris suis) in healthy Japanese volunteers: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial]

* 2021 Aug 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34406855/ Exposure to Parasitic Protists and Helminths Changes the Intestinal Community Structure of Bacterial Communities in a Cohort of Mother-Child Binomials from a Semirural Setting in Mexico] -- [https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00083-21 Full text] | [https://journals.asm.org/doi/epub/10.1128/mSphere.00083-21 PDF]

* 2021 Aug 17 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34433129/ Infection by Strongyloides venezuelensis attenuates chronic colitis induced by Dextran Sodium Sulfate ingestion in BALB/c mice]

* 2021 Aug 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34445445/ Lectin-Mediated Bacterial Modulation by the Intestinal Nematode Ascaris suum] — [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353903554 Full text]

* 2021 Aug 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34456879/ The Impact of Helminth Infection on the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8397462/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8397462/pdf/fendo-12-728396.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Aug 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34451458/ Infection with Hymenolepis diminuta Blocks Colitis and Hastens Recovery While Colitis Has Minimal Impact on Expulsion of the Cestode from the Mouse Host] — [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353740657 Full text]

* 2021 Aug 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34413850/ Mycobacterium-Induced Th1, Helminths-Induced Th2 Cells and the Potential Vaccine Candidates for Allergic Asthma: Imitation of Natural Infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8369065/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8369065/pdf/fimmu-12-696734.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Jun 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154932/ Gut-microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles: Overlooked mediators in host-helminth interactions?]

* 2021 Jun 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34135384/ Helminth derived factors inhibit neutrophil extracellular trap formation and inflammation in bacterial peritonitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8209178/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8209178/pdf/41598_2021_Article_92001.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Jun 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34171587/ SARS-CoV-2 and helminth co-infections, and environmental pollution exposure: An epidemiological and immunological perspective] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8205275/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8205275/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Jun 10 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34111180/ Hookworm treatment induces a decrease of suppressive regulatory T cell associated with a Th2 inflammatory response] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0252921 Full text] Allergic sensitisation increased following treatment with albendazole.

* 2021 Jun 7 [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2533 The New Status of Parasitic Diseases in the COVID-19 Pandemic—Risk Factors or Protective Agents?] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2533/htm Full text] (Review)

* 2021 May 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34051231/ Synthetic hookworm-derived peptides are potent modulators of primary human immune cell function that protect against experimental colitis in vivo] -- [https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(21)00632-3/fulltext Full text] | [https://www.jbc.org/action/showPdf?pii=S0021-9258%2821%2900632-3 PDF]

* 2021 May 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34051352/ Emerging issues in COVID-19 vaccination in Tropical Areas: Impact of the Immune Response against Helminths in Endemic Areas]

* 2021 May 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34029332/ COVID-19 and helminth infection: Beyond the Th1/Th2 paradigm] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8143422/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8143422/pdf/pntd.0009402.pdf PDF]

* 2021 May 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34017599/ Extreme lifespan extension in tapeworm-infected ant workers] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8131941/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8131941/pdf/rsos.202118.pdf PDF]

* 2021 May 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34002262/ The effects of helminth infections against type 2 diabetes]

* 2021 Apr 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33895144/ Immunoprotective inference of experimental chronic Trichinella spiralis infection on house dust mites induced allergic airway remodeling]

* 2021 Apr 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33935986/ Interrogating the Impact of Intestinal Parasite-Microbiome on Pathogenesis of COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8086792/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8086792/pdf/fmicb-12-614522.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Apr 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33853585/ Experimental infection with the hookworm, Necator americanus, is associated with stable gut microbial diversity in human volunteers with relapsing multiple sclerosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8048248/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8048248/pdf/12915_2021_Article_1003.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Apr 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33579723/ Helminth Imprinting of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Sustains Anti-Inflammatory Trained Innate Immunity That Attenuates Autoimmune Disease]

* 2021 Mar 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33842398/ Therapeutic Efficacy of Excretory-Secretory Products of Trichinella spiralis Adult Worms on Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury in a Mouse Model] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8024484/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8024484/pdf/fcimb-11-653843.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33760829/ Trichuris trichiura egg extract proteome reveals potential diagnostic targets and immunomodulators] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8021180/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8021180/pdf/pntd.0009221.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33841657/ Schistosoma japonicum-derived peptide SJMHE1 promotes peripheral nerve repair through a macrophage-dependent mechanism] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8014408/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8014408/pdf/ajtr0013-1290.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33732246/ Understanding Asthma and Allergies by the Lens of Biodiversity and Epigenetic Changes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7957070/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7957070/pdf/fimmu-12-623737.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33646858/ Immune System Investigation Using Parasitic Helminths]

* 2021 Feb 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33717104/ Clonorchis sinensis-Derived Protein Attenuates Inflammation and New Bone Formation in Ankylosing Spondylitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7947613/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7947613/pdf/fimmu-12-615369.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33692793/ Schistosome Infection and Schistosome-Derived Products as Modulators for the Prevention and Alleviation of Immunological Disorders] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7937812/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7937812/pdf/fimmu-12-619776.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33732461/ Between a hygiene rock and a hygienic hard place: Avoiding SARS-CoV-2 while needing environmental exposures for immunity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7928958/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7928958/pdf/eoab006.pdf PDF]

:* 2021 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34168878/ Comment on Parker et al. (Evolution, Medicine and Public Health 2021;9:120–30.)] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8219121/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8219121/pdf/eoab011.pdf PDF]

:* 2021 Apr [https://academic.oup.com/emph/article/9/1/206/6220325 Authors’ response to Graham Rook’s commentary]

* 2021 Feb 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33738103/ Hymenolepis diminuta-based helminth therapy in C3(1)-TAg mice does not alter breast tumor onset or progression] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7953836/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7953836/pdf/eoab007.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33613446/ Gastrointestinal Helminth Infection Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Decreases Systemic Inflammation, and Alters the Composition of Gut Microbiota in Distinct Mouse Models of Type 2 Diabetes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7892786/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7892786/pdf/fendo-11-606530.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 2 [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.21250995v1 Effect of co-infection with parasites on severity of COVID-19] -- [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.21250995v1.full.pdf PDF] (medRxiv preprints) (Also reported by NewsMedical. [https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210204/Research-shows-intestinal-parasite-infestations-reduce-COVID-19-severity.aspx])

* 2021 Feb 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33526169/ Gross ways to live long: Parasitic worms as an anti-inflammaging therapy?] -- [https://elifesciences.org/articles/65180 Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7853715/pdf/elife-65180.pdf PDF] (Also reported by EurekAlert. [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-02/e-cph020221.php])

* 2021 Jan 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33572978/ The Worm-Specific Immune Response in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Receiving Controlled Trichuris suis Ova Immunotherapy] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/2/101/htm Full text] (MS)

* 2021 Jan 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33499240/ Helminth Interactions with Bacteria in the Host Gut Are Essential for Its Immunomodulatory Effect] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/2/226/htm Full text]

* 2021 Jan 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33552447/ Evolution of bacteria in the human gut in response to changing environments: An invisible player in the game of health] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7829112/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7829112/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

===2020===

* 2020 Dec [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33512796/ Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of Experimental Hookworm Infection for Improving Gluten Tolerance in Celiac Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7678792/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7678792/pdf/ct9-11-e00274.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Dec [https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/nv9357710 The role of helminth and microbiome-derived metabolites in the healing of inflammatory bowel diseases related wounds in vitro] -- [https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/2b88qj182?locale=en PDF] (thesis)

* 2020 Oct 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33678958/ Historical analysis of inverse correlation between soil-transmitted helminthiasis and pancreatic cancer] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7901387/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7901387/pdf/UBMC_34_1836712.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Oct 22 [https://sci-hub.se/10.3390/ijms21217845 Gastrointestinal Nematode-Derived Antigens Alter Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration through Regulation of Cell Cycle and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Proteins]

* 2020 Oct 20 [https://academic.oup.com/emph/advance-article/doi/10.1093/emph/eoaa037/5930904 Old Friends Meet a New Foe -- A potential role for immune-priming parasites in mitigating COVID-19 morbidity and mortality] Includes link to PDF.

*2020 Oct 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33116652/ Helminth Induced Immunoregulation and Novel Therapeutic Avenue of Allergy] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7548329/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7548329/pdf/jaa-13-439.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Oct 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33012113/ Immunopathology and modulation induced by hookworms: from understanding to intervention]

* 2020 Oct 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33117347/ Excretory/Secretory Products From Trichinella spiralis Adult Worms Attenuated DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice by Driving PD-1-Mediated M2 Macrophage Polarization] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7575908/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7575908/pdf/fimmu-11-563784.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32653475/ Does the hygiene hypothesis apply to COVID-19 susceptibility?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7347347/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7347347/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Sept 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33117327/ The Helminth Parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus Attenuates EAE in an IL-4Rα-Dependent Manner] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7552805/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7552805/pdf/fimmu-11-01830.pdf PDF] (MS)

* 2020 Sept 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32951619/ Trichinella spiralis: inflammation modulator]

* 2020 Sept 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33013887/ What Can Parasites Tell Us About the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Asthma and Allergic Diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7516051/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7516051/pdf/fimmu-11-02106.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Sept 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32901341/ Immunomodulatory action of excretory-secretory products of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in a mouse tumour model] (Cancer)

* 2020 Sept 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32983184/ Fasciola hepatica-Derived Molecules as Regulators of the Host Immune Response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7492538/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7492538/pdf/fimmu-11-02182.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32984066/ Helminth Mediated Attenuation of Systemic Inflammation and Microbial Translocation in Helminth-Diabetes Comorbidity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7488178/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7488178/pdf/fcimb-10-00431.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32872342/ An Absence of Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation and Associations with Disease Activity in People with Multiple Sclerosis Undergoing Therapeutic Hookworm Vaccination] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/3/487/htm Full text]

* 2020 Aug 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32828819/ Succinate Produced by Intestinal Microbes Promotes Specification of Tuft Cells to Suppress Ileal Inflammation] (IBD)

* 2020 Aug 17 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32804930/ Helminth coinfection and COVID-19: An alternate hypothesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7430705/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7430705/pdf/pntd.0008628.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32903582/ Clinical Use of Schistosoma mansoni Antigens as Novel Immunotherapies for Autoimmune Disorders] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7438586/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7438586/pdf/fimmu-11-01821.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32849543/ Effectiveness of Helminth Therapy in the Prevention of Allograft Rejection: A Systematic Review of Allogeneic Transplantation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7426368/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7426368/pdf/fimmu-11-01604.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug [https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.07.002 Helminth extracellular vesicles: great balls of wonder]

* 2020 Jul [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32153025/ Regulatory T‐cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/?fbclid=IwAR27hCP5tDaVkO0KnyBMdlH7O4tzzcE0YfKWqFy_Xgy46l18amE1t1ET2dY Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/pdf/IMM-160-248.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Jul 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32629118/ Helminth-induced and Th2-dependent Alterations of the Gut Microbiota Attenuate Obesity Caused by High Fat Diet] -- [https://www.cmghjournal.org/article/S2352-345X(20)30105-3/pdf PDF]

* 2020 Jul 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32614822/ Schistosoma haematobium infection is associated with lower serum cholesterol levels and improved lipid profile in overweight/obese individuals]

* 2020 Jun 23 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32655568/ Immunity to Soil-Transmitted Helminths: Evidence From the Field and Laboratory Models] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7324686/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7324686/pdf/fimmu-11-01286.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Jun 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32570037/ Effect of Recombinant Serine Protease From Adult Stage of Trichinella Spiralis on TNBS-induced Experimental Colitis in Mice]

* ✅ 2020 Jun 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32539079/ Hookworm Treatment for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7296452/ Full text] (While the primary statistical endpoint of this trial - the cumulative number of new/enlarging T2 and new enhancing T1 lesions at month 9 - was not significantly different between the hookworm group (154) and the placebo group (164), a closer examination of the data reveals that '''more than half the patients given hookworms did not have any new lesions'''. “The findings of the research… show that infecting MS patients with a safe dose of… Necator americanus induces immunoregulatory responses and boosts the number of cells which help keep the immune system under control.” [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200618150223.htm] The trial’s lead researcher concluded, “I think there would be a niche for this approach - for individuals with mild disease who don't want to take immunomodulating drugs for life and would prefer a more natural approach.” [https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/932593])

* 2020 Jun 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32595641/ Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Trichinella spiralis Muscle Larvae Ameliorate TNBS-Induced Colitis in Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7300183/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7300183/pdf/fimmu-11-01174.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32480001/ Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, the Hygiene Hypothesis and the Other Side of the Microbiota: Parasites and Fungi]

* 2020 May 28 [https://www.qeios.com/read/IWKQH9.2 The global helminth belt and Covid-19: the new eosinophilic link]

* 2020 May 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32453752/ Comprehensive analysis of the secreted proteome of adult Necator americanus hookworms] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7274458/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7274458/pdf/pntd.0008237.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32436176/ Changes in the Severity of Gastric Mucosal Inflammation Associated With Helicobacter Pylori in Humans Coinfected With Intestinal Helminths]

* 2020 May 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32508831/ The Gastrointestinal Helminth Heligmosomoides bakeri Suppresses Inflammation in a Model of Contact Hypersensitivity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7249854/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7249854/pdf/fimmu-11-00950.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 18 [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.20098053v1.full.pdf Parasites and their protection against COVID-19 - Ecology or Immunology?] (PDF)

* 2020 May 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33623561/ Immunity, parasites, genetics and sex hormones: contributors to mild inflammatory responses in COVID-19?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7875730/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7875730/pdf/PAMJ-SUPP-35-2-36.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32407385 Harnessing helminth-driven immunoregulation in the search for novel therapeutic modalities] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1008508 Full text] | [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1008508&type=printable PDF]

* 2020 May 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32448639/ Microbes, Helminths, and Rheumatic Diseases]

* 2020 May 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32372471 Systematic review: gastrointestinal infection and incident inflammatory bowel disease] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/apt.15770 Full text] (IBD)

* 2020 May 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32367051 Heterogeneity in the initiation, development and function of type 2 immunity]

* 2020 May 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32358579 Will helminth co-infection modulate COVID-19 severity in endemic regions?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193760/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193760/pdf/41577_2020_Article_330.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Apr 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32341115 The Potential Role of Schistosome-Associated Factors as Therapeutic Modulators of the Immune System]

* 2020 Apr 27 [https://www.qeios.com/read/5IY4IF Asthma and COVID-19: The Eosinophilic Link]

* 2020 Apr 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32321922 CD8+ regulatory T cells are critical in prevention of autoimmune-mediated diabetes]

* 2020 Apr 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32321863 An anti-inflammatory eicosanoid switch mediates the suppression of type-2 inflammation by helminth larval products] (TSO)

* 2020 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30230399/ Randomized crossover feasibility trial of helminthic Trichuris suis ova versus placebo for repetitive behaviors in adult autism spectrum disorder] (TSO)

* 2020 Mar 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32200170 Effects of the dietary fibre inulin and Trichuris suis products on inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages] (TSO)

* 2020 Mar 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32171305/ Twenty-five-year research progress in hookworm excretory/secretory products] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071665/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071665/pdf/13071_2020_Article_4010.pdf PDF] (NA)

* 2020 Mar 10 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32153025/ Regulatory T-cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/pdf/IMM-160-248.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Mar 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32194529 Dietary Inulin and Trichuris suis Infection Promote Beneficial Bacteria Throughout the Porcine Gut] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064446/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064446/pdf/fmicb-11-00312.pdf PDF] (TSO)

* 2020 Mar 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32126084 Helminth infection modulates systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines implicated in type 2 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008101 Full text]

* 2020 Mar 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32135180 Helminths, polyparasitism, and the gut microbiome in the Philippines]

* 2020 Feb 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32027755 IL-33 is essential to prevent high fat diet-induced obesity in mice infected with an intestinal helminth]

* 2020 Jan-Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32123528 Perspectives of People with Multiple Sclerosis About Helminth Immunotherapy] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7041615 Full text]

* 2020 Jan 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32005978 The gut microbiota response to helminth infection depends on host sex and genotype]

* 2020 Jan 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31976564 Wuchereria bancrofti macrophage migration inhibitory factor-2 (rWbaMIF-2) ameliorates experimental colitis]

* 2020 Jan 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31971074 A critical analysis of helminth immunotherapy in multiple sclerosis]

* 2020 Jan 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31954872 Suppression of systemic lupus erythematosus in NZBWF1 mice infected with Hymenolepis microstoma]

* 2020 Jan 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31894102 Helminth infections drive heterogeneity in human type 2 and regulatory cells]

* 2020 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31914677 Fasciola helminth defense molecule-1 protects against experimental arthritis by inhibiting osteoclast formation and function without modulating the systemic immune response]

===2019===

* 2019 Dec 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31888063 Immunomodulation of Murine Chronic DSS-Induced Colitis by Tuftsin-Phosphorylcholine] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/1/65/htm Full text]

* 2019 Dec 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31878146 Safety of P28GST, a Protein Derived from a Schistosome Helminth Parasite, in Patients with Crohn's Disease: A Pilot Study (ACROHNEM)] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/1/41/htm Full text]

* 2019 Dec 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31885223 Toxicity of parasites and their unconventional use in medicine]

* 2019 Dec 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31845020 Amelioration of type 1 diabetes by recombinant fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and cystatin derived from Schistosoma japonicum in a murine model]

* 2019 Dec 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31836772 Immunomodulatory effect of Syphacia obvelata in treatment of experimental DSS-induced colitis in mouse model]

* 2019 Dec 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31834940 Chronic infection with a tissue invasive helminth attenuates sublethal anaphylaxis and reduces granularity and number of mast cells]

* 2019 Dec 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31829172 Safety and tolerability of experimental hookworm infection in humans with metabolic disease: study protocol for a phase 1b randomised controlled clinical trial]

* 2019 Nov 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31781154 The Effect of Gut Microbiome Composition on Human Immune Responses: An Exploration of Interference by Helminth Infections] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6856646/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6856646/pdf/fgene-10-01028.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Nov 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31719981 The interplay of type 2 immunity, helminth infection and the microbiota in regulating metabolism] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6837856/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6837856/pdf/CTI2-8-e01089.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Oct 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31673002 Intestinal helminth infection enhances bacteria-induced recruitment of neutrophils to the airspace]

* 2019 Oct 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31683117 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis] (MS)

* 2019 Oct 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31605645 Th2 signals are not essential for the anti-arthritic effects of Trichinella spiralis in mice]

* 2019 Sept 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31649786 Therapeutic applicability of helminths in autoimmune diseases - literature overview] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6807663/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6807663/pdf/PG-14-37798.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Sept 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31611876 Ascaris lumbricoides Cystatin Prevents Development of Allergic Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6777510/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6777510/pdf/fimmu-10-02280.pdf PDF] (But also see the details [[Ascaris lumbricoides | '''here''']] regarding the potentially adverse effects of infection with ascaris lumbricoides.)

* 2019 Sept 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31541662 Helminth-microbiota cross-talk - a journey through the vertebrate digestive system]

* 2019 Sept 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31508807 Public health deworming programmes for soil-transmitted helminths in children living in endemic areas]

* 2019 Sept 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31496071 Schistosoma japonicum peptide SJMHE1 suppresses airway inflammation of allergic asthma in mice] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jcmm.14661 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcmm.14661 PDF]

* 2019 Sept 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31487324 Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) and recombinant Omega-1 modulate induced CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses and HIV-1 infection in vitro] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1007924 Full text] | [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1007924&type=printable PDF] (Also reported by Healio. [https://www.healio.com/infectious-disease/hiv-aids/news/online/%7Bafe40491-17f2-456b-b151-8cf73288c38b%7D/helminth-infection-may-reduce-hiv-transmission-disease])

* 2019 Sept 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31492623 Immune Regulation of Metabolic Homeostasis by Helminths and Their Molecules]

* 2019 Aug 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31504336 The effect of helminth infections and their treatment on metabolic outcomes: results of a cluster-randomised trial]

* 2019 Aug 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31407335 Helminth-derived molecules inhibit colitis-associated colon cancer development through NF-kB and STAT3 regulation]

* 2019 Aug 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31397879 Critical roles of regulatory B and T cells in helminth parasite-induced protection against allergic airway inflammation]

* 2019 Aug [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31284930/ Helminths and asthma: Risk and protection]

* 2019 Jul 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31352539 Potential application of helminth therapy for resolution of neuroinflammation in neuropsychiatric disorders]

* 2019 Jul 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31299381 The helminth-derived peptide GK-1 induces an anti-tumoral CD8 T cell response associated with downregulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway] (Cancer)

* 2019 Jul 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31260090 Soil-transmitted helminth infection and intestinal inflammation among the Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador] (TTO)

* 2019 Jul-Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31579670 The endosymbiotic role of intestinal helminths in multiple sclerosis: Promising probiotic hypothesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6767793/ Full text]

* 2019 Jun 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31253164 Preventive and therapeutic effects of Trichinella spiralis adult extracts on allergic inflammation in an experimental asthma mouse model] -- [https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-019-3561-1 Full text]

* 2019 Jun 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31255915 The immune response to Hymenolepis nana in mice decreases tumorigenesis induced by 7,12 dimethylbenz-anthracene] (For a very readable commentary on this paper, see, [https://biomebuzz.com/2019/07/09/more-on-helminths-and-the-prevention-of-cancer/ More on Helminths and the Prevention of Cancer].)

* 2019 Jun 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31209366 Helminths and microbiota — partners in arthritis prevention?]

* 2019 Jun 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31212833 Contribution of the Gut Microbiota in P28GST-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Experimental and Clinical Insights] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/6/577/htm Full text]

* 2019 Jun 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31187881 Regulation of Immunity and Allergy by Helminth Parasites]

* 2019 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30716463 An advanced protocol for the purification of whipworm eggs from feces for use as therapeutic agents]

* 2019 May 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31236458 Pre-conception maternal helminth infection transfers via nursing long-lasting cellular immunity against helminths to offspring] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6587632/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6587632/pdf/aav3058.pdf PDF]

* 2019 May 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31153721 Helminth Therapy – From the Parasite Perspective] | [[media:Helminth_Therapy_–_From_the_Parasite_Perspective.pdf | PDF]]

* 2019 May 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31138616 Schistosoma mansoni worm infection regulates the intestinal microbiota and susceptibility to colitis]

* 2019 May 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31205419 Inverse Associations of Schistosoma mansoni Infection and Metabolic Syndromes in Humans: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northeast Ethiopia] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537292/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537292/pdf/10.1177_1178636119849934.pdf PDF]

* 2019 May 21 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31178861 Anti-inflammatory Trained Immunity Mediated by Helminth Products Attenuates the Induction of T Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537856/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537856/pdf/fimmu-10-01109.pdf PDF]

* 2019 May [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30986403 Removal of adult cyathostomins alters faecal microbiota and promotes an inflammatory phenotype in horses] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751919300815?via%3Dihub Full text]

* 2019 Apr 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31016721 Helminths products directly modulate T cells that mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis]

* 2019 Apr 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31004803 Cytokine production in allergic and Trichuris trichiura-infected children from an urban region of the Brazilian northeast] (TTO)

* 2019 Apr 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30991712 Characterization of Tapeworm Metabolites and Their Reported Biological Activities] — [https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/8/1480/htm Full text]

* 2019 Apr 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30980897 Genetic diversity of the potentially therapeutic tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea)] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576918302800?fbclid=IwAR37HAgKvovhcjr5FkSQAK3NVpoW_7_n79WOyeqKBgCbJHtHaByAC6tRzlc Full text]

* 2019 Apr 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30962398 Suppression of obesity by an intestinal helminth through interactions with intestinal microbiota] -- [https://iai.asm.org/content/iai/early/2019/03/19/IAI.00042-19.full.pdf PDF] (Also reported by EurekAlert. [https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/asfm-ihb040819.php])

* 2019 Apr 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30952846 The parasitic worm product ES-62 normalises the gut microbiota bone marrow axis in inflammatory arthritis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6451002/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6451002/pdf/41467_2019_Article_9361.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30902137 Helminth therapy for autism under gut-brain axis- hypothesis] -- [https://tanawisa.com/downloads/Helminth_therapy_for%20autism_under_gut-brain%20axis-_hypothesis.pdf PDF] (TSO)

* 2019 Mar 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30879759 Therapeutic Potential of Helminths and Helminth-Derived Antigens for Resolution of Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease] (IBD)

* 2019 Mar 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31016928 Progress of research on the interplay between helminth and intestinal protozoa and gut microbiota]

* 2019 Mar 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30852293 Dendritic cells treated by Trichinella spiralis muscle larval excretory/secretory products alleviate TNBS-induced colitis in mice]

* 2019 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30905098 Helminth-Related Tuftsin-Phosphorylcholine Compound and its Interplay with Autoimmune Diseases] -- [https://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/344/172407.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30638709/ The therapeutic potential of tuftsin-phosphorylcholine in giant cell arteritis]

* 2019 Feb 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30807258 Filarial extract of Litomosoides sigmodontis induces a type 2 immune response and attenuates plaque development in hyperlipidemic ApoE-knockout mice]

* 2019 Feb 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30801028 Helminth-Based Product and the Microbiome of Mice with Lupus] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6381224/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6381224/pdf/mSystems.00160-18.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Feb 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758662 Helminths protect against type 1 diabetes: effects and mechanisms]

* 2019 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30623233 Chinese liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis infection changes the gut microbiome and increases probiotic Lactobacillus in mice]

* 2019 Jan 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30670631 Role of mast cells in the generation of a T-helper type 2 dominated anti-helminthic immune response] (HDC)

* 2019 Jan 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30668930 Macrophages treated with antigen from the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta condition CD25+ T cells to suppress colitis] (HDC)

* 2019 Jan 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30626617 Cross-Domain and Viral Interactions in the Microbiome] (Includes a 10-page section on microbiota/helminth interactions and their effects on immune function.)

* 2019 Jan 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30640950 Exclusive dependence of IL-10Rα signalling on intestinal microbiota homeostasis and control of whipworm infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6347331/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6347331/pdf/ppat.1007265.pdf PDF] (This study contributes to understanding of the actions of TSO and TTO on diseases such as IBD.)

* 2019 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30413272 Effect of Trichinella spiralis intervention on TNBS-induced experimental colitis in mice]

* 2019 [http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/parasitic-worms-for-the-treatment-of-neurodegeneration-12989.html Parasitic Worms for the Treatment of Neurodegeneration] -- [http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/parasitic-worms-for-the-treatment-of-neurodegeneration.pdf PDF]

===2018===

* 2018 Dec 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30592734 Treatment with P28GST, a schistosome-derived enzyme, after acute colitis induction in mice: Decrease of intestinal inflammation associated with a down regulation of Th1/Th17 responses]
* 2018 Dec 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30554380 Tuftsin phosphorylcholine-a novel compound harnessing helminths to fight autoimmunity]
* 2018 Dec 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30619265 Human Hookworm Infection Enhances Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition and Associates With Reduced Risk of Tuberculosis Infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6302045/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6302045/pdf/fimmu-09-02893.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2018 Dec 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30292284 The Schistosoma mansoni lipidome: Leads for immunomodulation] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003267017313363 Full text] | [https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0003267017313363?token=BE837298629AA0AF5C0E7F7891E97CA7FBF2194B7348A12FD0CCFD79C45F12DF3E6C69079090C901826FD2CA09ADDD16 PDF]
* 2018 Dec 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30638679 Modulation of autoimmune arthritis by environmental 'hygiene' and commensal microbiota]
* 2018 Dec 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30529501 Helminth-based therapies for rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis]
* 2018 Dec 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517865 B Cells Produce the Tissue-Protective Protein RELMa during Helminth Infection, which Inhibits IL-17 Expression and Limits Emphysema] -- [https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(18)31801-1 Full text] (Wound healing)
* 2018 Dec 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697 The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries]
* 2018 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30567900 Fh15 Blocks the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Storm While Modulating Peritoneal Macrophage Migration and CD38 Expression within Spleen Macrophages in a Mouse Model of Septic Shock] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6300687/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6300687/pdf/mSphere.00548-18.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Nov 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30462997 Modulation of Host Immunity by Helminths: The Expanding Repertoire of Parasite Effector Molecules]
* 2018 Nov 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30483256 Schistosoma mansoni Infection-Induced Transcriptional Changes in Hepatic Macrophage Metabolism Correlate With an Athero-Protective Phenotype] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6240656/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6240656/pdf/fimmu-09-02580.pdf PDF] (Metabolic syndrome)
* 2018 Nov 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30473696 Mucosal Barrier and Th2 Immune Responses Are Enhanced by Dietary Inulin in Pigs Infected With Trichuris suis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6237860/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6237860/pdf/fimmu-09-02557.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2018 Nov 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548 Metabolic consequences of concomitant Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Type 2 diabetes mellitus]
* 2018 Nov 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30401814 Intestinal helminth infection promotes IL-5- and CD4+ T cell-dependent immunity in the lung against migrating parasites]
* 2018 Oct 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30379806 The Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell population requires IL-4Rα signaling to control inflammation during helminth infections]
* 2018 Oct 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30375396 Helminth-induced IL-4 expands bystander memory CD8+ T cells for early control of viral infection]
* 2018 Oct 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30372527 Maternal helminth infections and the shaping of offspring immunity]
* 2018 Oct 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30374177 Analysis of the Trichuris suis excretory/secretory proteins as a function of life cycle stage and their immunomodulatory properties] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206011/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206011/pdf/41598_2018_Article_34174.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2018 Oct 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30361537 Virtual memory CD8 T cells expanded by helminth infection confer broad protection against bacterial infection]
* 2018 Oct 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30416709 Helminth parasites and immune regulation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206608/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206608/pdf/f1000research-7-17014.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Oct 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30353019 A comprehensive analysis of the faecal microbiome and metabolome of Strongyloides stercoralis infected volunteers from a non-endemic area] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199319/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199319/pdf/41598_2018_Article_33937.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Oct 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30341242 Mast Cell Deficiency in Mice Results in Biomass Overgrowth and Delayed Expulsion of the Rat Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta] (HDC)
* 2018 Oct 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30336585 Failure of the Anti-Inflammatory Parasitic Worm Product ES-62 to Provide Protection in Mouse Models of Type I Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/10/2669/htm Full text]
* 2018 Oct 16 [https://www.arc.gov.au/news-publications/media/feature-articles/combatting-autoimmune-diseases-humble-hookworm?fbclid=IwAR0DxQ-uGjksCaC1gkCgpXhw2_ImRwgswkbyTukwHbLY2ZbNbWQD53KlXvc Combatting autoimmune diseases with the humble hookworm]
* 2018 Oct 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30369927 Immunomodulation by Helminths: Intracellular Pathways and Extracellular Vesicles] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6194161/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6194161/pdf/fimmu-09-02349.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Oct 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30316775 Immunomodulatory effects of Trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory antigens on macrophages]
* 2018 Oct 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30291167 Helminth-Induced Production of TGF-β and Suppression of Graft-versus-Host Disease Is Dependent on IL-4 Production by Host Cells]
* 2018 Sept 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30266743 Parasites as negative regulators of cancer] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6200699/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6200699/pdf/bsr-38-bsr20180935.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Sept 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30319571 The Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis and Therapeutics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6167487/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6167487/pdf/fmicb-09-02247.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2018 Sept 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30229947 Soil-transmitted helminth parasites and allergy: observations from Ecuador]
* 2018 Sept 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30230399 Randomized Crossover Feasibility Trial of Helminthic Trichuris Suis Ova vs. Placebo for Repetitive Behaviors in Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder] (TSO) This research used a novel TSO formulation at pH 5 that is known to be less effective than the original formulation at pH 2.4. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335]
* 2018 Sept 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30216486 Parasites and allergy: observations from Africa]
* 2018 Sept 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30205385 A Trypsin-Sensitive Proteoglycan from the Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta Inhibits Murine Neutrophil Chemotaxis in vitro by Suppressing p38 MAP Kinase Activation] (HDC)
* 2018 Sept 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30194773 STAT6 & IL-10 are required for the anti-arthritic effects of Schistosoma mansoni via different mechanisms]
* 2018 Sept 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30177522 Modulation of the immune response by helminths: a role for serotonin?]
* 2018 Aug 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165069 The hygiene hypothesis at a glance: early exposures, immune mechanism and novel therapies]
* 2018 Aug 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30121255 Helminth Antigen-Conditioned Dendritic Cells Generate Anti-Inflammatory CD4 T Cells Independent of Antigen Presentation via MHC II] (HDC) (Colitis)
* 2018 Aug 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30113218 Interactions of helminths with macrophages: therapeutic potential for inflammatory intestinal disease]
* 2018 Aug 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30118915 Acute infection with Strongyloides venezuelensis increases intestine production IL-10, reduces Th1/Th2/Th17 induction in colon and attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced colitis in BALB/c mice]
* 2018 Aug 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30107039 Isolated Schistosoma mansoni eggs prevent allergic airway inflammation] (Allergic asthma)
* 2018 Aug 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30104215 Host and helminth-derived endocannabinoids are generated during infection with effects on host immunity] (Also reported by EurekAlert. [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-08/uoc--gho082218.php])
* 2018 Aug 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30089122 Helminths-based bi-functional molecule, tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC), ameliorates an established murine arthritis] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200615 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200615&type=printable PDF]
* 2018 Aug 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30131945 The Intestinal Roundworm Ascaris suum Releases Antimicrobial Factors Which Interfere With Bacterial Growth and Biofilm Formation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6090379/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6090379/pdf/fcimb-08-00271.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Aug 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30069018 Hookworm exposure decreases human papillomavirus uptake and cervical cancer cell migration through systemic regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker expression] -- [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30058-9 Full text] | [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30058-9.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30142867 Trichuris suis ova therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: A meta-analysis] -- [https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/08240/Trichuris_suis_ova_therapy_in_inflammatory_bowel.119.aspx Full text] (IBD) The 6 papers analysed in this study all have significant design flaws. All but one had a treatment period of only 12 weeks, which is inadequate when assessing the efficacy of helminths, and the only study with a longer treatment period was designed to assess the safety and tolerability, and not the efficacy, of a ''single'' dose of TSO. Four of the six studies selected had also used a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study are therefore not reliable.
* 2018 Jul 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30108588 A Role for Epitope Networking in Immunomodulation by Helminths] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6079203/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6079203/pdf/fimmu-09-01763.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30093899 Trichinella spiralis Infection Mitigates Collagen-Induced Arthritis via Programmed Death 1-Mediated Immunomodulation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6070611/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6070611/pdf/fimmu-09-01566.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30043455 Worms: Pernicious Parasites or Allies Against Allergies?]
* 2018 Jul 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30021142 Getting a Taste for Parasites in the Gut]
* 2018 Jul 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30061834 Influence of NOD2 Variants on Trichuris suis ova Treatment Outcome in Crohn's Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6054957/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6054957/pdf/fphar-09-00764.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30003599 Hookworms Make Us Human: The Microbiome, Eco-immunology, and a Probiotic Turn in Western Health Care] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/2/2d/Hookworms_Make_Us_Human-_The_Microbiome%2C_Eco-immunology%2C_and_a_Probiotic_Turn_in_Western_Health_Care.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2018 Jul 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29992625 Hematopoietic cell-derived RELMα regulates hookworm immunity through effects on macrophages] (Also reported by Science Daily. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180806145207.htm])
* 2018 Jul 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30057915 Macrophage Activation and Functions during Helminth Infection: Recent Advances from the Laboratory Mouse] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6051086/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6051086/pdf/JIR2018-2790627.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30072827 SXP-RAL Family Filarial Protein, rWbL2, Prevents Development of DSS-Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6052733/ Full text]
* 2018 Jun 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29915224 Characteristics of the bacterial microbiome in association with common intestinal parasites in irritable bowel syndrome] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6006308/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6006308/pdf/41424_2018_Article_27.pdf PDF] (IBS)
* 2018 Jun 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29909781 The benign helminth Hymenolepis diminuta ameliorates chemically induced colitis in a rat model system] (HDC)
* 2018 Jun 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29796663 The therapeutic prospect of crosstalk between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms in the human gut]
* 2018 May 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29808496 Immunobiology of parasitic worm extracellular vesicles]
* 2018 May 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29852470 Helminth-induced regulatory T cells and suppression of allergic responses]
* 2018 May 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29875750 Extracellular Vesicles From the Helminth Fasciola hepatica Prevent DSS-Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis in a T-Lymphocyte Independent Mode] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5974114/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5974114/pdf/fmicb-09-01036.pdf PDF]
* 2018 May 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29867986 Protection Against Arthritis by the Parasitic Worm Product ES-62, and Its Drug-Like Small Molecule Analogues, Is Associated With Inhibition of Osteoclastogenesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5967578/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5967578/pdf/fimmu-09-01016 PDF]
* 2018 May 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29867790 Parasite-Microbiota Interactions With the Vertebrate Gut: Synthesis Through an Ecological Lens] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5960673/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5960673/pdf/fmicb-09-00843.pdf PDF]
* 2018 May 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29746467 Disentangling complex parasite interactions: Protection against cerebral malaria by one helminth species is jeopardized by co-infection with another] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963812/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963812/pdf/pntd.0006483.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29760697 Hookworm Secreted Extracellular Vesicles Interact With Host Cells and Prevent Inducible Colitis in Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5936971/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5936971/pdf/fimmu-09-00850.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29698559 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC) equally effective to methylprednisolone in ameliorating lupus nephritis in a mice model] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6046477/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6046477/pdf/CEI-193-160.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29659774 Are intestinal worms nature’s anti-atherosclerosis vaccine?] [https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/18/1653/4967832 abstract]
* 2018 Apr 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264 Helminth infection in mice improves insulin sensitivity via modulation of gut microbiota and fatty acid metabolism]
* 2018 Apr 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29670630 Helminth Infections: Recognition and Modulation of the Immune Response by Innate Immune Cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893867/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893867/pdf/fimmu-09-00664.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29623983 Symptomatic hypereosinophilia associated with Necator americanus self-inoculation] (NA)
* 2018 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29355990 A sticky end for gastrointestinal helminths; the role of the mucus barrier] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5900928/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5900928/pdf/PIM-40-na.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Mar 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29574798 Modulation of human dendritic cell activity by Giardia and helminth antigens]
* 2018 Mar 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29569735 Anisakis pegreffii impacts differentiation and function of human dendritic cells]
* 2018 Mar 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29567298 Associations between Gut Microbiota and Common Luminal Intestinal Parasites]
* 2018 Mar 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29545532 Helminth infection protects against high fat diet-induced obesity via induction of alternatively activated macrophages] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5854586/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5854586/pdf/41598_2018_Article_22920.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Mar 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29546242 Manipulation of host and parasite microbiotas: Survival strategies during chronic nematode infection] -- [http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/3/eaap7399.full Full text] | [http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/3/eaap7399/tab-pdf PDF]
* 2018 Feb 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29486796 Differential human gut microbiome assemblages during soil-transmitted helminth infections in Indonesia and Liberia] -- [https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-018-0416-5 Full text]
* 2018 Feb 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29486173 Soil-transmitted helminth infections and intestinal and systemic inflammation in schoolchildren] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001706X1830233X?via%3Dihub Full text] | [https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0001706X1830233X/1-s2.0-S0001706X1830233X-main.pdf?_tid=40509b04-c3e5-4baf-9f89-dfd29ef353d6&acdnat=1520445863_d2042c3fffa57972d2a29a072cebca94 PDF]
* 2018 Feb 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29453411 The impact of a helminth-modified microbiome on host immunity]
* 2018 Feb 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29402395 Intestinal worms eating neuropsychiatric disorders? Apparently so] | [[media:Intestinal_worms_eating_neuropsychiatric_disorders%3F_Apparently_so.pdf | PDF]]
* 2018 Jan 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31662622 Helminth Therapy: Advances in the use of Parasitic Worms Against Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and its Challenges] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6799527/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6799527/pdf/helm-55-001.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jan 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29355617 Serine protease inhibitors containing a Kunitz domain: their role in modulation of host inflammatory responses and parasite survival]
* 2018 Jan 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29346656 Host responses to intestinal nematodes]
* 2018 Jan 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29339033 Helminth Modulation of Lung Inflammation] (Asthma)
* 2018 Jan 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29351392/ Young mice expel the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and are protected from colitis by triggering a memory response with worm antigen] -- [http://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/ajpgi.00295.2017 PDF] (HDC)
* 2018 Jan 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29300114 The tropics, helminth infections and hygiene hypotheses]
* 2018 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29956141 Production of Hymenolepis diminuta in the Laboratory: An Old Research Tool with New Clinical Applications] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/5/5c/Production_of_Hymenolepis_diminuta_in_the_Laboratory-_An_Old_Research_Tool_with_New_Clinical_Applications.pdf PDF]] (HDC)

=== 2017 ===

* 2017 Winter [https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1430&context=honorstheses A Critical View of Helminthic Therapy: Is It a Viable Form of Treatment for Immune Disorders Under the Category of Inflammatory Bowel Disease?] Alyssa Murphy, undergraduate thesis
* 2017 Dec 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29491533 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine treatment of autoimmune diseases – a benefit and a message from helminths?] (No abstract) -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5825963/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5825963/pdf/RU-55-31448.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Dec 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29312343 Review: Impact of Helminth Infection on Antimycobacterial Immunity - A Focus on the Macrophage] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5743664/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5743664/pdf/fimmu-08-01864.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Dec 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29262347 Recent Advances in Type-2-Cell-Mediated Immunity: Insights from Helminth Infection]
* 2017 Dec 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29224909 Hygiene Hypothesis in Asthma Development: Is Hygiene to Blame?]
* 2017 Nov 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29238348 The Mannose Receptor in Regulation of Helminth-Mediated Host Immunity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5712593/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5712593/pdf/fimmu-08-01677.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29184071 Preventive Trichuris suis ova (TSO) treatment protects immunocompetent rabbits from DSS colitis but may be detrimental under conditions of immunosuppression] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5705695/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5705695/pdf/41598_2017_Article_16287.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 24 [https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-11-discovery-potent-parasite-protein-therapeutic.html Discovery of potent parasite protein may lead to new therapeutic options for inflammatory bowel conditions] Medical News Today (IBD)
* 2017 Nov 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29171863 Schistosoma mansoni-specific immune responses and allergy in Uganda]
* 2017 Nov 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29170498 A structurally distinct TGF-β mimic from an intestinal helminth parasite potently induces regulatory T cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5701006/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5701006/pdf/41467_2017_Article_1886.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29162324 Modulation of human macrophage activity by Ascaris antigens is dependent on macrophage polarization state]
* 2017 Nov 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133417 Human resistin protects against endotoxic shock by blocking LPS-TLR4 interaction] (For media comment on this study linking helminths with potential sepsis treatment, see [https://highlandernews.org/31486/ucr-researchers-discovered-effective-treatment-sepsis/ here].)
* ✅ 2017 Nov 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133248 Evolution of the hygiene hypothesis into biota alteration theory: What are the paradigms and where are the clinical applications?] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1286457917301855?via%3Dihub Full text] | [[media:Evolution_of_the_hygiene_hypothesis_into_biota_alteration_theory-_what_are_the_paradigms_and_where_are_the_clinical_applications%3F.pdf | PDF]]
* 2017 Nov 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29249872 Taenia crassiceps Antigens Control Experimental Type 1 Diabetes by Inducing Alternatively Activated Macrophages] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/pdf/MI2017-8074329.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29163443 Parasite-Derived Proteins for the Treatment of Allergies and Autoimmune Diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5682104/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5682104/pdf/fmicb-08-02164.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29115241/ Diet, atherosclerosis, and helmintic infection in Tsimane] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042967/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042967/pdf/nihms976321.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29095820 "Omic" investigations of protozoa and worms for a deeper understanding of the human gut "parasitome"] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005916 Full text]
* 2017 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28546083 Mechanisms of tolerance and potential therapeutic interventions in Alopecia Areata] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725817301274 Full text] (See section 4: Gut microbiota and helminths, autoimmunity and tolerance.)
* 2017 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29108604 Global issues in allergy and immunology: Parasitic infections and allergy]
* 2017 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29068485 Is the hygiene hypothesis relevant for the risk of multiple sclerosis?]
* 2017 Oct 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759 Cell Type-Specific Immunomodulation Induced by Helminthes: Effect on Metainflammation, Insulin Resistance and Type-2 Diabetes] (Metabolic syndrome)
* 2017 Oct 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29109850 Liver cystic echinococcosis and human host immune and autoimmune follow-up: A review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5666304/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5666304/pdf/WJH-9-1176.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Oct 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29073139 Composition of the Schistosoma mansoni worm secretome: Identification of immune modulatory Cyclophilin A] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006012 Full text]
* 2017 Oct 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29064448 Production and Use of Hymenolepis diminuta Cysticercoids as Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics] -- [http://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/6/10/98/htm Full text] (HDC)
* 2017 Oct 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29045903 HpARI Protein Secreted by a Helminth Parasite Suppresses Interleukin-33] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5655542/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5655542/pdf/main.pdf PDF] (Allergy, asthma)
* 2017 Oct 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29034905 The hygiene hypothesis in autoimmunity: the role of pathogens and commensals]
* 2017 Oct 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29036211 Orally administered Taenia solium Calreticulin prevents experimental intestinal inflammation and is associated with a type 2 immune response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5643116/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5643116/pdf/pone.0186510.pdf PDF] (Colitis)
*2017 Oct 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29027962 Novel Therapeutics for Multiple Sclerosis Designed by Parasitic Worms] -- [http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/10/2141/htm Full text]
* 2017 Oct 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29114386 Suppression of inflammation and tissue damage by a hookworm recombinant protein in experimental colitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5671989/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5671989/pdf/cti201742a.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2017 Oct 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28975357 The Effects of Intestinal Nematode L4 Stage on Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis] (Multiple sclerosis)
* 2017 Oct 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29064315 Safety and efficacy of helminth treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of the HINT 2 clinical trial] -- [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1352458517736377 PDF] This trial employed a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
* 2017 Oct [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-medical-knowledge-commons/chronic-disease-new-thinking-and-outlaw-innovation-patients-on-the-edge-in-the-knowledge-commons/8105C66FEBA55446E15538FD4B164005/core-reader# Chronic Disease, New Thinking, and Outlaw Innovation: Patients on the Edge in the Knowledge Commons] (Chapter 14 of the book, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-medical-knowledge-commons/C4CAF56DF197BA93E850E65509EB36E8 Governing Medical Knowledge Commons], Cambridge University Press.)
* 2017 Oct [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28779539 Effect of ES products from Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae) on experimentally induced colitis in adult zebrafish]
* 2017 Oct [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28970236 Cardioprotective manifestations of chronic helminth infections: new aspects of an old disease]
* 2017 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28196762/ Enteric helminth-induced type I interferon signaling protects against pulmonary virus infection through interaction with the microbiota] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485385/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485385/pdf/emss-79828.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Fall [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28948806 Toxocara spp. seronegativity in Czech patients with early form of multiple sclerosis - clinically isolated syndrome]
* 2017 Sep 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28960280 Functional specialization of intestinal dendritic cell subsets during Th2 helminth infection in mice]
* 2017 Sep 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28970717 Helminths as an alternative therapy for intestinal diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5597493/ Full text] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5597493/pdf/WJG-23-6009.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Sep 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28892562 Triggering immunological memory against the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta to protect against colitis] (HDC)
* 2017 Sep 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28892494 Infections by human gastrointestinal helminths are associated with changes in faecal microbiota diversity and composition] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593201/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593201/pdf/pone.0184719.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Aug 21 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28883695 Schistosoma japonicum attenuates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice via reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569284/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569284/pdf/WJG-23-5700.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Aug 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28815724 Secreted products of Fasciola hepatica inhibit the induction of T cell responses that mediate allergy]
* 2017 Aug 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28779539 Effect of ES-products from Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae) on experimentally induced colitis in adult zebrafish]
* 2017 Aug 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28771620 A benign helminth alters the host immune system and the gut microbiota in a rat model system] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5542714/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5542714/pdf/pone.0182205.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2017 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28877578 Syphacia obvelata: A New Hope to Induction of Intestinal Immunological Tolerance in C57BL/6 Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5594727/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5594727/pdf/kjp-55-4-439.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jul 24 [http://trjfas.org/uploads/pdf_1183.pdf Role of Parasitic Helminths in Bioremediating Some Heavy Metal Accumulation in the Tissues of Lethrinus mahsena]
* ⚡ 2017 Jul 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335 Not infection with parasitic worms, but rather colonization with therapeutic helminths] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/1/10/Not_infection_with_parasitic_worms_but_rather_colonization_with_therapeutic_helminths.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jul 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28703913 A. suum infection modulates inflammation: implication of CD4+CD25hi Foxp3+ T cells and IL-10]
* 2017 Jul 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28689246 Parasites and asthma]
* 2017 Jun 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28659212 Helminth-induced apoptosis: a silent strategy for immunosuppression]
* 2017 Jun 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28664463 Therapeutic potential of helminths in autoimmune diseases: helminth-derived immune-regulators and immune balance]
* 2017 Jun 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28744067 Helminth Products Potently Modulate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Downregulating Neuroinflammation and Promoting a Suppressive Microenvironment] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5506484/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5506484/pdf/MI2017-8494572.pdf PDF] (Multiple Sclerosis)
* 2017 Jun 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28676845 Th2/1 Hybrid Cells Occurring in Murine and Human Strongyloidiasis Share Effector Functions of Th1 Cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5476698/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5476698/pdf/fcimb-07-00261.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jun 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28614408 Schistosoma japonicum infection downregulates house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0179565 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0179565&type=printable PDF] (Asthma)
* 2017 Jun 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28638627 Environmental factors influencing multiple sclerosis in Latin America] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5472234/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5472234/pdf/10.1177_2055217317715049.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jun 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28606411 Can Parasitic Worms Cure the Modern World's Ills?]
* 2017 Jun 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28602842 Immune responses and parasitological observations induced during probiotic treatment with medicinal Trichuris suis ova in a healthy volunteer] (TSO)
* 2017 Jun 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28492420 Helminthic Therapy: A New Era in Immune-Mediated Diseases] -- [http://journals.lww.com/jclinrheum/Citation/2017/06000/Helminthic_Therapy__A_New_Era_in_Immune_Mediated.19.aspx Full text] (Mixed connective tissue disease/MCTD, Raynaud phenomenon)
* 2017 May 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28526605 Microevolutionary response of a gut nematode to intestinal inflammation]
* 2017 May 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28494800 Somatic extracts of Marshallagia marshalli downregulate the Th2 associated immune responses in ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in BALB/c mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427607/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427607/pdf/13071_2017_Article_2159.pdf PDF] (Asthma)
* 2017 May 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28482922 Therapeutic effect of Schistosoma japonicum cystatin on bacterial sepsis in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5422996/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5422996/pdf/13071_2017_Article_2162.pdf PDF]
* 2017 May 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383 Effect of Anthelmintic Treatment on Insulin Resistance: A Cluster-Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial in Indonesia] (Diabetes)
* 2017 Apr 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28476343 Immune responses to fungal aeroallergen in Heligmosomoides polygyrus infected-mice vary by age]
* 2017 Apr 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28484453 Helminth Immunomodulation in Autoimmune Disease] -- [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00453/full Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5401880/pdf/fimmu-08-00453.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Apr 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28450853 Micromanagement of Immune System: Role of miRNAs in Helminthic Infections] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390025/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390025/pdf/fmicb-08-00586.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Apr 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28390393 Regulatory monocytes in helminth infections: insights from the modulation during human hookworm infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385058/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385058/pdf/12879_2017_Article_2366.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Apr 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28385494 Schistosome-induced pulmonary B cells inhibit allergic airway inflammation and display a reduced Th2-driving function]
* 2017 Apr 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28204053 Whipping Crohn's With Helminth Therapies? Not Yet]
* 2017 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28031319 Apolipoprotein E4 is associated with improved cognitive function in Amazonian forager-horticulturalists with a high parasite burden] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5349792/ Full text]
* 2017 Mar 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28342137 Skewed Exposure to Environmental Antigens Complements Hygiene Hypothesis in Explaining the Rise of Allergy] -- [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10441-017-9306-7 Full text] | [http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/689/art%253A10.1007%252Fs10441-017-9306-7.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10441-017-9306-7&token2=exp=1490739158~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F689%2Fart%25253A10.1007%25252Fs10441-017-9306-7.pdf%3ForiginUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Farticle%252F10.1007%252Fs10441-017-9306-7*~hmac=9a64ec6d20433c8458c2148266ee7c346fa819eaa97422b8a79fccc79d005885 PDF]
* 2017 Mar 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28342825 Association between parasitic infections and tuberculin skin test results in refugees] (Tuberculosis)
* 2017 Mar 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28340138 A life without worms] -- [https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/trstmh/trx010 Full text]
* 2017 Mar 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28302598 Helminths in the gastrointestinal tract as modulators of immunity and pathology] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5495915/ Full text]
* 2017 Mar 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28295446 A recombinant cystatin from Ascaris lumbricoides attenuates inflammation of DSS-induced colitis]
* 2017 Mar 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28284979 Effect of polymorphisms on TGFB1 on allergic asthma and helminth infection in an African admixed population]
* 2017 Mar 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28271497 Chronic schistosomiasis during pregnancy epigenetically reprograms T cell differentiation in offspring of infected mothers] (Allergy)
* 2017 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28030334 Trichuris suis secrete products that reduce disease severity in a multiple sclerosis model] (TSO)
* 2017 Feb 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148 Parasites, nutrition, immune responses, and biology of metabolic tissues]
* 2017 Feb 23 [[media:Parasites, ghosts and mutualists- a relational geography of microbes for global health.pdf | Parasites, ghosts and mutualists - a relational geography of microbes for global health]] (PDF) -- Jamie Lorimer, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Royal Geographical Society.
* 2017 Feb 21 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28224678 Microbiome, autoimmunity, allergy, and helminth infection: The importance of the pregnancy period]
* 2017 Feb 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28265273 New Data on Human Macrophages Polarization by Hymenolepis diminuta Tapeworm - An In Vitro Study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5316519/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5316519/pdf/fimmu-08-00148.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2017 Feb 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28201853 Antigenic cross-reactivity between Schistosoma mansoni and peanut: a role for cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) and implications for the hygiene hypothesis] (Allergy)
* 2017 Feb 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28192437 Species dependent impact of helminth-derived antigens on human macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Direct effect on the innate anti-mycobacterial response] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005390 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005390&type=printable PDF]
* 2017 Feb 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28191818 Changes in protein expression after treatment with Ancylostoma caninum excretory/secretory products in a mouse model of colitis] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep41883 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep41883 PDF]
* 2017 Feb 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28196762 Enteric helminth-induced type-I interferon signalling protects against pulmonary virus infection through interaction with the microbiota]
* 2017 Feb 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28178298 The impact of prenatal exposure to parasitic infections and to anthelmintic treatment on antibody responses to routine immunisations given in infancy: Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005213 Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5298230/pdf/pntd.0005213.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28094319 Helminth-induced Ly6Chi monocyte-derived alternatively activated macrophages suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep40814 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep40814 PDF]
* 2017 Jan 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28094779 Suppression of colitis by adoptive transfer of helminth antigen-treated dendritic cells requires interleukin-4 receptor-α signaling] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep40631 Full text] | [http://readcube.com/view/10.1038/srep40631 PDF]
* 2017 Jan 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28084120 Inflammatory arthritis and systemic bone loss are attenuated by gastrointestinal helminth parasites]
* 2017 Jan 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994 Regulation of type 2 diabetes by helminth-induced Th2 immune response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/pdf/jvms-77-1855.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28073356 Gut microbiota disturbance during helminth infection: can it affect cognition and behaviour of children?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5225537/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5225537/pdf/12879_2016_Article_2146.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896 Parasite excretory-secretory products and their effects on metabolic syndrome]
* 2017 Jan 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28452686 Helminths and intestinal barrier function] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362995/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362995/pdf/ktib-05-01-1283385.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25919312 Downregulation of immune responses in asthmatic humans by ES products of Marshallagia marshalli]

=== 2016 ===

* 2016 Dec 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28009488 Chronic infections with viruses or parasites: breaking bad to make good]
* 2016 Dec 21 [https://www.nature.com/articles/540S103a Q&A: Joel Weinstock] in Nature
* 2016 Dec 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27977856 Nematodes and human therapeutic trials for inflammatory disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5580940/ Full text]
* 2016 Dec 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27978433 Exploiting Old Pathogens to Create New Therapeutics]
* 2016 Dec 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27929101 Hookworm infection] -- [https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/Hookworm.pdf?token=AWzMLBAlpXkIHpPpw3EdbRqiiT4JSi4ZoDqfcymC1Alc7o-QnI_R551leXxADrssmY6JUD-rmWi1TBK-U-oWnp-fb1Ykc7iXN1_ipiK-ZV-rkifcTolyviSZEt9QY13wjPqx_rtLRXrUUawrv52tyE5l PDF]
* 2016 Dec 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes]
* 2016 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28087937 Myeloid Cell Phenotypes in Susceptibility and Resistance to Helminth Parasite Infections]
* 2016 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30144791 Effect of Helminthic Infection on the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Mechanisms] (IBD)
* 2016 Nov 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079 A parasite-derived 68-mer peptide ameliorates autoimmune disease in murine models of Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep37789 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep37789 PDF]
* 2016 Nov 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27872476 New insights into the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus] -- [https://sci-hub.wf/10.1038/nrrheum.2016.186 Full text]
* 2016 Nov 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27672083 Treatment with Cestode Parasite Antigens Results in Recruitment of CCR2+ Myeloid Cells, the Adoptive Transfer of Which Ameliorates Colitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5116724/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5116724/pdf/zii3471.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2016 Nov 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27956844 Helminth infection during pregnancy: insights from evolutionary ecology]
* 2016 Nov 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27861815 Intestinal helminth infection induces highly functional resident memory CD4+ T cells in mice]
* 2016 Nov 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]
* 2016 Nov 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27827438 Changes in duodenal tissue-associated microbiota following hookworm infection and consecutive gluten challenges in humans with coeliac disease] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep36797 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep36797 PDF]
* 2016 Nov 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27905107 Co-operative suppression of inflammatory responses in human dendritic cells by plant proanthocyanidins and products from the parasitic nematode Trichuris suis] (TSO)
* 2016 Nov 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27806992 The whipworm (Trichuris suis) secretes prostaglandin E2 to suppress proinflammatory properties in human dendritic cells] (TSO)
* 2016 Nov 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27802332 Anti-Arthritic Activity of Schistosoma mansoni and Trichinella spiralis Derived-Antigens in Adjuvant Arthritis in Rats: Role of FOXP3+ Treg Cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089557/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089557/pdf/pone.0165916.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27548652 Aberrant immune response with consequent vascular and connective tissue remodeling - causal to scleroderma and associated syndromes such as Raynaud phenomenon and other fibrosing syndromes?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5114306/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5114306/pdf/nihms821879.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Oct 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27983971 Immune-protective effect of echinococcosis on colitis experimental model is dependent of down regulation of TNF-α and NO production]
* 2016 Oct 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27797959 Hookworm recombinant protein promotes regulatory T cell responses that suppress experimental asthma]
* 2016 Oct 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27791067 Community deworming alleviates geohelminth-induced immune hyporesponsiveness]
* 2016 Oct 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27743501 Mucosal and systemic immune modulation by Trichuris trichiura in a self-infected individual] -- [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/6/6a/Mucosal_and_systemic_immune_modulation_by_Trichuris_trichiura_in_a_self-infected_individual.pdf PDF] (TTO)
* 2016 Oct 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863931 The Multibiome: The Intestinal Ecosystem's Influence on Immune Homeostasis, Health, and Disease] -- [http://www.ebiomedicine.com/article/S2352-3964(16)30462-5/fulltext Full text] | [http://www.ebiomedicine.com/article/S2352-3964(16)30462-5/pdf PDF]
* 2016 Oct 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27707789 A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Trichuris suis ova in Active Crohn's disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5881737/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5881737/pdf/jjw184.pdf PDF] This trial employed a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
* 2016 Oct-Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28127363 Anti-inflammatory Potentials of Excretory/Secretory (ES) and Somatic Products of Marshallagia marshalli on Allergic Airway Inflammation in BALB/c Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5251180/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5251180/pdf/IJPA-11-515.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Sept 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5101910/ Full text] | [http://emph.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/09/24/emph.eow028.full.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Sept 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27587063 Dendritic cells and parasites: from recognition and activation to immune response instruction]
* 2016 Aug 29 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27573628 Human Helminths and Allergic Disease: The Hygiene Hypothesis and Beyond]
* 2016 Aug 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27575495 Helminth Regulation of Immunity: A Three-pronged Approach to Treat Colitis] -- [https://tanawisa.com/publications/Helminth_Regulation_of_Immunity.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2016 Aug 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] -- [http://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Full text] [http://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/pdf PDF] (Diabetes)
* 2016 Aug 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27560829 The Helminth-Derived Immunomodulator AvCystatin Reduces Virus Enhanced Inflammation by Induction of Regulatory IL-10+ T Cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4999285/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4999285/pdf/pone.0161885.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Aug 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27559049 Downregulation of the Syk Signaling Pathway in Intestinal Dendritic Cells Is Sufficient To Induce Dendritic Cells That Inhibit Colitis]
* 2016 Aug 20 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668 Filarial Infection or Antigen Administration Improves Glucose Tolerance in Diet-Induced Obese Mice]
* 2016 Aug 12 [https://www.dovepress.com/experimental-human-hookworm-infection-therapeutic-potential-peer-reviewed-article-RIP Experimental human hookworm infection: therapeutic potential] -- [https://www.dovepress.com/experimental-human-hookworm-infection-therapeutic-potential-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RIP?utm_content=bufferc5704&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer Full text] | [https://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=31876 PDF](download)
* 2016 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27563682 3 Effects of Invariant NKT Cells on Parasite Infections and Hygiene Hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4987483/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4987483/pdf/JIR2016-2395645.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27116368 Macrobiota - helminths as active participants and partners of the microbiota in host intestinal homeostasis]
* 2016 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27480900 Role in Allergic Diseases of Immunological Cross-Reactivity between Allergens and Homologues of Parasite Proteins]
* 2016 Jul 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27476889 Regulation of the host immune system by helminth parasites] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010150/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010150/pdf/main.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27215921 Opening (and Swallowing) A Can of Worms to Treat My Crohn's Disease]
* 2016 Jun 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27348757 Molecular events by which dendritic cells promote Th2 immune protection in helminth infection]
* 2016 Jun 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27424065 Intestinal parasites infection: protective effect in rheumatoid arthritis?] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2255502116300426 Full text] | [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2255502116300426/pdfft?md5=4749d7bd9eac36329b3f1e5412ef2a28&pid=1-s2.0-S2255502116300426-main.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jun 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27344656 How the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta affects zinc and cadmium accumulation in a host fed a hyperaccumulating plant (Arabidopsis halleri)] (HDC)
* 2016 Jun 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26908751 Maternal Helminth Infection Is Associated With Higher Infant Immunoglobulin A Titers to Antigen in Orally Administered Vaccines]
* 2016 Jun 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27297236 Intimate gut interactions: helminths and the microbiota]
* 2016 Jun 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27297184 Host parasite communications-Messages from helminths for the immune system]
* 2016 Jun 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27278123 Experimental arthritis: Helminth infection ameliorates arthritis] (No abstract)
* 2016 Jun 8 [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-06-mice-infected-parasite-symptoms-rheumatoid.html Mice infected with a parasite show reduced symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis] -- Bob Yirka, Medical Xpress
* 2016 Jun 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27273006 Th2 and eosinophil responses suppress inflammatory arthritis] -- [http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160607/ncomms11596/full/ncomms11596.html Full text] | [http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160607/ncomms11596/pdf/ncomms11596.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jun 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27183598 Myeloid-Restricted AMPKα1 Promotes Host Immunity and Protects against IL-12/23p40-Dependent Lung Injury during Hookworm Infection]
* 2016 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27403907 Hygienic hypothesis in immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease] (IBD)
* ✅ ⚡ 2016 May 31 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27240605 Practices and outcomes of self-treatment with helminths based on physicians' observations] -- [[media:Practices_and_outcomes_of_self-treatment_with_helminths_based_on_physicians_observations.pdf | PDF]]. The first study to probe, through the eyes of their physicians, the practices and experiences of those who are self-treating with helminths.
* 2016 May 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27234811 Helminths and Intestinal Flora Team Up to Improve Gut Health]
* 2016 May 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27194189 The relationship between helminth infections and low haemoglobin levels in Ethiopian children with blood type A]
* 2016 May 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27160906 Lymphotoxin-Dependent B Cell-FRC Crosstalk Promotes De Novo Follicle Formation and Antibody Production following Intestinal Helminth Infection] -- [http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(16)30436-3 Full text] | [http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdf/S2211-1247(16)30436-3.pdf PDF]
* 2016 May 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27172808 Parasitic helminth infections and the control of human allergic and autoimmune disorders]
* 2016 May 5 [http://actu.epfl.ch/news/intestinal-worms-boost-immune-system-in-a-surprisi/ Intestinal worms boost immune system in a surprising way] -- Nik Papageorgiou, Mediacom
* 2016 May 1 [[media:Gut Buddies - Multispecies Studies and the Microbiome.pdf | Gut Buddies - Multispecies Studies and the Microbiome’]] (PDF) -- Jamie Lorimer, Duke University Press
* 2016 Apr 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27120222 Interaction between Helminths and Toll-Like Receptors: Possibilities and Potentials for Asthma Therapy]
* 2016 Apr 23 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27116368 Macrobiota - helminths as active participants and partners of the microbiota in host intestinal homeostasis]
* 2016 Apr 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27101372 Diplomatic Assistance: Can Helminth-Modulated Macrophages Act as Treatment for Inflammatory Disease?] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005480 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/asset?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005480.PDF PDF]
* 2016 Apr 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27095802 Treatment with Trichuris suis soluble products during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation reduces inflammatory responses through epigenetic remodeling] (TSO)
* 2016 Apr 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27080105 Helminth infection promotes colonization resistance via type 2 immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4905769/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4905769/pdf/nihms790698.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Apr 14 [http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/04/parasitic-worms-may-prevent-crohn-s-disease-altering-bacterial-balance Parasitic worms may prevent Crohn’s disease by altering bacterial balance] -- Mitch Leslie, Science. (Also reported by Science Daily. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160414145513.htm])
* 2016 Apr 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27058578 Comprehensive Transcriptome Meta-analysis to Characterize Host Immune Responses in Helminth Infections] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004624 Full text]
* 2016 Apr 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27062712 Cellular gene expression induced by parasite antigens and allergens in neonates from parasite-infected mothers]
* 2016 Mar 29 [https://ucrtoday.ucr.edu/36044 To Keep or Not to Keep a Hookworm] -- Iqbal Pittalwala, UCR Today
* 2016 Mar 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26965184 Immune-regulatory mechanisms of classical and experimental multiple sclerosis drugs: a special focus on helminth-derived treatments]
* 2016 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26947981 Microbes and asthma: Opportunities for intervention]
* 2016 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27228627 Are Helminths to be Trusted as Allies in the War against Autoimmunity and Chronic Inflammation?] -- [http://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/193/96901.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26174763 The schistosome glutathione S-transferase P28GST, a unique helminth protein, prevents intestinal inflammation in experimental colitis through a Th2-type response with mucosal eosinophils] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4801903/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4801903/pdf/mi201562a.pdf PDF]
* 2016 (Mar?) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28008805 Eosinophils in Homeostasis and Their Contrasting Roles during Inflammation and Helminth Infections]
* 2016 Feb 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26852392 Malaria, helminths, co-infection and anaemia in a cohort of children from Mutengene, south western Cameroon] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744422/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744422/pdf/12936_2016_Article_1111.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan 21 [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10601333.2016.1210159 Policy and regulations in light of the human body as a ‘superorganism’ containing multiple, intertwined symbiotic relationships] | [[media:Policy and regulations in light of the human body as a ‘superorganism’ containing multiple, intertwined symbiotic relationships.pdf | PDF]]
* 2016 Jan 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26816384 Transkingdom control of viral infection and immunity in the mammalian intestine] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4751997/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4751997/pdf/nihms757312.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26763929 The parasitic worm-derived immunomodulator, ES-62 and its drug-like small molecule analogues exhibit therapeutic potential in a model of chronic asthma] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725896/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725896/pdf/srep19224.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan 11 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26752538 The Role of Helminth Infection and Environment in the Development of Allergy: A Prospective Study of Newly-Arrived Ethiopian Immigrants in Israel] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004208 Full text]
* 2016 Jan 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26728323 Therapeutic potential of recombinant cystatin from Schistosoma japonicum in TNBS-induced experimental colitis of mice] - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700642/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700642/pdf/13071_2015_Article_1288.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26345715 Interactions between the intestinal microbiome and helminth parasites] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019230/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019230/pdf/PIM-38-5.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26577605 Mast cells: new therapeutic target in helminth immune modulation] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12295/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12295/epdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26650734 Sweet secrets of a therapeutic worm: mass-spectrometric N-glycomic analysis of Trichuris suis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712359/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712359/pdf/emss-66410.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2016 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27592717 Enteric Ecosystem Disruption in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can the Microbiota and Macrobiota be Restored?]
* 2016 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27088850 A Helminth Protease Inhibitor Modulates the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Proinflammatory Phenotype of Microglia in vitro]

=== 2015 ===
* 2015 Dec 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26673140 Helminth Products Protect against Autoimmunity via Innate Type 2 Cytokines IL-5 and IL-33, Which Promote Eosinophilia]
* 2015 Dec 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26644379 Low-Dose Intestinal Trichuris muris Infection Alters the Lung Immune Microenvironment and Can Suppress Allergic Airway Inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730564/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730564/pdf/zii491.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26571397 Helminth-induced arginase-1 exacerbates lung inflammation and disease severity in tuberculosis]
* 2015 Nov 17 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26588776 Worming Their Way into the Picture: Microbiota Help Helminths Modulate Host Immunity]
* 2015 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26477048 Cohabitation in the Intestine: Interactions among Helminth Parasites, Bacterial Microbiota, and Host Immunity]
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26604162 Can Helminth Infection Reverse Microbial Dysbiosis?]
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26085597 Drug-like analogues of the parasitic worm-derived immunomodulator ES-62 are therapeutic in the MRL/Lpr model of systemic lupus erythematosus] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4616909/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4616909/pdf/10.1177_0961203315591031.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25698173 Trichuris suis ova therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis is safe but without signals of beneficial effect] This study used a treatment period of only 12 weeks, which is inadequate when assessing the efficacy of helminths, and it also used a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26586763 Helminth infection, fecundity, and age of first pregnancy in women] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5953513/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5953513/pdf/nihms961168.pdf PDF] (Also see [[Helminthic therapy and fertility | '''Helminthic therapy and fertility''']].)
* 2015 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26332354 Adoptive transfer of helminth antigen-pulsed dendritic cells protects against the development of experimental colitis in mice] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eji.201545579 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eji.201545579 PDF] (HDC)
* 2015 Oct 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26522986 The Intestinal Microbiota Contributes to the Ability of Helminths to Modulate Allergic Inflammation] -- [http://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(15)00397-0 Full text] | [http://www.cell.com/immunity/pdf/S1074-7613(15)00397-0.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Oct 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25326880 Do We Need Worms to Promote Immune Health?]
* 2015 Sept 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26381211 Experimental hookworm infection and escalating gluten challenges are associated with increased microbial richness in celiac subjects] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4585380/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4585380/pdf/srep13797.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Sep 17 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26377648 Type 2 immunity-dependent reduction of segmented filamentous bacteria in mice infected with the helminthic parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574229/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574229/pdf/40168_2015_Article_103.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Sept 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26345715 The interaction of commensal intestinal bacteria with helminth parasites]
* 2015 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26093162 Effect of different helminth extracts on the development of asthma in mice: The influence of early-life exposure and the role of IL-10 response]
* 2015 Aug 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26150661 Interactions between multiple helminths and the gut microbiota in wild rodents] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4528493/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4528493/pdf/rstb20140295.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Aug 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26270819 Are Human Intestinal Eukaryotes Beneficial or Commensals?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4536199/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4536199/pdf/ppat.1005039.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Aug 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26248316 Asymptomatic Helminth Infection in Active Tuberculosis Is Associated with Increased Regulatory and Th-2 Responses and a Lower Sputum Smear Positivity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4527760/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4527760/pdf/pntd.0003994.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Aug 5 [http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2015/08/tapeworms-may-be-good-your-brain Tapeworms may be good for your brain] Hanae Armitage, Science
* 2015 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26672222 The Role of Adoptive Transfer of Immune Cells in Helminth- induced Regulation of Allergy and Autoimmune Diseases]
* 2015 Jul 27 The hygiene hypothesis: current perspectives and future therapies -- [https://www.dovepress.com/the-hygiene-hypothesis-current-perspectives-and-future-therapies-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-ITT Full text] has a PDF download link.
* 2015 Jul 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26205402 Trichuris suis induces human non-classical patrolling monocytes via the mannose receptor and PKC: implications for multiple sclerosis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4513676/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4513676/pdf/40478_2015_Article_223.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2015 Jul 20 [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150720145207.htm Gut worms protect babies' brains from inflammation] Science Daily
* 2015 Jul 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26188364 Enteric nematodes and the path to up-regulation of type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13] (Includes mention of increased cell turnover to maintain an effective gut barrier in the presence of helminths.)
* 2015 Jul 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26162711 Got Worms? Perinatal Exposure to Helminths Prevents Persistent Immune Sensitization and Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Early-Life Infection]
* 2015 Jul 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26148848 Epigenetic Modulation of Microglial Inflammatory Gene Loci in Helminth-Induced Immune Suppression: Implications for Immune Regulation in Neurocysticercosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4552224/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4552224/pdf/10.1177_1759091415592126.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jul 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26150662 Suppression of inflammation by helminths: a role for the gut microbiota?] -- [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1675/20140296 Full text] | [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/370/1675/20140296.full.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jul 3 [http://evmedreview.com/?p=2767%23_ENREF_4 Progress on reconstituting the depleted biome to prevent immune disorders] Parker and Morey, The Evolution and Medicine Review
* 2015 Jul 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26207885 Helminth therapy for organic diseases?]
* 2015 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26380461 Of worms and men - administration of helminth products as an innovative approach to treatment of autoimmune diseases]
* 2015 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26393130 Significance of Diagnosing Parasitic Infestation in Evaluation of Unexplained Eosinophilia] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572961/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572961/pdf/jcdr-9-DC22.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044 Chronic helminth infection and helminth-derived egg antigens promote adipose tissue M2 macrophages and improve insulin sensitivity in obese mice]
* 2015 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087 The potential long-term effect of previous schistosome infection reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome among Chinese men]
* 2015 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26145982 The allergy epidemics: 1870-2010] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617537/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617537/pdf/nihms697397.pdf PDF] This historical analysis of the allergy epidemic highlights the role of helminth control as one of the explanations for the trends from 1870 to 2010.
* 2015 Jun 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26139475 Atopy and Asthma in Migrants: The Function of Parasites]
* 2015 Jun 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes]
* 2015 Jun 22 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26098783 Prevention of Type 1 diabetes through parasite infection]
* 2015 Jun 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042 Infection with Soil-Transmitted Helminths Is Associated with Increased Insulin Sensitivity] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0127746 Full text] | [http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127746&representation=PDF PDF]
* 2015 Jun 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26142923 The gut microbiome in the helminth infected host]
* 2015 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25600983 Clinical trials of helminth therapy in autoimmune diseases: rationale and findings]
* 2015 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25975491 Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with a synthetic analogue of a parasitic worm product prevents experimental arthritis and inhibits IL-1β production via NRF2-mediated counter-regulation of the inflammasome] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459730/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459730/pdf/main.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25854639 Identifying the immunomodulatory components of helminths]
* 2015 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25869420 Helminths and the microbiota: parts of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428757/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428757/pdf/nihms684423.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26057788 The structure of hookworm platelet inhibitor (HPI), a CAP superfamily member from Ancylostoma caninum] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4461323/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4461323/pdf/f-71-00643.pdf PDF]
* 2015 May 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25996526 Trichuris suis soluble products induce Rab7b expression and limit TLR4 responses in human dendritic cells] (TSO)
* 2015 May 20 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25989836 Immune responses in children infected with the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis in central Greece]
* 2015 May 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556 A worm of one's own: how helminths modulate host adipose tissue function and metabolism] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4567404/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4567404/pdf/nihms684209.pdf PDF]
* 2015 May 11 [https://www.facebook.com/tanawisa/posts/746878402097165 Comments on TSO for Autism from a European Biomedical Center for Autism Research]
* 2015 May 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25403350 Not all parasites are protective] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12160/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12160/epdf PDF]
* 2015 May 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25956237 Approaches to studying and manipulating the enteric microbiome to improve autism symptoms] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425814/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425814/pdf/MEHD-26-26878.pdf PDF]
* 2015 May 5 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25942385 Alteration of the rat cecal microbiome during colonization with the helminth Hymenolepis dimunita] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/pdf/kgmi-06-03-1047128.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2015 May 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25938477 Chronic Trichuris muris Infection in C57BL/6 Mice Causes Significant Changes in Host Microbiota and Metabolome: Effects Reversed by Pathogen Clearance] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418675/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418675/pdf/pone.0125945.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 28 [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v11/n6/full/nrendo.2015.68.html Helminths improve insulin sensitivity and enhance M2 macrophage numbers in WAT of obese mice] (No abstract)
* 2015 Apr 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25941654 Type 1 diabetes pathogenesis - Prevention???] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4413393/ Full text]
* ✅⚡2015 Apr 18 [[media:Overcoming_Evolutionary_Mismatch_by_Self-Treatment_with_Helminths.pdf | Overcoming Evolutionary Mismatch by Self-Treatment with Helminths: Current Practices and Experience]] (PDF) This was the first study to probe the methods and outcomes reported by individuals self-treating with helminths.
* 2015 Apr 17 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26040054 Helminths and autoimmunity: the good, the bad and the ugly] -- [https://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/142/71371.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25879741 Unraveling the Hygiene Hypothesis of helminthes and autoimmunity: origins, pathophysiology, and clinical applications] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4396177/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4396177/pdf/12916_2015_Article_306.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25869420 Helminths and the microbiota: parts of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Png_Loke/publication/274965905_Helminths_and_the_microbiota_parts_of_the_hygiene_hypothesis/links/55898a6308ae9076016f9ad9.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25853852 Increased Biodiversity in the Environment Improves the Humoral Response of Rats] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4390306/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4390306/pdf/pone.0120255.pdf PDF] (Also reported by Science Daily. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150408145242.htm])
* 2015 Apr 6 The Hygiene Hypothesis - Redefine, Rename, or Just Clean It Up? -- [http://www.paediatrix.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/The-Hygiene-Hypothesis-Redefine-Rename-or-Just-Clean-It-Up.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25665856/ Biome depletion in conjunction with evolutionary mismatches could play a role in the etiology of neurofibromatosis 1]
* 2015 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25546822 The parasitic worm product ES-62 targets myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent effector mechanisms to suppress antinuclear antibody production and proteinuria in MRL/lpr mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409857/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409857/pdf/art0067-1023.pdf PDF] (A worm-derived immunomodulator protects against kidney damage in lupus/SLE)
* 2015 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25712154 Exosome-transported microRNAs of helminth origin: new tools for allergic and autoimmune diseases therapy?]
* 2015 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25801883 From the worm to the pill, the parasitic worm product ES-62 raises new horizons in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://lup.sagepub.com/content/24/4-5/400.full Full text] | [http://lup.sagepub.com/content/24/4-5/400.full.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25683374 Potential long-term effects of previous schistosome infection may reduce the atherogenic index of plasma in Chinese men]
* 2015 Mar 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25884706 Human helminth therapy to treat inflammatory disorders - where do we stand?] -- [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/16/12 Full text] | [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/s12865-015-0074-3.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Mar 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25806513 Immune Antibodies and Helminth Products Drive CXCR2-Dependent Macrophage-Myofibroblast Crosstalk to Promote Intestinal Repair] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373753/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373753/pdf/ppat.1004778.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25624401 Epidemiological study of the association between malaria and helminth infections in Nigeria] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350553/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350553/pdf/tropmed-92-578.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764 Does Strongyloides stercoralis infection protect against type 2 diabetes in humans? Evidence from Australian Aboriginal adults]
* 2015 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25666929 The immunomodulatory parasitic worm product ES-62 reduces lupus-associated accelerated atherosclerosis in a mouse model] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4355381/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4355381/pdf/nihms662074.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Spring. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25926937 The relationship between intestinal parasites and some immune-mediated intestinal conditions] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4403024/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4403024/pdf/GHFBB-8-123.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26312872 A role for helminth parasites in achieving immunological tolerance in transplantation]
* 2015 Feb 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25888525 Helminth infections and type 2 diabetes: a cluster-randomized placebo controlled SUGARSPIN trial in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4389675/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4389675/pdf/12879_2015_Article_873.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067 A novel regulatory macrophage induced by a helminth molecule protects against mucosal inflammation and mitigates allergic airway inflammation and colitis in mice]
* 2015 Feb 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067 A novel regulatory macrophage induced by a helminth molecule instructs IL-10 in CD4+ T cells and protects against mucosal inflammation] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/4/1555.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/4/1555.full.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25527786 Intestinal helminths regulate lethal acute graft-versus-host disease and preserve the graft-versustumor effect in mice] (Helminths improve the outcome of bone marrow transplantation in mice)
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25547076 Helminthes and insects: maladies or therapies]
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25248819 Experimental hookworm infection and gluten microchallenge promote tolerance in celiac disease] -- [http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)01010-0/fulltext Full text] | [http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)01010-0/pdf PDF] (Also reported by EurekAlert [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-09/jcu-aws092414.php] and ABC Austrailia. [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-25/hookworms-coeliac-disease-research/5768732])
* 2015 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25174866 Worms as therapeutic agents for allergy and asthma: understanding why benefits in animal studies have not translated into clinical success] -- [https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2814%2900960-9/fulltext Full text] | [https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)00960-9/pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25459578 Potential Treatments for Food Allergy]
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449677 The mechanisms behind helminth's immunomodulation in autoimmunity]
* 2015 Jan 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25634608 A model for the induction of autism in the ecosystem of the human body: the anatomy of a modern pandemic?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310853/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310853/pdf/MEHD-26-26253.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jan 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25611587 Chronic filarial infection provides protection against bacterial sepsis by functionally reprogramming macrophages] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303312/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303312/pdf/ppat.1004616.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jan 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25452561 Splenic B cells from Hymenolepis diminuta-infected mice ameliorate colitis independent of T cells and via cooperation with macrophages] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/1/364.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/jimmunol/194/1/364.full.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2015 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25437821 Treatment with egg antigens of Schistosoma mansoni ameliorates experimental colitis in mice through a colonic T-cell-dependent mechanism]
* 2015 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26046559 Multiple sclerosis and environmental factors: the role of vitamin D, parasites, and Epstein-Barr virus infection]
* 2015 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25942385 Alteration of the rat cecal microbiome during colonization with the helminth Hymenolepis diminuta] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/pdf/kgmi-06-03-1047128.pdf PDF] (HDC)

=== 2014 ===
* 2014 Dec 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25472634 Helminth Therapy for MS] (multiple sclerosis)
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24975567 Reduced asthma morbidity in endemic areas for helminth infections: a longitudinal ecological study in Brazil]
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25441298 In utero priming by worms protects against respiratory allergies]
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25554978 The emerging role of helminths in treatment of the inflammatory bowel disorders] -- [http://www.jpp.krakow.pl/journal/archive/12_14/pdf/741_12_14_article.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744 Maternal immune response to helminth infection during pregnancy determines offspring susceptibility to allergic airway inflammation]
* 2014 Winter [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25436093 Potential treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a review of helminths therapy] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017549/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017549/pdf/GHFBB-7-009.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Nov 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25375117 Coincident helminth infection modulates systemic inflammation and immune activation in active pulmonary tuberculosis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/pdf/pntd.0003289.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24795483 Impact of experimental hookworm infection on the human gut microbiota] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195438/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195438/pdf/jiu256.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25069662?dopt=Abstract Therapeutic potential of larval excretory/secretory proteins of the pig whipworm Trichuris suis in allergic disease] (TSO)
* 2014 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24981042 Helminth therapy or elimination: epidemiological, immunological, and clinical considerations]
* 2014 Oct 20 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202775/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202775/pdf/fimmu-05-00499.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Oct 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24782451 Suppression of basophil histamine release and other IgE-dependent responses in childhood Schistosoma mansoni/hookworm coinfection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176447/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176447/pdf/jiu234.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Oct 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25240019 Helminth infections decrease host susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244645/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244645/pdf/nihms616872.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Oct Treating Inflammatory Bowel disease: from Helminths to ova -- [http://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/95/47594.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25281198 Allergy and worms: let's bring back old friends]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24901211 The microbiota and helminths: sharing the same niche in the human host]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25201407 Mucosal immune responses following intestinal nematode infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312905/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312905/pdf/pim0036-0439.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24891519 Kv1.3 channel-blocking immunomodulatory peptides from parasitic worms: implications for autoimmune diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4139903/ Full text] | [http://www.fasebj.org/content/28/9/3952.full.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24496315 Blockade of IL-33 release and suppression of type 2 innate lymphoid cell responses by helminth secreted products in airway allergy] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4016792/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4016792/pdf/mi2013123a.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Aug 28 Parasitic infection and immunomodulation: A possible explanation for the hygiene hypothesis in autoimmune and allergic disease -- [http://www.slideshare.net/Apollo_Hospitals/final-8-38449965 Full text]
* 2014 Aug 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25161287 The "hygiene hypothesis" for allergic disease is a misnomer] (No abstract)
* 2014 Aug 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25210492 Extraintestinal helminth infection reduces the development of colitis-associated tumorigenesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159685/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159685/pdf/ijbsv10p0948.pdf PDF] (IBD) (Cancer)
* 2014 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25171741 Maternal hookworm modifies risk factors for childhood eczema: results from a birth cohort in Uganda] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312885/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312885/pdf/pai0025-0481.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24471654 Pregnancy and helminth infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260141/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260141/pdf/pim0036-0328.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25033775 (Self-) infections with parasites: re-interpretations for the present] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263892316_Self-_infections_with_parasites_Re-interpretations_for_the_present Full text]
* 2014 Jul 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24992724 Helminth infections, type-2 immune response, and metabolic syndrome] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/pdf/ppat.1004140.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24666108 Lessons from helminth infections: ES-62 highlights new interventional approaches in rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089150/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089150/pdf/cei0177-0013.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736234 Systemic impact of intestinal helminth infections] -- [http://www.nature.com/mi/journal/v7/n4/pdf/mi201423a.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24749722 Helminths in the hygiene hypothesis: sooner or later?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089153/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089153/pdf/cei0177-0038.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24401109 Microbial 'old friends', immunoregulation and socioeconomic status] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089149/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089149/pdf/cei0177-0001.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24704440 Secretory products of helminth parasites as immunomodulators]
* 2014 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24497523 ES-62 protects against collagen-induced arthritis by resetting interleukin-22 toward resolution of inflammation in the joints] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737104/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737104/pdf/ART-66-1492.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24744099 Helminth/Parasite treatment of multiple sclerosis]
* 2014 May 22 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24851867 Helminth colonization is associated with increased diversity of the gut microbiota] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031128/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031128/pdf/pntd.0002880.pdf PDF]
* 2014 May 8 [http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=geography_etds The human–hookworm assemblage: contingency and the practice of helminthic therapy] Sophia Ann Strosberg, PhD thesis
* 2014 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24712468 Induction of regulatory cells by helminth parasites: exploitation for the treatment of inflammatory diseases]
* 2014 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24325393 Parasitic worms and allergies in childhood: insights from population studies 2008-2013]
* 2014 Apr 29 [http://www.neurology.org/content/82/10_Supplement/P3.149 Clinical Trial of Helminth-induced Immunomodulatory Therapy (HINT 2) in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (P3.149)] (TSO)
* 2014 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24441737 Genome of the human hookworm Necator americanus] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978129/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978129/pdf/nihms-551116.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2014 Mar [http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=43790 Intestinal Helminthic Infection Increases Serum Levels of IL-2 and Decreases Serum TGF-Beta Levels in Nigerian Asthmatic Patients] -- [http://file.scirp.org/Html/1-1410098_43790.htm Full text] | [http://file.scirp.org/pdf/OJI_2014031415322712.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Feb 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24592267 Helminth Allergens, Parasite-Specific IgE, and Its Protective Role in Human Immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924148/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924148/pdf/fimmu-05-00061.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24355423 A multimodal Darwinian strategy for alleviating the atherosclerosis pandemic]
* 2014 Jan 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007 Secreted proteins from the helminth Fasciola hepatica inhibit the initiation of autoreactive T cell responses and prevent diabetes in the NOD mouse] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897667/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897667/pdf/pone.0086289.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jan 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24442917 Helminth therapy (worms) for induction of remission in inflammatory bowel disease] -- [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009400.pub2/full Full text] | [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009400.pub2/epdf/full PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24043262 Reprogramming macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype by helminth antigens reduces murine atherosclerosis] -- [http://www.fasebj.org/content/28/1/288.long Full text] | [http://www.fasebj.org/content/28/1/288.full.pdf PDF]
* 2014 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24997041 Microbiota, immunoregulatory old friends and psychiatric disorders]
* 2014 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25654942 Of poops and parasites: unethical FDA overregulation]

=== 2013 ===
* 2013 Dec 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24351232 Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) in multiple sclerosis patients with Trichuris suis ova therapy] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3866952/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3866952/pdf/parasite-20-55.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2013 Dec 12 [http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2013/12/12/596603/10061345/en/Coronado-Biosciences-Announces-Presentation-of-Interim-Data-From-Autism-Study-at-Neuropsychopharmacology-Meeting.html Presentation of Interim Data From Autism Study at Neuropsychopharmacology Meeting]
* 2013 Nov 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24154724 Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: an ecosystem service essential to health] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3831972/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3831972/pdf/pnas.201313731.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929557 Helminths and their implication in sepsis - a new branch of their immunomodulatory behaviour?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4285315/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4285315/pdf/fim0069-0127.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Oct 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23975865 Parasite infections in multiple sclerosis modulate immune responses through a retinoic acid-dependent pathway] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/191/7/3827.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/191/7/3827.full.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23325330 The hygiene theory harnessing helminths and their ova to treat autoimmunity]
* 2013 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23968688 Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection reduces severity of type 1 diabetes induced by multiple low-dose streptozotocin in mice via STAT6- and IL-10-independent mechanisms]
* 2013 Sept [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23792298 Chronic Opisthorchis felineus infection attenuates atherosclerosis – an autopsy study]
* 2013 Aug 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691 Effect of nematode Trichinella infection on glucose tolerance and status of macrophage in obese mice] -- [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/endocrj/60/11/60_EJ13-0312/_pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug 29 [http://www.news.ucsb.edu/2013/013611/dueling-infections-one-keeps-other-bay-say-ucsb-anthropologists Dueling Infections: One Keeps the Other at Bay, Say UCSB Anthropologists] Andrea Estrada, The Current, University of California, Santa Barbara
* 2013 Aug 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23986108 Antagonism between two intestinal parasites in humans: the importance of co-infection for infection risk and recovery dynamics] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768312/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768312/pdf/rspb20131671.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug 20 Parasitic Helminths: A Useful Resource for Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disease Therapy -- [http://www.omicsonline.org/parasitic-helminths-a-useful-resource-for-inflammatory-and-autoimmune-disease-therapy-1948-593X.1000084.php?aid=16479 Full text] | [http://www.omicsonline.org/parasitic-helminths-a-useful-resource-for-inflammatory-and-autoimmune-disease-therapy-1948-593X.1000084.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23967364 Schistosoma mansoni-mediated suppression of allergic airway inflammation requires patency and Foxp3+ Treg cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744427/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744427/pdf/pntd.0002379.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23730956 Randomised clinical trial: the safety and tolerability of Trichuris suis ova in patients with Crohn's disease] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apt.12366/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apt.12366/epdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2013 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23827958 Type 2 immunity and wound healing: evolutionary refinement of adaptive immunity by helminths] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789590/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789590/pdf/nihms516840.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23597946 Possible use of Trichuris suis ova in autism spectrum disorders therapy] (TSO)
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23273955 Coassociations between IL10 polymorphisms, IL-10 production, helminth infection, and asthma/ wheeze in an urban tropical population in Brazil]
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23545299 Hookworm excretory/secretory products induce interleukin-4 (IL-4)+ IL-10+ CD4+ T cell responses and suppress pathology in a mouse model of colitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676036/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676036/pdf/zii2104.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143 Parasitic nematode-induced modulation of body weight and associated metabolic dysfunction in mouse models of obesity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676010/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676010/pdf/zii1905.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523576 Previous contact with Strongyloides venezuelensis contributed to prevent insulitis in MLD-STZ diabetes] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014489413000775 Full text] (includes a PDF download link)
* 2013 April 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23782752 Trichuris suis ova in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome (TRIOMS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680966/ Full text] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680966/pdf/1745-6215-14-112.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2013 Apr 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23566643 The development of TH2 responses from infancy to 4 years of age and atopic sensitization in areas endemic for helminth infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3635885/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3635885/pdf/1710-1492-9-13.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23220043/ Trichuris suis-induced modulation of human dendritic cell function is glycan-mediated] -- [https://tanawisa.com/downloads/Trichuris_suis-induced_modulation_of_human_dendritic_cell_function_is_glycan-mediated.pdf Full text]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178750 A role for IL-22 in the relationship between intestinal helminths, gut microbiota and mucosal immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955947/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955947/pdf/nihms423088.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291460 Changed gluten immunity in celiac disease by Necator americanus provides new insights into autoimmunity] (NA)
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291461 The helminth product, ES-62, protects against airway inflammation by resetting the Th cell phenotype] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584281/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584281/pdf/main.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23174104 A nematode immunomodulator suppresses grass pollen-specific allergic responses by controlling excessive Th2 inflammation]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23298637 Helminth therapy and multiple sclerosis] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751912003153 Full text]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23380935 Childhood helminth exposure is protective against inflammatory bowel disease: a case control study in South Africa] (IBD)
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101 Prevention of type 1 diabetes through infection with an intestinal nematode parasite requires IL-10 in the absence of a Th2-type response]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D)]
* 2013 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23291462/ Prerequisites for the pharmaceutical industry to develop and commercialise helminths and helminth-derived product therapy]
* 2013 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23178819/ Translatability of helminth therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683647/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683647/pdf/nihms423391.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524 Association of previous schistosome infection with diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in rural China]
* 2013 Jan-Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23406942 Evolutionary immune response to conserved domains in parasites and aeroallergens]
* ✅ 2013 Jan 10 [[media:Patients_self-treat_with_parasitic_worms_-_Flowers_et_al.pdf | Patients self-treat with parasitic worms.]] In this letter to the journal, Nature, two researchers called on the scientific community to adopt a different approach to helminth therapeutics that would recognise and utilise the insights and evidence being gained by patients self-treating with helminths.
* 2013 Jan 8 [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130108112451.htm Parasitic worms may help treat diseases associated with obesity Science Daily]
* 2013 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23302848 Autoimmune disease: Patients self-treat with parasitic worms] (Comment on [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23135449 Autoimmunity: The worm returns].)
* 2013 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481186 Microbial 'Old Friends', immunoregulation and stress resilience] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868387/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868387/pdf/eot004.pdf PDF]
* ⚡ 2013 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481190 Evolutionary biology and anthropology suggest biome reconstitution as a necessary approach toward dealing with immune disorders] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868394/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868394/pdf/eot008.pdf PDF] This paper explains how the modern pandemics of autoimmune, inflammatory and allergic disease are due to the loss of species, especially helminths, from the human ecosystem.
* 2013 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23278885 Protection against allergic airway inflammation during the chronic and acute phases of Trichinella spiralis infection]
* 2013 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23365679 Relationship between carotid intima media thickness and helminth infections on Flores Island, Indonesia] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554693/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554693/pdf/pone.0054855.pdf PDF] (atherosclerosis / cholesterol)
* 2013 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23637593 Immune regulation during helminth infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630086/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630086/pdf/ppat.1003250.pdf PDF]

=== 2012 ===
* 2012 Winter [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740696/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740696/pdf/RevDiabeticStud-09-272.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Dec 5 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23220091 The hookworm pharmacopoeia for inflammatory diseases] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751912003062 Full text]
* 2012 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23593834 Anti-atherogenic effect and its mechanisms of soluble egg antigen of Schistosomia japonicum in ApoE-/- mice (atherosclerosis)]
* 2012 Nov 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166490 Therapeutic helminth infection of macaques with idiopathic chronic diarrhea alters the inflammatory signature and mucosal microbiota of the colon] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499566/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499566/pdf/ppat.1003000.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Nov 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23221477 How helminths use excretory secretory fractions to modulate dendritic cells] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3545949/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3545949/pdf/viru-3-668.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Nov 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23135449 Autoimmunity: The worm returns] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744107/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744107/pdf/nihms-492926.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Nov 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23129304 Helminth infection in populations undergoing epidemiological transition: a friend or foe?] -- [http://staff.ui.ac.id/system/files/users/aprilianto.eddy/publication/wiria2012helminthinpopulationsundergoingepidemiologicaltransition.pdf Author’s personal full text copy]
* 2012 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23079675 Where are we on worms?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744105/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744105/pdf/nihms492925.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23034321/ Helminth Infections and Host Immune Regulation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485755/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485755/pdf/zcm585.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22086188 Nematode modulation of inflammatory bowel disease] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459088/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459088/pdf/709_2011_Article_342.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2012 Oct [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22886766 Worming their way into the pharmacy: use of worms and worm products to treat inflammatory diseases] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/art.34635 PDF]
* 2012 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22898371 Heligmosomoides polygyrus: EAE remission is correlated with different systemic cytokine profiles provoked by L4 and adult nematodes] (Multiple sclerosis)
* 2012 Sept 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22729944 The parasitic helminth product ES-62 suppresses pathogenesis in collagen-induced arthritis by targeting the interleukin-17-producing cellular network at multiple sites] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.34581/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.34581/epdf PDF]
* 2012 Sept 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23021370 Advances in immunotherapy for food allergy] -- [http://www.discoverymedicine.com/Yamini-V-Virkud/2012/09/21/advances-in-immunotherapy-for-food-allergy/ Full text] Yamini Virkud and Brian Vickery, Discovery Magazine
* 2012 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21838960 Immune monitoring of Trichuris suis egg therapy in multiple sclerosis patients] (TSO in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS))
* 2012 Sept The Hygiene Hypothesis and its implications for home hygiene, lifestyle and public health -- [http://www.naturaleater.com/science-articles/Hygiene-old-friends-ISFHH-2012.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Aug 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22937527 Does helminth activation of toll-like receptors modulate immune response in multiple sclerosis patients?] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426839/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426839/pdf/fcimb-02-00112.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22742834 Trichuris suis ova: testing a helminth-based therapy as an extension of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [https://web.archive.org/web/20210921041516/https://parasitology.cvm.ncsu.edu/vmp930/supplement/trichuris_treatment_allergies.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2012 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22608572 Helminth infection is associated with decreased basophil responsiveness in human beings] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387338/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387338/pdf/nihms372243.pdf PDF]
* ⚡ 2012 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22612580 A prescription for clinical immunology: the pills are available and ready for testing. A review] | [[media:A_prescription_for_clinical_immunology-_the_pills_are_available_and_ready_for_testing._A_review.pdf | PDF]]

* 2012 Jun 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928103 Is autism a member of a family of diseases resulting from genetic/cultural mismatches? Implications for treatment and prevention] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420574/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420574/pdf/AURT2012-910946.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22482518 Soluble helminth products suppress clinical signs in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and differentially modulate human dendritic cell activation]
* 2012 May 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464690 Helminthic therapy: improving mucosal barrier function] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015520/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015520/pdf/nihms545476.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Apr 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513973 Helminth therapy (worms) for allergic rhinitis] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashley_Croft/publication/224708548_Helminth_therapy_(worms)_for_allergic_rhinitis/links/09e4150b0b21ddf09b000000.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22168433 Parasitic worm therapy for allergy: is this incongruous or avant-garde medicine?]
* 2012 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22360486 Granulocytes in helminth infection -- who is calling the shots?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394172/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394172/pdf/CMC-19-1567.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Mar 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22398631 Atopy is inversely related to schistosome infection intensity: a comparative study in Zimbabwean villages with distinct levels of Schistosoma haematobium infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3398828/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3398828/pdf/iaa-0158-0288.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214332 Schistosoma mansoni antigens as modulators of the allergic inflammatory response in asthma]
* 2012 Feb 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22566894/ TLRs, Treg, and B Cells, an Interplay of Regulation during Helminth Infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342019/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342019/pdf/fimmu-03-00008.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/pdf/cshperspectmed-DIA-a007799.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22346753 Characterising the mucosal and systemic immune responses to experimental human hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276555/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276555/pdf/ppat.1002520.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245779 An essential role for the Th2-type response in limiting tissue damage during helminth infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3274634/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3274634/pdf/nihms341991.pdf PDF] (Wound healing)
* ⚡ 2012 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22239614 Helminth-host immunological interactions: prevention and control of immune-mediated diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744090/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744090/pdf/nihms492922.pdf PDF] Summarises the science underpinning helminthic therapy.
* 2012 Jan [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21983081/ Helminth infection does not reduce risk for chronic inflammatory disease in a population-based cohort study] (There are several critical weaknesses in this study, the data from which do not support the authors' broad conclusion that helminthic colonization does not reduce the risk for various immune-mediated diseases. See a rebuttal of this research by the late Joel Weinstock [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4129650/ here].)
* 2012 Jan [http://www.asmscience.org/content/journal/microbe/10.1128/microbe.7.173.1 A Darwinian View of the Hygiene or “Old Friends” Hypothesis] Graham A. W. Rook, Microbe Magazine
* 2012 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22848374 Helminth antigens enable CpG-activated dendritic cells to inhibit the symptoms of collagen-induced arthritis through Foxp3+ regulatory T cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405066/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405066/pdf/pone.0040356.pdf PDF]
* 2012 [http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12411/ Asthma and allergic disease: their relation with Necator americanus and other helminth infections] Johanna Feary, PhD Thesis -- [http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12411/1/JRF_Thesis_appendix_A_removed.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2012 [https://webshares.northseattle.edu/jgward/Microbe%20paper.pdf A Darwinian View of the Hygiene or “Old Friends” Hypothesis] (PDF)

=== 2011 ===
* 2011 Nov 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22147983 Schistosoma japonicum ova maintains epithelial barrier function during experimental colitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3229631/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3229631/pdf/WJG-17-4810.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21290484 Hookworm products ameliorate dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in BALB/c mice]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980148 The impact of environmental infections (parasites) on MS activity] (multiple sclerosis)
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21741180 Reconstitution of the human biome as the most reasonable solution for epidemics of allergic and autoimmune diseases] | [[media:Reconstitution_of_the_human_biome_as_the_most_reasonable_solution_for_epidemics_of_allergic_and_autoimmune_diseases.pdf | PDF]]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810307 Treatment with anthelminthics during pregnancy: what gains and what risks for the mother and child?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178871/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178871/pdf/S0031182011001053a.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21831135 Effects of Helicobacter pylori, geohelminth infection and selected commensal bacteria on the risk of allergic disease and sensitization in 3-year-old Ethiopian children]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21684587 Regulatory B-cell induction by helminths: implications for allergic disease]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21848628 Exposure to hookworms in patients with Crohn's disease: a case-control study] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04824.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04824.x/epdf PDF]
* 2011 Sept 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21943110 Toll-like receptor activation by helminths or helminth products to alleviate inflammatory bowel disease] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199248/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199248/pdf/1756-3305-4-186.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2011 Sept 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21949691 Suppression of inflammatory immune responses in celiac disease by experimental hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174943/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174943/pdf/pone.0024092.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072824 Parasitic helminth cystatin inhibits DSS-induced intestinal inflammation via IL-10(+)F4/80(+) macrophage recruitment] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210841/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210841/pdf/kjp-49-245.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Aug 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21858123 Impact of Schistosoma japonicum infection on collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice: a murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/pdf/pone.0023453.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Aug 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21829616 Symptoms after Ingestion of Pig Whipworm Trichuris suis Eggs in a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149054/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149054/pdf/pone.0022346.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 Jul 25 The neuroimmunoendocrine network during worm helminth infections -- [http://www.isj.unimo.it/articoli/ISJ242.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Jul 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21785696 Parasites or cohabitants: cruel omnipresent usurpers or creative "éminences grises"?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140032/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140032/pdf/JPR2011-214174.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Jun 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21772981 Excretory-secretory products from hookworm l(3) and adult worms suppress proinflammatory cytokines in infected individuals] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135091/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135091/pdf/JPR2011-512154.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21610741 Diversity and dialogue in immunity to helminths]
* 2011 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21372112/ Probiotic helminth administration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 1 study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/pdf/nihms536054.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 May 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21576944 Atopic dermatitis and the hygiene hypothesis revisited]
* 2011 May 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21573157 Schistosome infection intensity is inversely related to auto-reactive antibody levels] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089602/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089602/pdf/pone.0019149.pdf PDF]
* 2011 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255083 Anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of infantile eczema: randomised-controlled trial results] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130136/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130136/pdf/pai0022-0305.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21277637 The impact of parasite infections on the course of multiple sclerosis]
* 2011 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21295861 Helminths and multiple sclerosis: will old friends give us new treatments for MS?] (No abstract)
* 2011 Mar 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21408161 Effect of hookworm infection on wheat challenge in celiac disease - a randomised double-blinded placebo controlled trial] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3050888/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3050888/pdf/pone.0017366.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Mar 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21372112 Probiotic helminth administration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 1 study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/pdf/nihms536054.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 Apr 22 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21440530 Clonorchis sinensis-derived total protein attenuates airway inflammation in murine asthma model by inducing regulatory T cells and modulating dendritic cell functions]
* 2011 Apr 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21584243 Helminth parasites and the modulation of joint inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092582/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092582/pdf/JPR2011-942616.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20967852 Infection with an intestinal helminth parasite reduces Freund's complete adjuvant-induced monoarthritis in mice] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.30098/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.30098/epdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2011 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21044628 Trichinella spiralis: infection reduces airway allergic inflammation in mice]
* 2011 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21887281 The transcriptome of Trichuris suis -- first molecular insights into a parasite with curative properties for key immune diseases of humans] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160910/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160910/pdf/pone.0023590.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21858123 Impact of Schistosoma japonicum infection on collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice: a murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/pdf/pone.0023453.pdf PDF]

=== 2010 ===
* 2010 Dec 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21123809 IL-22+ CD4+ T cells are associated with therapeutic trichuris trichiura infection in an ulcerative colitis patient] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Png_Loke/publication/49650965_IL-22_CD4_T_Cells_Are_Associated_with_Therapeutic_Trichuris_trichiura_Infection_in_an_Ulcerative_Colitis_Patient/links/00b7d535585b829413000000.pdf PDF] (TTO)
* 2010 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20848461 Alteration of the murine gut microbiota during infection with the parasitic helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2959136/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2959136/pdf/nihms220920.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21039971 Long-term periodic anthelmintic treatments are associated with increased allergen skin reactivity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3034193/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3034193/pdf/cea0040-1669.pdf PDF]
* 2010 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21500453 Atopic diseases and intestinal helminth infections]
* ⚡ 2010 Oct 13 [https://evmedreview.com/reconstituting-the-depleted-biome-to-prevent-immune-disorders/ Reconstituting the depleted biome to prevent immune disorders] William Parker, Duke University. Explains why replacing absent "old friends" may be the only reasonable therapy for a wide range of immune-associated disorders, including allergy, autoimmunity and autism.
* 2010 Aug 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20067426 Effects of Deworming during Pregnancy on Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes in Entebbe, Uganda: A Randomized Controlled Trial] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857962/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857962/pdf/ukmss-29622.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20404082 Chronic intestinal helminth infections are associated with immune hyporesponsiveness and induction of a regulatory network] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2897394/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2897394/pdf/1228-09.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jun 14 [http://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/how-the-parasitic-worm-has-turned/ How the parasitic worm has turned] (Web archive copy)
* 2010 Jun 11 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538949 Exploitation of the intestinal microflora by the parasitic nematode Trichuris muris] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428897/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428897/pdf/ukmss-49377.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20306466 Helminth-induced CD19+CD23hi B cells modulate experimental allergic and autoimmune inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179601/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179601/pdf/eji0040-1682.pdf PDF]
* 2010 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20132231 Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the allergic response in a murine model of ovalbumininduced airway inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857950/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857950/pdf/cei0160-0266.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20415854 99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: darwinian medicine and the 'hygiene' or 'old friends' hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841838/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841838/pdf/cei0160-0070.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23105895 Immunomodulators of helminthes: Promising therapeutics for autoimmune disorders and allergic diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3453099/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3453099/pdf/12291_2010_Article_21.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044996 In vitro-derived alternatively activated macrophages reduce colonic inflammation in mice] (Colitis) (HDC)
* 2010 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20224568 Helminth-derived immunomodulators: can understanding the worm produce the pill?]
* 2010 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20028812 Extracts of the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, suppress macrophage activation in vitro and alleviate chemically induced colitis in mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825920/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825920/pdf/1349-08.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2010 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19691904 The immune response to and immunomodulation by Hymenolepis diminuta] (HDC)
* 2010 Feb 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20169100 Parasitic helminths: new weapons against immunological disorders] (Diabetes) -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821776/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821776/pdf/JBB2010-743758.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20101628 Worms to the rescue: can worm glycans protect from autoimmune diseases?] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iub.304/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iub.304/epdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20069130 Taenia crassiceps infection attenuates multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/pdf/JBB2010-850541.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19800680 Trichuris suis ova therapy for allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lars_Poulsen/publication/26866959_Trichuris_suis_ova_therapy_for_allergic_rhinitis_a_randomized_double-blind_placebo-controlled_clinical_trial/links/00b4952a7f6c89aaa2000000.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19758373 Reduced helminth burden increases allergen skin sensitization but not clinical allergy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Vietnam]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2863045/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2863045/pdf/nihms182968.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042008 Helminth infection inhibits airway allergic reaction and dendritic cells are involved in the modulation process] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01161.x Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01161.x/epdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20425508 Chronic helminth infections protect against allergic diseases by active regulatory processes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816799/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816799/pdf/11882_2009_Article_85.pdf PDF]

* 2010 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20224759 Dendritic cells in the gut: interaction with intestinal helminths] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836138/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836138/pdf/JBB2010-250563.pdf PDF]
* 2010 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20069130 Taenia crassiceps infection attenuates multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/pdf/JBB2010-850541.pdf PDF]

=== 2009 ===
* 2009 Dec 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030661 Experimental hookworm infection: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in asthma] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2814083/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2814083/pdf/cea0040-0299.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19752032 Helminth infection can reduce insulitis and type 1 diabetes through CD25- and IL-10-independent mechanisms] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2786463/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2786463/pdf/1170-08.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19996438 Early helminth infections are inversely related to anemia, malnutrition, and malaria and are not associated with inflammation in 6- to 23-month-old Zanzibari children] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/6/1062.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/6/1062.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19812189 Helminth antigens modulate immune responses in cells from multiple sclerosis patients through TLR2-dependent mechanisms] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/9/5999.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/9/5999.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19861631 Immunologic profiles of persons recruited for a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/5/911.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/5/911.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19880560 Parasitic infection and autoimmunity] -- [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0961203309345735 PDF] (Lupus/SLE)
* 2009 Oct 22 [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-10-22/worms-linked-to-coeliac-relief/1113232 Worms linked to coeliac relief]
* 2009 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19744885 Survival of the fittest: allergology or parasitology?]
* 2009 Sept 29 [http://www.news-medical.net/news/20090929/Hookworms-can-prevent-asthma.aspx Hookworms can prevent asthma] News Medical
* 2009 Sept 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19786773 Prebiotics, probiotics and helminths: the 'natural' solution?]
* 2009 Sept 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=20011066 Infection with Hymenolepis diminuta Is More Effective than Daily Corticosteroids in Blocking Chemically Induced Colitis in Mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789531/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789531/pdf/JBB2010-384523.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2009 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19406170 Helminth immunoregulation: the role of parasite secreted proteins in modulating host immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2706953/ Full text]
* 2009 Aug 1 [Infection with a Helminth Parasite Attenuates Autoimmunity through TGF-β-Mediated Suppression of Th17 and Th1 Responses] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/3/1577.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/3/1577.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19400893 Safety of hookworm infection in individuals with measurable airway responsiveness: a randomized placebo-controlled feasibility study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728895/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728895/pdf/cea0039-1060.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19321388 Advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693446/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693446/pdf/nihms100270.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jun 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=19468064 Parasites represent a major selective force for interleukin genes and shape the genetic predisposition to autoimmune conditions] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715056/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715056/pdf/JEM_20082779.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19223020 Helminths and our immune system: friend or foe?]
* 2009 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19388947 Immune and genetic aspects of asthma, allergy and parasitic worm infections: evolutionary links] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01104.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01104.x/epdf PDF]
* 2009 Apr 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370621 Effect of administration of antihelminthics for soil transmitted helminths during pregnancy]
* 2009 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19291704 Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens induce Treg that participate in diabetes prevention in NOD mice] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200838871/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200838871/epdf PDF]
* 2009 Mar 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19308259 Necator americanus infection: a possible cause of altered dendritic cell differentiation and eosinophil profile in chronically infected individuals] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654967/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654967/pdf/pntd.0000399.pdf PDF] (NA)
* ✅ 2009 Mar 5 [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01470521?term=WIRMS&rank=1 Worms for Immune Regulation of Multiple Sclerosis (WIRMS)] Proposal for the first Phase 2 trial using a controlled number of Necator americanus in the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. (Also reported by Science Daily [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090304091818.htm] and the Mail Online. [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2108228/Parasitic-worms-offer-hope-cure-multiple-sclerosis.html?ito=feeds-newsxml]) (NA)
* 2009 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19167926 The therapeutic helminth?]
* 2009 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18835272 Schistosoma mansoni infection reduces severity of collagen-induced arthritis via down-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators]
* 2009 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19138565 Can helminths or helminth-derived products be used in humans to prevent or treat allergic diseases?]
* 2009 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19136071 Schistosoma mansoni infection alters co-stimulatory molecule expression and cell activation in asthma]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18608175 Spontaneous arthritis in MRL/lpr mice is aggravated by Staphylococcus aureus and ameliorated by Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120496 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: mechanisms underlying helminth modulation of dendritic cell function] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632707/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632707/pdf/imm0126-0028.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120493 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: the broader implications of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632706/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632706/pdf/imm0126-0003.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120495 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: immunity against helminths and immunological phenomena in modern human populations: coevolutionary legacies?] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632709/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632709/pdf/imm0126-0018.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632708/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632708/pdf/imm0126-0012.pdf PDF]
* ✅⚡2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18680198 Helminths and the IBD hygiene hypothesis] This paper proposed that failure to acquire helminths in early life negatively affects immune development, leading to immunological diseases such as IBD later in life.
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19128351 Do helminth parasites protect against atopy and allergic disease?]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016806 Helminth antigen-based strategy to ameliorate inflammation in an experimental model of colitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665684/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665684/pdf/cei0155-0088.pdf PDF]
* 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20054982 Helminthic therapy: using worms to treat immune-mediated disease] | [[media:Using Worms to Treat Immune-Mediated Disease.pdf | PDF]]
* 2009 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19436745 Early exposure of infants to GI nematodes induces Th2 dominant immune responses which are unaffected by periodic anthelminthic treatment] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677666/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677666/pdf/pntd.0000433.pdf PDF]

=== 2008 ===
* 2008 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18547322 Early infection with Trichuris trichiura and allergen skin test reactivity in later childhood] (TTO)
* 2008 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18654798 Schistosoma japonicum infection modulates the development of allergen-induced airway inflammation in mice]
* 2008 Sept 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20525133 The changing microbial environment and chronic inflammatory disorders] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868866/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868866/pdf/1710-1492-4-3-117.pdf PDF]
* 2008 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682103 Parasitic nematode modulation of allergic disease]
* 2008 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18655096 Helminth infections associated with multiple sclerosis induce regulatory B cells]
* 2008 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678 Decreased basal non-insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by diaphragm in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni]
* 2008 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18578001 The role of regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis]
* 2008 May 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509490 Worms and the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: are molecules the answer?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2396220/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2396220/pdf/CDI2008-567314.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2008 May 4 [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/e/e4/Hookworm.pdf Potential Transmission of Pathogens Between Human Hosts by the Hookworm, Necator Americanus] (PDF)
* 2008 Apr 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18462167 Intensity of intestinal infection with multiple worm species is related to regulatory cytokine output and immune hyporesponsiveness]
* 2008 Mar 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322239 A helminth immunomodulator reduces allergic and inflammatory responses by induction of IL-10- producing macrophages] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/6/4265.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/6/4265.full.pdf PDF]
* 2008 Feb 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18209076 Helminth infection with Litomosoides sigmodontis induces regulatory T cells and inhibits allergic sensitization, airway inflammation, and hyperreactivity in a murine asthma model] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/3/1792.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/3/1792.full.pdf PDF]
* 2008 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18207251 Soluble egg antigen from Schistosoma japonicum modulates the progression of chronic progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via Th2-shift response]
* 2008 Jan 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186549 Hygiene hypothesis in inflammatory bowel disease: a critical review of the literature] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675108/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675108/pdf/WJG-14-165.pdf PDF] (IBD)

=== 2007 ===

* 2007 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18007680 Protective immune mechanisms in helminth infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258092/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258092/pdf/nihms40971.pdf PDF]
* 2007 Nov [http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v13/n11/full/nm1107-1288.html Worms tame mast cells]
* 2007 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17952092 Inhibition of Fc epsilon RI-mediated mast cell responses by ES-62, a product of parasitic filarial nematodes]
* 2007 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17619029 The hygiene hypothesis and the increasing prevalence of chronic inflammatory disorders]
* 2007 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17433300 Schistosoma japonicum eggs modulate the activity of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs and prevent development of colitis in mice]
* 2007 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17576364 Stage-specific immune responses in human Necator americanus infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1976388/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1976388/pdf/pim0029-0347.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2007 May-Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17906796 Interrelationship among asthma, atopy, and helminth infections] -- [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1806-37132007000300016&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Full text] | [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/jbpneu/v33n3/en_14.pdf PDF]
* 2007 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17488925 An inverse relationship between autoimmune liver diseases and Strongyloides stercoralis infection] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/76/5/972.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/76/5/972.full.pdf PDF]
* 2007 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17447233 Helminths, allergic disorders and IgE-mediated immune responses: where do we stand?] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200737314/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200737314/epdf PDF]
* 2007 Apr 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17372014 Infection with a helminth parasite prevents experimental colitis via a macrophage-mediated mechanism] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/178/7/4557.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/178/7/4557.full.pdf PDF]
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17206504 The use of Trichuris suis and other helminth therapies to treat Crohn's disease] (TSO)
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17313951 Helminths as governors of immune-mediated inflammation]
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17504662 Modulation of anaphylaxis by helminth-derived products in animal models]
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17408663 Helminth infection enhances disease in a murine TH2 model of colitis]
* 2007 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17360880 Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasites are not detrimental to the nutritional status of Amerindians] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6446118_Helicobacter_pylori_and_intestinal_parasites_are_not_detrimental_to_the_nutritional_status_of_Amerindians Full text (PDF)]
* 2007 Feb 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17122383 Helminth-derived products inhibit the development of allergic responses in mice]
* ✅⚡2007 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17230481 Association between parasite infection and immune responses in multiple sclerosis] -- [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/e/ec/Association_Between_Parasite_Infection_and_Immune_Responses_in_Multiple_Sclerosis_.pdf PDF] (Also reported by Science Daily [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070117091058.htm] and the BBC. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6268585.stm]) This was the first study to explore the effect of helminth infection on immune response and the natural course of Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. It showed that MS progressed much more slowly in patients who hosted intestinal worms.
* 2007 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17284099 Iatrogenic Trichuris suis infection] (TSO)
* 2007 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101 Inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by gastrointestinal helminth infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828378/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828378/pdf/0664-06.pdf PDF]
* 2007 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042799 Schistosoma japonicum egg antigens stimulate CD4 CD25 T cells and modulate airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1890919/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1890919/pdf/imm0120-0008.pdf PDF]
* 2007 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17534075 Regulation of the immune system in metazoan parasite infections]
* 2007 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412520 Autism, asthma, inflammation, and the hygiene hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2048743/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2048743/pdf/nihms-29963.pdf PDF]

=== 2006 ===
* 2006 Dec 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17159130 Multiple sclerosis and the hygiene hypothesis]
* 2006 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17157661 Poor sanitation and helminth infection protect against skin sensitization in Vietnamese children: A cross-sectional study]
* 2006 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042933 Helminths and HIV infection: epidemiological observations on immunological hypotheses] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/pdf/pim0028-0613.pdf PDF]
* ✅ 2006 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17123987 Dose-ranging study for trials of therapeutic infection with Necator americanus in humans] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/75/5/914.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/75/5/914.full.pdf PDF] This study explored the dose of hookworms that would be required to have a therapeutic effect on asthma. (NA)
* 2006 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042933 Helminths and HIV infection: epidemiological observations on immunological hypotheses] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/pdf/pim0028-0613.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Oct-Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17343086 Intestinal helminths: a clue explaining the low incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases in Subsaharan Africa? Potential benefits and hazards of helminth therapy] (IBD)
* 2006 Oct-Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17343085 The hygiene hypothesis and inflammatory bowel diseases: role of helminths] (IBD)
* 2006 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965287 Parasitic worms and inflammatory diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/pdf/pim0028-0515.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17068271 What is the origin of ulcerative colitis? Still more questions than answers] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653902/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653902/pdf/620.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965288 Worms and allergy] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00894.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00894.x/epdf PDF]
* 2006 Sept 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965284 Immune modulation by helminthic infections: worms and viral infections]
* 2006 Sept 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778161 Asthma and current intestinal parasite infection: systematic review and meta-analysis]
* 2006 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17308794 Schistosoma mansoni antigen-driven interleukin-10 production in infected asthmatic individuals] -- [https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/LXLmtQzKbnJKMgZTzv7RfdL/?lang=en Full text] | [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/mioc/v101s1/v101s1a55.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Aug 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16849471 Intestinal helminths protect in a murine model of asthma] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/3/1628.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/3/1628.full.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16890593 Allergy controls the population density of Necator americanus in the small intestine] (NA)
* 2006 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17057216 Helminths and mucosal immune modulation]
* 2006 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16750534 A time course study of immunological responses in Trichuris suis infected pigs demonstrates induction of a local type 2 response associated with worm burden] (TSO)
* 2006 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16689863 Prevention of psoriasis-like lesions development in fsn/fsn mice by helminth glycans]
* 2006 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16630018 Regulatory T cells in human disease and their potential for therapeutic manipulation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782265/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782265/pdf/imm0118-0001.pdf PDF]
* 2006 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16673007 Mechanisms of disease: the hygiene hypothesis revisited]
* 2006 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16512799 Environmental exposures, genetic predisposition and allergic diseases: one size never fits all] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01104.x/abstract Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01104.x/epdf PDF]
* 2006 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16512800 Helminths can protect themselves against rejection inhibiting hostile respiratory allergy symptoms] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00983.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00983.x/epdf PDF]
* 2006 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16384780 The hygiene hypothesis and atopy: bring back the parasites?]
* ✅ 2006 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16344586 A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856386/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856386/pdf/136.pdf PDF] Investigated whether Crohn’s disease patients would tolerate a hookworm infection, and the practical issues associated with establishing reservoir donors for this species. (NA)
* 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16413997 Geohelminth infections: impact on allergic diseases]
* 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210905 Glycans modulate immune responses in helminth infections and allergy]
* 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210899 Helminth-induced immunoregulation of an allergic response to food] (food allergy)

=== 2005 ===
* 2005 Nov 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275759 Suppression of allergic airway inflammation by helminth-induced regulatory T cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2213237/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2213237/pdf/20042572.pdf PDF]
* 2005 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16232230 Immune responses following experimental human hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809522/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809522/pdf/cei0142-0398.pdf PDF]
* ✅ 2005 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16008666 Old friends for breakfast] Suggested that a symbiotic relationship exists between humans and the fauna that have co-evolved in the human GI tract.
* 2005 Jun 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905584 Neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibody blocks the protective effect of tapeworm infection in a murine model of chemically induced colitis] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/11/7368.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/11/7368.full.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2005 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15825065 Trichuris suis therapy for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial] -- [http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(05)00025-9/pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2005 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780835 Parasite role reversal: worms on trial]
* 2005 Mar 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15771680/ The immunoepidemiology of human hookworm infection]
* 2005 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15730384 Low dose chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection increases susceptibility to Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection in mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809318/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809318/pdf/cei0139-0398.pdf PDF]
* 2005 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15677912 Gastrointestinal parasites: potential therapy for refractory inflammatory bowel diseases] (IBD)
* ✅ 2005 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591509 Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774382/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774382/pdf/gut05400087.pdf PDF] TSO is shown to offer a unique, safe and effective alternative treatment for Crohn's disease, and potentially protection against other immunological disorders.
* 2005 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591496 Will worms really cure Crohn's disease?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774348/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774348/pdf/gut05400006.pdf PDF](see pages 6-8)
* 2005 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15687885 Helminths and the modulation of mucosal inflammation]
* 2005 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591883 The hygiene hypothesis and asthma]
* 2005 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780483 Can worms defend our hearts? Chronic helminthic infections may attenuate the development of cardiovascular diseases]
* 2005 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16249415 Helminth infection during pregnancy and development of infantile eczema]

=== 2004 ===
* 2004 Dec 14 [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/17767.php Parasitic worms may offer effective treatment for Crohn's disease Medical] News Today
* 2004 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15554921 Parasitic helminths tip the balance: potential anti-inflammatory therapies] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/pdf/imm0113-0438.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Nov 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15528374 Helminth infection protects mice from anaphylaxis via IL-10-producing B cells] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/10/6346.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/10/6346.full.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Oct 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486631 Schistosoma mansoni infection modulates the immune response against allergic and auto-immune diseases] -- [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0074-02762004000900005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Full text] | [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/mioc/v99s1/v99s1a05.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15361235 Helminth parasites--masters of regulation]
* 2004 Aug 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15294988 A Secreted Protein from the Human Hookworm Necator americanus Binds Selectively to NK Cells and Induces IFN-{gamma} Production] -- [https://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/4/2699.long Full text] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/8/8a/A_Secreted_Protein.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Aug 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15265954 Schistosoma mansoni and alpha-galactosylceramide: prophylactic effect of Th1 Immune suppression in a mouse model of Graves' hyperthyroidism] -- [https://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/3/2167.long Full text] | [https://www.jimmunol.org/content/jimmunol/173/3/2167.full.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Jul 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15247451 Immunotherapy. Can worms tame the immune system?]
* 2004 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15196202 The increased prevalence of allergy and the hygiene hypothesis: missing immune deviation, reduced immune suppression, or both?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782506/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782506/pdf/imm0112-0352.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15330453 A review of autism and the immune response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2270714/pdf/CDI-11-165.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15039389 Helminth infection modulates the development of allergen-induced airway inflammation] -- [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/585.long Full text] | [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/585.full.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15279624 Inhibition of neutrophil recruitment by ES of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00692.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00692.x/epdf PDF]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755074 Regulation of allergy and autoimmunity in helminth infection]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755076 The innate allergenicity of helminth parasites]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15007629 Mycobacteria and other environmental organisms as immunomodulators for immunoregulatory disorders]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755072 Parasites and the hygiene hypothesis: regulating the immune system?]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755073 Helminth infections and allergic diseases: from the Th2 paradigm to regulatory networks]
* 2004 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684583 Concurrent infection with Schistosoma mansoni attenuates inflammation induced changes in colonic morphology, cytokine levels, and smooth muscle contractility of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid induced colitis in rats] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773910/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773910/pdf/gut05300099.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14723608 Review article: helminths as therapeutic agents for inflammatory bowel disease] (IBD)
* 2004 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684567 Helminths and harmony] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773927/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773927/pdf/gut05300007.pdf PDF](Pages 7-9)

=== 2003 ===
* 2003 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12933842 Schistosomiasis decreases central nervous system inflammation and alters the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187318/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187318/pdf/0223.pdf PDF]
* ✅ 2003 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14499784 Trichuris suis seems to be safe and possibly effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease] (IBD) This trial showed that pig whipworm ova (TSO) can reduce symptoms of Crohn’s disease without producing side effects.
* 2003 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12949497 Immune regulation by helminth parasites: cellular and molecular mechanisms]
* 2003 Aug 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12902519 A Novel Therapeutic Approach Targeting Articular Inflammation Using the Filarial Nematode-Derived Phosphorylcholine-Containing Glycoprotein ES-62] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/171/4/2127.long PDF]
* 2003 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12743563 Reduced risk of atopy among school-age children infected with geohelminth parasites in a rural area of the tropics]
* 2003 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071 Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the activity of the innate immune response and prevent onset of type 1 diabetes] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200323910/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200323910/epdf PDF]
* 2003 Mar 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12431903 Exposure to schistosome eggs protects mice from TNBS-induced colitis] -- [https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpgi.00049.2002 Full text]
* 2003 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12502726 Immunomodulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by helminth ova immunization] -- [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/1/59.long Full text] | [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/1/59.full.pdf PDF]

=== 2002 ===
* ✅ 2002 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12379667 Intestinal nematode infection ameliorates experimental colitis in mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130294/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130294/pdf/0150.pdf PDF]
* 2002 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12458825 An anti-atherogenic effect of Schistosoma mansoni infections in mice associated with a parasite-induced lowering of blood total cholesterol] (cardiovascular / cholesterol / atherosclerosis)
* 2002 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12569989 Eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness are profoundly inhibited by a helminth (Ascaris suum) extract in a murine model of asthma]
* 2002 Sept 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12239261 The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases]
* 2002 Sept 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12218148 An enteric helminth infection protects against an allergic response to dietary antigen] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/169/6/3284.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/169/6/3284.full.pdf PDF]
* 2002 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12067292 Can intestinal helminth infections (geohelminths) affect the development and expression of asthma and allergic disease?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1906269/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1906269/pdf/cei0128-0398.pdf PDF]
* 2002 Apr 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964470 Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis]

=== 2001 ===
* 2001 Nov 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11705561 Independent effects of intestinal parasite infection and domestic allergen exposure on risk of wheeze in Ethiopia: a nested case-control study]
* 2001 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752881 The prevalence of parasite infestation and house dust mite sensitization in Gabonese schoolchildren]
* 2001 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11585781 Immune responses in hookworm infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC89000/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC89000/pdf/cm0401000689.pdf PDF]
* 2001 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11429321 Th2 responses without atopy: immunoregulation in chronic helminth infections and reduced allergic disease]
* 2001 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11282505 Is Necator americanus approaching a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with humans?] (NA)

=== 2000 ===
* 2000 Nov 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11095260 Decreased atopy in children infected with Schistosoma haematobium: a role for parasite-induced interleukin-10]
* ✅ 2000 Oct 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11032865 Chronic immune activation associated with intestinal helminth infections results in impaired signal transduction and anergy] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314342/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314342/pdf/JCI0010182.pdf PDF] This Research found reduced immune responses in patients infected with helminths.
* ✅ 2000 Sept 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10973934 Does the failure to acquire helminthic parasites predispose to Crohn's disease?] -- [http://www.fasebj.org/content/14/12/1848.long Full text] | [http://www.fasebj.org/content/14/12/1848.full.pdf PDF] This paper linking a failure to acquire helminths to the prevalence of Crohn’s disease was key in the development of the Hygiene Hypothesis.
* 2000 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10784608 Antigen-specific cellular hyporesponsiveness in a chronic human helminth infection is mediated by T(h)3/T(r)1-type cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta but not by a T(h)1 to T(h)2 shift] -- [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/5/623.long Full text] | [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/5/623.full.pdf PDF]
* 2000 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2560630/pdf/11143198.pdf Eradication of helminthic infections may be essential for successful vaccination against HIV and tuberculosis]

=== 1999 ===
* 1999 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614 Infection with Schistosoma mansoni prevents insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in non-obese diabetic mice] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3024.1999.00213.x/epdf PDF]

=== 1998 ===
* 1998 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9698148/ Epidemiological evidence for a differential effect of hookworm species, Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus, on iron status of children]

=== 1997 ===

* 1997 [https://web.archive.org/web/20210127052808/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/193176053.pdf The Pro-allergic Influences of Helminth Parasites] (PDF)

=== 1996 ===
* 1996 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8872184 IgE, allergies and helminth parasites: a new perspective on an old conundrum]
* 1996 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8565306 Immune dysregulation in Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: relevance to helminth infections?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2200340/pdf/cei0103-0239.pdf PDF]
* 1996 Jan 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8600620 Prolongation of rat kidney allograft survival by nematodes]
* 1996 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8537675 Impairment of tetanus toxoid-specific Th1-like immune responses in humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni] -- [http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/173/1/269.long Full text] | [http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/173/1/269.full.pdf PDF]

=== 1995 ===
* 1995 Feb [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7761110/ Immunity in humans to Necator americanus: IgE, parasite weight and fecundity] (... / human observational / NA)

=== 1993 ===
* 1993 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8409444 Modulation of murine cytokine responses to mycobacterial antigens by helminth-induced T helper 2 cell responses]
* 1993 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8403522/ Ascaris reinfection of slum children: relation with the IgE response] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1534372/pdf/ PDF] (... / Human / AL / Oxantel+Pyrantel)
* 1993 Sept 1 [https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/of-parasites-and-pollens Of Parasites and Pollens] - Peter Radetsky, Discover Magazine
* 1993 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8361773 Modulation of the allergic reactivity of slum children by helminthic infection]

=== 1992 ===
* 1992 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1399239 The partial characterization of proteases present in the excretory/secretory products and exsheathing fluid of the infective (L3) larva of Necator americanus] (NA)
* 1992 May 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1533656 Infection with Schistosoma mansoni alters Th1/Th2 cytokine responses to a non-parasite antigen]

=== 1991 ===
* 1991 Oct 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1680917 Production of IL-10 by CD4+ T lymphocytes correlates with down-regulation of Th1 cytokine synthesis in helminth infection]

=== 1989 ===
* ✅ 1989 Nov 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2513902 Hay fever, hygiene, and household size] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1838109/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1838109/pdf/bmj00259-0027.pdf PDF] This paper linked exposure to pathogens whilst young to the development of allergic diseases, and was key to the development of the Hygiene Hypothesis.

=== 1987 ===
* 1987 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3605493/ The clinical and immunologic responses of normal human volunteers to low dose hookworm (Necator americanus) infection] (NA)
* 1987 Jul [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15462956/ Do hookworms elicit protective immunity in man?]

=== 1985 ===
* 1985 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4054238/ Parasites and asthma--predictive or protective?] (A / comparative)

=== 1982 ===
* 1982 Jul Modulation of immune responses by commensal bacteria and intestinal helminth [http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:5334/eth-5334-02.pdf PDF]
=== 1979 ===
* ✅ 1979 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/447497 Epidemiology of chronic intestinal disease in middle Africa] This was one of several papers noting a North-South gradient for many autoimmune diseases, including Crohn’s, a fact that informed later studies on autoimmunity.

=== 1978 ===
* 1978 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/635980 Antibody responses in self-infections with Necator americanus] (NA)

=== 1976 ===
* ✅ 1976 Sept 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/60540 Letter: IgE, parasites, and allergy] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/f/fd/Letter_-_IgE%2C_parasites%2C_and_allergy_%28Turton%29.pdf PDF] This letter reported the first known successful therapeutic use of the hookworm, Necator americanus, in this case to resolve hay fever. (NA)
* ✅ 1976 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/987744 Serum IgE levels in white and metis communities in Saskatchewan] This paper's author suggested that atopic disease is the price paid by some members of the white community of northern Saskatchewan for their relative freedom from helminth infestation and viral and bacterial infection.

=== 1970 ===
* 1970 (winter) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5498517/ The biology of the atopic response] Twelve naval officers suffering from hay-fever “for some years” were free from hay-fever for an average of 2 years following colonisation with the large roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides.

=== 1968 ===
* ✅ 1968 Aug 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4174413 Autoimmune disease and parasitic infections in Nigerians] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/1/1f/Autoimmune_disease_and_parasitic_infections_in_Nigerians.pdf PDF] The author of this paper suggested a possible relationship between parasitic infections and the reduced incidence of autoimmune disease in parts of tropical Africa.

=== 1948 ===
* ✅ 1948 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5190334/ The Treatment of Polycythemia by Artificial Infection with Ancylostoma Duodenale] This was the first report of the clinical application of helminthic therapy.

=== 1932 ===
* ✅ 1932 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10828911 Regional ileitis: a pathologic and clinical entity] Disease characterised by inflammation of the terminal ileum was first described in this paper. This condition was later to become known as Crohn’s disease.

== Papers published in high impact factor journals ==

This is a selection of articles published in high impact factor journals. The impact factor value for each journal is shown in parentheses immediately after the journal's name.

Inclusion in this list in no way means that these articles are better than others. The list is also not exhaustive and requires further development.

* Zou Y, Pu L, Guo A, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Ding Y, Du X, Guo X, Zhang S, Cai X, Wang S. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40266093/ Helminth reshapes host gut microbiota and immunoregulation by deploying an antimicrobial program of innate immunity]. Gut Microbes (12.2). 2025 Dec;17(1):2496447. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2496447. Epub 2025 Apr 23. PMID: 40266093; PMCID: PMC12026035.

* Mules TC, Inns S, Le Gros G. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37449458/ Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction]. Allergy (12.6). 2023 Nov;78(11):2892-2905. doi: 10.1111/all.15812. Epub 2023 Jul 14. PMID: 37449458.

* Pierce DR, McDonald M, Merone L, Becker L, Thompson F, Lewis C, Ryan RYM, Hii SF, Zendejas-Heredia PA, Traub RJ, Field MA, Rahman T, Croese J, Loukas A, McDermott R, Giacomin PR. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37495576/ Effect of experimental hookworm infection on insulin resistance in people at risk of type 2 diabetes]. Nat Commun (14.7). 2023 Jul 26;14(1):4503. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40263-4. PMID: 37495576; PMCID: PMC10372076.

* Gurven MD, Finch CE, Wann LS. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29659774/ Are intestinal worms nature's anti-atherosclerosis vaccine?] Eur Heart J (37.6). 2018 May 7;39(18):1653. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy129. PMID: 29659774.

* Loukas A, Hotez PJ, Diemert D, Yazdanbakhsh M, McCarthy JS, Correa-Oliveira R, Croese J, Bethony JM. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27929101/ Hookworm infection]. Nat Rev Dis Primers (76.9). 2016 Dec 8;2:16088. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.88. PMID: 27929101.

* Savage N. [https://doi.org/10.1038/540S103a Q&A: Joel Weinstock]. Nature (50.2). 2016 Dec 21;540(7634):S103. doi: 10.1038/540S103a. PMID: 28002396.

* Weinstock JV. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23135449/ Autoimmunity: The worm returns]. Nature (50.2). 2012 Nov 8;491(7423):183-5. doi: 10.1038/491183a. PMID: 23135449; PMCID: PMC3744107.

* Croese J, O'neil J, Masson J, Cooke S, Melrose W, Pritchard D, Speare R. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16344586/ A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors]. Gut (24.5). 2006 Jan;55(1):136-7. doi: 10.1136/gut.2005.079129. PMID: 16344586; PMCID: PMC1856386.

* Summers RW, Elliott DE, Urban JF Jr, Thompson R, Weinstock JV. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1774382/ Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease]. Gut (24.5). 2005 Jan;54(1):87-90. doi: 10.1136/gut.2004.041749. PMID: 15591509; PMCID: PMC1774382.

* Turton JA. [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/f/fd/Letter_-_IgE%2C_parasites%2C_and_allergy_%28Turton%29.pdf Letter: IgE, parasites, and allergy]. Lancet (98.4). 1976 Sep 25;2(7987):686. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)92492-2. PMID: 60540.

== Further reading ==
These pages contain further research papers and articles relevant to each page title.

* [[Helminths and the gut microbiota | '''Helminths and the gut microbiota''']]
* [[Deworming debunked | '''Deworming debunked''']]
* [[Helminthic therapy for well people | '''Helminthic therapy for well people''']]

Helminthic therapy research

2025-05-18T19:25:58Z

Laurel: /* 2024 */ MINOR

{{Breadcrumb}}
{{SEO
|title=Helminthic therapy research
|description=Comprehensive index of over 1,000 scientific studies and reports supporting helminthic therapy, biome reconstitution, and the Hygiene Hypothesis.
|keywords=helminthic therapy research, helminth studies, hygiene hypothesis, biome depletion, immune disorders, self-treatment
|og:image=[[File:wiki.png]]
}}

Helminthic therapy is the deliberate introduction of controlled, non-replicating helminths to improve immune regulation and reduce chronic inflammation. This page provides a curated index of over 1,000 scientific studies and reports related to this therapy and its theoretical foundations, including:

* the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis Hygiene Hypothesis]
* the [http://evmedreview.com/?p=103 Old Friends' Hypothesis]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mismatch_theory Evolutionary Mismatch Theory]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21741180 Biome Depletion Theory] / [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133248 Biota Alteration Theory]

This resource is maintained quarterly by volunteers. '''Last major update: May 2025.''' To suggest edits or updates, use the [[Talk:Helminthic therapy research]] page.

== Therapeutic Helminths ==
Four organisms are currently used in helminthic therapy:

* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necator_americanus Necator americanus]'' (NA) – human hookworm
* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuris_trichiura Trichuris trichiura]'' (TTO) – human whipworm
* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuris_suis Trichuris suis]'' (TSO) – pig whipworm
* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenolepis_diminuta Hymenolepis diminuta]'' (HDC) – rat tapeworm

Some additional studies include other helminth species or helminth-derived molecules. These are included where they offer relevant insights into immune function, inflammation, and host-parasite interactions.

<div style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 1px solid #EEDD82; padding:8px; margin:16px 0;">
'''Navigation tip''': To search by condition (e.g., asthma, MS, autism), use your browser’s “Find in page” function (⌘F or Ctrl+F). For access tips, see the [[#Obtaining copies of scientific papers]] section below.
</div>

== Recommended Starting Points ==
<div style="background-color:#F0F8FF; border:1px solid #ADD8E6; padding:8px;">
'''New to the topic? Start here:'''
* ✅ [[media:Overcoming_Evolutionary_Mismatch_by_Self-Treatment_with_Helminths.pdf]] – Landmark paper on patient-led outcomes
* ✅ [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744090 Helminth–host immunological interactions (2012)] – Summary of core science
* ✅ [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737071 Socio-medical insight on trial limitations (2022)] – Why RCTs may not reflect real-world outcomes
</div>

== Related Pages ==
* [[Introduction to helminthic therapy]]
* [[Hookworm dosing and response]]
* [[Human helminth care manual]]
* [[Helminthic therapy for multiple sclerosis]]
* [[Glossary of helminthic therapy terms]]

<div class="toclimit-2">__TOC__</div>

== What Researchers Say About Helminthic Therapy ==

=== Scientific conclusions from clinical and lab studies ===

{{Quote|indent}}Although some helminths are known to cause disease and have been labeled parasites, it is now clear that some exposure to this class of organisms is necessary for human health. (Bono-Lunn et al) [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10601333.2016.1210159]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}The results strongly support previous indications that helminth therapy can effectively treat a wide range of allergies, autoimmune conditions and neuropsychiatric disorders. (Liu et al) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27240605/]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}Although self-treatment with helminths cannot be recommended by medical professionals due to a lack of blinded, placebo controlled trials, neither should it be discouraged since the available evidence suggests that it is beneficial in most cases when practiced by knowledgeable individuals. (Parker and Morey) [https://evmedreview.com/progress-on-reconstituting-the-depleted-biome-to-prevent-immune-disorders/]{{Quote|/indent}}

=== Researcher commentary, policy vision, and future outlook ===

{{Quote|indent}}What was a costly and sometimes risky venture into the unknown, undertaken by only a few 10 years ago, is rapidly becoming a readily available and well-established resource currently used by thousands of individuals. (Cheng et al, 2015) [[media:Overcoming_Evolutionary_Mismatch_by_Self-Treatment_with_Helminths.pdf]]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}We need to embrace the view that helminths are a necessary component of the ecosystem of a healthy body, and that helminths should be cultivated for population-wide biota restoration. (Villeneuve et al) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1286457917301855?via%3Dihub]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}Biome reconstitution… must be considered a fundamental human right worthy of government support rather than an option for pharmaceutical development. (Parker and Ollerton) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481190]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}Twenty years from now… every single human being needs a helminth. It’s part of our biology. (Prof William Parker, Duke University) [https://web.archive.org/web/202212]()

== '''Research papers & articles''' ==

===2025===

* 2025 Apr 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40302223/ Cytokines from parasites: manipulating host responses by molecular mimicry] — [DOI not listed] DOI
* 2025 Apr 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40298402/ mGem: Decoding transmicrobe messaging-the growing impact of extracellular vesicles] — [https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mbio.03130-24?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed Full text] | [https://journals.asm.org/doi/epub/10.1128/mbio.03130-24 PDF] '''(EVs)'''
* 2025 Apr 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40266093/ Helminth reshapes host gut microbiota and immunoregulation by deploying an antimicrobial program of innate immunity] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12026035/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12026035/pdf/KGMI_17_2496447.pdf PDF] '''(gut microbiota)'''
* 2025 Apr 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40265426/ Modulation of the Inflammatory Signature in an Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model through Treatment with Fasciola hepatica-Derived Recombinant Fatty Acid Binding Protein (rFh15)] — [DOI not listed] DOI '''(F. hepatica, autoimmune, immunology)'''
* 2025 Jan [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39638178/ Cathepsin L of Fasciola hepatica meliorates colitis by altering the gut microbiome and inflammatory macrophages] — [DOI not listed] DOI '''(F. hepatica, colitis, macrophage, microbiome)'''
* 2025 Jan [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39608199/ Host, parasite, and microbiome interaction: Trichuris ovis and its effect on sheep gut microbiota] — [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304401724002450?via%3Dihub Full text] '''(gut microbiota, microbiome)'''

===2024===

* 2024 Dec 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39749005/ Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Helminth-Derived Products: Potential Applications and Challenges in Diabetes Mellitus Management] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11694023/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11694023/pdf/jir-17-11789.pdf PDF] (diabetes)

* 2024 Dec 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39666730/ Hymenolepis nana antigens alleviate ulcerative colitis by promoting intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation via AhR/IL-22 signaling pathway] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11670978/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11670978/pdf/pntd.0012714.pdf PDF] (Hymenolepis nana, colitis)

* 2024 Dec 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39642243/ A helminth enzyme subverts macrophage-mediated immunity by epigenetic targeting of prostaglandin synthesis] — [DOI] (immunomodulation)

===2024===

* 2024 Dec 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39749005/ Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Helminth-Derived Products: Potential Applications and Challenges in Diabetes Mellitus Management] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11694023/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11694023/pdf/jir-17-11789.pdf PDF] (diabetes)

* 2024 Dec 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39666730/ Hymenolepis nana antigens alleviate ulcerative colitis by promoting intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation via AhR/IL-22 signaling pathway] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11670978/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11670978/pdf/pntd.0012714.pdf PDF] (Hymenolepis nana, colitis)

* 2024 Dec 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39642243/ A helminth enzyme subverts macrophage-mediated immunity by epigenetic targeting of prostaglandin synthesis] — [DOI] (immunomodulation)

* 2024 Dec 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39620820/ Intestinal Helminth Infection Impairs Oral and Parenteral Vaccine Efficacy] — [https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/154/Supplement%204/S51/200114/Intestinal-Helminth-Infection-Impairs-Oral-and?autologincheck=redirected Full text] | [https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-pdf/154/Supplement%204/S51/1745169/peds.2024-069114n.pdf PDF] (vaccine efficacy)

* 2024 Nov 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39609640/ The TGF-β mimic TGM4 achieves cell specificity through combinatorial surface co-receptor binding] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11723922/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11723922/pdf/44319_2024_Article_323.pdf PDF] (TGF-beta mimic)

* 2024 Nov 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39651252/ The IL-33/ST2 signaling axis drives pathogenesis in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11623585/ Full text] | [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625579v1 PDF] (COVID-19)

* 2024 Nov 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39596084/ A Small Intestinal Helminth Infection Alters Colonic Mucus and Shapes the Colonic Mucus Microbiome] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11593901/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11593901/pdf/ijms-25-12015.pdf PDF] (intestinal helminth)

* 2024 Nov 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39569198/ Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles from Ascaris lumbricoides antigen exposure enhance Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth control, reduce IL-1β, and contain miR-342-5p, miR-516b-5p, and miR-570-3p that regulate PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11576181/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11576181/pdf/fimmu-15-1454881.pdf PDF] (Ascaris lumbricoides, tuberculosis)

* 2024 Nov 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39495798/ The gut microbiota is essential for Trichinella spiralis-evoked suppression of colitis] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11563474/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11563474/pdf/pntd.0012645.pdf PDF] (Trichinella spiralis, colitis)

* 2024 Nov 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38899778/ Probiotic Treatment of U lcerative Colitis with Trichuris Suis Ova: A Randomised, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial (the PROCTO Trial)] — [DOI] (Trichuris suis, colitis)

* 2024 Oct 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39530086/ Roles of helminth extracellular vesicle-derived let-7 in host-parasite crosstalk] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11551607/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11551607/pdf/fimmu-15-1449495.pdf PDF] (EVs, let-7)

* 2024 Oct 17 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39406912/ Monocytes/Macrophages in Helminth Infections: Key Players in Host Defence, Inflammation, and Tissue Repair] — [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-65944-7_13 Full text] (macrophages)

* 2024 Oct 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39458384/ Parasites and Microbiota: Dual Interactions and Therapeutic Perspectives] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11510500/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11510500/pdf/microorganisms-12-02076.pdf PDF] (microbiota)

* 2024 Oct 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39406758/ Immunomodulatory effect of Dicrocoelium dendriticum ova on DSS-induced experimental colitis in C57BL/6 mouse] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11480399/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11480399/pdf/41598_2024_Article_73692.pdf PDF] (Dicrocoelium, colitis)

* 2024 Oct 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39385244/ The role of helminths and their antigens in cancer therapy: insights from cell line models] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11465614/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11465614/pdf/13027_2024_Article_613.pdf PDF] (cancer)

* 2024 Oct 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39444692/ Immuno-therapeutic and prophylactic potential of Trichinella spiralis antigens for inflammatory bowel diseases] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11497370/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11497370/pdf/main.pdf PDF] (Trichinella, IBD)

* 2024 Oct 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39367471/ Parasites revive hope for cancer therapy] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11453045/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11453045/pdf/40001_2024_Article_2057.pdf PDF] (cancer)

* 2024 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39159711/ Helminth derivative tuftsin-phopshorylcholine to treat autoimmunity] — [DOI] (autoimmunity)

* 2024 Sept 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39314046/ Helminth-derived molecules: pathogenic and pharmacopeial roles] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11629161/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11629161/pdf/jbr-38-6-547.pdf PDF] (molecular roles)

* 2024 Sept 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39263744/ Health-promoting worms? Prospects and pitfalls of helminth therapy] — [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bies.202400080 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bies.202400080 PDF] (therapy review)

* 2024 Sept 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39243554/ Excretory/secretory antigens from Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae ameliorate HFD-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via driving macrophage anti-inflammatory activity] — [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1567576924016242?via%3Dihub Full text] (Trichinella, NASH)

* 2024 Sept 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39234909/ Immune-mediated Bowel Disease: Role of Intestinal Parasites and Gut Microbiome] (IBD, microbiome)

* 2024 Aug 23 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39179288/ Helminth protein enhances wound healing by inhibiting fibrosis and promoting tissue regeneration] — [https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/molecules-secreted-by-parasitic-worms-found-to-reduce-scarring-during-wound-healing/ Full text] (wound healing)

* 2024 Aug 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39204303/ Geohelminths: Use in the Treatment of Selected Human Diseases] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11356798/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11356798/pdf/pathogens-13-00703.pdf PDF] (geohelminths, therapy)

* 2024 Aug 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39037247/ Echinococcus multilocularis serpin regulates macrophage polarization and reduces gut dysbiosis in colitis] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11320943/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11320943/pdf/iai.00232-24.pdf PDF] (Echinococcus, colitis)

* 2024 Aug 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39211070/ Helminth-derived metabolites induce tolerogenic] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11360915/ Full text] | [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525718v2.full.pdf PDF] (metabolites, immune tolerance)

* 2024 Jul 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39013877/ Controlled human hookworm infection remodels plasmacytoid dendritic cells and regulatory T cells towards profiles seen in natural infections in endemic areas] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11252261/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11252261/pdf/41467_2024_Article_50313.pdf PDF] (hookworm, dendritic cells)

* 2024 Jun 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38947109/ Reevaluating Biota Alteration: Reframing Environmental Influences on Chronic Immune Disorders and Exploring Novel Therapeutic Opportunities] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11202117/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11202117/pdf/yjbm_97_2_253.pdf PDF] (review)

* 2024 Jun 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39065669/ Pharmaceutical Potential of Remedial Plants and Helminths for Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11279646/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11279646/pdf/pharmaceuticals-17-00819.pdf PDF] (IBD)

* 2024 Apr 30 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38687096/ Gut-lung axis and asthma: A historical review on mechanism and future perspective] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11060082/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11060082/pdf/CLT2-14-e12356.pdf PDF] (asthma)

* 2024 Apr 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38637733/ Helminth-derived proteins as immune system regulators] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11025257/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11025257/pdf/12865_2024_Article_614.pdf PDF] (immune regulation)

* 2024 Apr 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38581085/ The helminth-derived peptide, FhHDM-1, reverses the trained phenotype of NOD bone-marrow-derived macrophages and regulates proinflammatory responses] — [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.202350643 Full text] (FhHDM-1, inflammation)

* 2024 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38648862/ Modulation of intestinal epithelial permeability by chronic small intestinal helminth infections] — [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imcb.12749 Full text] (permeability)

* 2024 Mar 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38517214/ Association between helminth infection and allergic disorders among children in Batu, Ethiopia] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10959016/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10959016/pdf/IID3-12-e1222.pdf PDF] (allergy, children)

* 2024 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38325266/ Serine protease inhibitor from the muscle larval Trichinella spiralis ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice via anti-inflammatory properties and gut-liver crosstalk] — [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332224001045?via%3Dihub Full text] (Trichinella, NAFLD)

* 2024 Jan 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38500783/ The parasitic worm product ES-62 protects against collagen-induced arthritis by resetting the gut-bone marrow axis in a microbiome-dependent manner] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7615750/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7615750/pdf/EMS194623.pdf PDF] (ES-62, arthritis)

* 2024 Jan 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38357280/ Effect of Trichinella spiralis-Derived Antigens on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by High-Fat Diet in Mice] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10863434/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10863434/pdf/pt3c00276.pdf PDF] (Trichinella, NAFLD)

===2023===

* 2023 Nov 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38016013/ Immunosuppressive ability of Trichinella spiralis adults can ameliorate type 2 inflammation in a murine allergy model]

* ✅ 2023 Nov [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37449458/ Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/all.15812 Full text] | [[media:Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction.pdf | PDF]]

* 2023 Sept 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37762428/ The Impact of Intestinal Inflammation on Nematode's Excretory-Secretory Proteome] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10531923/ Full Text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10531923/pdf/ijms-24-14127.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Sept 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37760328/ Severely Asthmatic Horses Residing in a Mediterranean Climate Shed a Significantly Lower Number of Parasite Eggs Compared to Healthy Farm Mates] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10525552/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10525552/pdf/animals-13-02928.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Sept 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37762297/ Modulation of LPS-Induced Neurodegeneration by Intestinal Helminth Infection in Ageing Mice] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10530578/ Full Text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10530578/pdf/ijms-24-13994.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Sept [https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/esploro/outputs/doctoral/Helminths-modulation-of-intestinal-barrier-function/9926503779101891 Helminths' modulation of intestinal barrier function] (doctoral thesis)

* 2023 Aug 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37745942/ Hookworm infection induces glycometabolic modulation in South Indian individuals with type 2 diabetes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10514067/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10514067/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Aug 21 [https://www.labonline.com.au/content/life-scientist/article/hookworms-could-offer-protection-from-severe-covid-1149206477 Hookworms could offer protection from severe COVID]

* 2023 Aug 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37585413/ The gut microbiota contributes to changes in the host immune response induced by Trichinella spiralis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431649/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431649/pdf/pntd.0011479.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Aug 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37580819/ Inhibition of GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis triggered by Trichinella spiralis intervention contributes to the alleviation of DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10424392/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10424392/pdf/13071_2023_Article_5857.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Aug 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37579625/ A target-based discovery from a parasitic helminth as a novel therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases] -- [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(23)00316-X/fulltext Full text]

* 2023 Aug 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37566678/ Exposure to lung-migrating helminth protects against murine SARS-CoV-2 infection through macrophage-dependent T cell activation]

* 2023 Jul 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37495576/ Effect of experimental hookworm infection on insulin resistance in people at risk of type 2 diabetes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10372076/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10372076/pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jun 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37355675/ Interaction between tissue-dwelling helminth and the gut microbiota drives mucosal immunoregulation] -- [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41522-023-00410-7 Full text]

* 2023 Jun 23 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37292031/ The mouse model of chronic asthma: Airway remodelling and disease exacerbation by somatic antigen of Echinococcus granulosus]

* 2023 Jun 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37383608/ The Potential Nexus between Helminths and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Literature Review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10299886/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10299886/pdf/JIR2023-5544819.pdf PDF]

* 2023 June 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37318363/ Controlled Hookworm Infection for Medication-free Maintenance in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Pilot, Double-blind, Randomized Control Trial] -- [https://academic.oup.com/ibdjournal/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ibd/izad110/7198522?login=false Full Text]

* 2023 Jun 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37292031/ The mouse model of chronic asthma: Airway remodelling and disease exacerbation by somatic antigen of Echinococcus granulosus]

* 2023 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37207504/ Proteomic profile of Trichinella spiralis infected mice with acute spinal cord injury: A 4D label-free quantitative analysis]

* 2023 Jun [https://repository.univ-msila.dz/items/7987d3ff-f6e5-48dc-aabb-d19a00049b5f/full Echinococcose kystique et l'helmintho-thérapie] -- [https://repository.univ-msila.dz/server/api/core/bitstreams/de28cb6f-60a2-4af2-af13-116215e0a57b/content PDF] (mémoire de master en français / in french)

* 2023 Apr 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37119907/ Helminth-derived biomacromolecules as therapeutic agents for treating inflammatory and infectious diseases: What lessons do we get from recent findings?]

* 2023 Apr 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37189818/ Helminth Lessons in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD)] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135676/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135676/pdf/biomedicines-11-01200.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36848791/ The Trichinella spiralis-derived antigens alleviate HFD-induced obesity and inflammation in mice]

* 2023 Feb 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36827239/ Effects of helminths and anthelmintic treatment on cardiometabolic diseases and risk factors: A systematic review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9956023/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9956023/pdf/pntd.0011022.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Feb 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36788341/ Maternal helminth infection protects offspring from high-fat-diet-induced obesity through altered microbiota and SCFAs]

* 2023 Feb 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36780522/ Helminth egg derivatives as proregenerative immunotherapies]

* 2023 Feb 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36785786/ COVID-19 morbidity in lower versus higher income populations underscores the need to restore lost biodiversity of eukaryotic symbionts] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9908430/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jan 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36761766/ The helminth derived peptide FhHDM-1 redirects macrophage metabolism towards glutaminolysis to regulate the pro-inflammatory response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9905698/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9905698/pdf/fimmu-14-1018076.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jan 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36855464/ Protection from T cell-dependent colitis by the helminth-derived immunomodulatory mimic of transforming growth factor-β, Hp-TGM] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9958376/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9958376/pdf/kyad001.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jan 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36641059/ Heat shock protein 60 in parasitic helminths: a role in immune responses and therapeutic applications]

===2022===

* 2022 Dec 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36601618/ Does the trained immune system play an important role in the extreme longevity that is seen in the Sardinian blue zone?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9806115/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9806115/pdf/fragi-03-1069415.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Dec 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36569142/ The impact of Helicobacter pylori and intestinal helminth infections on gastric adenocarcinoma and inflammatory bowel disease in Sub-Saharan Africa] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780450/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780450/pdf/fmed-09-1013779.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Dec 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36476263/ Gut microbiome of helminth-infected indigenous Malaysians is context dependent] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9727879/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9727879/pdf/40168_2022_Article_1385.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Nov 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36558772/ The Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta as an Important Model Organism in the Experimental Parasitology of the 21st Century] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9784563/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9784563/pdf/pathogens-11-01439.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Nov 10 [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515832v1 Helminth exposure protects against murine SARS-CoV-2 infection through macrophage dependent T cell activation] -- [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515832v1.full Full text] | [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515832v1.full.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Nov 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39816470/ The immunology of parasite infections: Grand challenges] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11732110/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11732110/pdf/fpara-01-1069205.pdf PDF] (editorial)

* 2022 Nov 1 [https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/21/13358 Helminths and Bacterial Microbiota: The Interactions of Two of Humans’ “Old Friends”] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/21/13358/htm Full text]

* 2022 Oct 27 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36289514/ Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and antigen B may decrease inflammatory bowel disease through regulation of M1/2 polarization] -- [https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05498-y Full text]

* 2022 Oct 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36297265/ Inhibition Effects of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Its Derivatives against Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- Mice through Anti-Inflammatory Response] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/10/1208/htm Full text]

* 2022 Oct 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36263053/ Helminth infection and helminth-derived products: A novel therapeutic option for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9573989/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9573989/pdf/fimmu-13-999412.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Sept 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36175934/ Whipworm secretions and their roles in host-parasite interactions] -- [https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05483-5 Full text]

*2022 Sept 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36084127/ Cysteine protease of Clonorchis sinensis alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9491586/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9491586/pdf/pntd.0010774.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Sept [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35712983/ The effect of helminth infection on vaccine responses in humans and animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pim.12939 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/pim.12939 PDF]

* 2022 Aug 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36045216/ Food for thought - ILC metabolism in the context of helminth infections] -- [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41385-022-00559-y Full text]

* 2022 Aug 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36105811/ The parasitic worm product ES-62 protects the osteoimmunology axis in a mouse model of obesity-accelerated ageing] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9465317/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9465317/pdf/fimmu-13-953053.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Aug 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36116939/ Role of alternative activation of macrophages in hookworm therapy for inflammatory diseases: a review]

* 2022 Aug 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35964125/ Immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus by adjuvant-free Schistosoma japonicum-egg tip-loaded asymmetric microneedle patch (STAMP)] -- [https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12951-022-01581-9 Full text]

* 2022 Aug 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36040420/ Early life mebendazole exposure increases the risk of adult-onset ulcerative colitis: a population-based cohort study]

* 2022 Aug 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35955110/ Hymenolepis diminuta Infection Affects Apoptosis in the Small and Large Intestine] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368115/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368115/pdf/ijerph-19-09753.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Aug 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36045216/ Food for thought - ILC metabolism in the context of helminth infections] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9705246/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9705246/pdf/41385_2022_Article_559.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Aug 1 [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/8/1235?fbclid=IwAR2Y4zm19t6UklmkK0WiNZEJyzDWZpqYKNYygzA1UkEFoaMUt9djgtn0vHk Harnessing Immune Evasion Strategy of Lymphatic Filariae: A Therapeutic Approach against Inflammatory and Infective Pathology] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/8/1235/htm Full text]

* 2022 Jul 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35804460/ The production of Necator americanus larvae for use in experimental human infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9264692/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9264692/pdf/13071_2022_Article_5371.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35764965/ Helminth antigens differentially modulate the activation of CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes of convalescent COVID-19 patients in vitro] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9241220/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9241220/pdf/12916_2022_Article_2441.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 27 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35758054/ Suppression of airway allergic eosinophilia by Hp-TGM, a helminth mimic of TGF-β]

* 2022 Jun 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35748460/ "Out of the box" new therapeutic strategies for Crohn’s disease: moving beyond biologics] | [https://online.reed.es/DOI/PDF/ArticuloDOI_9010.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35732819/ Effects of helminths on the human immune response and the microbiome] -- [https://www.mucosalimmunology.org/article/S1933-0219(22)01749-4/fulltext Full text] | [https://www.mucosalimmunology.org/action/showPdf?pii=S1933-0219%2822%2901749-4 PDF]

* 2022 Jun 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35747061/ Multiple sclerosis and the microbiota: Progress in understanding the contribution of the gut microbiome to disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9211007/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9211007/pdf/eoac009.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35675339/ Clinical helminth infections alter host gut and saliva microbiota] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9212162/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9212162/pdf/pntd.0010491.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35774197/ Nematode surface functionalization with hydrogel sheaths tailored in situ] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590006422001260 Full text] |

* 2022 May 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35615625/ Trichinella-induced immunomodulation: Another tale of helminth success] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9125654/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9125654/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2022 May 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35499991/ Helminth infection modulates number and function of adipose tissue Tregs in high fat diet-induced obesity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9098094/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9098094/pdf/pntd.0010105.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Mar 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35357756/ A Good Day for Helminths: how parasite-derived GDH suppresses inflammatory responses] -- [https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.15252/embr.202255054 Full text]

* 2022 Mar 30 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35353624/ Ascarosides from helminths pack a punch against allergy] -- [https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2202250119 Full text] | [https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.2202250119 PDF]

* 2022 Mar 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35386686/ Parasitomimetics: Can We Utilize Parasite-Derived Immunomodulatory Molecules for Interventions to Immunological Disorders?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977410/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977410/pdf/fimmu-13-824695.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Mar 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35286352/ Infection with intestinal helminth (Hymenolepis diminuta) impacts exploratory behavior and cognitive processes in rats by changing the central level of neurotransmitters] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1010330 Full text]

* 2022 Mar 10 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35359963/ Not All Worms Were Created Equal] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8960138/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8960138/pdf/fimmu-13-877707.pdf PDF] (NB. This paper does not include all the facts that are pertinent to the case discussed. For additional important details, see: [[Helminthic therapy safety#Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease? | Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease?]])

* 2022 Mar 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35435987/ Review of the role of parasitic nematode excretory/secretory proteins in host immunomodulation]

* 2022 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34861106/ Immunomodulation of COVID-19 severity by helminth co-infection: Implications for COVID-19 vaccine efficacy] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iid3.573 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iid3.573 PDF]

* 2022 Feb 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35281054/ Helminth and Host Crosstalk: New Insight Into Treatment of Obesity and Its Associated Metabolic Syndromes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8913526/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8913526/pdf/fimmu-13-827486.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Feb 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35281745/ Bone erosion in inflammatory arthritis is attenuated by Trichinella spiralis through inhibiting M1 monocyte/macrophage polarization] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8914552/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8914552/pdf/main.pdf PDF]]

* 2022 Feb 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35202548/ Helminth products modulate innate immune recognition of nucleic acids in systemic lupus erythematosus]

* 2022 Feb 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35188279/ Concurrent allergy and helminthiasis in underprivileged urban South African adults previously residing in rural areas] (NB. Ascarids are known to be associated with asthma, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778161/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25702830] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17698018] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30249744] unlike the species used in helminthic therapy.)

* 2022 Feb 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35222441/ The Fight Against Severe COVID-19: Can Parasitic Worms Contribute?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8874793/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8874793/pdf/fimmu-13-849465.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jan-Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36046565/ Anti-Tumor Effect of Marshallagia marshalli Somatic Antigen on Inhibition Cell Growth of K562] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9375725/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9375725/pdf/IJPA-17-28.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jan 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35115243/ Helminths and COVID-19 susceptibility, disease progression, and vaccination efficacy] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471492222000083 Full text]

* 2022 Jan 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35087284/ Helminth Therapy for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Current and Future Perspectives] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8789313/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8789313/pdf/jir-15-475.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jan 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35031905/ Na-AIP-1 secreted by human hookworms suppresses collagen-induced arthritis]

* 2022 Jan [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014489421001260 Potential of human helminth therapy for resolution of inflammatory bowel disease: The future ahead]

===2021===

* 2021 Dec 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34933444/ Helminth-Induced Human Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Reveals Insights into Altered Taxon Diversity and Microbial Gradient Collapse] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8689561/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8689561/pdf/mbio.02890-21.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Dec 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34930198/ Rapidly progressive respiratory failure after helminth larvae ingestion] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8686539/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8686539/pdf/12890_2021_Article_1788.pdf PDF] (NB. This report omits important facts about the case described, and includes incorrect and misleading details. For a more accurate account, see, [[Helminthic therapy safety#Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease? | Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease?]])

* 2021 Dec 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35046625/ Recombinant protein Schistosoma japonicum-derived molecule attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by inhibiting miRNA-217-5p to alleviate apoptosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8678816/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8678816/pdf/WJG-27-7982.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Dec 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34882670/Experimental human hookworm infection: a narrative historical review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8659326/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8659326/pdf/pntd.0009908.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Dec 6 [https://evmedreview.com/evolutionary-medicine-helps-explain-pandemic-dynamics-predictions-regarding-clinical-impact-of-covid-19-borne-out/ Evolutionary medicine helps explain pandemic dynamics: Predictions regarding clinical impact of COVID-19 borne out]

* 2021 Dec 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34863801/ Helminth-induced CD9 + B-cell subset alleviates obesity-associated inflammation via IL-10 production]

* 2021 Dec Treatment of Refractory Chronic Migraine with Worm Eggs: A Therapy Rooted in Evolution (no abstract) | [[media:Treatment_of_Refractory_Chronic_Migraine_with_Worm_Eggs.pdf |PDF]] (TSO)

* 2021 Nov 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34748611/ Suppression of inflammatory arthritis by the parasitic worm product ES-62 is associated with epigenetic changes in synovial fibroblasts] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8601611/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8601611/pdf/ppat.1010069.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Nov 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34735226/ Small proline-rich protein 2A is a gut bactericidal protein deployed during helminth infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977106/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977106/pdf/nihms-1788060.pdf PDF]

* ✅ 2021 Nov [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737071/ Socio-medical studies of individuals self-treating with helminths provide insight into clinical trial design for assessing helminth therapy] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576921002063 Full text] | [[media:Socio-medical_studies_of_individuals_self-treating_with_helminths_provide_insight_into_clinical_trial_design_for_assessing_helminth_therapy.pdf | PDF]]

* 2021 Nov [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34197631/ Interleukin-35 is a critical regulator of immunity during helminth infections associated with multiple sclerosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8517594/ Full text]

* 2021 Oct 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34717799/ Enteric pathogens induce tissue tolerance and prevent neuronal loss from subsequent infections]

* 2021 Oct 27 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737582/ The Influence of Helminth Immune Regulation on COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes: Is it Beneficial or Detrimental?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558425/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558425/pdf/idr-14-4421.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Oct 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34868595/ Helminth infection is associated with dampened cytokine responses to viral and bacterial stimulations in Tsimane forager-horticulturalists] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8634526/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8634526/pdf/eoab035.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Oct 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34745091/ Parasite-Derived Excretory-Secretory Products Alleviate Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Improve Cognitive Impairment Induced by a High-Fat Diet] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8564115/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8564115/pdf/fimmu-12-710513.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Oct 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34733292/ Emerging Role of Eosinophils in Resolution of Arthritis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558534/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558534/pdf/fimmu-12-764825.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Sept 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34579797/ The use of helminth therapy for management of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a systematic review]

* 2021 Sept 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34583903/ Commandeering the mammalian Ago2 miRNA network: a newly discovered mechanism of helminth immunomodulation]

* 2021 Sept 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34517928/ Cooperation between host immunity and the gut bacteria is essential for helminth-evoked suppression of colitis] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354561896 Full text]

* 2021 Sept 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34488863/ Schistosoma japonicum peptide SJMHE1 inhibits acute and chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8422783/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8422783/pdf/13071_2021_Article_4977.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Sept [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34368662/ Effect of co-infection with intestinal parasites on COVID-19 severity: A prospective observational cohort study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8324426/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8324426/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Aug 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34425258/ Safety and tolerability of medicinal parasite ova (Trichuris suis) in healthy Japanese volunteers: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial]

* 2021 Aug 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34406855/ Exposure to Parasitic Protists and Helminths Changes the Intestinal Community Structure of Bacterial Communities in a Cohort of Mother-Child Binomials from a Semirural Setting in Mexico] -- [https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00083-21 Full text] | [https://journals.asm.org/doi/epub/10.1128/mSphere.00083-21 PDF]

* 2021 Aug 17 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34433129/ Infection by Strongyloides venezuelensis attenuates chronic colitis induced by Dextran Sodium Sulfate ingestion in BALB/c mice]

* 2021 Aug 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34445445/ Lectin-Mediated Bacterial Modulation by the Intestinal Nematode Ascaris suum] — [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353903554 Full text]

* 2021 Aug 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34456879/ The Impact of Helminth Infection on the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8397462/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8397462/pdf/fendo-12-728396.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Aug 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34451458/ Infection with Hymenolepis diminuta Blocks Colitis and Hastens Recovery While Colitis Has Minimal Impact on Expulsion of the Cestode from the Mouse Host] — [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353740657 Full text]

* 2021 Aug 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34413850/ Mycobacterium-Induced Th1, Helminths-Induced Th2 Cells and the Potential Vaccine Candidates for Allergic Asthma: Imitation of Natural Infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8369065/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8369065/pdf/fimmu-12-696734.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Jun 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154932/ Gut-microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles: Overlooked mediators in host-helminth interactions?]

* 2021 Jun 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34135384/ Helminth derived factors inhibit neutrophil extracellular trap formation and inflammation in bacterial peritonitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8209178/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8209178/pdf/41598_2021_Article_92001.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Jun 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34171587/ SARS-CoV-2 and helminth co-infections, and environmental pollution exposure: An epidemiological and immunological perspective] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8205275/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8205275/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Jun 10 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34111180/ Hookworm treatment induces a decrease of suppressive regulatory T cell associated with a Th2 inflammatory response] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0252921 Full text] Allergic sensitisation increased following treatment with albendazole.

* 2021 Jun 7 [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2533 The New Status of Parasitic Diseases in the COVID-19 Pandemic—Risk Factors or Protective Agents?] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2533/htm Full text] (Review)

* 2021 May 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34051231/ Synthetic hookworm-derived peptides are potent modulators of primary human immune cell function that protect against experimental colitis in vivo] -- [https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(21)00632-3/fulltext Full text] | [https://www.jbc.org/action/showPdf?pii=S0021-9258%2821%2900632-3 PDF]

* 2021 May 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34051352/ Emerging issues in COVID-19 vaccination in Tropical Areas: Impact of the Immune Response against Helminths in Endemic Areas]

* 2021 May 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34029332/ COVID-19 and helminth infection: Beyond the Th1/Th2 paradigm] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8143422/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8143422/pdf/pntd.0009402.pdf PDF]

* 2021 May 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34017599/ Extreme lifespan extension in tapeworm-infected ant workers] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8131941/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8131941/pdf/rsos.202118.pdf PDF]

* 2021 May 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34002262/ The effects of helminth infections against type 2 diabetes]

* 2021 Apr 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33895144/ Immunoprotective inference of experimental chronic Trichinella spiralis infection on house dust mites induced allergic airway remodeling]

* 2021 Apr 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33935986/ Interrogating the Impact of Intestinal Parasite-Microbiome on Pathogenesis of COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8086792/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8086792/pdf/fmicb-12-614522.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Apr 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33853585/ Experimental infection with the hookworm, Necator americanus, is associated with stable gut microbial diversity in human volunteers with relapsing multiple sclerosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8048248/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8048248/pdf/12915_2021_Article_1003.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Apr 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33579723/ Helminth Imprinting of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Sustains Anti-Inflammatory Trained Innate Immunity That Attenuates Autoimmune Disease]

* 2021 Mar 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33842398/ Therapeutic Efficacy of Excretory-Secretory Products of Trichinella spiralis Adult Worms on Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury in a Mouse Model] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8024484/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8024484/pdf/fcimb-11-653843.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33760829/ Trichuris trichiura egg extract proteome reveals potential diagnostic targets and immunomodulators] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8021180/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8021180/pdf/pntd.0009221.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33841657/ Schistosoma japonicum-derived peptide SJMHE1 promotes peripheral nerve repair through a macrophage-dependent mechanism] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8014408/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8014408/pdf/ajtr0013-1290.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33732246/ Understanding Asthma and Allergies by the Lens of Biodiversity and Epigenetic Changes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7957070/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7957070/pdf/fimmu-12-623737.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33646858/ Immune System Investigation Using Parasitic Helminths]

* 2021 Feb 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33717104/ Clonorchis sinensis-Derived Protein Attenuates Inflammation and New Bone Formation in Ankylosing Spondylitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7947613/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7947613/pdf/fimmu-12-615369.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33692793/ Schistosome Infection and Schistosome-Derived Products as Modulators for the Prevention and Alleviation of Immunological Disorders] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7937812/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7937812/pdf/fimmu-12-619776.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33732461/ Between a hygiene rock and a hygienic hard place: Avoiding SARS-CoV-2 while needing environmental exposures for immunity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7928958/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7928958/pdf/eoab006.pdf PDF]

:* 2021 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34168878/ Comment on Parker et al. (Evolution, Medicine and Public Health 2021;9:120–30.)] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8219121/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8219121/pdf/eoab011.pdf PDF]

:* 2021 Apr [https://academic.oup.com/emph/article/9/1/206/6220325 Authors’ response to Graham Rook’s commentary]

* 2021 Feb 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33738103/ Hymenolepis diminuta-based helminth therapy in C3(1)-TAg mice does not alter breast tumor onset or progression] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7953836/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7953836/pdf/eoab007.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33613446/ Gastrointestinal Helminth Infection Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Decreases Systemic Inflammation, and Alters the Composition of Gut Microbiota in Distinct Mouse Models of Type 2 Diabetes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7892786/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7892786/pdf/fendo-11-606530.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 2 [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.21250995v1 Effect of co-infection with parasites on severity of COVID-19] -- [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.21250995v1.full.pdf PDF] (medRxiv preprints) (Also reported by NewsMedical. [https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210204/Research-shows-intestinal-parasite-infestations-reduce-COVID-19-severity.aspx])

* 2021 Feb 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33526169/ Gross ways to live long: Parasitic worms as an anti-inflammaging therapy?] -- [https://elifesciences.org/articles/65180 Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7853715/pdf/elife-65180.pdf PDF] (Also reported by EurekAlert. [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-02/e-cph020221.php])

* 2021 Jan 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33572978/ The Worm-Specific Immune Response in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Receiving Controlled Trichuris suis Ova Immunotherapy] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/2/101/htm Full text] (MS)

* 2021 Jan 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33499240/ Helminth Interactions with Bacteria in the Host Gut Are Essential for Its Immunomodulatory Effect] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/2/226/htm Full text]

* 2021 Jan 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33552447/ Evolution of bacteria in the human gut in response to changing environments: An invisible player in the game of health] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7829112/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7829112/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

===2020===

* 2020 Dec [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33512796/ Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of Experimental Hookworm Infection for Improving Gluten Tolerance in Celiac Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7678792/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7678792/pdf/ct9-11-e00274.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Dec [https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/nv9357710 The role of helminth and microbiome-derived metabolites in the healing of inflammatory bowel diseases related wounds in vitro] -- [https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/2b88qj182?locale=en PDF] (thesis)

* 2020 Oct 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33678958/ Historical analysis of inverse correlation between soil-transmitted helminthiasis and pancreatic cancer] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7901387/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7901387/pdf/UBMC_34_1836712.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Oct 22 [https://sci-hub.se/10.3390/ijms21217845 Gastrointestinal Nematode-Derived Antigens Alter Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration through Regulation of Cell Cycle and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Proteins]

* 2020 Oct 20 [https://academic.oup.com/emph/advance-article/doi/10.1093/emph/eoaa037/5930904 Old Friends Meet a New Foe -- A potential role for immune-priming parasites in mitigating COVID-19 morbidity and mortality] Includes link to PDF.

*2020 Oct 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33116652/ Helminth Induced Immunoregulation and Novel Therapeutic Avenue of Allergy] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7548329/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7548329/pdf/jaa-13-439.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Oct 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33012113/ Immunopathology and modulation induced by hookworms: from understanding to intervention]

* 2020 Oct 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33117347/ Excretory/Secretory Products From Trichinella spiralis Adult Worms Attenuated DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice by Driving PD-1-Mediated M2 Macrophage Polarization] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7575908/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7575908/pdf/fimmu-11-563784.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32653475/ Does the hygiene hypothesis apply to COVID-19 susceptibility?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7347347/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7347347/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Sept 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33117327/ The Helminth Parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus Attenuates EAE in an IL-4Rα-Dependent Manner] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7552805/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7552805/pdf/fimmu-11-01830.pdf PDF] (MS)

* 2020 Sept 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32951619/ Trichinella spiralis: inflammation modulator]

* 2020 Sept 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33013887/ What Can Parasites Tell Us About the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Asthma and Allergic Diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7516051/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7516051/pdf/fimmu-11-02106.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Sept 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32901341/ Immunomodulatory action of excretory-secretory products of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in a mouse tumour model] (Cancer)

* 2020 Sept 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32983184/ Fasciola hepatica-Derived Molecules as Regulators of the Host Immune Response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7492538/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7492538/pdf/fimmu-11-02182.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32984066/ Helminth Mediated Attenuation of Systemic Inflammation and Microbial Translocation in Helminth-Diabetes Comorbidity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7488178/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7488178/pdf/fcimb-10-00431.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32872342/ An Absence of Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation and Associations with Disease Activity in People with Multiple Sclerosis Undergoing Therapeutic Hookworm Vaccination] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/3/487/htm Full text]

* 2020 Aug 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32828819/ Succinate Produced by Intestinal Microbes Promotes Specification of Tuft Cells to Suppress Ileal Inflammation] (IBD)

* 2020 Aug 17 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32804930/ Helminth coinfection and COVID-19: An alternate hypothesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7430705/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7430705/pdf/pntd.0008628.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32903582/ Clinical Use of Schistosoma mansoni Antigens as Novel Immunotherapies for Autoimmune Disorders] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7438586/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7438586/pdf/fimmu-11-01821.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32849543/ Effectiveness of Helminth Therapy in the Prevention of Allograft Rejection: A Systematic Review of Allogeneic Transplantation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7426368/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7426368/pdf/fimmu-11-01604.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug [https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.07.002 Helminth extracellular vesicles: great balls of wonder]

* 2020 Jul [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32153025/ Regulatory T‐cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/?fbclid=IwAR27hCP5tDaVkO0KnyBMdlH7O4tzzcE0YfKWqFy_Xgy46l18amE1t1ET2dY Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/pdf/IMM-160-248.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Jul 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32629118/ Helminth-induced and Th2-dependent Alterations of the Gut Microbiota Attenuate Obesity Caused by High Fat Diet] -- [https://www.cmghjournal.org/article/S2352-345X(20)30105-3/pdf PDF]

* 2020 Jul 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32614822/ Schistosoma haematobium infection is associated with lower serum cholesterol levels and improved lipid profile in overweight/obese individuals]

* 2020 Jun 23 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32655568/ Immunity to Soil-Transmitted Helminths: Evidence From the Field and Laboratory Models] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7324686/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7324686/pdf/fimmu-11-01286.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Jun 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32570037/ Effect of Recombinant Serine Protease From Adult Stage of Trichinella Spiralis on TNBS-induced Experimental Colitis in Mice]

* ✅ 2020 Jun 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32539079/ Hookworm Treatment for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7296452/ Full text] (While the primary statistical endpoint of this trial - the cumulative number of new/enlarging T2 and new enhancing T1 lesions at month 9 - was not significantly different between the hookworm group (154) and the placebo group (164), a closer examination of the data reveals that '''more than half the patients given hookworms did not have any new lesions'''. “The findings of the research… show that infecting MS patients with a safe dose of… Necator americanus induces immunoregulatory responses and boosts the number of cells which help keep the immune system under control.” [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200618150223.htm] The trial’s lead researcher concluded, “I think there would be a niche for this approach - for individuals with mild disease who don't want to take immunomodulating drugs for life and would prefer a more natural approach.” [https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/932593])

* 2020 Jun 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32595641/ Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Trichinella spiralis Muscle Larvae Ameliorate TNBS-Induced Colitis in Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7300183/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7300183/pdf/fimmu-11-01174.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32480001/ Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, the Hygiene Hypothesis and the Other Side of the Microbiota: Parasites and Fungi]

* 2020 May 28 [https://www.qeios.com/read/IWKQH9.2 The global helminth belt and Covid-19: the new eosinophilic link]

* 2020 May 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32453752/ Comprehensive analysis of the secreted proteome of adult Necator americanus hookworms] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7274458/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7274458/pdf/pntd.0008237.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32436176/ Changes in the Severity of Gastric Mucosal Inflammation Associated With Helicobacter Pylori in Humans Coinfected With Intestinal Helminths]

* 2020 May 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32508831/ The Gastrointestinal Helminth Heligmosomoides bakeri Suppresses Inflammation in a Model of Contact Hypersensitivity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7249854/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7249854/pdf/fimmu-11-00950.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 18 [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.20098053v1.full.pdf Parasites and their protection against COVID-19 - Ecology or Immunology?] (PDF)

* 2020 May 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33623561/ Immunity, parasites, genetics and sex hormones: contributors to mild inflammatory responses in COVID-19?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7875730/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7875730/pdf/PAMJ-SUPP-35-2-36.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32407385 Harnessing helminth-driven immunoregulation in the search for novel therapeutic modalities] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1008508 Full text] | [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1008508&type=printable PDF]

* 2020 May 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32448639/ Microbes, Helminths, and Rheumatic Diseases]

* 2020 May 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32372471 Systematic review: gastrointestinal infection and incident inflammatory bowel disease] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/apt.15770 Full text] (IBD)

* 2020 May 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32367051 Heterogeneity in the initiation, development and function of type 2 immunity]

* 2020 May 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32358579 Will helminth co-infection modulate COVID-19 severity in endemic regions?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193760/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193760/pdf/41577_2020_Article_330.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Apr 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32341115 The Potential Role of Schistosome-Associated Factors as Therapeutic Modulators of the Immune System]

* 2020 Apr 27 [https://www.qeios.com/read/5IY4IF Asthma and COVID-19: The Eosinophilic Link]

* 2020 Apr 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32321922 CD8+ regulatory T cells are critical in prevention of autoimmune-mediated diabetes]

* 2020 Apr 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32321863 An anti-inflammatory eicosanoid switch mediates the suppression of type-2 inflammation by helminth larval products] (TSO)

* 2020 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30230399/ Randomized crossover feasibility trial of helminthic Trichuris suis ova versus placebo for repetitive behaviors in adult autism spectrum disorder] (TSO)

* 2020 Mar 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32200170 Effects of the dietary fibre inulin and Trichuris suis products on inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages] (TSO)

* 2020 Mar 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32171305/ Twenty-five-year research progress in hookworm excretory/secretory products] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071665/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071665/pdf/13071_2020_Article_4010.pdf PDF] (NA)

* 2020 Mar 10 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32153025/ Regulatory T-cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/pdf/IMM-160-248.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Mar 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32194529 Dietary Inulin and Trichuris suis Infection Promote Beneficial Bacteria Throughout the Porcine Gut] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064446/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064446/pdf/fmicb-11-00312.pdf PDF] (TSO)

* 2020 Mar 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32126084 Helminth infection modulates systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines implicated in type 2 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008101 Full text]

* 2020 Mar 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32135180 Helminths, polyparasitism, and the gut microbiome in the Philippines]

* 2020 Feb 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32027755 IL-33 is essential to prevent high fat diet-induced obesity in mice infected with an intestinal helminth]

* 2020 Jan-Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32123528 Perspectives of People with Multiple Sclerosis About Helminth Immunotherapy] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7041615 Full text]

* 2020 Jan 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32005978 The gut microbiota response to helminth infection depends on host sex and genotype]

* 2020 Jan 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31976564 Wuchereria bancrofti macrophage migration inhibitory factor-2 (rWbaMIF-2) ameliorates experimental colitis]

* 2020 Jan 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31971074 A critical analysis of helminth immunotherapy in multiple sclerosis]

* 2020 Jan 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31954872 Suppression of systemic lupus erythematosus in NZBWF1 mice infected with Hymenolepis microstoma]

* 2020 Jan 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31894102 Helminth infections drive heterogeneity in human type 2 and regulatory cells]

* 2020 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31914677 Fasciola helminth defense molecule-1 protects against experimental arthritis by inhibiting osteoclast formation and function without modulating the systemic immune response]

===2019===

* 2019 Dec 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31888063 Immunomodulation of Murine Chronic DSS-Induced Colitis by Tuftsin-Phosphorylcholine] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/1/65/htm Full text]

* 2019 Dec 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31878146 Safety of P28GST, a Protein Derived from a Schistosome Helminth Parasite, in Patients with Crohn's Disease: A Pilot Study (ACROHNEM)] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/1/41/htm Full text]

* 2019 Dec 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31885223 Toxicity of parasites and their unconventional use in medicine]

* 2019 Dec 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31845020 Amelioration of type 1 diabetes by recombinant fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and cystatin derived from Schistosoma japonicum in a murine model]

* 2019 Dec 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31836772 Immunomodulatory effect of Syphacia obvelata in treatment of experimental DSS-induced colitis in mouse model]

* 2019 Dec 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31834940 Chronic infection with a tissue invasive helminth attenuates sublethal anaphylaxis and reduces granularity and number of mast cells]

* 2019 Dec 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31829172 Safety and tolerability of experimental hookworm infection in humans with metabolic disease: study protocol for a phase 1b randomised controlled clinical trial]

* 2019 Nov 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31781154 The Effect of Gut Microbiome Composition on Human Immune Responses: An Exploration of Interference by Helminth Infections] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6856646/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6856646/pdf/fgene-10-01028.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Nov 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31719981 The interplay of type 2 immunity, helminth infection and the microbiota in regulating metabolism] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6837856/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6837856/pdf/CTI2-8-e01089.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Oct 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31673002 Intestinal helminth infection enhances bacteria-induced recruitment of neutrophils to the airspace]

* 2019 Oct 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31683117 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis] (MS)

* 2019 Oct 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31605645 Th2 signals are not essential for the anti-arthritic effects of Trichinella spiralis in mice]

* 2019 Sept 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31649786 Therapeutic applicability of helminths in autoimmune diseases - literature overview] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6807663/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6807663/pdf/PG-14-37798.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Sept 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31611876 Ascaris lumbricoides Cystatin Prevents Development of Allergic Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6777510/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6777510/pdf/fimmu-10-02280.pdf PDF] (But also see the details [[Ascaris lumbricoides | '''here''']] regarding the potentially adverse effects of infection with ascaris lumbricoides.)

* 2019 Sept 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31541662 Helminth-microbiota cross-talk - a journey through the vertebrate digestive system]

* 2019 Sept 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31508807 Public health deworming programmes for soil-transmitted helminths in children living in endemic areas]

* 2019 Sept 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31496071 Schistosoma japonicum peptide SJMHE1 suppresses airway inflammation of allergic asthma in mice] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jcmm.14661 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcmm.14661 PDF]

* 2019 Sept 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31487324 Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) and recombinant Omega-1 modulate induced CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses and HIV-1 infection in vitro] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1007924 Full text] | [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1007924&type=printable PDF] (Also reported by Healio. [https://www.healio.com/infectious-disease/hiv-aids/news/online/%7Bafe40491-17f2-456b-b151-8cf73288c38b%7D/helminth-infection-may-reduce-hiv-transmission-disease])

* 2019 Sept 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31492623 Immune Regulation of Metabolic Homeostasis by Helminths and Their Molecules]

* 2019 Aug 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31504336 The effect of helminth infections and their treatment on metabolic outcomes: results of a cluster-randomised trial]

* 2019 Aug 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31407335 Helminth-derived molecules inhibit colitis-associated colon cancer development through NF-kB and STAT3 regulation]

* 2019 Aug 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31397879 Critical roles of regulatory B and T cells in helminth parasite-induced protection against allergic airway inflammation]

* 2019 Aug [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31284930/ Helminths and asthma: Risk and protection]

* 2019 Jul 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31352539 Potential application of helminth therapy for resolution of neuroinflammation in neuropsychiatric disorders]

* 2019 Jul 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31299381 The helminth-derived peptide GK-1 induces an anti-tumoral CD8 T cell response associated with downregulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway] (Cancer)

* 2019 Jul 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31260090 Soil-transmitted helminth infection and intestinal inflammation among the Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador] (TTO)

* 2019 Jul-Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31579670 The endosymbiotic role of intestinal helminths in multiple sclerosis: Promising probiotic hypothesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6767793/ Full text]

* 2019 Jun 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31253164 Preventive and therapeutic effects of Trichinella spiralis adult extracts on allergic inflammation in an experimental asthma mouse model] -- [https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-019-3561-1 Full text]

* 2019 Jun 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31255915 The immune response to Hymenolepis nana in mice decreases tumorigenesis induced by 7,12 dimethylbenz-anthracene] (For a very readable commentary on this paper, see, [https://biomebuzz.com/2019/07/09/more-on-helminths-and-the-prevention-of-cancer/ More on Helminths and the Prevention of Cancer].)

* 2019 Jun 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31209366 Helminths and microbiota — partners in arthritis prevention?]

* 2019 Jun 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31212833 Contribution of the Gut Microbiota in P28GST-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Experimental and Clinical Insights] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/6/577/htm Full text]

* 2019 Jun 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31187881 Regulation of Immunity and Allergy by Helminth Parasites]

* 2019 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30716463 An advanced protocol for the purification of whipworm eggs from feces for use as therapeutic agents]

* 2019 May 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31236458 Pre-conception maternal helminth infection transfers via nursing long-lasting cellular immunity against helminths to offspring] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6587632/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6587632/pdf/aav3058.pdf PDF]

* 2019 May 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31153721 Helminth Therapy – From the Parasite Perspective] | [[media:Helminth_Therapy_–_From_the_Parasite_Perspective.pdf | PDF]]

* 2019 May 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31138616 Schistosoma mansoni worm infection regulates the intestinal microbiota and susceptibility to colitis]

* 2019 May 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31205419 Inverse Associations of Schistosoma mansoni Infection and Metabolic Syndromes in Humans: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northeast Ethiopia] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537292/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537292/pdf/10.1177_1178636119849934.pdf PDF]

* 2019 May 21 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31178861 Anti-inflammatory Trained Immunity Mediated by Helminth Products Attenuates the Induction of T Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537856/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537856/pdf/fimmu-10-01109.pdf PDF]

* 2019 May [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30986403 Removal of adult cyathostomins alters faecal microbiota and promotes an inflammatory phenotype in horses] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751919300815?via%3Dihub Full text]

* 2019 Apr 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31016721 Helminths products directly modulate T cells that mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis]

* 2019 Apr 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31004803 Cytokine production in allergic and Trichuris trichiura-infected children from an urban region of the Brazilian northeast] (TTO)

* 2019 Apr 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30991712 Characterization of Tapeworm Metabolites and Their Reported Biological Activities] — [https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/8/1480/htm Full text]

* 2019 Apr 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30980897 Genetic diversity of the potentially therapeutic tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea)] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576918302800?fbclid=IwAR37HAgKvovhcjr5FkSQAK3NVpoW_7_n79WOyeqKBgCbJHtHaByAC6tRzlc Full text]

* 2019 Apr 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30962398 Suppression of obesity by an intestinal helminth through interactions with intestinal microbiota] -- [https://iai.asm.org/content/iai/early/2019/03/19/IAI.00042-19.full.pdf PDF] (Also reported by EurekAlert. [https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/asfm-ihb040819.php])

* 2019 Apr 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30952846 The parasitic worm product ES-62 normalises the gut microbiota bone marrow axis in inflammatory arthritis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6451002/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6451002/pdf/41467_2019_Article_9361.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30902137 Helminth therapy for autism under gut-brain axis- hypothesis] -- [https://tanawisa.com/downloads/Helminth_therapy_for%20autism_under_gut-brain%20axis-_hypothesis.pdf PDF] (TSO)

* 2019 Mar 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30879759 Therapeutic Potential of Helminths and Helminth-Derived Antigens for Resolution of Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease] (IBD)

* 2019 Mar 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31016928 Progress of research on the interplay between helminth and intestinal protozoa and gut microbiota]

* 2019 Mar 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30852293 Dendritic cells treated by Trichinella spiralis muscle larval excretory/secretory products alleviate TNBS-induced colitis in mice]

* 2019 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30905098 Helminth-Related Tuftsin-Phosphorylcholine Compound and its Interplay with Autoimmune Diseases] -- [https://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/344/172407.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30638709/ The therapeutic potential of tuftsin-phosphorylcholine in giant cell arteritis]

* 2019 Feb 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30807258 Filarial extract of Litomosoides sigmodontis induces a type 2 immune response and attenuates plaque development in hyperlipidemic ApoE-knockout mice]

* 2019 Feb 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30801028 Helminth-Based Product and the Microbiome of Mice with Lupus] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6381224/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6381224/pdf/mSystems.00160-18.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Feb 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758662 Helminths protect against type 1 diabetes: effects and mechanisms]

* 2019 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30623233 Chinese liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis infection changes the gut microbiome and increases probiotic Lactobacillus in mice]

* 2019 Jan 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30670631 Role of mast cells in the generation of a T-helper type 2 dominated anti-helminthic immune response] (HDC)

* 2019 Jan 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30668930 Macrophages treated with antigen from the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta condition CD25+ T cells to suppress colitis] (HDC)

* 2019 Jan 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30626617 Cross-Domain and Viral Interactions in the Microbiome] (Includes a 10-page section on microbiota/helminth interactions and their effects on immune function.)

* 2019 Jan 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30640950 Exclusive dependence of IL-10Rα signalling on intestinal microbiota homeostasis and control of whipworm infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6347331/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6347331/pdf/ppat.1007265.pdf PDF] (This study contributes to understanding of the actions of TSO and TTO on diseases such as IBD.)

* 2019 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30413272 Effect of Trichinella spiralis intervention on TNBS-induced experimental colitis in mice]

* 2019 [http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/parasitic-worms-for-the-treatment-of-neurodegeneration-12989.html Parasitic Worms for the Treatment of Neurodegeneration] -- [http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/parasitic-worms-for-the-treatment-of-neurodegeneration.pdf PDF]

===2018===

* 2018 Dec 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30592734 Treatment with P28GST, a schistosome-derived enzyme, after acute colitis induction in mice: Decrease of intestinal inflammation associated with a down regulation of Th1/Th17 responses]
* 2018 Dec 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30554380 Tuftsin phosphorylcholine-a novel compound harnessing helminths to fight autoimmunity]
* 2018 Dec 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30619265 Human Hookworm Infection Enhances Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition and Associates With Reduced Risk of Tuberculosis Infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6302045/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6302045/pdf/fimmu-09-02893.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2018 Dec 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30292284 The Schistosoma mansoni lipidome: Leads for immunomodulation] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003267017313363 Full text] | [https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0003267017313363?token=BE837298629AA0AF5C0E7F7891E97CA7FBF2194B7348A12FD0CCFD79C45F12DF3E6C69079090C901826FD2CA09ADDD16 PDF]
* 2018 Dec 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30638679 Modulation of autoimmune arthritis by environmental 'hygiene' and commensal microbiota]
* 2018 Dec 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30529501 Helminth-based therapies for rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis]
* 2018 Dec 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517865 B Cells Produce the Tissue-Protective Protein RELMa during Helminth Infection, which Inhibits IL-17 Expression and Limits Emphysema] -- [https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(18)31801-1 Full text] (Wound healing)
* 2018 Dec 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697 The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries]
* 2018 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30567900 Fh15 Blocks the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Storm While Modulating Peritoneal Macrophage Migration and CD38 Expression within Spleen Macrophages in a Mouse Model of Septic Shock] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6300687/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6300687/pdf/mSphere.00548-18.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Nov 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30462997 Modulation of Host Immunity by Helminths: The Expanding Repertoire of Parasite Effector Molecules]
* 2018 Nov 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30483256 Schistosoma mansoni Infection-Induced Transcriptional Changes in Hepatic Macrophage Metabolism Correlate With an Athero-Protective Phenotype] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6240656/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6240656/pdf/fimmu-09-02580.pdf PDF] (Metabolic syndrome)
* 2018 Nov 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30473696 Mucosal Barrier and Th2 Immune Responses Are Enhanced by Dietary Inulin in Pigs Infected With Trichuris suis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6237860/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6237860/pdf/fimmu-09-02557.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2018 Nov 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548 Metabolic consequences of concomitant Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Type 2 diabetes mellitus]
* 2018 Nov 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30401814 Intestinal helminth infection promotes IL-5- and CD4+ T cell-dependent immunity in the lung against migrating parasites]
* 2018 Oct 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30379806 The Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell population requires IL-4Rα signaling to control inflammation during helminth infections]
* 2018 Oct 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30375396 Helminth-induced IL-4 expands bystander memory CD8+ T cells for early control of viral infection]
* 2018 Oct 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30372527 Maternal helminth infections and the shaping of offspring immunity]
* 2018 Oct 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30374177 Analysis of the Trichuris suis excretory/secretory proteins as a function of life cycle stage and their immunomodulatory properties] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206011/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206011/pdf/41598_2018_Article_34174.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2018 Oct 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30361537 Virtual memory CD8 T cells expanded by helminth infection confer broad protection against bacterial infection]
* 2018 Oct 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30416709 Helminth parasites and immune regulation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206608/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206608/pdf/f1000research-7-17014.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Oct 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30353019 A comprehensive analysis of the faecal microbiome and metabolome of Strongyloides stercoralis infected volunteers from a non-endemic area] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199319/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199319/pdf/41598_2018_Article_33937.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Oct 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30341242 Mast Cell Deficiency in Mice Results in Biomass Overgrowth and Delayed Expulsion of the Rat Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta] (HDC)
* 2018 Oct 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30336585 Failure of the Anti-Inflammatory Parasitic Worm Product ES-62 to Provide Protection in Mouse Models of Type I Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/10/2669/htm Full text]
* 2018 Oct 16 [https://www.arc.gov.au/news-publications/media/feature-articles/combatting-autoimmune-diseases-humble-hookworm?fbclid=IwAR0DxQ-uGjksCaC1gkCgpXhw2_ImRwgswkbyTukwHbLY2ZbNbWQD53KlXvc Combatting autoimmune diseases with the humble hookworm]
* 2018 Oct 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30369927 Immunomodulation by Helminths: Intracellular Pathways and Extracellular Vesicles] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6194161/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6194161/pdf/fimmu-09-02349.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Oct 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30316775 Immunomodulatory effects of Trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory antigens on macrophages]
* 2018 Oct 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30291167 Helminth-Induced Production of TGF-β and Suppression of Graft-versus-Host Disease Is Dependent on IL-4 Production by Host Cells]
* 2018 Sept 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30266743 Parasites as negative regulators of cancer] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6200699/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6200699/pdf/bsr-38-bsr20180935.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Sept 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30319571 The Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis and Therapeutics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6167487/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6167487/pdf/fmicb-09-02247.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2018 Sept 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30229947 Soil-transmitted helminth parasites and allergy: observations from Ecuador]
* 2018 Sept 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30230399 Randomized Crossover Feasibility Trial of Helminthic Trichuris Suis Ova vs. Placebo for Repetitive Behaviors in Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder] (TSO) This research used a novel TSO formulation at pH 5 that is known to be less effective than the original formulation at pH 2.4. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335]
* 2018 Sept 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30216486 Parasites and allergy: observations from Africa]
* 2018 Sept 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30205385 A Trypsin-Sensitive Proteoglycan from the Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta Inhibits Murine Neutrophil Chemotaxis in vitro by Suppressing p38 MAP Kinase Activation] (HDC)
* 2018 Sept 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30194773 STAT6 & IL-10 are required for the anti-arthritic effects of Schistosoma mansoni via different mechanisms]
* 2018 Sept 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30177522 Modulation of the immune response by helminths: a role for serotonin?]
* 2018 Aug 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165069 The hygiene hypothesis at a glance: early exposures, immune mechanism and novel therapies]
* 2018 Aug 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30121255 Helminth Antigen-Conditioned Dendritic Cells Generate Anti-Inflammatory CD4 T Cells Independent of Antigen Presentation via MHC II] (HDC) (Colitis)
* 2018 Aug 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30113218 Interactions of helminths with macrophages: therapeutic potential for inflammatory intestinal disease]
* 2018 Aug 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30118915 Acute infection with Strongyloides venezuelensis increases intestine production IL-10, reduces Th1/Th2/Th17 induction in colon and attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced colitis in BALB/c mice]
* 2018 Aug 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30107039 Isolated Schistosoma mansoni eggs prevent allergic airway inflammation] (Allergic asthma)
* 2018 Aug 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30104215 Host and helminth-derived endocannabinoids are generated during infection with effects on host immunity] (Also reported by EurekAlert. [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-08/uoc--gho082218.php])
* 2018 Aug 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30089122 Helminths-based bi-functional molecule, tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC), ameliorates an established murine arthritis] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200615 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200615&type=printable PDF]
* 2018 Aug 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30131945 The Intestinal Roundworm Ascaris suum Releases Antimicrobial Factors Which Interfere With Bacterial Growth and Biofilm Formation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6090379/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6090379/pdf/fcimb-08-00271.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Aug 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30069018 Hookworm exposure decreases human papillomavirus uptake and cervical cancer cell migration through systemic regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker expression] -- [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30058-9 Full text] | [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30058-9.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30142867 Trichuris suis ova therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: A meta-analysis] -- [https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/08240/Trichuris_suis_ova_therapy_in_inflammatory_bowel.119.aspx Full text] (IBD) The 6 papers analysed in this study all have significant design flaws. All but one had a treatment period of only 12 weeks, which is inadequate when assessing the efficacy of helminths, and the only study with a longer treatment period was designed to assess the safety and tolerability, and not the efficacy, of a ''single'' dose of TSO. Four of the six studies selected had also used a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study are therefore not reliable.
* 2018 Jul 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30108588 A Role for Epitope Networking in Immunomodulation by Helminths] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6079203/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6079203/pdf/fimmu-09-01763.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30093899 Trichinella spiralis Infection Mitigates Collagen-Induced Arthritis via Programmed Death 1-Mediated Immunomodulation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6070611/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6070611/pdf/fimmu-09-01566.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30043455 Worms: Pernicious Parasites or Allies Against Allergies?]
* 2018 Jul 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30021142 Getting a Taste for Parasites in the Gut]
* 2018 Jul 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30061834 Influence of NOD2 Variants on Trichuris suis ova Treatment Outcome in Crohn's Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6054957/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6054957/pdf/fphar-09-00764.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30003599 Hookworms Make Us Human: The Microbiome, Eco-immunology, and a Probiotic Turn in Western Health Care] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/2/2d/Hookworms_Make_Us_Human-_The_Microbiome%2C_Eco-immunology%2C_and_a_Probiotic_Turn_in_Western_Health_Care.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2018 Jul 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29992625 Hematopoietic cell-derived RELMα regulates hookworm immunity through effects on macrophages] (Also reported by Science Daily. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180806145207.htm])
* 2018 Jul 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30057915 Macrophage Activation and Functions during Helminth Infection: Recent Advances from the Laboratory Mouse] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6051086/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6051086/pdf/JIR2018-2790627.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30072827 SXP-RAL Family Filarial Protein, rWbL2, Prevents Development of DSS-Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6052733/ Full text]
* 2018 Jun 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29915224 Characteristics of the bacterial microbiome in association with common intestinal parasites in irritable bowel syndrome] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6006308/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6006308/pdf/41424_2018_Article_27.pdf PDF] (IBS)
* 2018 Jun 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29909781 The benign helminth Hymenolepis diminuta ameliorates chemically induced colitis in a rat model system] (HDC)
* 2018 Jun 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29796663 The therapeutic prospect of crosstalk between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms in the human gut]
* 2018 May 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29808496 Immunobiology of parasitic worm extracellular vesicles]
* 2018 May 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29852470 Helminth-induced regulatory T cells and suppression of allergic responses]
* 2018 May 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29875750 Extracellular Vesicles From the Helminth Fasciola hepatica Prevent DSS-Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis in a T-Lymphocyte Independent Mode] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5974114/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5974114/pdf/fmicb-09-01036.pdf PDF]
* 2018 May 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29867986 Protection Against Arthritis by the Parasitic Worm Product ES-62, and Its Drug-Like Small Molecule Analogues, Is Associated With Inhibition of Osteoclastogenesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5967578/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5967578/pdf/fimmu-09-01016 PDF]
* 2018 May 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29867790 Parasite-Microbiota Interactions With the Vertebrate Gut: Synthesis Through an Ecological Lens] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5960673/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5960673/pdf/fmicb-09-00843.pdf PDF]
* 2018 May 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29746467 Disentangling complex parasite interactions: Protection against cerebral malaria by one helminth species is jeopardized by co-infection with another] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963812/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963812/pdf/pntd.0006483.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29760697 Hookworm Secreted Extracellular Vesicles Interact With Host Cells and Prevent Inducible Colitis in Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5936971/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5936971/pdf/fimmu-09-00850.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29698559 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC) equally effective to methylprednisolone in ameliorating lupus nephritis in a mice model] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6046477/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6046477/pdf/CEI-193-160.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29659774 Are intestinal worms nature’s anti-atherosclerosis vaccine?] [https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/18/1653/4967832 abstract]
* 2018 Apr 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264 Helminth infection in mice improves insulin sensitivity via modulation of gut microbiota and fatty acid metabolism]
* 2018 Apr 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29670630 Helminth Infections: Recognition and Modulation of the Immune Response by Innate Immune Cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893867/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893867/pdf/fimmu-09-00664.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29623983 Symptomatic hypereosinophilia associated with Necator americanus self-inoculation] (NA)
* 2018 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29355990 A sticky end for gastrointestinal helminths; the role of the mucus barrier] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5900928/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5900928/pdf/PIM-40-na.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Mar 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29574798 Modulation of human dendritic cell activity by Giardia and helminth antigens]
* 2018 Mar 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29569735 Anisakis pegreffii impacts differentiation and function of human dendritic cells]
* 2018 Mar 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29567298 Associations between Gut Microbiota and Common Luminal Intestinal Parasites]
* 2018 Mar 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29545532 Helminth infection protects against high fat diet-induced obesity via induction of alternatively activated macrophages] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5854586/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5854586/pdf/41598_2018_Article_22920.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Mar 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29546242 Manipulation of host and parasite microbiotas: Survival strategies during chronic nematode infection] -- [http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/3/eaap7399.full Full text] | [http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/3/eaap7399/tab-pdf PDF]
* 2018 Feb 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29486796 Differential human gut microbiome assemblages during soil-transmitted helminth infections in Indonesia and Liberia] -- [https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-018-0416-5 Full text]
* 2018 Feb 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29486173 Soil-transmitted helminth infections and intestinal and systemic inflammation in schoolchildren] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001706X1830233X?via%3Dihub Full text] | [https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0001706X1830233X/1-s2.0-S0001706X1830233X-main.pdf?_tid=40509b04-c3e5-4baf-9f89-dfd29ef353d6&acdnat=1520445863_d2042c3fffa57972d2a29a072cebca94 PDF]
* 2018 Feb 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29453411 The impact of a helminth-modified microbiome on host immunity]
* 2018 Feb 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29402395 Intestinal worms eating neuropsychiatric disorders? Apparently so] | [[media:Intestinal_worms_eating_neuropsychiatric_disorders%3F_Apparently_so.pdf | PDF]]
* 2018 Jan 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31662622 Helminth Therapy: Advances in the use of Parasitic Worms Against Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and its Challenges] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6799527/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6799527/pdf/helm-55-001.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jan 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29355617 Serine protease inhibitors containing a Kunitz domain: their role in modulation of host inflammatory responses and parasite survival]
* 2018 Jan 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29346656 Host responses to intestinal nematodes]
* 2018 Jan 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29339033 Helminth Modulation of Lung Inflammation] (Asthma)
* 2018 Jan 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29351392/ Young mice expel the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and are protected from colitis by triggering a memory response with worm antigen] -- [http://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/ajpgi.00295.2017 PDF] (HDC)
* 2018 Jan 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29300114 The tropics, helminth infections and hygiene hypotheses]
* 2018 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29956141 Production of Hymenolepis diminuta in the Laboratory: An Old Research Tool with New Clinical Applications] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/5/5c/Production_of_Hymenolepis_diminuta_in_the_Laboratory-_An_Old_Research_Tool_with_New_Clinical_Applications.pdf PDF]] (HDC)

=== 2017 ===

* 2017 Winter [https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1430&context=honorstheses A Critical View of Helminthic Therapy: Is It a Viable Form of Treatment for Immune Disorders Under the Category of Inflammatory Bowel Disease?] Alyssa Murphy, undergraduate thesis
* 2017 Dec 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29491533 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine treatment of autoimmune diseases – a benefit and a message from helminths?] (No abstract) -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5825963/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5825963/pdf/RU-55-31448.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Dec 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29312343 Review: Impact of Helminth Infection on Antimycobacterial Immunity - A Focus on the Macrophage] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5743664/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5743664/pdf/fimmu-08-01864.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Dec 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29262347 Recent Advances in Type-2-Cell-Mediated Immunity: Insights from Helminth Infection]
* 2017 Dec 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29224909 Hygiene Hypothesis in Asthma Development: Is Hygiene to Blame?]
* 2017 Nov 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29238348 The Mannose Receptor in Regulation of Helminth-Mediated Host Immunity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5712593/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5712593/pdf/fimmu-08-01677.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29184071 Preventive Trichuris suis ova (TSO) treatment protects immunocompetent rabbits from DSS colitis but may be detrimental under conditions of immunosuppression] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5705695/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5705695/pdf/41598_2017_Article_16287.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 24 [https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-11-discovery-potent-parasite-protein-therapeutic.html Discovery of potent parasite protein may lead to new therapeutic options for inflammatory bowel conditions] Medical News Today (IBD)
* 2017 Nov 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29171863 Schistosoma mansoni-specific immune responses and allergy in Uganda]
* 2017 Nov 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29170498 A structurally distinct TGF-β mimic from an intestinal helminth parasite potently induces regulatory T cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5701006/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5701006/pdf/41467_2017_Article_1886.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29162324 Modulation of human macrophage activity by Ascaris antigens is dependent on macrophage polarization state]
* 2017 Nov 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133417 Human resistin protects against endotoxic shock by blocking LPS-TLR4 interaction] (For media comment on this study linking helminths with potential sepsis treatment, see [https://highlandernews.org/31486/ucr-researchers-discovered-effective-treatment-sepsis/ here].)
* ✅ 2017 Nov 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133248 Evolution of the hygiene hypothesis into biota alteration theory: What are the paradigms and where are the clinical applications?] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1286457917301855?via%3Dihub Full text] | [[media:Evolution_of_the_hygiene_hypothesis_into_biota_alteration_theory-_what_are_the_paradigms_and_where_are_the_clinical_applications%3F.pdf | PDF]]
* 2017 Nov 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29249872 Taenia crassiceps Antigens Control Experimental Type 1 Diabetes by Inducing Alternatively Activated Macrophages] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/pdf/MI2017-8074329.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29163443 Parasite-Derived Proteins for the Treatment of Allergies and Autoimmune Diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5682104/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5682104/pdf/fmicb-08-02164.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29115241/ Diet, atherosclerosis, and helmintic infection in Tsimane] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042967/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042967/pdf/nihms976321.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29095820 "Omic" investigations of protozoa and worms for a deeper understanding of the human gut "parasitome"] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005916 Full text]
* 2017 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28546083 Mechanisms of tolerance and potential therapeutic interventions in Alopecia Areata] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725817301274 Full text] (See section 4: Gut microbiota and helminths, autoimmunity and tolerance.)
* 2017 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29108604 Global issues in allergy and immunology: Parasitic infections and allergy]
* 2017 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29068485 Is the hygiene hypothesis relevant for the risk of multiple sclerosis?]
* 2017 Oct 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759 Cell Type-Specific Immunomodulation Induced by Helminthes: Effect on Metainflammation, Insulin Resistance and Type-2 Diabetes] (Metabolic syndrome)
* 2017 Oct 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29109850 Liver cystic echinococcosis and human host immune and autoimmune follow-up: A review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5666304/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5666304/pdf/WJH-9-1176.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Oct 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29073139 Composition of the Schistosoma mansoni worm secretome: Identification of immune modulatory Cyclophilin A] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006012 Full text]
* 2017 Oct 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29064448 Production and Use of Hymenolepis diminuta Cysticercoids as Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics] -- [http://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/6/10/98/htm Full text] (HDC)
* 2017 Oct 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29045903 HpARI Protein Secreted by a Helminth Parasite Suppresses Interleukin-33] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5655542/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5655542/pdf/main.pdf PDF] (Allergy, asthma)
* 2017 Oct 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29034905 The hygiene hypothesis in autoimmunity: the role of pathogens and commensals]
* 2017 Oct 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29036211 Orally administered Taenia solium Calreticulin prevents experimental intestinal inflammation and is associated with a type 2 immune response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5643116/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5643116/pdf/pone.0186510.pdf PDF] (Colitis)
*2017 Oct 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29027962 Novel Therapeutics for Multiple Sclerosis Designed by Parasitic Worms] -- [http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/10/2141/htm Full text]
* 2017 Oct 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29114386 Suppression of inflammation and tissue damage by a hookworm recombinant protein in experimental colitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5671989/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5671989/pdf/cti201742a.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2017 Oct 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28975357 The Effects of Intestinal Nematode L4 Stage on Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis] (Multiple sclerosis)
* 2017 Oct 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29064315 Safety and efficacy of helminth treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of the HINT 2 clinical trial] -- [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1352458517736377 PDF] This trial employed a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
* 2017 Oct [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-medical-knowledge-commons/chronic-disease-new-thinking-and-outlaw-innovation-patients-on-the-edge-in-the-knowledge-commons/8105C66FEBA55446E15538FD4B164005/core-reader# Chronic Disease, New Thinking, and Outlaw Innovation: Patients on the Edge in the Knowledge Commons] (Chapter 14 of the book, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-medical-knowledge-commons/C4CAF56DF197BA93E850E65509EB36E8 Governing Medical Knowledge Commons], Cambridge University Press.)
* 2017 Oct [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28779539 Effect of ES products from Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae) on experimentally induced colitis in adult zebrafish]
* 2017 Oct [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28970236 Cardioprotective manifestations of chronic helminth infections: new aspects of an old disease]
* 2017 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28196762/ Enteric helminth-induced type I interferon signaling protects against pulmonary virus infection through interaction with the microbiota] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485385/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485385/pdf/emss-79828.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Fall [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28948806 Toxocara spp. seronegativity in Czech patients with early form of multiple sclerosis - clinically isolated syndrome]
* 2017 Sep 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28960280 Functional specialization of intestinal dendritic cell subsets during Th2 helminth infection in mice]
* 2017 Sep 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28970717 Helminths as an alternative therapy for intestinal diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5597493/ Full text] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5597493/pdf/WJG-23-6009.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Sep 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28892562 Triggering immunological memory against the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta to protect against colitis] (HDC)
* 2017 Sep 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28892494 Infections by human gastrointestinal helminths are associated with changes in faecal microbiota diversity and composition] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593201/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593201/pdf/pone.0184719.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Aug 21 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28883695 Schistosoma japonicum attenuates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice via reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569284/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569284/pdf/WJG-23-5700.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Aug 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28815724 Secreted products of Fasciola hepatica inhibit the induction of T cell responses that mediate allergy]
* 2017 Aug 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28779539 Effect of ES-products from Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae) on experimentally induced colitis in adult zebrafish]
* 2017 Aug 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28771620 A benign helminth alters the host immune system and the gut microbiota in a rat model system] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5542714/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5542714/pdf/pone.0182205.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2017 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28877578 Syphacia obvelata: A New Hope to Induction of Intestinal Immunological Tolerance in C57BL/6 Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5594727/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5594727/pdf/kjp-55-4-439.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jul 24 [http://trjfas.org/uploads/pdf_1183.pdf Role of Parasitic Helminths in Bioremediating Some Heavy Metal Accumulation in the Tissues of Lethrinus mahsena]
* ⚡ 2017 Jul 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335 Not infection with parasitic worms, but rather colonization with therapeutic helminths] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/1/10/Not_infection_with_parasitic_worms_but_rather_colonization_with_therapeutic_helminths.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jul 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28703913 A. suum infection modulates inflammation: implication of CD4+CD25hi Foxp3+ T cells and IL-10]
* 2017 Jul 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28689246 Parasites and asthma]
* 2017 Jun 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28659212 Helminth-induced apoptosis: a silent strategy for immunosuppression]
* 2017 Jun 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28664463 Therapeutic potential of helminths in autoimmune diseases: helminth-derived immune-regulators and immune balance]
* 2017 Jun 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28744067 Helminth Products Potently Modulate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Downregulating Neuroinflammation and Promoting a Suppressive Microenvironment] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5506484/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5506484/pdf/MI2017-8494572.pdf PDF] (Multiple Sclerosis)
* 2017 Jun 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28676845 Th2/1 Hybrid Cells Occurring in Murine and Human Strongyloidiasis Share Effector Functions of Th1 Cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5476698/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5476698/pdf/fcimb-07-00261.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jun 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28614408 Schistosoma japonicum infection downregulates house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0179565 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0179565&type=printable PDF] (Asthma)
* 2017 Jun 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28638627 Environmental factors influencing multiple sclerosis in Latin America] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5472234/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5472234/pdf/10.1177_2055217317715049.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jun 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28606411 Can Parasitic Worms Cure the Modern World's Ills?]
* 2017 Jun 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28602842 Immune responses and parasitological observations induced during probiotic treatment with medicinal Trichuris suis ova in a healthy volunteer] (TSO)
* 2017 Jun 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28492420 Helminthic Therapy: A New Era in Immune-Mediated Diseases] -- [http://journals.lww.com/jclinrheum/Citation/2017/06000/Helminthic_Therapy__A_New_Era_in_Immune_Mediated.19.aspx Full text] (Mixed connective tissue disease/MCTD, Raynaud phenomenon)
* 2017 May 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28526605 Microevolutionary response of a gut nematode to intestinal inflammation]
* 2017 May 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28494800 Somatic extracts of Marshallagia marshalli downregulate the Th2 associated immune responses in ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in BALB/c mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427607/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427607/pdf/13071_2017_Article_2159.pdf PDF] (Asthma)
* 2017 May 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28482922 Therapeutic effect of Schistosoma japonicum cystatin on bacterial sepsis in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5422996/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5422996/pdf/13071_2017_Article_2162.pdf PDF]
* 2017 May 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383 Effect of Anthelmintic Treatment on Insulin Resistance: A Cluster-Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial in Indonesia] (Diabetes)
* 2017 Apr 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28476343 Immune responses to fungal aeroallergen in Heligmosomoides polygyrus infected-mice vary by age]
* 2017 Apr 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28484453 Helminth Immunomodulation in Autoimmune Disease] -- [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00453/full Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5401880/pdf/fimmu-08-00453.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Apr 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28450853 Micromanagement of Immune System: Role of miRNAs in Helminthic Infections] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390025/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390025/pdf/fmicb-08-00586.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Apr 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28390393 Regulatory monocytes in helminth infections: insights from the modulation during human hookworm infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385058/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385058/pdf/12879_2017_Article_2366.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Apr 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28385494 Schistosome-induced pulmonary B cells inhibit allergic airway inflammation and display a reduced Th2-driving function]
* 2017 Apr 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28204053 Whipping Crohn's With Helminth Therapies? Not Yet]
* 2017 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28031319 Apolipoprotein E4 is associated with improved cognitive function in Amazonian forager-horticulturalists with a high parasite burden] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5349792/ Full text]
* 2017 Mar 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28342137 Skewed Exposure to Environmental Antigens Complements Hygiene Hypothesis in Explaining the Rise of Allergy] -- [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10441-017-9306-7 Full text] | [http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/689/art%253A10.1007%252Fs10441-017-9306-7.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10441-017-9306-7&token2=exp=1490739158~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F689%2Fart%25253A10.1007%25252Fs10441-017-9306-7.pdf%3ForiginUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Farticle%252F10.1007%252Fs10441-017-9306-7*~hmac=9a64ec6d20433c8458c2148266ee7c346fa819eaa97422b8a79fccc79d005885 PDF]
* 2017 Mar 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28342825 Association between parasitic infections and tuberculin skin test results in refugees] (Tuberculosis)
* 2017 Mar 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28340138 A life without worms] -- [https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/trstmh/trx010 Full text]
* 2017 Mar 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28302598 Helminths in the gastrointestinal tract as modulators of immunity and pathology] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5495915/ Full text]
* 2017 Mar 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28295446 A recombinant cystatin from Ascaris lumbricoides attenuates inflammation of DSS-induced colitis]
* 2017 Mar 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28284979 Effect of polymorphisms on TGFB1 on allergic asthma and helminth infection in an African admixed population]
* 2017 Mar 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28271497 Chronic schistosomiasis during pregnancy epigenetically reprograms T cell differentiation in offspring of infected mothers] (Allergy)
* 2017 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28030334 Trichuris suis secrete products that reduce disease severity in a multiple sclerosis model] (TSO)
* 2017 Feb 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148 Parasites, nutrition, immune responses, and biology of metabolic tissues]
* 2017 Feb 23 [[media:Parasites, ghosts and mutualists- a relational geography of microbes for global health.pdf | Parasites, ghosts and mutualists - a relational geography of microbes for global health]] (PDF) -- Jamie Lorimer, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Royal Geographical Society.
* 2017 Feb 21 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28224678 Microbiome, autoimmunity, allergy, and helminth infection: The importance of the pregnancy period]
* 2017 Feb 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28265273 New Data on Human Macrophages Polarization by Hymenolepis diminuta Tapeworm - An In Vitro Study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5316519/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5316519/pdf/fimmu-08-00148.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2017 Feb 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28201853 Antigenic cross-reactivity between Schistosoma mansoni and peanut: a role for cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) and implications for the hygiene hypothesis] (Allergy)
* 2017 Feb 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28192437 Species dependent impact of helminth-derived antigens on human macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Direct effect on the innate anti-mycobacterial response] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005390 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005390&type=printable PDF]
* 2017 Feb 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28191818 Changes in protein expression after treatment with Ancylostoma caninum excretory/secretory products in a mouse model of colitis] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep41883 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep41883 PDF]
* 2017 Feb 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28196762 Enteric helminth-induced type-I interferon signalling protects against pulmonary virus infection through interaction with the microbiota]
* 2017 Feb 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28178298 The impact of prenatal exposure to parasitic infections and to anthelmintic treatment on antibody responses to routine immunisations given in infancy: Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005213 Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5298230/pdf/pntd.0005213.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28094319 Helminth-induced Ly6Chi monocyte-derived alternatively activated macrophages suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep40814 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep40814 PDF]
* 2017 Jan 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28094779 Suppression of colitis by adoptive transfer of helminth antigen-treated dendritic cells requires interleukin-4 receptor-α signaling] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep40631 Full text] | [http://readcube.com/view/10.1038/srep40631 PDF]
* 2017 Jan 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28084120 Inflammatory arthritis and systemic bone loss are attenuated by gastrointestinal helminth parasites]
* 2017 Jan 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994 Regulation of type 2 diabetes by helminth-induced Th2 immune response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/pdf/jvms-77-1855.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28073356 Gut microbiota disturbance during helminth infection: can it affect cognition and behaviour of children?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5225537/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5225537/pdf/12879_2016_Article_2146.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896 Parasite excretory-secretory products and their effects on metabolic syndrome]
* 2017 Jan 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28452686 Helminths and intestinal barrier function] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362995/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362995/pdf/ktib-05-01-1283385.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25919312 Downregulation of immune responses in asthmatic humans by ES products of Marshallagia marshalli]

=== 2016 ===

* 2016 Dec 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28009488 Chronic infections with viruses or parasites: breaking bad to make good]
* 2016 Dec 21 [https://www.nature.com/articles/540S103a Q&A: Joel Weinstock] in Nature
* 2016 Dec 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27977856 Nematodes and human therapeutic trials for inflammatory disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5580940/ Full text]
* 2016 Dec 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27978433 Exploiting Old Pathogens to Create New Therapeutics]
* 2016 Dec 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27929101 Hookworm infection] -- [https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/Hookworm.pdf?token=AWzMLBAlpXkIHpPpw3EdbRqiiT4JSi4ZoDqfcymC1Alc7o-QnI_R551leXxADrssmY6JUD-rmWi1TBK-U-oWnp-fb1Ykc7iXN1_ipiK-ZV-rkifcTolyviSZEt9QY13wjPqx_rtLRXrUUawrv52tyE5l PDF]
* 2016 Dec 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes]
* 2016 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28087937 Myeloid Cell Phenotypes in Susceptibility and Resistance to Helminth Parasite Infections]
* 2016 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30144791 Effect of Helminthic Infection on the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Mechanisms] (IBD)
* 2016 Nov 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079 A parasite-derived 68-mer peptide ameliorates autoimmune disease in murine models of Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep37789 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep37789 PDF]
* 2016 Nov 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27872476 New insights into the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus] -- [https://sci-hub.wf/10.1038/nrrheum.2016.186 Full text]
* 2016 Nov 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27672083 Treatment with Cestode Parasite Antigens Results in Recruitment of CCR2+ Myeloid Cells, the Adoptive Transfer of Which Ameliorates Colitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5116724/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5116724/pdf/zii3471.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2016 Nov 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27956844 Helminth infection during pregnancy: insights from evolutionary ecology]
* 2016 Nov 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27861815 Intestinal helminth infection induces highly functional resident memory CD4+ T cells in mice]
* 2016 Nov 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]
* 2016 Nov 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27827438 Changes in duodenal tissue-associated microbiota following hookworm infection and consecutive gluten challenges in humans with coeliac disease] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep36797 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep36797 PDF]
* 2016 Nov 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27905107 Co-operative suppression of inflammatory responses in human dendritic cells by plant proanthocyanidins and products from the parasitic nematode Trichuris suis] (TSO)
* 2016 Nov 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27806992 The whipworm (Trichuris suis) secretes prostaglandin E2 to suppress proinflammatory properties in human dendritic cells] (TSO)
* 2016 Nov 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27802332 Anti-Arthritic Activity of Schistosoma mansoni and Trichinella spiralis Derived-Antigens in Adjuvant Arthritis in Rats: Role of FOXP3+ Treg Cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089557/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089557/pdf/pone.0165916.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27548652 Aberrant immune response with consequent vascular and connective tissue remodeling - causal to scleroderma and associated syndromes such as Raynaud phenomenon and other fibrosing syndromes?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5114306/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5114306/pdf/nihms821879.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Oct 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27983971 Immune-protective effect of echinococcosis on colitis experimental model is dependent of down regulation of TNF-α and NO production]
* 2016 Oct 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27797959 Hookworm recombinant protein promotes regulatory T cell responses that suppress experimental asthma]
* 2016 Oct 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27791067 Community deworming alleviates geohelminth-induced immune hyporesponsiveness]
* 2016 Oct 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27743501 Mucosal and systemic immune modulation by Trichuris trichiura in a self-infected individual] -- [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/6/6a/Mucosal_and_systemic_immune_modulation_by_Trichuris_trichiura_in_a_self-infected_individual.pdf PDF] (TTO)
* 2016 Oct 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863931 The Multibiome: The Intestinal Ecosystem's Influence on Immune Homeostasis, Health, and Disease] -- [http://www.ebiomedicine.com/article/S2352-3964(16)30462-5/fulltext Full text] | [http://www.ebiomedicine.com/article/S2352-3964(16)30462-5/pdf PDF]
* 2016 Oct 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27707789 A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Trichuris suis ova in Active Crohn's disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5881737/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5881737/pdf/jjw184.pdf PDF] This trial employed a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
* 2016 Oct-Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28127363 Anti-inflammatory Potentials of Excretory/Secretory (ES) and Somatic Products of Marshallagia marshalli on Allergic Airway Inflammation in BALB/c Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5251180/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5251180/pdf/IJPA-11-515.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Sept 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5101910/ Full text] | [http://emph.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/09/24/emph.eow028.full.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Sept 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27587063 Dendritic cells and parasites: from recognition and activation to immune response instruction]
* 2016 Aug 29 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27573628 Human Helminths and Allergic Disease: The Hygiene Hypothesis and Beyond]
* 2016 Aug 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27575495 Helminth Regulation of Immunity: A Three-pronged Approach to Treat Colitis] -- [https://tanawisa.com/publications/Helminth_Regulation_of_Immunity.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2016 Aug 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] -- [http://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Full text] [http://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/pdf PDF] (Diabetes)
* 2016 Aug 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27560829 The Helminth-Derived Immunomodulator AvCystatin Reduces Virus Enhanced Inflammation by Induction of Regulatory IL-10+ T Cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4999285/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4999285/pdf/pone.0161885.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Aug 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27559049 Downregulation of the Syk Signaling Pathway in Intestinal Dendritic Cells Is Sufficient To Induce Dendritic Cells That Inhibit Colitis]
* 2016 Aug 20 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668 Filarial Infection or Antigen Administration Improves Glucose Tolerance in Diet-Induced Obese Mice]
* 2016 Aug 12 [https://www.dovepress.com/experimental-human-hookworm-infection-therapeutic-potential-peer-reviewed-article-RIP Experimental human hookworm infection: therapeutic potential] -- [https://www.dovepress.com/experimental-human-hookworm-infection-therapeutic-potential-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RIP?utm_content=bufferc5704&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer Full text] | [https://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=31876 PDF](download)
* 2016 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27563682 3 Effects of Invariant NKT Cells on Parasite Infections and Hygiene Hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4987483/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4987483/pdf/JIR2016-2395645.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27116368 Macrobiota - helminths as active participants and partners of the microbiota in host intestinal homeostasis]
* 2016 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27480900 Role in Allergic Diseases of Immunological Cross-Reactivity between Allergens and Homologues of Parasite Proteins]
* 2016 Jul 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27476889 Regulation of the host immune system by helminth parasites] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010150/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010150/pdf/main.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27215921 Opening (and Swallowing) A Can of Worms to Treat My Crohn's Disease]
* 2016 Jun 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27348757 Molecular events by which dendritic cells promote Th2 immune protection in helminth infection]
* 2016 Jun 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27424065 Intestinal parasites infection: protective effect in rheumatoid arthritis?] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2255502116300426 Full text] | [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2255502116300426/pdfft?md5=4749d7bd9eac36329b3f1e5412ef2a28&pid=1-s2.0-S2255502116300426-main.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jun 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27344656 How the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta affects zinc and cadmium accumulation in a host fed a hyperaccumulating plant (Arabidopsis halleri)] (HDC)
* 2016 Jun 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26908751 Maternal Helminth Infection Is Associated With Higher Infant Immunoglobulin A Titers to Antigen in Orally Administered Vaccines]
* 2016 Jun 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27297236 Intimate gut interactions: helminths and the microbiota]
* 2016 Jun 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27297184 Host parasite communications-Messages from helminths for the immune system]
* 2016 Jun 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27278123 Experimental arthritis: Helminth infection ameliorates arthritis] (No abstract)
* 2016 Jun 8 [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-06-mice-infected-parasite-symptoms-rheumatoid.html Mice infected with a parasite show reduced symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis] -- Bob Yirka, Medical Xpress
* 2016 Jun 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27273006 Th2 and eosinophil responses suppress inflammatory arthritis] -- [http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160607/ncomms11596/full/ncomms11596.html Full text] | [http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160607/ncomms11596/pdf/ncomms11596.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jun 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27183598 Myeloid-Restricted AMPKα1 Promotes Host Immunity and Protects against IL-12/23p40-Dependent Lung Injury during Hookworm Infection]
* 2016 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27403907 Hygienic hypothesis in immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease] (IBD)
* ✅ ⚡ 2016 May 31 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27240605 Practices and outcomes of self-treatment with helminths based on physicians' observations] -- [[media:Practices_and_outcomes_of_self-treatment_with_helminths_based_on_physicians_observations.pdf | PDF]]. The first study to probe, through the eyes of their physicians, the practices and experiences of those who are self-treating with helminths.
* 2016 May 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27234811 Helminths and Intestinal Flora Team Up to Improve Gut Health]
* 2016 May 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27194189 The relationship between helminth infections and low haemoglobin levels in Ethiopian children with blood type A]
* 2016 May 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27160906 Lymphotoxin-Dependent B Cell-FRC Crosstalk Promotes De Novo Follicle Formation and Antibody Production following Intestinal Helminth Infection] -- [http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(16)30436-3 Full text] | [http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdf/S2211-1247(16)30436-3.pdf PDF]
* 2016 May 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27172808 Parasitic helminth infections and the control of human allergic and autoimmune disorders]
* 2016 May 5 [http://actu.epfl.ch/news/intestinal-worms-boost-immune-system-in-a-surprisi/ Intestinal worms boost immune system in a surprising way] -- Nik Papageorgiou, Mediacom
* 2016 May 1 [[media:Gut Buddies - Multispecies Studies and the Microbiome.pdf | Gut Buddies - Multispecies Studies and the Microbiome’]] (PDF) -- Jamie Lorimer, Duke University Press
* 2016 Apr 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27120222 Interaction between Helminths and Toll-Like Receptors: Possibilities and Potentials for Asthma Therapy]
* 2016 Apr 23 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27116368 Macrobiota - helminths as active participants and partners of the microbiota in host intestinal homeostasis]
* 2016 Apr 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27101372 Diplomatic Assistance: Can Helminth-Modulated Macrophages Act as Treatment for Inflammatory Disease?] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005480 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/asset?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005480.PDF PDF]
* 2016 Apr 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27095802 Treatment with Trichuris suis soluble products during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation reduces inflammatory responses through epigenetic remodeling] (TSO)
* 2016 Apr 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27080105 Helminth infection promotes colonization resistance via type 2 immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4905769/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4905769/pdf/nihms790698.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Apr 14 [http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/04/parasitic-worms-may-prevent-crohn-s-disease-altering-bacterial-balance Parasitic worms may prevent Crohn’s disease by altering bacterial balance] -- Mitch Leslie, Science. (Also reported by Science Daily. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160414145513.htm])
* 2016 Apr 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27058578 Comprehensive Transcriptome Meta-analysis to Characterize Host Immune Responses in Helminth Infections] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004624 Full text]
* 2016 Apr 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27062712 Cellular gene expression induced by parasite antigens and allergens in neonates from parasite-infected mothers]
* 2016 Mar 29 [https://ucrtoday.ucr.edu/36044 To Keep or Not to Keep a Hookworm] -- Iqbal Pittalwala, UCR Today
* 2016 Mar 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26965184 Immune-regulatory mechanisms of classical and experimental multiple sclerosis drugs: a special focus on helminth-derived treatments]
* 2016 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26947981 Microbes and asthma: Opportunities for intervention]
* 2016 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27228627 Are Helminths to be Trusted as Allies in the War against Autoimmunity and Chronic Inflammation?] -- [http://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/193/96901.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26174763 The schistosome glutathione S-transferase P28GST, a unique helminth protein, prevents intestinal inflammation in experimental colitis through a Th2-type response with mucosal eosinophils] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4801903/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4801903/pdf/mi201562a.pdf PDF]
* 2016 (Mar?) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28008805 Eosinophils in Homeostasis and Their Contrasting Roles during Inflammation and Helminth Infections]
* 2016 Feb 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26852392 Malaria, helminths, co-infection and anaemia in a cohort of children from Mutengene, south western Cameroon] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744422/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744422/pdf/12936_2016_Article_1111.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan 21 [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10601333.2016.1210159 Policy and regulations in light of the human body as a ‘superorganism’ containing multiple, intertwined symbiotic relationships] | [[media:Policy and regulations in light of the human body as a ‘superorganism’ containing multiple, intertwined symbiotic relationships.pdf | PDF]]
* 2016 Jan 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26816384 Transkingdom control of viral infection and immunity in the mammalian intestine] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4751997/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4751997/pdf/nihms757312.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26763929 The parasitic worm-derived immunomodulator, ES-62 and its drug-like small molecule analogues exhibit therapeutic potential in a model of chronic asthma] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725896/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725896/pdf/srep19224.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan 11 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26752538 The Role of Helminth Infection and Environment in the Development of Allergy: A Prospective Study of Newly-Arrived Ethiopian Immigrants in Israel] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004208 Full text]
* 2016 Jan 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26728323 Therapeutic potential of recombinant cystatin from Schistosoma japonicum in TNBS-induced experimental colitis of mice] - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700642/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700642/pdf/13071_2015_Article_1288.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26345715 Interactions between the intestinal microbiome and helminth parasites] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019230/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019230/pdf/PIM-38-5.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26577605 Mast cells: new therapeutic target in helminth immune modulation] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12295/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12295/epdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26650734 Sweet secrets of a therapeutic worm: mass-spectrometric N-glycomic analysis of Trichuris suis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712359/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712359/pdf/emss-66410.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2016 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27592717 Enteric Ecosystem Disruption in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can the Microbiota and Macrobiota be Restored?]
* 2016 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27088850 A Helminth Protease Inhibitor Modulates the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Proinflammatory Phenotype of Microglia in vitro]

=== 2015 ===
* 2015 Dec 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26673140 Helminth Products Protect against Autoimmunity via Innate Type 2 Cytokines IL-5 and IL-33, Which Promote Eosinophilia]
* 2015 Dec 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26644379 Low-Dose Intestinal Trichuris muris Infection Alters the Lung Immune Microenvironment and Can Suppress Allergic Airway Inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730564/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730564/pdf/zii491.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26571397 Helminth-induced arginase-1 exacerbates lung inflammation and disease severity in tuberculosis]
* 2015 Nov 17 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26588776 Worming Their Way into the Picture: Microbiota Help Helminths Modulate Host Immunity]
* 2015 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26477048 Cohabitation in the Intestine: Interactions among Helminth Parasites, Bacterial Microbiota, and Host Immunity]
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26604162 Can Helminth Infection Reverse Microbial Dysbiosis?]
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26085597 Drug-like analogues of the parasitic worm-derived immunomodulator ES-62 are therapeutic in the MRL/Lpr model of systemic lupus erythematosus] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4616909/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4616909/pdf/10.1177_0961203315591031.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25698173 Trichuris suis ova therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis is safe but without signals of beneficial effect] This study used a treatment period of only 12 weeks, which is inadequate when assessing the efficacy of helminths, and it also used a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26586763 Helminth infection, fecundity, and age of first pregnancy in women] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5953513/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5953513/pdf/nihms961168.pdf PDF] (Also see [[Helminthic therapy and fertility | '''Helminthic therapy and fertility''']].)
* 2015 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26332354 Adoptive transfer of helminth antigen-pulsed dendritic cells protects against the development of experimental colitis in mice] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eji.201545579 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eji.201545579 PDF] (HDC)
* 2015 Oct 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26522986 The Intestinal Microbiota Contributes to the Ability of Helminths to Modulate Allergic Inflammation] -- [http://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(15)00397-0 Full text] | [http://www.cell.com/immunity/pdf/S1074-7613(15)00397-0.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Oct 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25326880 Do We Need Worms to Promote Immune Health?]
* 2015 Sept 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26381211 Experimental hookworm infection and escalating gluten challenges are associated with increased microbial richness in celiac subjects] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4585380/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4585380/pdf/srep13797.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Sep 17 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26377648 Type 2 immunity-dependent reduction of segmented filamentous bacteria in mice infected with the helminthic parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574229/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574229/pdf/40168_2015_Article_103.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Sept 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26345715 The interaction of commensal intestinal bacteria with helminth parasites]
* 2015 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26093162 Effect of different helminth extracts on the development of asthma in mice: The influence of early-life exposure and the role of IL-10 response]
* 2015 Aug 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26150661 Interactions between multiple helminths and the gut microbiota in wild rodents] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4528493/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4528493/pdf/rstb20140295.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Aug 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26270819 Are Human Intestinal Eukaryotes Beneficial or Commensals?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4536199/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4536199/pdf/ppat.1005039.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Aug 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26248316 Asymptomatic Helminth Infection in Active Tuberculosis Is Associated with Increased Regulatory and Th-2 Responses and a Lower Sputum Smear Positivity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4527760/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4527760/pdf/pntd.0003994.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Aug 5 [http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2015/08/tapeworms-may-be-good-your-brain Tapeworms may be good for your brain] Hanae Armitage, Science
* 2015 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26672222 The Role of Adoptive Transfer of Immune Cells in Helminth- induced Regulation of Allergy and Autoimmune Diseases]
* 2015 Jul 27 The hygiene hypothesis: current perspectives and future therapies -- [https://www.dovepress.com/the-hygiene-hypothesis-current-perspectives-and-future-therapies-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-ITT Full text] has a PDF download link.
* 2015 Jul 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26205402 Trichuris suis induces human non-classical patrolling monocytes via the mannose receptor and PKC: implications for multiple sclerosis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4513676/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4513676/pdf/40478_2015_Article_223.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2015 Jul 20 [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150720145207.htm Gut worms protect babies' brains from inflammation] Science Daily
* 2015 Jul 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26188364 Enteric nematodes and the path to up-regulation of type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13] (Includes mention of increased cell turnover to maintain an effective gut barrier in the presence of helminths.)
* 2015 Jul 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26162711 Got Worms? Perinatal Exposure to Helminths Prevents Persistent Immune Sensitization and Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Early-Life Infection]
* 2015 Jul 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26148848 Epigenetic Modulation of Microglial Inflammatory Gene Loci in Helminth-Induced Immune Suppression: Implications for Immune Regulation in Neurocysticercosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4552224/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4552224/pdf/10.1177_1759091415592126.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jul 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26150662 Suppression of inflammation by helminths: a role for the gut microbiota?] -- [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1675/20140296 Full text] | [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/370/1675/20140296.full.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jul 3 [http://evmedreview.com/?p=2767%23_ENREF_4 Progress on reconstituting the depleted biome to prevent immune disorders] Parker and Morey, The Evolution and Medicine Review
* 2015 Jul 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26207885 Helminth therapy for organic diseases?]
* 2015 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26380461 Of worms and men - administration of helminth products as an innovative approach to treatment of autoimmune diseases]
* 2015 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26393130 Significance of Diagnosing Parasitic Infestation in Evaluation of Unexplained Eosinophilia] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572961/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572961/pdf/jcdr-9-DC22.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044 Chronic helminth infection and helminth-derived egg antigens promote adipose tissue M2 macrophages and improve insulin sensitivity in obese mice]
* 2015 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087 The potential long-term effect of previous schistosome infection reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome among Chinese men]
* 2015 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26145982 The allergy epidemics: 1870-2010] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617537/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617537/pdf/nihms697397.pdf PDF] This historical analysis of the allergy epidemic highlights the role of helminth control as one of the explanations for the trends from 1870 to 2010.
* 2015 Jun 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26139475 Atopy and Asthma in Migrants: The Function of Parasites]
* 2015 Jun 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes]
* 2015 Jun 22 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26098783 Prevention of Type 1 diabetes through parasite infection]
* 2015 Jun 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042 Infection with Soil-Transmitted Helminths Is Associated with Increased Insulin Sensitivity] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0127746 Full text] | [http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127746&representation=PDF PDF]
* 2015 Jun 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26142923 The gut microbiome in the helminth infected host]
* 2015 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25600983 Clinical trials of helminth therapy in autoimmune diseases: rationale and findings]
* 2015 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25975491 Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with a synthetic analogue of a parasitic worm product prevents experimental arthritis and inhibits IL-1β production via NRF2-mediated counter-regulation of the inflammasome] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459730/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459730/pdf/main.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25854639 Identifying the immunomodulatory components of helminths]
* 2015 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25869420 Helminths and the microbiota: parts of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428757/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428757/pdf/nihms684423.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26057788 The structure of hookworm platelet inhibitor (HPI), a CAP superfamily member from Ancylostoma caninum] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4461323/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4461323/pdf/f-71-00643.pdf PDF]
* 2015 May 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25996526 Trichuris suis soluble products induce Rab7b expression and limit TLR4 responses in human dendritic cells] (TSO)
* 2015 May 20 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25989836 Immune responses in children infected with the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis in central Greece]
* 2015 May 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556 A worm of one's own: how helminths modulate host adipose tissue function and metabolism] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4567404/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4567404/pdf/nihms684209.pdf PDF]
* 2015 May 11 [https://www.facebook.com/tanawisa/posts/746878402097165 Comments on TSO for Autism from a European Biomedical Center for Autism Research]
* 2015 May 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25403350 Not all parasites are protective] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12160/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12160/epdf PDF]
* 2015 May 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25956237 Approaches to studying and manipulating the enteric microbiome to improve autism symptoms] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425814/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425814/pdf/MEHD-26-26878.pdf PDF]
* 2015 May 5 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25942385 Alteration of the rat cecal microbiome during colonization with the helminth Hymenolepis dimunita] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/pdf/kgmi-06-03-1047128.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2015 May 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25938477 Chronic Trichuris muris Infection in C57BL/6 Mice Causes Significant Changes in Host Microbiota and Metabolome: Effects Reversed by Pathogen Clearance] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418675/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418675/pdf/pone.0125945.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 28 [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v11/n6/full/nrendo.2015.68.html Helminths improve insulin sensitivity and enhance M2 macrophage numbers in WAT of obese mice] (No abstract)
* 2015 Apr 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25941654 Type 1 diabetes pathogenesis - Prevention???] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4413393/ Full text]
* ✅⚡2015 Apr 18 [[media:Overcoming_Evolutionary_Mismatch_by_Self-Treatment_with_Helminths.pdf | Overcoming Evolutionary Mismatch by Self-Treatment with Helminths: Current Practices and Experience]] (PDF) This was the first study to probe the methods and outcomes reported by individuals self-treating with helminths.
* 2015 Apr 17 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26040054 Helminths and autoimmunity: the good, the bad and the ugly] -- [https://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/142/71371.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25879741 Unraveling the Hygiene Hypothesis of helminthes and autoimmunity: origins, pathophysiology, and clinical applications] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4396177/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4396177/pdf/12916_2015_Article_306.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25869420 Helminths and the microbiota: parts of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Png_Loke/publication/274965905_Helminths_and_the_microbiota_parts_of_the_hygiene_hypothesis/links/55898a6308ae9076016f9ad9.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25853852 Increased Biodiversity in the Environment Improves the Humoral Response of Rats] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4390306/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4390306/pdf/pone.0120255.pdf PDF] (Also reported by Science Daily. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150408145242.htm])
* 2015 Apr 6 The Hygiene Hypothesis - Redefine, Rename, or Just Clean It Up? -- [http://www.paediatrix.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/The-Hygiene-Hypothesis-Redefine-Rename-or-Just-Clean-It-Up.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25665856/ Biome depletion in conjunction with evolutionary mismatches could play a role in the etiology of neurofibromatosis 1]
* 2015 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25546822 The parasitic worm product ES-62 targets myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent effector mechanisms to suppress antinuclear antibody production and proteinuria in MRL/lpr mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409857/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409857/pdf/art0067-1023.pdf PDF] (A worm-derived immunomodulator protects against kidney damage in lupus/SLE)
* 2015 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25712154 Exosome-transported microRNAs of helminth origin: new tools for allergic and autoimmune diseases therapy?]
* 2015 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25801883 From the worm to the pill, the parasitic worm product ES-62 raises new horizons in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://lup.sagepub.com/content/24/4-5/400.full Full text] | [http://lup.sagepub.com/content/24/4-5/400.full.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25683374 Potential long-term effects of previous schistosome infection may reduce the atherogenic index of plasma in Chinese men]
* 2015 Mar 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25884706 Human helminth therapy to treat inflammatory disorders - where do we stand?] -- [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/16/12 Full text] | [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/s12865-015-0074-3.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Mar 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25806513 Immune Antibodies and Helminth Products Drive CXCR2-Dependent Macrophage-Myofibroblast Crosstalk to Promote Intestinal Repair] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373753/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373753/pdf/ppat.1004778.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25624401 Epidemiological study of the association between malaria and helminth infections in Nigeria] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350553/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350553/pdf/tropmed-92-578.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764 Does Strongyloides stercoralis infection protect against type 2 diabetes in humans? Evidence from Australian Aboriginal adults]
* 2015 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25666929 The immunomodulatory parasitic worm product ES-62 reduces lupus-associated accelerated atherosclerosis in a mouse model] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4355381/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4355381/pdf/nihms662074.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Spring. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25926937 The relationship between intestinal parasites and some immune-mediated intestinal conditions] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4403024/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4403024/pdf/GHFBB-8-123.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26312872 A role for helminth parasites in achieving immunological tolerance in transplantation]
* 2015 Feb 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25888525 Helminth infections and type 2 diabetes: a cluster-randomized placebo controlled SUGARSPIN trial in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4389675/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4389675/pdf/12879_2015_Article_873.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067 A novel regulatory macrophage induced by a helminth molecule protects against mucosal inflammation and mitigates allergic airway inflammation and colitis in mice]
* 2015 Feb 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067 A novel regulatory macrophage induced by a helminth molecule instructs IL-10 in CD4+ T cells and protects against mucosal inflammation] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/4/1555.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/4/1555.full.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25527786 Intestinal helminths regulate lethal acute graft-versus-host disease and preserve the graft-versustumor effect in mice] (Helminths improve the outcome of bone marrow transplantation in mice)
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25547076 Helminthes and insects: maladies or therapies]
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25248819 Experimental hookworm infection and gluten microchallenge promote tolerance in celiac disease] -- [http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)01010-0/fulltext Full text] | [http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)01010-0/pdf PDF] (Also reported by EurekAlert [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-09/jcu-aws092414.php] and ABC Austrailia. [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-25/hookworms-coeliac-disease-research/5768732])
* 2015 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25174866 Worms as therapeutic agents for allergy and asthma: understanding why benefits in animal studies have not translated into clinical success] -- [https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2814%2900960-9/fulltext Full text] | [https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)00960-9/pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25459578 Potential Treatments for Food Allergy]
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449677 The mechanisms behind helminth's immunomodulation in autoimmunity]
* 2015 Jan 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25634608 A model for the induction of autism in the ecosystem of the human body: the anatomy of a modern pandemic?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310853/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310853/pdf/MEHD-26-26253.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jan 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25611587 Chronic filarial infection provides protection against bacterial sepsis by functionally reprogramming macrophages] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303312/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303312/pdf/ppat.1004616.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jan 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25452561 Splenic B cells from Hymenolepis diminuta-infected mice ameliorate colitis independent of T cells and via cooperation with macrophages] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/1/364.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/jimmunol/194/1/364.full.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2015 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25437821 Treatment with egg antigens of Schistosoma mansoni ameliorates experimental colitis in mice through a colonic T-cell-dependent mechanism]
* 2015 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26046559 Multiple sclerosis and environmental factors: the role of vitamin D, parasites, and Epstein-Barr virus infection]
* 2015 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25942385 Alteration of the rat cecal microbiome during colonization with the helminth Hymenolepis diminuta] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/pdf/kgmi-06-03-1047128.pdf PDF] (HDC)

=== 2014 ===
* 2014 Dec 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25472634 Helminth Therapy for MS] (multiple sclerosis)
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24975567 Reduced asthma morbidity in endemic areas for helminth infections: a longitudinal ecological study in Brazil]
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25441298 In utero priming by worms protects against respiratory allergies]
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25554978 The emerging role of helminths in treatment of the inflammatory bowel disorders] -- [http://www.jpp.krakow.pl/journal/archive/12_14/pdf/741_12_14_article.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744 Maternal immune response to helminth infection during pregnancy determines offspring susceptibility to allergic airway inflammation]
* 2014 Winter [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25436093 Potential treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a review of helminths therapy] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017549/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017549/pdf/GHFBB-7-009.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Nov 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25375117 Coincident helminth infection modulates systemic inflammation and immune activation in active pulmonary tuberculosis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/pdf/pntd.0003289.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24795483 Impact of experimental hookworm infection on the human gut microbiota] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195438/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195438/pdf/jiu256.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25069662?dopt=Abstract Therapeutic potential of larval excretory/secretory proteins of the pig whipworm Trichuris suis in allergic disease] (TSO)
* 2014 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24981042 Helminth therapy or elimination: epidemiological, immunological, and clinical considerations]
* 2014 Oct 20 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202775/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202775/pdf/fimmu-05-00499.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Oct 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24782451 Suppression of basophil histamine release and other IgE-dependent responses in childhood Schistosoma mansoni/hookworm coinfection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176447/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176447/pdf/jiu234.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Oct 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25240019 Helminth infections decrease host susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244645/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244645/pdf/nihms616872.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Oct Treating Inflammatory Bowel disease: from Helminths to ova -- [http://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/95/47594.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25281198 Allergy and worms: let's bring back old friends]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24901211 The microbiota and helminths: sharing the same niche in the human host]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25201407 Mucosal immune responses following intestinal nematode infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312905/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312905/pdf/pim0036-0439.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24891519 Kv1.3 channel-blocking immunomodulatory peptides from parasitic worms: implications for autoimmune diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4139903/ Full text] | [http://www.fasebj.org/content/28/9/3952.full.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24496315 Blockade of IL-33 release and suppression of type 2 innate lymphoid cell responses by helminth secreted products in airway allergy] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4016792/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4016792/pdf/mi2013123a.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Aug 28 Parasitic infection and immunomodulation: A possible explanation for the hygiene hypothesis in autoimmune and allergic disease -- [http://www.slideshare.net/Apollo_Hospitals/final-8-38449965 Full text]
* 2014 Aug 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25161287 The "hygiene hypothesis" for allergic disease is a misnomer] (No abstract)
* 2014 Aug 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25210492 Extraintestinal helminth infection reduces the development of colitis-associated tumorigenesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159685/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159685/pdf/ijbsv10p0948.pdf PDF] (IBD) (Cancer)
* 2014 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25171741 Maternal hookworm modifies risk factors for childhood eczema: results from a birth cohort in Uganda] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312885/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312885/pdf/pai0025-0481.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24471654 Pregnancy and helminth infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260141/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260141/pdf/pim0036-0328.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25033775 (Self-) infections with parasites: re-interpretations for the present] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263892316_Self-_infections_with_parasites_Re-interpretations_for_the_present Full text]
* 2014 Jul 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24992724 Helminth infections, type-2 immune response, and metabolic syndrome] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/pdf/ppat.1004140.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24666108 Lessons from helminth infections: ES-62 highlights new interventional approaches in rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089150/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089150/pdf/cei0177-0013.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736234 Systemic impact of intestinal helminth infections] -- [http://www.nature.com/mi/journal/v7/n4/pdf/mi201423a.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24749722 Helminths in the hygiene hypothesis: sooner or later?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089153/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089153/pdf/cei0177-0038.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24401109 Microbial 'old friends', immunoregulation and socioeconomic status] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089149/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089149/pdf/cei0177-0001.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24704440 Secretory products of helminth parasites as immunomodulators]
* 2014 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24497523 ES-62 protects against collagen-induced arthritis by resetting interleukin-22 toward resolution of inflammation in the joints] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737104/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737104/pdf/ART-66-1492.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24744099 Helminth/Parasite treatment of multiple sclerosis]
* 2014 May 22 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24851867 Helminth colonization is associated with increased diversity of the gut microbiota] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031128/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031128/pdf/pntd.0002880.pdf PDF]
* 2014 May 8 [http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=geography_etds The human–hookworm assemblage: contingency and the practice of helminthic therapy] Sophia Ann Strosberg, PhD thesis
* 2014 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24712468 Induction of regulatory cells by helminth parasites: exploitation for the treatment of inflammatory diseases]
* 2014 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24325393 Parasitic worms and allergies in childhood: insights from population studies 2008-2013]
* 2014 Apr 29 [http://www.neurology.org/content/82/10_Supplement/P3.149 Clinical Trial of Helminth-induced Immunomodulatory Therapy (HINT 2) in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (P3.149)] (TSO)
* 2014 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24441737 Genome of the human hookworm Necator americanus] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978129/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978129/pdf/nihms-551116.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2014 Mar [http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=43790 Intestinal Helminthic Infection Increases Serum Levels of IL-2 and Decreases Serum TGF-Beta Levels in Nigerian Asthmatic Patients] -- [http://file.scirp.org/Html/1-1410098_43790.htm Full text] | [http://file.scirp.org/pdf/OJI_2014031415322712.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Feb 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24592267 Helminth Allergens, Parasite-Specific IgE, and Its Protective Role in Human Immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924148/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924148/pdf/fimmu-05-00061.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24355423 A multimodal Darwinian strategy for alleviating the atherosclerosis pandemic]
* 2014 Jan 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007 Secreted proteins from the helminth Fasciola hepatica inhibit the initiation of autoreactive T cell responses and prevent diabetes in the NOD mouse] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897667/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897667/pdf/pone.0086289.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jan 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24442917 Helminth therapy (worms) for induction of remission in inflammatory bowel disease] -- [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009400.pub2/full Full text] | [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009400.pub2/epdf/full PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24043262 Reprogramming macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype by helminth antigens reduces murine atherosclerosis] -- [http://www.fasebj.org/content/28/1/288.long Full text] | [http://www.fasebj.org/content/28/1/288.full.pdf PDF]
* 2014 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24997041 Microbiota, immunoregulatory old friends and psychiatric disorders]
* 2014 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25654942 Of poops and parasites: unethical FDA overregulation]

=== 2013 ===
* 2013 Dec 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24351232 Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) in multiple sclerosis patients with Trichuris suis ova therapy] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3866952/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3866952/pdf/parasite-20-55.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2013 Dec 12 [http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2013/12/12/596603/10061345/en/Coronado-Biosciences-Announces-Presentation-of-Interim-Data-From-Autism-Study-at-Neuropsychopharmacology-Meeting.html Presentation of Interim Data From Autism Study at Neuropsychopharmacology Meeting]
* 2013 Nov 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24154724 Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: an ecosystem service essential to health] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3831972/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3831972/pdf/pnas.201313731.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929557 Helminths and their implication in sepsis - a new branch of their immunomodulatory behaviour?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4285315/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4285315/pdf/fim0069-0127.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Oct 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23975865 Parasite infections in multiple sclerosis modulate immune responses through a retinoic acid-dependent pathway] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/191/7/3827.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/191/7/3827.full.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23325330 The hygiene theory harnessing helminths and their ova to treat autoimmunity]
* 2013 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23968688 Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection reduces severity of type 1 diabetes induced by multiple low-dose streptozotocin in mice via STAT6- and IL-10-independent mechanisms]
* 2013 Sept [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23792298 Chronic Opisthorchis felineus infection attenuates atherosclerosis – an autopsy study]
* 2013 Aug 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691 Effect of nematode Trichinella infection on glucose tolerance and status of macrophage in obese mice] -- [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/endocrj/60/11/60_EJ13-0312/_pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug 29 [http://www.news.ucsb.edu/2013/013611/dueling-infections-one-keeps-other-bay-say-ucsb-anthropologists Dueling Infections: One Keeps the Other at Bay, Say UCSB Anthropologists] Andrea Estrada, The Current, University of California, Santa Barbara
* 2013 Aug 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23986108 Antagonism between two intestinal parasites in humans: the importance of co-infection for infection risk and recovery dynamics] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768312/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768312/pdf/rspb20131671.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug 20 Parasitic Helminths: A Useful Resource for Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disease Therapy -- [http://www.omicsonline.org/parasitic-helminths-a-useful-resource-for-inflammatory-and-autoimmune-disease-therapy-1948-593X.1000084.php?aid=16479 Full text] | [http://www.omicsonline.org/parasitic-helminths-a-useful-resource-for-inflammatory-and-autoimmune-disease-therapy-1948-593X.1000084.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23967364 Schistosoma mansoni-mediated suppression of allergic airway inflammation requires patency and Foxp3+ Treg cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744427/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744427/pdf/pntd.0002379.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23730956 Randomised clinical trial: the safety and tolerability of Trichuris suis ova in patients with Crohn's disease] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apt.12366/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apt.12366/epdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2013 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23827958 Type 2 immunity and wound healing: evolutionary refinement of adaptive immunity by helminths] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789590/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789590/pdf/nihms516840.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23597946 Possible use of Trichuris suis ova in autism spectrum disorders therapy] (TSO)
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23273955 Coassociations between IL10 polymorphisms, IL-10 production, helminth infection, and asthma/ wheeze in an urban tropical population in Brazil]
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23545299 Hookworm excretory/secretory products induce interleukin-4 (IL-4)+ IL-10+ CD4+ T cell responses and suppress pathology in a mouse model of colitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676036/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676036/pdf/zii2104.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143 Parasitic nematode-induced modulation of body weight and associated metabolic dysfunction in mouse models of obesity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676010/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676010/pdf/zii1905.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523576 Previous contact with Strongyloides venezuelensis contributed to prevent insulitis in MLD-STZ diabetes] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014489413000775 Full text] (includes a PDF download link)
* 2013 April 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23782752 Trichuris suis ova in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome (TRIOMS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680966/ Full text] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680966/pdf/1745-6215-14-112.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2013 Apr 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23566643 The development of TH2 responses from infancy to 4 years of age and atopic sensitization in areas endemic for helminth infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3635885/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3635885/pdf/1710-1492-9-13.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23220043/ Trichuris suis-induced modulation of human dendritic cell function is glycan-mediated] -- [https://tanawisa.com/downloads/Trichuris_suis-induced_modulation_of_human_dendritic_cell_function_is_glycan-mediated.pdf Full text]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178750 A role for IL-22 in the relationship between intestinal helminths, gut microbiota and mucosal immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955947/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955947/pdf/nihms423088.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291460 Changed gluten immunity in celiac disease by Necator americanus provides new insights into autoimmunity] (NA)
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291461 The helminth product, ES-62, protects against airway inflammation by resetting the Th cell phenotype] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584281/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584281/pdf/main.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23174104 A nematode immunomodulator suppresses grass pollen-specific allergic responses by controlling excessive Th2 inflammation]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23298637 Helminth therapy and multiple sclerosis] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751912003153 Full text]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23380935 Childhood helminth exposure is protective against inflammatory bowel disease: a case control study in South Africa] (IBD)
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101 Prevention of type 1 diabetes through infection with an intestinal nematode parasite requires IL-10 in the absence of a Th2-type response]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D)]
* 2013 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23291462/ Prerequisites for the pharmaceutical industry to develop and commercialise helminths and helminth-derived product therapy]
* 2013 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23178819/ Translatability of helminth therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683647/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683647/pdf/nihms423391.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524 Association of previous schistosome infection with diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in rural China]
* 2013 Jan-Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23406942 Evolutionary immune response to conserved domains in parasites and aeroallergens]
* ✅ 2013 Jan 10 [[media:Patients_self-treat_with_parasitic_worms_-_Flowers_et_al.pdf | Patients self-treat with parasitic worms.]] In this letter to the journal, Nature, two researchers called on the scientific community to adopt a different approach to helminth therapeutics that would recognise and utilise the insights and evidence being gained by patients self-treating with helminths.
* 2013 Jan 8 [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130108112451.htm Parasitic worms may help treat diseases associated with obesity Science Daily]
* 2013 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23302848 Autoimmune disease: Patients self-treat with parasitic worms] (Comment on [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23135449 Autoimmunity: The worm returns].)
* 2013 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481186 Microbial 'Old Friends', immunoregulation and stress resilience] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868387/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868387/pdf/eot004.pdf PDF]
* ⚡ 2013 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481190 Evolutionary biology and anthropology suggest biome reconstitution as a necessary approach toward dealing with immune disorders] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868394/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868394/pdf/eot008.pdf PDF] This paper explains how the modern pandemics of autoimmune, inflammatory and allergic disease are due to the loss of species, especially helminths, from the human ecosystem.
* 2013 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23278885 Protection against allergic airway inflammation during the chronic and acute phases of Trichinella spiralis infection]
* 2013 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23365679 Relationship between carotid intima media thickness and helminth infections on Flores Island, Indonesia] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554693/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554693/pdf/pone.0054855.pdf PDF] (atherosclerosis / cholesterol)
* 2013 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23637593 Immune regulation during helminth infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630086/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630086/pdf/ppat.1003250.pdf PDF]

=== 2012 ===
* 2012 Winter [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740696/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740696/pdf/RevDiabeticStud-09-272.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Dec 5 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23220091 The hookworm pharmacopoeia for inflammatory diseases] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751912003062 Full text]
* 2012 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23593834 Anti-atherogenic effect and its mechanisms of soluble egg antigen of Schistosomia japonicum in ApoE-/- mice (atherosclerosis)]
* 2012 Nov 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166490 Therapeutic helminth infection of macaques with idiopathic chronic diarrhea alters the inflammatory signature and mucosal microbiota of the colon] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499566/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499566/pdf/ppat.1003000.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Nov 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23221477 How helminths use excretory secretory fractions to modulate dendritic cells] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3545949/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3545949/pdf/viru-3-668.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Nov 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23135449 Autoimmunity: The worm returns] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744107/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744107/pdf/nihms-492926.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Nov 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23129304 Helminth infection in populations undergoing epidemiological transition: a friend or foe?] -- [http://staff.ui.ac.id/system/files/users/aprilianto.eddy/publication/wiria2012helminthinpopulationsundergoingepidemiologicaltransition.pdf Author’s personal full text copy]
* 2012 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23079675 Where are we on worms?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744105/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744105/pdf/nihms492925.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23034321/ Helminth Infections and Host Immune Regulation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485755/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485755/pdf/zcm585.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22086188 Nematode modulation of inflammatory bowel disease] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459088/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459088/pdf/709_2011_Article_342.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2012 Oct [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22886766 Worming their way into the pharmacy: use of worms and worm products to treat inflammatory diseases] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/art.34635 PDF]
* 2012 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22898371 Heligmosomoides polygyrus: EAE remission is correlated with different systemic cytokine profiles provoked by L4 and adult nematodes] (Multiple sclerosis)
* 2012 Sept 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22729944 The parasitic helminth product ES-62 suppresses pathogenesis in collagen-induced arthritis by targeting the interleukin-17-producing cellular network at multiple sites] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.34581/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.34581/epdf PDF]
* 2012 Sept 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23021370 Advances in immunotherapy for food allergy] -- [http://www.discoverymedicine.com/Yamini-V-Virkud/2012/09/21/advances-in-immunotherapy-for-food-allergy/ Full text] Yamini Virkud and Brian Vickery, Discovery Magazine
* 2012 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21838960 Immune monitoring of Trichuris suis egg therapy in multiple sclerosis patients] (TSO in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS))
* 2012 Sept The Hygiene Hypothesis and its implications for home hygiene, lifestyle and public health -- [http://www.naturaleater.com/science-articles/Hygiene-old-friends-ISFHH-2012.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Aug 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22937527 Does helminth activation of toll-like receptors modulate immune response in multiple sclerosis patients?] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426839/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426839/pdf/fcimb-02-00112.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22742834 Trichuris suis ova: testing a helminth-based therapy as an extension of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [https://web.archive.org/web/20210921041516/https://parasitology.cvm.ncsu.edu/vmp930/supplement/trichuris_treatment_allergies.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2012 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22608572 Helminth infection is associated with decreased basophil responsiveness in human beings] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387338/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387338/pdf/nihms372243.pdf PDF]
* ⚡ 2012 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22612580 A prescription for clinical immunology: the pills are available and ready for testing. A review] | [[media:A_prescription_for_clinical_immunology-_the_pills_are_available_and_ready_for_testing._A_review.pdf | PDF]]

* 2012 Jun 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928103 Is autism a member of a family of diseases resulting from genetic/cultural mismatches? Implications for treatment and prevention] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420574/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420574/pdf/AURT2012-910946.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22482518 Soluble helminth products suppress clinical signs in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and differentially modulate human dendritic cell activation]
* 2012 May 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464690 Helminthic therapy: improving mucosal barrier function] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015520/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015520/pdf/nihms545476.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Apr 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513973 Helminth therapy (worms) for allergic rhinitis] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashley_Croft/publication/224708548_Helminth_therapy_(worms)_for_allergic_rhinitis/links/09e4150b0b21ddf09b000000.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22168433 Parasitic worm therapy for allergy: is this incongruous or avant-garde medicine?]
* 2012 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22360486 Granulocytes in helminth infection -- who is calling the shots?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394172/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394172/pdf/CMC-19-1567.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Mar 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22398631 Atopy is inversely related to schistosome infection intensity: a comparative study in Zimbabwean villages with distinct levels of Schistosoma haematobium infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3398828/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3398828/pdf/iaa-0158-0288.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214332 Schistosoma mansoni antigens as modulators of the allergic inflammatory response in asthma]
* 2012 Feb 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22566894/ TLRs, Treg, and B Cells, an Interplay of Regulation during Helminth Infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342019/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342019/pdf/fimmu-03-00008.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/pdf/cshperspectmed-DIA-a007799.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22346753 Characterising the mucosal and systemic immune responses to experimental human hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276555/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276555/pdf/ppat.1002520.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245779 An essential role for the Th2-type response in limiting tissue damage during helminth infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3274634/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3274634/pdf/nihms341991.pdf PDF] (Wound healing)
* ⚡ 2012 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22239614 Helminth-host immunological interactions: prevention and control of immune-mediated diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744090/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744090/pdf/nihms492922.pdf PDF] Summarises the science underpinning helminthic therapy.
* 2012 Jan [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21983081/ Helminth infection does not reduce risk for chronic inflammatory disease in a population-based cohort study] (There are several critical weaknesses in this study, the data from which do not support the authors' broad conclusion that helminthic colonization does not reduce the risk for various immune-mediated diseases. See a rebuttal of this research by the late Joel Weinstock [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4129650/ here].)
* 2012 Jan [http://www.asmscience.org/content/journal/microbe/10.1128/microbe.7.173.1 A Darwinian View of the Hygiene or “Old Friends” Hypothesis] Graham A. W. Rook, Microbe Magazine
* 2012 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22848374 Helminth antigens enable CpG-activated dendritic cells to inhibit the symptoms of collagen-induced arthritis through Foxp3+ regulatory T cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405066/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405066/pdf/pone.0040356.pdf PDF]
* 2012 [http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12411/ Asthma and allergic disease: their relation with Necator americanus and other helminth infections] Johanna Feary, PhD Thesis -- [http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12411/1/JRF_Thesis_appendix_A_removed.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2012 [https://webshares.northseattle.edu/jgward/Microbe%20paper.pdf A Darwinian View of the Hygiene or “Old Friends” Hypothesis] (PDF)

=== 2011 ===
* 2011 Nov 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22147983 Schistosoma japonicum ova maintains epithelial barrier function during experimental colitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3229631/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3229631/pdf/WJG-17-4810.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21290484 Hookworm products ameliorate dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in BALB/c mice]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980148 The impact of environmental infections (parasites) on MS activity] (multiple sclerosis)
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21741180 Reconstitution of the human biome as the most reasonable solution for epidemics of allergic and autoimmune diseases] | [[media:Reconstitution_of_the_human_biome_as_the_most_reasonable_solution_for_epidemics_of_allergic_and_autoimmune_diseases.pdf | PDF]]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810307 Treatment with anthelminthics during pregnancy: what gains and what risks for the mother and child?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178871/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178871/pdf/S0031182011001053a.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21831135 Effects of Helicobacter pylori, geohelminth infection and selected commensal bacteria on the risk of allergic disease and sensitization in 3-year-old Ethiopian children]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21684587 Regulatory B-cell induction by helminths: implications for allergic disease]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21848628 Exposure to hookworms in patients with Crohn's disease: a case-control study] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04824.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04824.x/epdf PDF]
* 2011 Sept 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21943110 Toll-like receptor activation by helminths or helminth products to alleviate inflammatory bowel disease] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199248/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199248/pdf/1756-3305-4-186.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2011 Sept 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21949691 Suppression of inflammatory immune responses in celiac disease by experimental hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174943/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174943/pdf/pone.0024092.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072824 Parasitic helminth cystatin inhibits DSS-induced intestinal inflammation via IL-10(+)F4/80(+) macrophage recruitment] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210841/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210841/pdf/kjp-49-245.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Aug 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21858123 Impact of Schistosoma japonicum infection on collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice: a murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/pdf/pone.0023453.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Aug 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21829616 Symptoms after Ingestion of Pig Whipworm Trichuris suis Eggs in a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149054/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149054/pdf/pone.0022346.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 Jul 25 The neuroimmunoendocrine network during worm helminth infections -- [http://www.isj.unimo.it/articoli/ISJ242.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Jul 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21785696 Parasites or cohabitants: cruel omnipresent usurpers or creative "éminences grises"?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140032/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140032/pdf/JPR2011-214174.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Jun 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21772981 Excretory-secretory products from hookworm l(3) and adult worms suppress proinflammatory cytokines in infected individuals] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135091/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135091/pdf/JPR2011-512154.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21610741 Diversity and dialogue in immunity to helminths]
* 2011 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21372112/ Probiotic helminth administration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 1 study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/pdf/nihms536054.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 May 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21576944 Atopic dermatitis and the hygiene hypothesis revisited]
* 2011 May 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21573157 Schistosome infection intensity is inversely related to auto-reactive antibody levels] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089602/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089602/pdf/pone.0019149.pdf PDF]
* 2011 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255083 Anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of infantile eczema: randomised-controlled trial results] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130136/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130136/pdf/pai0022-0305.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21277637 The impact of parasite infections on the course of multiple sclerosis]
* 2011 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21295861 Helminths and multiple sclerosis: will old friends give us new treatments for MS?] (No abstract)
* 2011 Mar 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21408161 Effect of hookworm infection on wheat challenge in celiac disease - a randomised double-blinded placebo controlled trial] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3050888/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3050888/pdf/pone.0017366.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Mar 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21372112 Probiotic helminth administration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 1 study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/pdf/nihms536054.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 Apr 22 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21440530 Clonorchis sinensis-derived total protein attenuates airway inflammation in murine asthma model by inducing regulatory T cells and modulating dendritic cell functions]
* 2011 Apr 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21584243 Helminth parasites and the modulation of joint inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092582/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092582/pdf/JPR2011-942616.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20967852 Infection with an intestinal helminth parasite reduces Freund's complete adjuvant-induced monoarthritis in mice] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.30098/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.30098/epdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2011 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21044628 Trichinella spiralis: infection reduces airway allergic inflammation in mice]
* 2011 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21887281 The transcriptome of Trichuris suis -- first molecular insights into a parasite with curative properties for key immune diseases of humans] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160910/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160910/pdf/pone.0023590.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21858123 Impact of Schistosoma japonicum infection on collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice: a murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/pdf/pone.0023453.pdf PDF]

=== 2010 ===
* 2010 Dec 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21123809 IL-22+ CD4+ T cells are associated with therapeutic trichuris trichiura infection in an ulcerative colitis patient] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Png_Loke/publication/49650965_IL-22_CD4_T_Cells_Are_Associated_with_Therapeutic_Trichuris_trichiura_Infection_in_an_Ulcerative_Colitis_Patient/links/00b7d535585b829413000000.pdf PDF] (TTO)
* 2010 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20848461 Alteration of the murine gut microbiota during infection with the parasitic helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2959136/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2959136/pdf/nihms220920.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21039971 Long-term periodic anthelmintic treatments are associated with increased allergen skin reactivity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3034193/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3034193/pdf/cea0040-1669.pdf PDF]
* 2010 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21500453 Atopic diseases and intestinal helminth infections]
* ⚡ 2010 Oct 13 [https://evmedreview.com/reconstituting-the-depleted-biome-to-prevent-immune-disorders/ Reconstituting the depleted biome to prevent immune disorders] William Parker, Duke University. Explains why replacing absent "old friends" may be the only reasonable therapy for a wide range of immune-associated disorders, including allergy, autoimmunity and autism.
* 2010 Aug 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20067426 Effects of Deworming during Pregnancy on Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes in Entebbe, Uganda: A Randomized Controlled Trial] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857962/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857962/pdf/ukmss-29622.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20404082 Chronic intestinal helminth infections are associated with immune hyporesponsiveness and induction of a regulatory network] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2897394/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2897394/pdf/1228-09.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jun 14 [http://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/how-the-parasitic-worm-has-turned/ How the parasitic worm has turned] (Web archive copy)
* 2010 Jun 11 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538949 Exploitation of the intestinal microflora by the parasitic nematode Trichuris muris] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428897/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428897/pdf/ukmss-49377.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20306466 Helminth-induced CD19+CD23hi B cells modulate experimental allergic and autoimmune inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179601/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179601/pdf/eji0040-1682.pdf PDF]
* 2010 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20132231 Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the allergic response in a murine model of ovalbumininduced airway inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857950/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857950/pdf/cei0160-0266.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20415854 99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: darwinian medicine and the 'hygiene' or 'old friends' hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841838/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841838/pdf/cei0160-0070.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23105895 Immunomodulators of helminthes: Promising therapeutics for autoimmune disorders and allergic diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3453099/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3453099/pdf/12291_2010_Article_21.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044996 In vitro-derived alternatively activated macrophages reduce colonic inflammation in mice] (Colitis) (HDC)
* 2010 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20224568 Helminth-derived immunomodulators: can understanding the worm produce the pill?]
* 2010 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20028812 Extracts of the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, suppress macrophage activation in vitro and alleviate chemically induced colitis in mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825920/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825920/pdf/1349-08.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2010 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19691904 The immune response to and immunomodulation by Hymenolepis diminuta] (HDC)
* 2010 Feb 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20169100 Parasitic helminths: new weapons against immunological disorders] (Diabetes) -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821776/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821776/pdf/JBB2010-743758.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20101628 Worms to the rescue: can worm glycans protect from autoimmune diseases?] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iub.304/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iub.304/epdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20069130 Taenia crassiceps infection attenuates multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/pdf/JBB2010-850541.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19800680 Trichuris suis ova therapy for allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lars_Poulsen/publication/26866959_Trichuris_suis_ova_therapy_for_allergic_rhinitis_a_randomized_double-blind_placebo-controlled_clinical_trial/links/00b4952a7f6c89aaa2000000.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19758373 Reduced helminth burden increases allergen skin sensitization but not clinical allergy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Vietnam]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2863045/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2863045/pdf/nihms182968.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042008 Helminth infection inhibits airway allergic reaction and dendritic cells are involved in the modulation process] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01161.x Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01161.x/epdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20425508 Chronic helminth infections protect against allergic diseases by active regulatory processes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816799/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816799/pdf/11882_2009_Article_85.pdf PDF]

* 2010 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20224759 Dendritic cells in the gut: interaction with intestinal helminths] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836138/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836138/pdf/JBB2010-250563.pdf PDF]
* 2010 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20069130 Taenia crassiceps infection attenuates multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/pdf/JBB2010-850541.pdf PDF]

=== 2009 ===
* 2009 Dec 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030661 Experimental hookworm infection: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in asthma] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2814083/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2814083/pdf/cea0040-0299.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19752032 Helminth infection can reduce insulitis and type 1 diabetes through CD25- and IL-10-independent mechanisms] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2786463/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2786463/pdf/1170-08.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19996438 Early helminth infections are inversely related to anemia, malnutrition, and malaria and are not associated with inflammation in 6- to 23-month-old Zanzibari children] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/6/1062.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/6/1062.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19812189 Helminth antigens modulate immune responses in cells from multiple sclerosis patients through TLR2-dependent mechanisms] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/9/5999.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/9/5999.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19861631 Immunologic profiles of persons recruited for a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/5/911.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/5/911.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19880560 Parasitic infection and autoimmunity] -- [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0961203309345735 PDF] (Lupus/SLE)
* 2009 Oct 22 [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-10-22/worms-linked-to-coeliac-relief/1113232 Worms linked to coeliac relief]
* 2009 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19744885 Survival of the fittest: allergology or parasitology?]
* 2009 Sept 29 [http://www.news-medical.net/news/20090929/Hookworms-can-prevent-asthma.aspx Hookworms can prevent asthma] News Medical
* 2009 Sept 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19786773 Prebiotics, probiotics and helminths: the 'natural' solution?]
* 2009 Sept 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=20011066 Infection with Hymenolepis diminuta Is More Effective than Daily Corticosteroids in Blocking Chemically Induced Colitis in Mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789531/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789531/pdf/JBB2010-384523.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2009 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19406170 Helminth immunoregulation: the role of parasite secreted proteins in modulating host immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2706953/ Full text]
* 2009 Aug 1 [Infection with a Helminth Parasite Attenuates Autoimmunity through TGF-β-Mediated Suppression of Th17 and Th1 Responses] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/3/1577.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/3/1577.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19400893 Safety of hookworm infection in individuals with measurable airway responsiveness: a randomized placebo-controlled feasibility study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728895/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728895/pdf/cea0039-1060.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19321388 Advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693446/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693446/pdf/nihms100270.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jun 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=19468064 Parasites represent a major selective force for interleukin genes and shape the genetic predisposition to autoimmune conditions] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715056/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715056/pdf/JEM_20082779.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19223020 Helminths and our immune system: friend or foe?]
* 2009 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19388947 Immune and genetic aspects of asthma, allergy and parasitic worm infections: evolutionary links] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01104.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01104.x/epdf PDF]
* 2009 Apr 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370621 Effect of administration of antihelminthics for soil transmitted helminths during pregnancy]
* 2009 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19291704 Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens induce Treg that participate in diabetes prevention in NOD mice] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200838871/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200838871/epdf PDF]
* 2009 Mar 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19308259 Necator americanus infection: a possible cause of altered dendritic cell differentiation and eosinophil profile in chronically infected individuals] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654967/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654967/pdf/pntd.0000399.pdf PDF] (NA)
* ✅ 2009 Mar 5 [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01470521?term=WIRMS&rank=1 Worms for Immune Regulation of Multiple Sclerosis (WIRMS)] Proposal for the first Phase 2 trial using a controlled number of Necator americanus in the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. (Also reported by Science Daily [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090304091818.htm] and the Mail Online. [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2108228/Parasitic-worms-offer-hope-cure-multiple-sclerosis.html?ito=feeds-newsxml]) (NA)
* 2009 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19167926 The therapeutic helminth?]
* 2009 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18835272 Schistosoma mansoni infection reduces severity of collagen-induced arthritis via down-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators]
* 2009 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19138565 Can helminths or helminth-derived products be used in humans to prevent or treat allergic diseases?]
* 2009 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19136071 Schistosoma mansoni infection alters co-stimulatory molecule expression and cell activation in asthma]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18608175 Spontaneous arthritis in MRL/lpr mice is aggravated by Staphylococcus aureus and ameliorated by Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120496 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: mechanisms underlying helminth modulation of dendritic cell function] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632707/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632707/pdf/imm0126-0028.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120493 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: the broader implications of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632706/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632706/pdf/imm0126-0003.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120495 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: immunity against helminths and immunological phenomena in modern human populations: coevolutionary legacies?] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632709/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632709/pdf/imm0126-0018.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632708/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632708/pdf/imm0126-0012.pdf PDF]
* ✅⚡2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18680198 Helminths and the IBD hygiene hypothesis] This paper proposed that failure to acquire helminths in early life negatively affects immune development, leading to immunological diseases such as IBD later in life.
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19128351 Do helminth parasites protect against atopy and allergic disease?]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016806 Helminth antigen-based strategy to ameliorate inflammation in an experimental model of colitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665684/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665684/pdf/cei0155-0088.pdf PDF]
* 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20054982 Helminthic therapy: using worms to treat immune-mediated disease] | [[media:Using Worms to Treat Immune-Mediated Disease.pdf | PDF]]
* 2009 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19436745 Early exposure of infants to GI nematodes induces Th2 dominant immune responses which are unaffected by periodic anthelminthic treatment] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677666/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677666/pdf/pntd.0000433.pdf PDF]

=== 2008 ===
* 2008 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18547322 Early infection with Trichuris trichiura and allergen skin test reactivity in later childhood] (TTO)
* 2008 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18654798 Schistosoma japonicum infection modulates the development of allergen-induced airway inflammation in mice]
* 2008 Sept 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20525133 The changing microbial environment and chronic inflammatory disorders] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868866/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868866/pdf/1710-1492-4-3-117.pdf PDF]
* 2008 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682103 Parasitic nematode modulation of allergic disease]
* 2008 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18655096 Helminth infections associated with multiple sclerosis induce regulatory B cells]
* 2008 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678 Decreased basal non-insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by diaphragm in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni]
* 2008 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18578001 The role of regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis]
* 2008 May 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509490 Worms and the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: are molecules the answer?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2396220/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2396220/pdf/CDI2008-567314.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2008 May 4 [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/e/e4/Hookworm.pdf Potential Transmission of Pathogens Between Human Hosts by the Hookworm, Necator Americanus] (PDF)
* 2008 Apr 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18462167 Intensity of intestinal infection with multiple worm species is related to regulatory cytokine output and immune hyporesponsiveness]
* 2008 Mar 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322239 A helminth immunomodulator reduces allergic and inflammatory responses by induction of IL-10- producing macrophages] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/6/4265.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/6/4265.full.pdf PDF]
* 2008 Feb 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18209076 Helminth infection with Litomosoides sigmodontis induces regulatory T cells and inhibits allergic sensitization, airway inflammation, and hyperreactivity in a murine asthma model] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/3/1792.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/3/1792.full.pdf PDF]
* 2008 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18207251 Soluble egg antigen from Schistosoma japonicum modulates the progression of chronic progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via Th2-shift response]
* 2008 Jan 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186549 Hygiene hypothesis in inflammatory bowel disease: a critical review of the literature] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675108/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675108/pdf/WJG-14-165.pdf PDF] (IBD)

=== 2007 ===

* 2007 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18007680 Protective immune mechanisms in helminth infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258092/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258092/pdf/nihms40971.pdf PDF]
* 2007 Nov [http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v13/n11/full/nm1107-1288.html Worms tame mast cells]
* 2007 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17952092 Inhibition of Fc epsilon RI-mediated mast cell responses by ES-62, a product of parasitic filarial nematodes]
* 2007 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17619029 The hygiene hypothesis and the increasing prevalence of chronic inflammatory disorders]
* 2007 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17433300 Schistosoma japonicum eggs modulate the activity of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs and prevent development of colitis in mice]
* 2007 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17576364 Stage-specific immune responses in human Necator americanus infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1976388/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1976388/pdf/pim0029-0347.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2007 May-Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17906796 Interrelationship among asthma, atopy, and helminth infections] -- [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1806-37132007000300016&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Full text] | [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/jbpneu/v33n3/en_14.pdf PDF]
* 2007 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17488925 An inverse relationship between autoimmune liver diseases and Strongyloides stercoralis infection] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/76/5/972.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/76/5/972.full.pdf PDF]
* 2007 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17447233 Helminths, allergic disorders and IgE-mediated immune responses: where do we stand?] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200737314/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200737314/epdf PDF]
* 2007 Apr 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17372014 Infection with a helminth parasite prevents experimental colitis via a macrophage-mediated mechanism] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/178/7/4557.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/178/7/4557.full.pdf PDF]
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17206504 The use of Trichuris suis and other helminth therapies to treat Crohn's disease] (TSO)
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17313951 Helminths as governors of immune-mediated inflammation]
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17504662 Modulation of anaphylaxis by helminth-derived products in animal models]
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17408663 Helminth infection enhances disease in a murine TH2 model of colitis]
* 2007 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17360880 Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasites are not detrimental to the nutritional status of Amerindians] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6446118_Helicobacter_pylori_and_intestinal_parasites_are_not_detrimental_to_the_nutritional_status_of_Amerindians Full text (PDF)]
* 2007 Feb 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17122383 Helminth-derived products inhibit the development of allergic responses in mice]
* ✅⚡2007 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17230481 Association between parasite infection and immune responses in multiple sclerosis] -- [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/e/ec/Association_Between_Parasite_Infection_and_Immune_Responses_in_Multiple_Sclerosis_.pdf PDF] (Also reported by Science Daily [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070117091058.htm] and the BBC. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6268585.stm]) This was the first study to explore the effect of helminth infection on immune response and the natural course of Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. It showed that MS progressed much more slowly in patients who hosted intestinal worms.
* 2007 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17284099 Iatrogenic Trichuris suis infection] (TSO)
* 2007 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101 Inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by gastrointestinal helminth infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828378/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828378/pdf/0664-06.pdf PDF]
* 2007 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042799 Schistosoma japonicum egg antigens stimulate CD4 CD25 T cells and modulate airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1890919/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1890919/pdf/imm0120-0008.pdf PDF]
* 2007 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17534075 Regulation of the immune system in metazoan parasite infections]
* 2007 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412520 Autism, asthma, inflammation, and the hygiene hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2048743/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2048743/pdf/nihms-29963.pdf PDF]

=== 2006 ===
* 2006 Dec 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17159130 Multiple sclerosis and the hygiene hypothesis]
* 2006 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17157661 Poor sanitation and helminth infection protect against skin sensitization in Vietnamese children: A cross-sectional study]
* 2006 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042933 Helminths and HIV infection: epidemiological observations on immunological hypotheses] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/pdf/pim0028-0613.pdf PDF]
* ✅ 2006 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17123987 Dose-ranging study for trials of therapeutic infection with Necator americanus in humans] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/75/5/914.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/75/5/914.full.pdf PDF] This study explored the dose of hookworms that would be required to have a therapeutic effect on asthma. (NA)
* 2006 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042933 Helminths and HIV infection: epidemiological observations on immunological hypotheses] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/pdf/pim0028-0613.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Oct-Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17343086 Intestinal helminths: a clue explaining the low incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases in Subsaharan Africa? Potential benefits and hazards of helminth therapy] (IBD)
* 2006 Oct-Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17343085 The hygiene hypothesis and inflammatory bowel diseases: role of helminths] (IBD)
* 2006 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965287 Parasitic worms and inflammatory diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/pdf/pim0028-0515.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17068271 What is the origin of ulcerative colitis? Still more questions than answers] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653902/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653902/pdf/620.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965288 Worms and allergy] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00894.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00894.x/epdf PDF]
* 2006 Sept 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965284 Immune modulation by helminthic infections: worms and viral infections]
* 2006 Sept 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778161 Asthma and current intestinal parasite infection: systematic review and meta-analysis]
* 2006 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17308794 Schistosoma mansoni antigen-driven interleukin-10 production in infected asthmatic individuals] -- [https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/LXLmtQzKbnJKMgZTzv7RfdL/?lang=en Full text] | [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/mioc/v101s1/v101s1a55.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Aug 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16849471 Intestinal helminths protect in a murine model of asthma] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/3/1628.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/3/1628.full.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16890593 Allergy controls the population density of Necator americanus in the small intestine] (NA)
* 2006 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17057216 Helminths and mucosal immune modulation]
* 2006 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16750534 A time course study of immunological responses in Trichuris suis infected pigs demonstrates induction of a local type 2 response associated with worm burden] (TSO)
* 2006 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16689863 Prevention of psoriasis-like lesions development in fsn/fsn mice by helminth glycans]
* 2006 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16630018 Regulatory T cells in human disease and their potential for therapeutic manipulation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782265/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782265/pdf/imm0118-0001.pdf PDF]
* 2006 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16673007 Mechanisms of disease: the hygiene hypothesis revisited]
* 2006 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16512799 Environmental exposures, genetic predisposition and allergic diseases: one size never fits all] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01104.x/abstract Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01104.x/epdf PDF]
* 2006 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16512800 Helminths can protect themselves against rejection inhibiting hostile respiratory allergy symptoms] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00983.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00983.x/epdf PDF]
* 2006 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16384780 The hygiene hypothesis and atopy: bring back the parasites?]
* ✅ 2006 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16344586 A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856386/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856386/pdf/136.pdf PDF] Investigated whether Crohn’s disease patients would tolerate a hookworm infection, and the practical issues associated with establishing reservoir donors for this species. (NA)
* 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16413997 Geohelminth infections: impact on allergic diseases]
* 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210905 Glycans modulate immune responses in helminth infections and allergy]
* 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210899 Helminth-induced immunoregulation of an allergic response to food] (food allergy)

=== 2005 ===
* 2005 Nov 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275759 Suppression of allergic airway inflammation by helminth-induced regulatory T cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2213237/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2213237/pdf/20042572.pdf PDF]
* 2005 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16232230 Immune responses following experimental human hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809522/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809522/pdf/cei0142-0398.pdf PDF]
* ✅ 2005 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16008666 Old friends for breakfast] Suggested that a symbiotic relationship exists between humans and the fauna that have co-evolved in the human GI tract.
* 2005 Jun 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905584 Neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibody blocks the protective effect of tapeworm infection in a murine model of chemically induced colitis] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/11/7368.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/11/7368.full.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2005 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15825065 Trichuris suis therapy for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial] -- [http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(05)00025-9/pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2005 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780835 Parasite role reversal: worms on trial]
* 2005 Mar 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15771680/ The immunoepidemiology of human hookworm infection]
* 2005 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15730384 Low dose chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection increases susceptibility to Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection in mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809318/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809318/pdf/cei0139-0398.pdf PDF]
* 2005 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15677912 Gastrointestinal parasites: potential therapy for refractory inflammatory bowel diseases] (IBD)
* ✅ 2005 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591509 Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774382/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774382/pdf/gut05400087.pdf PDF] TSO is shown to offer a unique, safe and effective alternative treatment for Crohn's disease, and potentially protection against other immunological disorders.
* 2005 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591496 Will worms really cure Crohn's disease?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774348/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774348/pdf/gut05400006.pdf PDF](see pages 6-8)
* 2005 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15687885 Helminths and the modulation of mucosal inflammation]
* 2005 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591883 The hygiene hypothesis and asthma]
* 2005 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780483 Can worms defend our hearts? Chronic helminthic infections may attenuate the development of cardiovascular diseases]
* 2005 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16249415 Helminth infection during pregnancy and development of infantile eczema]

=== 2004 ===
* 2004 Dec 14 [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/17767.php Parasitic worms may offer effective treatment for Crohn's disease Medical] News Today
* 2004 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15554921 Parasitic helminths tip the balance: potential anti-inflammatory therapies] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/pdf/imm0113-0438.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Nov 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15528374 Helminth infection protects mice from anaphylaxis via IL-10-producing B cells] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/10/6346.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/10/6346.full.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Oct 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486631 Schistosoma mansoni infection modulates the immune response against allergic and auto-immune diseases] -- [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0074-02762004000900005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Full text] | [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/mioc/v99s1/v99s1a05.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15361235 Helminth parasites--masters of regulation]
* 2004 Aug 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15294988 A Secreted Protein from the Human Hookworm Necator americanus Binds Selectively to NK Cells and Induces IFN-{gamma} Production] -- [https://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/4/2699.long Full text] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/8/8a/A_Secreted_Protein.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Aug 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15265954 Schistosoma mansoni and alpha-galactosylceramide: prophylactic effect of Th1 Immune suppression in a mouse model of Graves' hyperthyroidism] -- [https://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/3/2167.long Full text] | [https://www.jimmunol.org/content/jimmunol/173/3/2167.full.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Jul 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15247451 Immunotherapy. Can worms tame the immune system?]
* 2004 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15196202 The increased prevalence of allergy and the hygiene hypothesis: missing immune deviation, reduced immune suppression, or both?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782506/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782506/pdf/imm0112-0352.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15330453 A review of autism and the immune response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2270714/pdf/CDI-11-165.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15039389 Helminth infection modulates the development of allergen-induced airway inflammation] -- [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/585.long Full text] | [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/585.full.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15279624 Inhibition of neutrophil recruitment by ES of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00692.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00692.x/epdf PDF]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755074 Regulation of allergy and autoimmunity in helminth infection]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755076 The innate allergenicity of helminth parasites]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15007629 Mycobacteria and other environmental organisms as immunomodulators for immunoregulatory disorders]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755072 Parasites and the hygiene hypothesis: regulating the immune system?]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755073 Helminth infections and allergic diseases: from the Th2 paradigm to regulatory networks]
* 2004 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684583 Concurrent infection with Schistosoma mansoni attenuates inflammation induced changes in colonic morphology, cytokine levels, and smooth muscle contractility of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid induced colitis in rats] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773910/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773910/pdf/gut05300099.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14723608 Review article: helminths as therapeutic agents for inflammatory bowel disease] (IBD)
* 2004 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684567 Helminths and harmony] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773927/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773927/pdf/gut05300007.pdf PDF](Pages 7-9)

=== 2003 ===
* 2003 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12933842 Schistosomiasis decreases central nervous system inflammation and alters the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187318/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187318/pdf/0223.pdf PDF]
* ✅ 2003 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14499784 Trichuris suis seems to be safe and possibly effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease] (IBD) This trial showed that pig whipworm ova (TSO) can reduce symptoms of Crohn’s disease without producing side effects.
* 2003 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12949497 Immune regulation by helminth parasites: cellular and molecular mechanisms]
* 2003 Aug 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12902519 A Novel Therapeutic Approach Targeting Articular Inflammation Using the Filarial Nematode-Derived Phosphorylcholine-Containing Glycoprotein ES-62] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/171/4/2127.long PDF]
* 2003 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12743563 Reduced risk of atopy among school-age children infected with geohelminth parasites in a rural area of the tropics]
* 2003 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071 Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the activity of the innate immune response and prevent onset of type 1 diabetes] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200323910/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200323910/epdf PDF]
* 2003 Mar 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12431903 Exposure to schistosome eggs protects mice from TNBS-induced colitis] -- [https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpgi.00049.2002 Full text]
* 2003 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12502726 Immunomodulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by helminth ova immunization] -- [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/1/59.long Full text] | [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/1/59.full.pdf PDF]

=== 2002 ===
* ✅ 2002 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12379667 Intestinal nematode infection ameliorates experimental colitis in mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130294/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130294/pdf/0150.pdf PDF]
* 2002 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12458825 An anti-atherogenic effect of Schistosoma mansoni infections in mice associated with a parasite-induced lowering of blood total cholesterol] (cardiovascular / cholesterol / atherosclerosis)
* 2002 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12569989 Eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness are profoundly inhibited by a helminth (Ascaris suum) extract in a murine model of asthma]
* 2002 Sept 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12239261 The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases]
* 2002 Sept 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12218148 An enteric helminth infection protects against an allergic response to dietary antigen] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/169/6/3284.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/169/6/3284.full.pdf PDF]
* 2002 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12067292 Can intestinal helminth infections (geohelminths) affect the development and expression of asthma and allergic disease?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1906269/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1906269/pdf/cei0128-0398.pdf PDF]
* 2002 Apr 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964470 Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis]

=== 2001 ===
* 2001 Nov 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11705561 Independent effects of intestinal parasite infection and domestic allergen exposure on risk of wheeze in Ethiopia: a nested case-control study]
* 2001 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752881 The prevalence of parasite infestation and house dust mite sensitization in Gabonese schoolchildren]
* 2001 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11585781 Immune responses in hookworm infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC89000/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC89000/pdf/cm0401000689.pdf PDF]
* 2001 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11429321 Th2 responses without atopy: immunoregulation in chronic helminth infections and reduced allergic disease]
* 2001 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11282505 Is Necator americanus approaching a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with humans?] (NA)

=== 2000 ===
* 2000 Nov 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11095260 Decreased atopy in children infected with Schistosoma haematobium: a role for parasite-induced interleukin-10]
* ✅ 2000 Oct 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11032865 Chronic immune activation associated with intestinal helminth infections results in impaired signal transduction and anergy] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314342/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314342/pdf/JCI0010182.pdf PDF] This Research found reduced immune responses in patients infected with helminths.
* ✅ 2000 Sept 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10973934 Does the failure to acquire helminthic parasites predispose to Crohn's disease?] -- [http://www.fasebj.org/content/14/12/1848.long Full text] | [http://www.fasebj.org/content/14/12/1848.full.pdf PDF] This paper linking a failure to acquire helminths to the prevalence of Crohn’s disease was key in the development of the Hygiene Hypothesis.
* 2000 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10784608 Antigen-specific cellular hyporesponsiveness in a chronic human helminth infection is mediated by T(h)3/T(r)1-type cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta but not by a T(h)1 to T(h)2 shift] -- [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/5/623.long Full text] | [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/5/623.full.pdf PDF]
* 2000 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2560630/pdf/11143198.pdf Eradication of helminthic infections may be essential for successful vaccination against HIV and tuberculosis]

=== 1999 ===
* 1999 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614 Infection with Schistosoma mansoni prevents insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in non-obese diabetic mice] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3024.1999.00213.x/epdf PDF]

=== 1998 ===
* 1998 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9698148/ Epidemiological evidence for a differential effect of hookworm species, Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus, on iron status of children]

=== 1997 ===

* 1997 [https://web.archive.org/web/20210127052808/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/193176053.pdf The Pro-allergic Influences of Helminth Parasites] (PDF)

=== 1996 ===
* 1996 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8872184 IgE, allergies and helminth parasites: a new perspective on an old conundrum]
* 1996 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8565306 Immune dysregulation in Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: relevance to helminth infections?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2200340/pdf/cei0103-0239.pdf PDF]
* 1996 Jan 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8600620 Prolongation of rat kidney allograft survival by nematodes]
* 1996 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8537675 Impairment of tetanus toxoid-specific Th1-like immune responses in humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni] -- [http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/173/1/269.long Full text] | [http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/173/1/269.full.pdf PDF]

=== 1995 ===
* 1995 Feb [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7761110/ Immunity in humans to Necator americanus: IgE, parasite weight and fecundity] (... / human observational / NA)

=== 1993 ===
* 1993 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8409444 Modulation of murine cytokine responses to mycobacterial antigens by helminth-induced T helper 2 cell responses]
* 1993 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8403522/ Ascaris reinfection of slum children: relation with the IgE response] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1534372/pdf/ PDF] (... / Human / AL / Oxantel+Pyrantel)
* 1993 Sept 1 [https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/of-parasites-and-pollens Of Parasites and Pollens] - Peter Radetsky, Discover Magazine
* 1993 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8361773 Modulation of the allergic reactivity of slum children by helminthic infection]

=== 1992 ===
* 1992 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1399239 The partial characterization of proteases present in the excretory/secretory products and exsheathing fluid of the infective (L3) larva of Necator americanus] (NA)
* 1992 May 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1533656 Infection with Schistosoma mansoni alters Th1/Th2 cytokine responses to a non-parasite antigen]

=== 1991 ===
* 1991 Oct 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1680917 Production of IL-10 by CD4+ T lymphocytes correlates with down-regulation of Th1 cytokine synthesis in helminth infection]

=== 1989 ===
* ✅ 1989 Nov 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2513902 Hay fever, hygiene, and household size] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1838109/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1838109/pdf/bmj00259-0027.pdf PDF] This paper linked exposure to pathogens whilst young to the development of allergic diseases, and was key to the development of the Hygiene Hypothesis.

=== 1987 ===
* 1987 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3605493/ The clinical and immunologic responses of normal human volunteers to low dose hookworm (Necator americanus) infection] (NA)
* 1987 Jul [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15462956/ Do hookworms elicit protective immunity in man?]

=== 1985 ===
* 1985 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4054238/ Parasites and asthma--predictive or protective?] (A / comparative)

=== 1982 ===
* 1982 Jul Modulation of immune responses by commensal bacteria and intestinal helminth [http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:5334/eth-5334-02.pdf PDF]
=== 1979 ===
* ✅ 1979 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/447497 Epidemiology of chronic intestinal disease in middle Africa] This was one of several papers noting a North-South gradient for many autoimmune diseases, including Crohn’s, a fact that informed later studies on autoimmunity.

=== 1978 ===
* 1978 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/635980 Antibody responses in self-infections with Necator americanus] (NA)

=== 1976 ===
* ✅ 1976 Sept 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/60540 Letter: IgE, parasites, and allergy] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/f/fd/Letter_-_IgE%2C_parasites%2C_and_allergy_%28Turton%29.pdf PDF] This letter reported the first known successful therapeutic use of the hookworm, Necator americanus, in this case to resolve hay fever. (NA)
* ✅ 1976 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/987744 Serum IgE levels in white and metis communities in Saskatchewan] This paper's author suggested that atopic disease is the price paid by some members of the white community of northern Saskatchewan for their relative freedom from helminth infestation and viral and bacterial infection.

=== 1970 ===
* 1970 (winter) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5498517/ The biology of the atopic response] Twelve naval officers suffering from hay-fever “for some years” were free from hay-fever for an average of 2 years following colonisation with the large roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides.

=== 1968 ===
* ✅ 1968 Aug 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4174413 Autoimmune disease and parasitic infections in Nigerians] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/1/1f/Autoimmune_disease_and_parasitic_infections_in_Nigerians.pdf PDF] The author of this paper suggested a possible relationship between parasitic infections and the reduced incidence of autoimmune disease in parts of tropical Africa.

=== 1948 ===
* ✅ 1948 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5190334/ The Treatment of Polycythemia by Artificial Infection with Ancylostoma Duodenale] This was the first report of the clinical application of helminthic therapy.

=== 1932 ===
* ✅ 1932 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10828911 Regional ileitis: a pathologic and clinical entity] Disease characterised by inflammation of the terminal ileum was first described in this paper. This condition was later to become known as Crohn’s disease.

== Papers published in high impact factor journals ==

This is a selection of articles published in high impact factor journals. The impact factor value for each journal is shown in parentheses immediately after the journal's name.

Inclusion in this list in no way means that these articles are better than others. The list is also not exhaustive and requires further development.

* Zou Y, Pu L, Guo A, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Ding Y, Du X, Guo X, Zhang S, Cai X, Wang S. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40266093/ Helminth reshapes host gut microbiota and immunoregulation by deploying an antimicrobial program of innate immunity]. Gut Microbes (12.2). 2025 Dec;17(1):2496447. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2496447. Epub 2025 Apr 23. PMID: 40266093; PMCID: PMC12026035.

* Mules TC, Inns S, Le Gros G. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37449458/ Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction]. Allergy (12.6). 2023 Nov;78(11):2892-2905. doi: 10.1111/all.15812. Epub 2023 Jul 14. PMID: 37449458.

* Pierce DR, McDonald M, Merone L, Becker L, Thompson F, Lewis C, Ryan RYM, Hii SF, Zendejas-Heredia PA, Traub RJ, Field MA, Rahman T, Croese J, Loukas A, McDermott R, Giacomin PR. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37495576/ Effect of experimental hookworm infection on insulin resistance in people at risk of type 2 diabetes]. Nat Commun (14.7). 2023 Jul 26;14(1):4503. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40263-4. PMID: 37495576; PMCID: PMC10372076.

* Gurven MD, Finch CE, Wann LS. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29659774/ Are intestinal worms nature's anti-atherosclerosis vaccine?] Eur Heart J (37.6). 2018 May 7;39(18):1653. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy129. PMID: 29659774.

* Loukas A, Hotez PJ, Diemert D, Yazdanbakhsh M, McCarthy JS, Correa-Oliveira R, Croese J, Bethony JM. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27929101/ Hookworm infection]. Nat Rev Dis Primers (76.9). 2016 Dec 8;2:16088. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.88. PMID: 27929101.

* Savage N. [https://doi.org/10.1038/540S103a Q&A: Joel Weinstock]. Nature (50.2). 2016 Dec 21;540(7634):S103. doi: 10.1038/540S103a. PMID: 28002396.

* Weinstock JV. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23135449/ Autoimmunity: The worm returns]. Nature (50.2). 2012 Nov 8;491(7423):183-5. doi: 10.1038/491183a. PMID: 23135449; PMCID: PMC3744107.

* Croese J, O'neil J, Masson J, Cooke S, Melrose W, Pritchard D, Speare R. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16344586/ A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors]. Gut (24.5). 2006 Jan;55(1):136-7. doi: 10.1136/gut.2005.079129. PMID: 16344586; PMCID: PMC1856386.

* Summers RW, Elliott DE, Urban JF Jr, Thompson R, Weinstock JV. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1774382/ Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease]. Gut (24.5). 2005 Jan;54(1):87-90. doi: 10.1136/gut.2004.041749. PMID: 15591509; PMCID: PMC1774382.

* Turton JA. [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/f/fd/Letter_-_IgE%2C_parasites%2C_and_allergy_%28Turton%29.pdf Letter: IgE, parasites, and allergy]. Lancet (98.4). 1976 Sep 25;2(7987):686. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)92492-2. PMID: 60540.

== Further reading ==
These pages contain further research papers and articles relevant to each page title.

* [[Helminths and the gut microbiota | '''Helminths and the gut microbiota''']]
* [[Deworming debunked | '''Deworming debunked''']]
* [[Helminthic therapy for well people | '''Helminthic therapy for well people''']]

Helminthic therapy research

2025-05-18T19:23:44Z

Laurel: /* 2024 */ formatting, adding

{{Breadcrumb}}
{{SEO
|title=Helminthic therapy research
|description=Comprehensive index of over 1,000 scientific studies and reports supporting helminthic therapy, biome reconstitution, and the Hygiene Hypothesis.
|keywords=helminthic therapy research, helminth studies, hygiene hypothesis, biome depletion, immune disorders, self-treatment
|og:image=[[File:wiki.png]]
}}

Helminthic therapy is the deliberate introduction of controlled, non-replicating helminths to improve immune regulation and reduce chronic inflammation. This page provides a curated index of over 1,000 scientific studies and reports related to this therapy and its theoretical foundations, including:

* the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis Hygiene Hypothesis]
* the [http://evmedreview.com/?p=103 Old Friends' Hypothesis]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mismatch_theory Evolutionary Mismatch Theory]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21741180 Biome Depletion Theory] / [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133248 Biota Alteration Theory]

This resource is maintained quarterly by volunteers. '''Last major update: May 2025.''' To suggest edits or updates, use the [[Talk:Helminthic therapy research]] page.

== Therapeutic Helminths ==
Four organisms are currently used in helminthic therapy:

* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necator_americanus Necator americanus]'' (NA) – human hookworm
* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuris_trichiura Trichuris trichiura]'' (TTO) – human whipworm
* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuris_suis Trichuris suis]'' (TSO) – pig whipworm
* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenolepis_diminuta Hymenolepis diminuta]'' (HDC) – rat tapeworm

Some additional studies include other helminth species or helminth-derived molecules. These are included where they offer relevant insights into immune function, inflammation, and host-parasite interactions.

<div style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 1px solid #EEDD82; padding:8px; margin:16px 0;">
'''Navigation tip''': To search by condition (e.g., asthma, MS, autism), use your browser’s “Find in page” function (⌘F or Ctrl+F). For access tips, see the [[#Obtaining copies of scientific papers]] section below.
</div>

== Recommended Starting Points ==
<div style="background-color:#F0F8FF; border:1px solid #ADD8E6; padding:8px;">
'''New to the topic? Start here:'''
* ✅ [[media:Overcoming_Evolutionary_Mismatch_by_Self-Treatment_with_Helminths.pdf]] – Landmark paper on patient-led outcomes
* ✅ [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744090 Helminth–host immunological interactions (2012)] – Summary of core science
* ✅ [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737071 Socio-medical insight on trial limitations (2022)] – Why RCTs may not reflect real-world outcomes
</div>

== Related Pages ==
* [[Introduction to helminthic therapy]]
* [[Hookworm dosing and response]]
* [[Human helminth care manual]]
* [[Helminthic therapy for multiple sclerosis]]
* [[Glossary of helminthic therapy terms]]

<div class="toclimit-2">__TOC__</div>

== What Researchers Say About Helminthic Therapy ==

=== Scientific conclusions from clinical and lab studies ===

{{Quote|indent}}Although some helminths are known to cause disease and have been labeled parasites, it is now clear that some exposure to this class of organisms is necessary for human health. (Bono-Lunn et al) [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10601333.2016.1210159]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}The results strongly support previous indications that helminth therapy can effectively treat a wide range of allergies, autoimmune conditions and neuropsychiatric disorders. (Liu et al) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27240605/]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}Although self-treatment with helminths cannot be recommended by medical professionals due to a lack of blinded, placebo controlled trials, neither should it be discouraged since the available evidence suggests that it is beneficial in most cases when practiced by knowledgeable individuals. (Parker and Morey) [https://evmedreview.com/progress-on-reconstituting-the-depleted-biome-to-prevent-immune-disorders/]{{Quote|/indent}}

=== Researcher commentary, policy vision, and future outlook ===

{{Quote|indent}}What was a costly and sometimes risky venture into the unknown, undertaken by only a few 10 years ago, is rapidly becoming a readily available and well-established resource currently used by thousands of individuals. (Cheng et al, 2015) [[media:Overcoming_Evolutionary_Mismatch_by_Self-Treatment_with_Helminths.pdf]]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}We need to embrace the view that helminths are a necessary component of the ecosystem of a healthy body, and that helminths should be cultivated for population-wide biota restoration. (Villeneuve et al) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1286457917301855?via%3Dihub]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}Biome reconstitution… must be considered a fundamental human right worthy of government support rather than an option for pharmaceutical development. (Parker and Ollerton) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481190]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}Twenty years from now… every single human being needs a helminth. It’s part of our biology. (Prof William Parker, Duke University) [https://web.archive.org/web/202212]()

== '''Research papers & articles''' ==

===2025===

* 2025 Apr 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40302223/ Cytokines from parasites: manipulating host responses by molecular mimicry] — [DOI not listed] DOI
* 2025 Apr 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40298402/ mGem: Decoding transmicrobe messaging-the growing impact of extracellular vesicles] — [https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mbio.03130-24?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed Full text] | [https://journals.asm.org/doi/epub/10.1128/mbio.03130-24 PDF] '''(EVs)'''
* 2025 Apr 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40266093/ Helminth reshapes host gut microbiota and immunoregulation by deploying an antimicrobial program of innate immunity] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12026035/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12026035/pdf/KGMI_17_2496447.pdf PDF] '''(gut microbiota)'''
* 2025 Apr 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40265426/ Modulation of the Inflammatory Signature in an Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model through Treatment with Fasciola hepatica-Derived Recombinant Fatty Acid Binding Protein (rFh15)] — [DOI not listed] DOI '''(F. hepatica, autoimmune, immunology)'''
* 2025 Jan [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39638178/ Cathepsin L of Fasciola hepatica meliorates colitis by altering the gut microbiome and inflammatory macrophages] — [DOI not listed] DOI '''(F. hepatica, colitis, macrophage, microbiome)'''
* 2025 Jan [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39608199/ Host, parasite, and microbiome interaction: Trichuris ovis and its effect on sheep gut microbiota] — [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304401724002450?via%3Dihub Full text] '''(gut microbiota, microbiome)'''

===2024===

* 2024 Dec 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39749005/ Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Helminth-Derived Products: Potential Applications and Challenges in Diabetes Mellitus Management] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11694023/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11694023/pdf/jir-17-11789.pdf PDF] (diabetes)

* 2024 Dec 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39666730/ Hymenolepis nana antigens alleviate ulcerative colitis by promoting intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation via AhR/IL-22 signaling pathway] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11670978/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11670978/pdf/pntd.0012714.pdf PDF] (Hymenolepis nana, colitis)

* 2024 Dec 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39642243/ A helminth enzyme subverts macrophage-mediated immunity by epigenetic targeting of prostaglandin synthesis] — [DOI] (immunomodulation)

===2024===

* 2024 Dec 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39749005/ Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Helminth-Derived Products: Potential Applications and Challenges in Diabetes Mellitus Management] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11694023/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11694023/pdf/jir-17-11789.pdf PDF] (diabetes)

* 2024 Dec 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39666730/ Hymenolepis nana antigens alleviate ulcerative colitis by promoting intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation via AhR/IL-22 signaling pathway] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11670978/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11670978/pdf/pntd.0012714.pdf PDF] (Hymenolepis nana, colitis)

* 2024 Dec 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39642243/ A helminth enzyme subverts macrophage-mediated immunity by epigenetic targeting of prostaglandin synthesis] — [DOI] (immunomodulation)

* 2024 Dec 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39620820/ Intestinal Helminth Infection Impairs Oral and Parenteral Vaccine Efficacy] — [https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/154/Supplement%204/S51/200114/Intestinal-Helminth-Infection-Impairs-Oral-and?autologincheck=redirected Full text] | [https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-pdf/154/Supplement%204/S51/1745169/peds.2024-069114n.pdf PDF] (vaccine efficacy)

* 2024 Nov 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39609640/ The TGF-β mimic TGM4 achieves cell specificity through combinatorial surface co-receptor binding] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11723922/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11723922/pdf/44319_2024_Article_323.pdf PDF] (TGF-beta mimic)

* 2024 Nov 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39651252/ The IL-33/ST2 signaling axis drives pathogenesis in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11623585/ Full text] | [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625579v1 PDF] (COVID-19)

* 2024 Nov 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39596084/ A Small Intestinal Helminth Infection Alters Colonic Mucus and Shapes the Colonic Mucus Microbiome] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11593901/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11593901/pdf/ijms-25-12015.pdf PDF] (intestinal helminth)

* 2024 Nov 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39569198/ Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles from Ascaris lumbricoides antigen exposure enhance Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth control, reduce IL-1β, and contain miR-342-5p, miR-516b-5p, and miR-570-3p that regulate PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11576181/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11576181/pdf/fimmu-15-1454881.pdf PDF] (Ascaris lumbricoides, tuberculosis)

* 2024 Nov 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39495798/ The gut microbiota is essential for Trichinella spiralis-evoked suppression of colitis] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11563474/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11563474/pdf/pntd.0012645.pdf PDF] (Trichinella spiralis, colitis)

* 2024 Nov 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38899778/ Probiotic Treatment of U lcerative Colitis with Trichuris Suis Ova: A Randomised, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial (the PROCTO Trial)] — [DOI] (Trichuris suis, colitis)

===2024===

* 2024 Oct 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39530086/ Roles of helminth extracellular vesicle-derived let-7 in host-parasite crosstalk] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11551607/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11551607/pdf/fimmu-15-1449495.pdf PDF] (EVs, let-7)

* 2024 Oct 17 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39406912/ Monocytes/Macrophages in Helminth Infections: Key Players in Host Defence, Inflammation, and Tissue Repair] — [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-65944-7_13 Full text] (macrophages)

* 2024 Oct 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39458384/ Parasites and Microbiota: Dual Interactions and Therapeutic Perspectives] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11510500/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11510500/pdf/microorganisms-12-02076.pdf PDF] (microbiota)

* 2024 Oct 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39406758/ Immunomodulatory effect of Dicrocoelium dendriticum ova on DSS-induced experimental colitis in C57BL/6 mouse] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11480399/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11480399/pdf/41598_2024_Article_73692.pdf PDF] (Dicrocoelium, colitis)

* 2024 Oct 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39385244/ The role of helminths and their antigens in cancer therapy: insights from cell line models] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11465614/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11465614/pdf/13027_2024_Article_613.pdf PDF] (cancer)

* 2024 Oct 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39444692/ Immuno-therapeutic and prophylactic potential of Trichinella spiralis antigens for inflammatory bowel diseases] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11497370/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11497370/pdf/main.pdf PDF] (Trichinella, IBD)

* 2024 Oct 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39367471/ Parasites revive hope for cancer therapy] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11453045/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11453045/pdf/40001_2024_Article_2057.pdf PDF] (cancer)

* 2024 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39159711/ Helminth derivative tuftsin-phopshorylcholine to treat autoimmunity] — [DOI] (autoimmunity)

* 2024 Sept 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39314046/ Helminth-derived molecules: pathogenic and pharmacopeial roles] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11629161/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11629161/pdf/jbr-38-6-547.pdf PDF] (molecular roles)

* 2024 Sept 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39263744/ Health-promoting worms? Prospects and pitfalls of helminth therapy] — [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bies.202400080 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bies.202400080 PDF] (therapy review)

* 2024 Sept 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39243554/ Excretory/secretory antigens from Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae ameliorate HFD-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via driving macrophage anti-inflammatory activity] — [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1567576924016242?via%3Dihub Full text] (Trichinella, NASH)

* 2024 Sept 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39234909/ Immune-mediated Bowel Disease: Role of Intestinal Parasites and Gut Microbiome] (IBD, microbiome)

* 2024 Aug 23 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39179288/ Helminth protein enhances wound healing by inhibiting fibrosis and promoting tissue regeneration] — [https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/molecules-secreted-by-parasitic-worms-found-to-reduce-scarring-during-wound-healing/ Full text] (wound healing)

* 2024 Aug 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39204303/ Geohelminths: Use in the Treatment of Selected Human Diseases] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11356798/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11356798/pdf/pathogens-13-00703.pdf PDF] (geohelminths, therapy)

* 2024 Aug 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39037247/ Echinococcus multilocularis serpin regulates macrophage polarization and reduces gut dysbiosis in colitis] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11320943/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11320943/pdf/iai.00232-24.pdf PDF] (Echinococcus, colitis)

* 2024 Aug 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39211070/ Helminth-derived metabolites induce tolerogenic] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11360915/ Full text] | [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525718v2.full.pdf PDF] (metabolites, immune tolerance)

* 2024 Jul 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39013877/ Controlled human hookworm infection remodels plasmacytoid dendritic cells and regulatory T cells towards profiles seen in natural infections in endemic areas] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11252261/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11252261/pdf/41467_2024_Article_50313.pdf PDF] (hookworm, dendritic cells)

2024 Jun 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38947109/ Reevaluating Biota Alteration: Reframing Environmental Influences on Chronic Immune Disorders and Exploring Novel Therapeutic Opportunities] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11202117/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11202117/pdf/yjbm_97_2_253.pdf PDF] (review)

2024 Jun 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39065669/ Pharmaceutical Potential of Remedial Plants and Helminths for Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11279646/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11279646/pdf/pharmaceuticals-17-00819.pdf PDF] (IBD)

2024 Apr 30 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38687096/ Gut-lung axis and asthma: A historical review on mechanism and future perspective] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11060082/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11060082/pdf/CLT2-14-e12356.pdf PDF] (asthma)

2024 Apr 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38637733/ Helminth-derived proteins as immune system regulators] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11025257/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11025257/pdf/12865_2024_Article_614.pdf PDF] (immune regulation)

2024 Apr 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38581085/ The helminth-derived peptide, FhHDM-1, reverses the trained phenotype of NOD bone-marrow-derived macrophages and regulates proinflammatory responses] — [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.202350643 Full text] (FhHDM-1, inflammation)

2024 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38648862/ Modulation of intestinal epithelial permeability by chronic small intestinal helminth infections] — [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imcb.12749 Full text] (permeability)

2024 Mar 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38517214/ Association between helminth infection and allergic disorders among children in Batu, Ethiopia] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10959016/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10959016/pdf/IID3-12-e1222.pdf PDF] (allergy, children)

2024 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38325266/ Serine protease inhibitor from the muscle larval Trichinella spiralis ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice via anti-inflammatory properties and gut-liver crosstalk] — [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332224001045?via%3Dihub Full text] (Trichinella, NAFLD)

2024 Jan 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38500783/ The parasitic worm product ES-62 protects against collagen-induced arthritis by resetting the gut-bone marrow axis in a microbiome-dependent manner] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7615750/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7615750/pdf/EMS194623.pdf PDF] (ES-62, arthritis)

2024 Jan 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38357280/ Effect of Trichinella spiralis-Derived Antigens on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by High-Fat Diet in Mice] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10863434/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10863434/pdf/pt3c00276.pdf PDF] (Trichinella, NAFLD)

===2023===

* 2023 Nov 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38016013/ Immunosuppressive ability of Trichinella spiralis adults can ameliorate type 2 inflammation in a murine allergy model]

* ✅ 2023 Nov [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37449458/ Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/all.15812 Full text] | [[media:Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction.pdf | PDF]]

* 2023 Sept 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37762428/ The Impact of Intestinal Inflammation on Nematode's Excretory-Secretory Proteome] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10531923/ Full Text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10531923/pdf/ijms-24-14127.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Sept 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37760328/ Severely Asthmatic Horses Residing in a Mediterranean Climate Shed a Significantly Lower Number of Parasite Eggs Compared to Healthy Farm Mates] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10525552/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10525552/pdf/animals-13-02928.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Sept 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37762297/ Modulation of LPS-Induced Neurodegeneration by Intestinal Helminth Infection in Ageing Mice] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10530578/ Full Text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10530578/pdf/ijms-24-13994.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Sept [https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/esploro/outputs/doctoral/Helminths-modulation-of-intestinal-barrier-function/9926503779101891 Helminths' modulation of intestinal barrier function] (doctoral thesis)

* 2023 Aug 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37745942/ Hookworm infection induces glycometabolic modulation in South Indian individuals with type 2 diabetes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10514067/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10514067/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Aug 21 [https://www.labonline.com.au/content/life-scientist/article/hookworms-could-offer-protection-from-severe-covid-1149206477 Hookworms could offer protection from severe COVID]

* 2023 Aug 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37585413/ The gut microbiota contributes to changes in the host immune response induced by Trichinella spiralis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431649/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431649/pdf/pntd.0011479.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Aug 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37580819/ Inhibition of GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis triggered by Trichinella spiralis intervention contributes to the alleviation of DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10424392/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10424392/pdf/13071_2023_Article_5857.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Aug 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37579625/ A target-based discovery from a parasitic helminth as a novel therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases] -- [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(23)00316-X/fulltext Full text]

* 2023 Aug 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37566678/ Exposure to lung-migrating helminth protects against murine SARS-CoV-2 infection through macrophage-dependent T cell activation]

* 2023 Jul 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37495576/ Effect of experimental hookworm infection on insulin resistance in people at risk of type 2 diabetes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10372076/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10372076/pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jun 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37355675/ Interaction between tissue-dwelling helminth and the gut microbiota drives mucosal immunoregulation] -- [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41522-023-00410-7 Full text]

* 2023 Jun 23 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37292031/ The mouse model of chronic asthma: Airway remodelling and disease exacerbation by somatic antigen of Echinococcus granulosus]

* 2023 Jun 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37383608/ The Potential Nexus between Helminths and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Literature Review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10299886/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10299886/pdf/JIR2023-5544819.pdf PDF]

* 2023 June 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37318363/ Controlled Hookworm Infection for Medication-free Maintenance in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Pilot, Double-blind, Randomized Control Trial] -- [https://academic.oup.com/ibdjournal/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ibd/izad110/7198522?login=false Full Text]

* 2023 Jun 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37292031/ The mouse model of chronic asthma: Airway remodelling and disease exacerbation by somatic antigen of Echinococcus granulosus]

* 2023 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37207504/ Proteomic profile of Trichinella spiralis infected mice with acute spinal cord injury: A 4D label-free quantitative analysis]

* 2023 Jun [https://repository.univ-msila.dz/items/7987d3ff-f6e5-48dc-aabb-d19a00049b5f/full Echinococcose kystique et l'helmintho-thérapie] -- [https://repository.univ-msila.dz/server/api/core/bitstreams/de28cb6f-60a2-4af2-af13-116215e0a57b/content PDF] (mémoire de master en français / in french)

* 2023 Apr 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37119907/ Helminth-derived biomacromolecules as therapeutic agents for treating inflammatory and infectious diseases: What lessons do we get from recent findings?]

* 2023 Apr 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37189818/ Helminth Lessons in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD)] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135676/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135676/pdf/biomedicines-11-01200.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36848791/ The Trichinella spiralis-derived antigens alleviate HFD-induced obesity and inflammation in mice]

* 2023 Feb 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36827239/ Effects of helminths and anthelmintic treatment on cardiometabolic diseases and risk factors: A systematic review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9956023/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9956023/pdf/pntd.0011022.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Feb 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36788341/ Maternal helminth infection protects offspring from high-fat-diet-induced obesity through altered microbiota and SCFAs]

* 2023 Feb 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36780522/ Helminth egg derivatives as proregenerative immunotherapies]

* 2023 Feb 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36785786/ COVID-19 morbidity in lower versus higher income populations underscores the need to restore lost biodiversity of eukaryotic symbionts] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9908430/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jan 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36761766/ The helminth derived peptide FhHDM-1 redirects macrophage metabolism towards glutaminolysis to regulate the pro-inflammatory response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9905698/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9905698/pdf/fimmu-14-1018076.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jan 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36855464/ Protection from T cell-dependent colitis by the helminth-derived immunomodulatory mimic of transforming growth factor-β, Hp-TGM] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9958376/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9958376/pdf/kyad001.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jan 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36641059/ Heat shock protein 60 in parasitic helminths: a role in immune responses and therapeutic applications]

===2022===

* 2022 Dec 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36601618/ Does the trained immune system play an important role in the extreme longevity that is seen in the Sardinian blue zone?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9806115/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9806115/pdf/fragi-03-1069415.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Dec 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36569142/ The impact of Helicobacter pylori and intestinal helminth infections on gastric adenocarcinoma and inflammatory bowel disease in Sub-Saharan Africa] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780450/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780450/pdf/fmed-09-1013779.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Dec 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36476263/ Gut microbiome of helminth-infected indigenous Malaysians is context dependent] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9727879/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9727879/pdf/40168_2022_Article_1385.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Nov 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36558772/ The Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta as an Important Model Organism in the Experimental Parasitology of the 21st Century] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9784563/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9784563/pdf/pathogens-11-01439.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Nov 10 [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515832v1 Helminth exposure protects against murine SARS-CoV-2 infection through macrophage dependent T cell activation] -- [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515832v1.full Full text] | [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515832v1.full.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Nov 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39816470/ The immunology of parasite infections: Grand challenges] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11732110/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11732110/pdf/fpara-01-1069205.pdf PDF] (editorial)

* 2022 Nov 1 [https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/21/13358 Helminths and Bacterial Microbiota: The Interactions of Two of Humans’ “Old Friends”] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/21/13358/htm Full text]

* 2022 Oct 27 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36289514/ Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and antigen B may decrease inflammatory bowel disease through regulation of M1/2 polarization] -- [https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05498-y Full text]

* 2022 Oct 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36297265/ Inhibition Effects of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Its Derivatives against Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- Mice through Anti-Inflammatory Response] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/10/1208/htm Full text]

* 2022 Oct 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36263053/ Helminth infection and helminth-derived products: A novel therapeutic option for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9573989/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9573989/pdf/fimmu-13-999412.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Sept 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36175934/ Whipworm secretions and their roles in host-parasite interactions] -- [https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05483-5 Full text]

*2022 Sept 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36084127/ Cysteine protease of Clonorchis sinensis alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9491586/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9491586/pdf/pntd.0010774.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Sept [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35712983/ The effect of helminth infection on vaccine responses in humans and animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pim.12939 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/pim.12939 PDF]

* 2022 Aug 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36045216/ Food for thought - ILC metabolism in the context of helminth infections] -- [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41385-022-00559-y Full text]

* 2022 Aug 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36105811/ The parasitic worm product ES-62 protects the osteoimmunology axis in a mouse model of obesity-accelerated ageing] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9465317/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9465317/pdf/fimmu-13-953053.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Aug 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36116939/ Role of alternative activation of macrophages in hookworm therapy for inflammatory diseases: a review]

* 2022 Aug 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35964125/ Immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus by adjuvant-free Schistosoma japonicum-egg tip-loaded asymmetric microneedle patch (STAMP)] -- [https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12951-022-01581-9 Full text]

* 2022 Aug 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36040420/ Early life mebendazole exposure increases the risk of adult-onset ulcerative colitis: a population-based cohort study]

* 2022 Aug 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35955110/ Hymenolepis diminuta Infection Affects Apoptosis in the Small and Large Intestine] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368115/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368115/pdf/ijerph-19-09753.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Aug 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36045216/ Food for thought - ILC metabolism in the context of helminth infections] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9705246/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9705246/pdf/41385_2022_Article_559.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Aug 1 [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/8/1235?fbclid=IwAR2Y4zm19t6UklmkK0WiNZEJyzDWZpqYKNYygzA1UkEFoaMUt9djgtn0vHk Harnessing Immune Evasion Strategy of Lymphatic Filariae: A Therapeutic Approach against Inflammatory and Infective Pathology] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/8/1235/htm Full text]

* 2022 Jul 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35804460/ The production of Necator americanus larvae for use in experimental human infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9264692/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9264692/pdf/13071_2022_Article_5371.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35764965/ Helminth antigens differentially modulate the activation of CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes of convalescent COVID-19 patients in vitro] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9241220/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9241220/pdf/12916_2022_Article_2441.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 27 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35758054/ Suppression of airway allergic eosinophilia by Hp-TGM, a helminth mimic of TGF-β]

* 2022 Jun 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35748460/ "Out of the box" new therapeutic strategies for Crohn’s disease: moving beyond biologics] | [https://online.reed.es/DOI/PDF/ArticuloDOI_9010.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35732819/ Effects of helminths on the human immune response and the microbiome] -- [https://www.mucosalimmunology.org/article/S1933-0219(22)01749-4/fulltext Full text] | [https://www.mucosalimmunology.org/action/showPdf?pii=S1933-0219%2822%2901749-4 PDF]

* 2022 Jun 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35747061/ Multiple sclerosis and the microbiota: Progress in understanding the contribution of the gut microbiome to disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9211007/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9211007/pdf/eoac009.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35675339/ Clinical helminth infections alter host gut and saliva microbiota] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9212162/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9212162/pdf/pntd.0010491.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35774197/ Nematode surface functionalization with hydrogel sheaths tailored in situ] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590006422001260 Full text] |

* 2022 May 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35615625/ Trichinella-induced immunomodulation: Another tale of helminth success] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9125654/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9125654/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2022 May 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35499991/ Helminth infection modulates number and function of adipose tissue Tregs in high fat diet-induced obesity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9098094/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9098094/pdf/pntd.0010105.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Mar 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35357756/ A Good Day for Helminths: how parasite-derived GDH suppresses inflammatory responses] -- [https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.15252/embr.202255054 Full text]

* 2022 Mar 30 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35353624/ Ascarosides from helminths pack a punch against allergy] -- [https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2202250119 Full text] | [https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.2202250119 PDF]

* 2022 Mar 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35386686/ Parasitomimetics: Can We Utilize Parasite-Derived Immunomodulatory Molecules for Interventions to Immunological Disorders?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977410/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977410/pdf/fimmu-13-824695.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Mar 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35286352/ Infection with intestinal helminth (Hymenolepis diminuta) impacts exploratory behavior and cognitive processes in rats by changing the central level of neurotransmitters] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1010330 Full text]

* 2022 Mar 10 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35359963/ Not All Worms Were Created Equal] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8960138/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8960138/pdf/fimmu-13-877707.pdf PDF] (NB. This paper does not include all the facts that are pertinent to the case discussed. For additional important details, see: [[Helminthic therapy safety#Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease? | Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease?]])

* 2022 Mar 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35435987/ Review of the role of parasitic nematode excretory/secretory proteins in host immunomodulation]

* 2022 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34861106/ Immunomodulation of COVID-19 severity by helminth co-infection: Implications for COVID-19 vaccine efficacy] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iid3.573 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iid3.573 PDF]

* 2022 Feb 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35281054/ Helminth and Host Crosstalk: New Insight Into Treatment of Obesity and Its Associated Metabolic Syndromes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8913526/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8913526/pdf/fimmu-13-827486.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Feb 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35281745/ Bone erosion in inflammatory arthritis is attenuated by Trichinella spiralis through inhibiting M1 monocyte/macrophage polarization] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8914552/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8914552/pdf/main.pdf PDF]]

* 2022 Feb 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35202548/ Helminth products modulate innate immune recognition of nucleic acids in systemic lupus erythematosus]

* 2022 Feb 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35188279/ Concurrent allergy and helminthiasis in underprivileged urban South African adults previously residing in rural areas] (NB. Ascarids are known to be associated with asthma, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778161/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25702830] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17698018] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30249744] unlike the species used in helminthic therapy.)

* 2022 Feb 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35222441/ The Fight Against Severe COVID-19: Can Parasitic Worms Contribute?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8874793/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8874793/pdf/fimmu-13-849465.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jan-Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36046565/ Anti-Tumor Effect of Marshallagia marshalli Somatic Antigen on Inhibition Cell Growth of K562] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9375725/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9375725/pdf/IJPA-17-28.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jan 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35115243/ Helminths and COVID-19 susceptibility, disease progression, and vaccination efficacy] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471492222000083 Full text]

* 2022 Jan 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35087284/ Helminth Therapy for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Current and Future Perspectives] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8789313/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8789313/pdf/jir-15-475.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jan 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35031905/ Na-AIP-1 secreted by human hookworms suppresses collagen-induced arthritis]

* 2022 Jan [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014489421001260 Potential of human helminth therapy for resolution of inflammatory bowel disease: The future ahead]

===2021===

* 2021 Dec 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34933444/ Helminth-Induced Human Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Reveals Insights into Altered Taxon Diversity and Microbial Gradient Collapse] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8689561/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8689561/pdf/mbio.02890-21.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Dec 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34930198/ Rapidly progressive respiratory failure after helminth larvae ingestion] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8686539/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8686539/pdf/12890_2021_Article_1788.pdf PDF] (NB. This report omits important facts about the case described, and includes incorrect and misleading details. For a more accurate account, see, [[Helminthic therapy safety#Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease? | Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease?]])

* 2021 Dec 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35046625/ Recombinant protein Schistosoma japonicum-derived molecule attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by inhibiting miRNA-217-5p to alleviate apoptosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8678816/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8678816/pdf/WJG-27-7982.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Dec 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34882670/Experimental human hookworm infection: a narrative historical review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8659326/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8659326/pdf/pntd.0009908.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Dec 6 [https://evmedreview.com/evolutionary-medicine-helps-explain-pandemic-dynamics-predictions-regarding-clinical-impact-of-covid-19-borne-out/ Evolutionary medicine helps explain pandemic dynamics: Predictions regarding clinical impact of COVID-19 borne out]

* 2021 Dec 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34863801/ Helminth-induced CD9 + B-cell subset alleviates obesity-associated inflammation via IL-10 production]

* 2021 Dec Treatment of Refractory Chronic Migraine with Worm Eggs: A Therapy Rooted in Evolution (no abstract) | [[media:Treatment_of_Refractory_Chronic_Migraine_with_Worm_Eggs.pdf |PDF]] (TSO)

* 2021 Nov 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34748611/ Suppression of inflammatory arthritis by the parasitic worm product ES-62 is associated with epigenetic changes in synovial fibroblasts] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8601611/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8601611/pdf/ppat.1010069.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Nov 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34735226/ Small proline-rich protein 2A is a gut bactericidal protein deployed during helminth infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977106/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977106/pdf/nihms-1788060.pdf PDF]

* ✅ 2021 Nov [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737071/ Socio-medical studies of individuals self-treating with helminths provide insight into clinical trial design for assessing helminth therapy] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576921002063 Full text] | [[media:Socio-medical_studies_of_individuals_self-treating_with_helminths_provide_insight_into_clinical_trial_design_for_assessing_helminth_therapy.pdf | PDF]]

* 2021 Nov [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34197631/ Interleukin-35 is a critical regulator of immunity during helminth infections associated with multiple sclerosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8517594/ Full text]

* 2021 Oct 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34717799/ Enteric pathogens induce tissue tolerance and prevent neuronal loss from subsequent infections]

* 2021 Oct 27 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737582/ The Influence of Helminth Immune Regulation on COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes: Is it Beneficial or Detrimental?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558425/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558425/pdf/idr-14-4421.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Oct 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34868595/ Helminth infection is associated with dampened cytokine responses to viral and bacterial stimulations in Tsimane forager-horticulturalists] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8634526/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8634526/pdf/eoab035.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Oct 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34745091/ Parasite-Derived Excretory-Secretory Products Alleviate Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Improve Cognitive Impairment Induced by a High-Fat Diet] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8564115/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8564115/pdf/fimmu-12-710513.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Oct 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34733292/ Emerging Role of Eosinophils in Resolution of Arthritis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558534/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558534/pdf/fimmu-12-764825.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Sept 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34579797/ The use of helminth therapy for management of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a systematic review]

* 2021 Sept 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34583903/ Commandeering the mammalian Ago2 miRNA network: a newly discovered mechanism of helminth immunomodulation]

* 2021 Sept 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34517928/ Cooperation between host immunity and the gut bacteria is essential for helminth-evoked suppression of colitis] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354561896 Full text]

* 2021 Sept 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34488863/ Schistosoma japonicum peptide SJMHE1 inhibits acute and chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8422783/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8422783/pdf/13071_2021_Article_4977.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Sept [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34368662/ Effect of co-infection with intestinal parasites on COVID-19 severity: A prospective observational cohort study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8324426/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8324426/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Aug 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34425258/ Safety and tolerability of medicinal parasite ova (Trichuris suis) in healthy Japanese volunteers: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial]

* 2021 Aug 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34406855/ Exposure to Parasitic Protists and Helminths Changes the Intestinal Community Structure of Bacterial Communities in a Cohort of Mother-Child Binomials from a Semirural Setting in Mexico] -- [https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00083-21 Full text] | [https://journals.asm.org/doi/epub/10.1128/mSphere.00083-21 PDF]

* 2021 Aug 17 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34433129/ Infection by Strongyloides venezuelensis attenuates chronic colitis induced by Dextran Sodium Sulfate ingestion in BALB/c mice]

* 2021 Aug 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34445445/ Lectin-Mediated Bacterial Modulation by the Intestinal Nematode Ascaris suum] — [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353903554 Full text]

* 2021 Aug 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34456879/ The Impact of Helminth Infection on the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8397462/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8397462/pdf/fendo-12-728396.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Aug 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34451458/ Infection with Hymenolepis diminuta Blocks Colitis and Hastens Recovery While Colitis Has Minimal Impact on Expulsion of the Cestode from the Mouse Host] — [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353740657 Full text]

* 2021 Aug 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34413850/ Mycobacterium-Induced Th1, Helminths-Induced Th2 Cells and the Potential Vaccine Candidates for Allergic Asthma: Imitation of Natural Infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8369065/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8369065/pdf/fimmu-12-696734.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Jun 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154932/ Gut-microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles: Overlooked mediators in host-helminth interactions?]

* 2021 Jun 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34135384/ Helminth derived factors inhibit neutrophil extracellular trap formation and inflammation in bacterial peritonitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8209178/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8209178/pdf/41598_2021_Article_92001.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Jun 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34171587/ SARS-CoV-2 and helminth co-infections, and environmental pollution exposure: An epidemiological and immunological perspective] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8205275/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8205275/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Jun 10 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34111180/ Hookworm treatment induces a decrease of suppressive regulatory T cell associated with a Th2 inflammatory response] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0252921 Full text] Allergic sensitisation increased following treatment with albendazole.

* 2021 Jun 7 [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2533 The New Status of Parasitic Diseases in the COVID-19 Pandemic—Risk Factors or Protective Agents?] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2533/htm Full text] (Review)

* 2021 May 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34051231/ Synthetic hookworm-derived peptides are potent modulators of primary human immune cell function that protect against experimental colitis in vivo] -- [https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(21)00632-3/fulltext Full text] | [https://www.jbc.org/action/showPdf?pii=S0021-9258%2821%2900632-3 PDF]

* 2021 May 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34051352/ Emerging issues in COVID-19 vaccination in Tropical Areas: Impact of the Immune Response against Helminths in Endemic Areas]

* 2021 May 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34029332/ COVID-19 and helminth infection: Beyond the Th1/Th2 paradigm] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8143422/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8143422/pdf/pntd.0009402.pdf PDF]

* 2021 May 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34017599/ Extreme lifespan extension in tapeworm-infected ant workers] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8131941/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8131941/pdf/rsos.202118.pdf PDF]

* 2021 May 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34002262/ The effects of helminth infections against type 2 diabetes]

* 2021 Apr 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33895144/ Immunoprotective inference of experimental chronic Trichinella spiralis infection on house dust mites induced allergic airway remodeling]

* 2021 Apr 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33935986/ Interrogating the Impact of Intestinal Parasite-Microbiome on Pathogenesis of COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8086792/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8086792/pdf/fmicb-12-614522.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Apr 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33853585/ Experimental infection with the hookworm, Necator americanus, is associated with stable gut microbial diversity in human volunteers with relapsing multiple sclerosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8048248/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8048248/pdf/12915_2021_Article_1003.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Apr 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33579723/ Helminth Imprinting of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Sustains Anti-Inflammatory Trained Innate Immunity That Attenuates Autoimmune Disease]

* 2021 Mar 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33842398/ Therapeutic Efficacy of Excretory-Secretory Products of Trichinella spiralis Adult Worms on Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury in a Mouse Model] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8024484/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8024484/pdf/fcimb-11-653843.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33760829/ Trichuris trichiura egg extract proteome reveals potential diagnostic targets and immunomodulators] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8021180/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8021180/pdf/pntd.0009221.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33841657/ Schistosoma japonicum-derived peptide SJMHE1 promotes peripheral nerve repair through a macrophage-dependent mechanism] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8014408/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8014408/pdf/ajtr0013-1290.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33732246/ Understanding Asthma and Allergies by the Lens of Biodiversity and Epigenetic Changes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7957070/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7957070/pdf/fimmu-12-623737.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33646858/ Immune System Investigation Using Parasitic Helminths]

* 2021 Feb 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33717104/ Clonorchis sinensis-Derived Protein Attenuates Inflammation and New Bone Formation in Ankylosing Spondylitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7947613/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7947613/pdf/fimmu-12-615369.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33692793/ Schistosome Infection and Schistosome-Derived Products as Modulators for the Prevention and Alleviation of Immunological Disorders] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7937812/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7937812/pdf/fimmu-12-619776.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33732461/ Between a hygiene rock and a hygienic hard place: Avoiding SARS-CoV-2 while needing environmental exposures for immunity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7928958/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7928958/pdf/eoab006.pdf PDF]

:* 2021 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34168878/ Comment on Parker et al. (Evolution, Medicine and Public Health 2021;9:120–30.)] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8219121/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8219121/pdf/eoab011.pdf PDF]

:* 2021 Apr [https://academic.oup.com/emph/article/9/1/206/6220325 Authors’ response to Graham Rook’s commentary]

* 2021 Feb 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33738103/ Hymenolepis diminuta-based helminth therapy in C3(1)-TAg mice does not alter breast tumor onset or progression] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7953836/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7953836/pdf/eoab007.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33613446/ Gastrointestinal Helminth Infection Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Decreases Systemic Inflammation, and Alters the Composition of Gut Microbiota in Distinct Mouse Models of Type 2 Diabetes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7892786/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7892786/pdf/fendo-11-606530.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 2 [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.21250995v1 Effect of co-infection with parasites on severity of COVID-19] -- [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.21250995v1.full.pdf PDF] (medRxiv preprints) (Also reported by NewsMedical. [https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210204/Research-shows-intestinal-parasite-infestations-reduce-COVID-19-severity.aspx])

* 2021 Feb 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33526169/ Gross ways to live long: Parasitic worms as an anti-inflammaging therapy?] -- [https://elifesciences.org/articles/65180 Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7853715/pdf/elife-65180.pdf PDF] (Also reported by EurekAlert. [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-02/e-cph020221.php])

* 2021 Jan 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33572978/ The Worm-Specific Immune Response in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Receiving Controlled Trichuris suis Ova Immunotherapy] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/2/101/htm Full text] (MS)

* 2021 Jan 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33499240/ Helminth Interactions with Bacteria in the Host Gut Are Essential for Its Immunomodulatory Effect] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/2/226/htm Full text]

* 2021 Jan 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33552447/ Evolution of bacteria in the human gut in response to changing environments: An invisible player in the game of health] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7829112/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7829112/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

===2020===

* 2020 Dec [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33512796/ Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of Experimental Hookworm Infection for Improving Gluten Tolerance in Celiac Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7678792/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7678792/pdf/ct9-11-e00274.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Dec [https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/nv9357710 The role of helminth and microbiome-derived metabolites in the healing of inflammatory bowel diseases related wounds in vitro] -- [https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/2b88qj182?locale=en PDF] (thesis)

* 2020 Oct 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33678958/ Historical analysis of inverse correlation between soil-transmitted helminthiasis and pancreatic cancer] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7901387/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7901387/pdf/UBMC_34_1836712.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Oct 22 [https://sci-hub.se/10.3390/ijms21217845 Gastrointestinal Nematode-Derived Antigens Alter Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration through Regulation of Cell Cycle and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Proteins]

* 2020 Oct 20 [https://academic.oup.com/emph/advance-article/doi/10.1093/emph/eoaa037/5930904 Old Friends Meet a New Foe -- A potential role for immune-priming parasites in mitigating COVID-19 morbidity and mortality] Includes link to PDF.

*2020 Oct 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33116652/ Helminth Induced Immunoregulation and Novel Therapeutic Avenue of Allergy] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7548329/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7548329/pdf/jaa-13-439.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Oct 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33012113/ Immunopathology and modulation induced by hookworms: from understanding to intervention]

* 2020 Oct 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33117347/ Excretory/Secretory Products From Trichinella spiralis Adult Worms Attenuated DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice by Driving PD-1-Mediated M2 Macrophage Polarization] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7575908/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7575908/pdf/fimmu-11-563784.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32653475/ Does the hygiene hypothesis apply to COVID-19 susceptibility?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7347347/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7347347/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Sept 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33117327/ The Helminth Parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus Attenuates EAE in an IL-4Rα-Dependent Manner] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7552805/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7552805/pdf/fimmu-11-01830.pdf PDF] (MS)

* 2020 Sept 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32951619/ Trichinella spiralis: inflammation modulator]

* 2020 Sept 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33013887/ What Can Parasites Tell Us About the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Asthma and Allergic Diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7516051/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7516051/pdf/fimmu-11-02106.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Sept 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32901341/ Immunomodulatory action of excretory-secretory products of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in a mouse tumour model] (Cancer)

* 2020 Sept 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32983184/ Fasciola hepatica-Derived Molecules as Regulators of the Host Immune Response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7492538/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7492538/pdf/fimmu-11-02182.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32984066/ Helminth Mediated Attenuation of Systemic Inflammation and Microbial Translocation in Helminth-Diabetes Comorbidity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7488178/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7488178/pdf/fcimb-10-00431.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32872342/ An Absence of Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation and Associations with Disease Activity in People with Multiple Sclerosis Undergoing Therapeutic Hookworm Vaccination] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/3/487/htm Full text]

* 2020 Aug 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32828819/ Succinate Produced by Intestinal Microbes Promotes Specification of Tuft Cells to Suppress Ileal Inflammation] (IBD)

* 2020 Aug 17 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32804930/ Helminth coinfection and COVID-19: An alternate hypothesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7430705/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7430705/pdf/pntd.0008628.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32903582/ Clinical Use of Schistosoma mansoni Antigens as Novel Immunotherapies for Autoimmune Disorders] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7438586/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7438586/pdf/fimmu-11-01821.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32849543/ Effectiveness of Helminth Therapy in the Prevention of Allograft Rejection: A Systematic Review of Allogeneic Transplantation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7426368/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7426368/pdf/fimmu-11-01604.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug [https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.07.002 Helminth extracellular vesicles: great balls of wonder]

* 2020 Jul [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32153025/ Regulatory T‐cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/?fbclid=IwAR27hCP5tDaVkO0KnyBMdlH7O4tzzcE0YfKWqFy_Xgy46l18amE1t1ET2dY Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/pdf/IMM-160-248.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Jul 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32629118/ Helminth-induced and Th2-dependent Alterations of the Gut Microbiota Attenuate Obesity Caused by High Fat Diet] -- [https://www.cmghjournal.org/article/S2352-345X(20)30105-3/pdf PDF]

* 2020 Jul 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32614822/ Schistosoma haematobium infection is associated with lower serum cholesterol levels and improved lipid profile in overweight/obese individuals]

* 2020 Jun 23 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32655568/ Immunity to Soil-Transmitted Helminths: Evidence From the Field and Laboratory Models] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7324686/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7324686/pdf/fimmu-11-01286.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Jun 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32570037/ Effect of Recombinant Serine Protease From Adult Stage of Trichinella Spiralis on TNBS-induced Experimental Colitis in Mice]

* ✅ 2020 Jun 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32539079/ Hookworm Treatment for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7296452/ Full text] (While the primary statistical endpoint of this trial - the cumulative number of new/enlarging T2 and new enhancing T1 lesions at month 9 - was not significantly different between the hookworm group (154) and the placebo group (164), a closer examination of the data reveals that '''more than half the patients given hookworms did not have any new lesions'''. “The findings of the research… show that infecting MS patients with a safe dose of… Necator americanus induces immunoregulatory responses and boosts the number of cells which help keep the immune system under control.” [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200618150223.htm] The trial’s lead researcher concluded, “I think there would be a niche for this approach - for individuals with mild disease who don't want to take immunomodulating drugs for life and would prefer a more natural approach.” [https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/932593])

* 2020 Jun 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32595641/ Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Trichinella spiralis Muscle Larvae Ameliorate TNBS-Induced Colitis in Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7300183/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7300183/pdf/fimmu-11-01174.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32480001/ Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, the Hygiene Hypothesis and the Other Side of the Microbiota: Parasites and Fungi]

* 2020 May 28 [https://www.qeios.com/read/IWKQH9.2 The global helminth belt and Covid-19: the new eosinophilic link]

* 2020 May 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32453752/ Comprehensive analysis of the secreted proteome of adult Necator americanus hookworms] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7274458/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7274458/pdf/pntd.0008237.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32436176/ Changes in the Severity of Gastric Mucosal Inflammation Associated With Helicobacter Pylori in Humans Coinfected With Intestinal Helminths]

* 2020 May 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32508831/ The Gastrointestinal Helminth Heligmosomoides bakeri Suppresses Inflammation in a Model of Contact Hypersensitivity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7249854/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7249854/pdf/fimmu-11-00950.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 18 [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.20098053v1.full.pdf Parasites and their protection against COVID-19 - Ecology or Immunology?] (PDF)

* 2020 May 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33623561/ Immunity, parasites, genetics and sex hormones: contributors to mild inflammatory responses in COVID-19?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7875730/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7875730/pdf/PAMJ-SUPP-35-2-36.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32407385 Harnessing helminth-driven immunoregulation in the search for novel therapeutic modalities] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1008508 Full text] | [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1008508&type=printable PDF]

* 2020 May 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32448639/ Microbes, Helminths, and Rheumatic Diseases]

* 2020 May 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32372471 Systematic review: gastrointestinal infection and incident inflammatory bowel disease] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/apt.15770 Full text] (IBD)

* 2020 May 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32367051 Heterogeneity in the initiation, development and function of type 2 immunity]

* 2020 May 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32358579 Will helminth co-infection modulate COVID-19 severity in endemic regions?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193760/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193760/pdf/41577_2020_Article_330.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Apr 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32341115 The Potential Role of Schistosome-Associated Factors as Therapeutic Modulators of the Immune System]

* 2020 Apr 27 [https://www.qeios.com/read/5IY4IF Asthma and COVID-19: The Eosinophilic Link]

* 2020 Apr 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32321922 CD8+ regulatory T cells are critical in prevention of autoimmune-mediated diabetes]

* 2020 Apr 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32321863 An anti-inflammatory eicosanoid switch mediates the suppression of type-2 inflammation by helminth larval products] (TSO)

* 2020 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30230399/ Randomized crossover feasibility trial of helminthic Trichuris suis ova versus placebo for repetitive behaviors in adult autism spectrum disorder] (TSO)

* 2020 Mar 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32200170 Effects of the dietary fibre inulin and Trichuris suis products on inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages] (TSO)

* 2020 Mar 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32171305/ Twenty-five-year research progress in hookworm excretory/secretory products] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071665/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071665/pdf/13071_2020_Article_4010.pdf PDF] (NA)

* 2020 Mar 10 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32153025/ Regulatory T-cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/pdf/IMM-160-248.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Mar 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32194529 Dietary Inulin and Trichuris suis Infection Promote Beneficial Bacteria Throughout the Porcine Gut] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064446/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064446/pdf/fmicb-11-00312.pdf PDF] (TSO)

* 2020 Mar 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32126084 Helminth infection modulates systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines implicated in type 2 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008101 Full text]

* 2020 Mar 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32135180 Helminths, polyparasitism, and the gut microbiome in the Philippines]

* 2020 Feb 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32027755 IL-33 is essential to prevent high fat diet-induced obesity in mice infected with an intestinal helminth]

* 2020 Jan-Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32123528 Perspectives of People with Multiple Sclerosis About Helminth Immunotherapy] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7041615 Full text]

* 2020 Jan 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32005978 The gut microbiota response to helminth infection depends on host sex and genotype]

* 2020 Jan 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31976564 Wuchereria bancrofti macrophage migration inhibitory factor-2 (rWbaMIF-2) ameliorates experimental colitis]

* 2020 Jan 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31971074 A critical analysis of helminth immunotherapy in multiple sclerosis]

* 2020 Jan 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31954872 Suppression of systemic lupus erythematosus in NZBWF1 mice infected with Hymenolepis microstoma]

* 2020 Jan 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31894102 Helminth infections drive heterogeneity in human type 2 and regulatory cells]

* 2020 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31914677 Fasciola helminth defense molecule-1 protects against experimental arthritis by inhibiting osteoclast formation and function without modulating the systemic immune response]

===2019===

* 2019 Dec 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31888063 Immunomodulation of Murine Chronic DSS-Induced Colitis by Tuftsin-Phosphorylcholine] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/1/65/htm Full text]

* 2019 Dec 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31878146 Safety of P28GST, a Protein Derived from a Schistosome Helminth Parasite, in Patients with Crohn's Disease: A Pilot Study (ACROHNEM)] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/1/41/htm Full text]

* 2019 Dec 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31885223 Toxicity of parasites and their unconventional use in medicine]

* 2019 Dec 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31845020 Amelioration of type 1 diabetes by recombinant fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and cystatin derived from Schistosoma japonicum in a murine model]

* 2019 Dec 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31836772 Immunomodulatory effect of Syphacia obvelata in treatment of experimental DSS-induced colitis in mouse model]

* 2019 Dec 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31834940 Chronic infection with a tissue invasive helminth attenuates sublethal anaphylaxis and reduces granularity and number of mast cells]

* 2019 Dec 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31829172 Safety and tolerability of experimental hookworm infection in humans with metabolic disease: study protocol for a phase 1b randomised controlled clinical trial]

* 2019 Nov 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31781154 The Effect of Gut Microbiome Composition on Human Immune Responses: An Exploration of Interference by Helminth Infections] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6856646/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6856646/pdf/fgene-10-01028.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Nov 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31719981 The interplay of type 2 immunity, helminth infection and the microbiota in regulating metabolism] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6837856/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6837856/pdf/CTI2-8-e01089.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Oct 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31673002 Intestinal helminth infection enhances bacteria-induced recruitment of neutrophils to the airspace]

* 2019 Oct 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31683117 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis] (MS)

* 2019 Oct 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31605645 Th2 signals are not essential for the anti-arthritic effects of Trichinella spiralis in mice]

* 2019 Sept 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31649786 Therapeutic applicability of helminths in autoimmune diseases - literature overview] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6807663/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6807663/pdf/PG-14-37798.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Sept 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31611876 Ascaris lumbricoides Cystatin Prevents Development of Allergic Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6777510/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6777510/pdf/fimmu-10-02280.pdf PDF] (But also see the details [[Ascaris lumbricoides | '''here''']] regarding the potentially adverse effects of infection with ascaris lumbricoides.)

* 2019 Sept 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31541662 Helminth-microbiota cross-talk - a journey through the vertebrate digestive system]

* 2019 Sept 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31508807 Public health deworming programmes for soil-transmitted helminths in children living in endemic areas]

* 2019 Sept 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31496071 Schistosoma japonicum peptide SJMHE1 suppresses airway inflammation of allergic asthma in mice] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jcmm.14661 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcmm.14661 PDF]

* 2019 Sept 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31487324 Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) and recombinant Omega-1 modulate induced CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses and HIV-1 infection in vitro] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1007924 Full text] | [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1007924&type=printable PDF] (Also reported by Healio. [https://www.healio.com/infectious-disease/hiv-aids/news/online/%7Bafe40491-17f2-456b-b151-8cf73288c38b%7D/helminth-infection-may-reduce-hiv-transmission-disease])

* 2019 Sept 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31492623 Immune Regulation of Metabolic Homeostasis by Helminths and Their Molecules]

* 2019 Aug 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31504336 The effect of helminth infections and their treatment on metabolic outcomes: results of a cluster-randomised trial]

* 2019 Aug 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31407335 Helminth-derived molecules inhibit colitis-associated colon cancer development through NF-kB and STAT3 regulation]

* 2019 Aug 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31397879 Critical roles of regulatory B and T cells in helminth parasite-induced protection against allergic airway inflammation]

* 2019 Aug [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31284930/ Helminths and asthma: Risk and protection]

* 2019 Jul 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31352539 Potential application of helminth therapy for resolution of neuroinflammation in neuropsychiatric disorders]

* 2019 Jul 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31299381 The helminth-derived peptide GK-1 induces an anti-tumoral CD8 T cell response associated with downregulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway] (Cancer)

* 2019 Jul 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31260090 Soil-transmitted helminth infection and intestinal inflammation among the Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador] (TTO)

* 2019 Jul-Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31579670 The endosymbiotic role of intestinal helminths in multiple sclerosis: Promising probiotic hypothesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6767793/ Full text]

* 2019 Jun 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31253164 Preventive and therapeutic effects of Trichinella spiralis adult extracts on allergic inflammation in an experimental asthma mouse model] -- [https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-019-3561-1 Full text]

* 2019 Jun 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31255915 The immune response to Hymenolepis nana in mice decreases tumorigenesis induced by 7,12 dimethylbenz-anthracene] (For a very readable commentary on this paper, see, [https://biomebuzz.com/2019/07/09/more-on-helminths-and-the-prevention-of-cancer/ More on Helminths and the Prevention of Cancer].)

* 2019 Jun 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31209366 Helminths and microbiota — partners in arthritis prevention?]

* 2019 Jun 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31212833 Contribution of the Gut Microbiota in P28GST-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Experimental and Clinical Insights] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/6/577/htm Full text]

* 2019 Jun 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31187881 Regulation of Immunity and Allergy by Helminth Parasites]

* 2019 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30716463 An advanced protocol for the purification of whipworm eggs from feces for use as therapeutic agents]

* 2019 May 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31236458 Pre-conception maternal helminth infection transfers via nursing long-lasting cellular immunity against helminths to offspring] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6587632/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6587632/pdf/aav3058.pdf PDF]

* 2019 May 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31153721 Helminth Therapy – From the Parasite Perspective] | [[media:Helminth_Therapy_–_From_the_Parasite_Perspective.pdf | PDF]]

* 2019 May 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31138616 Schistosoma mansoni worm infection regulates the intestinal microbiota and susceptibility to colitis]

* 2019 May 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31205419 Inverse Associations of Schistosoma mansoni Infection and Metabolic Syndromes in Humans: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northeast Ethiopia] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537292/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537292/pdf/10.1177_1178636119849934.pdf PDF]

* 2019 May 21 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31178861 Anti-inflammatory Trained Immunity Mediated by Helminth Products Attenuates the Induction of T Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537856/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537856/pdf/fimmu-10-01109.pdf PDF]

* 2019 May [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30986403 Removal of adult cyathostomins alters faecal microbiota and promotes an inflammatory phenotype in horses] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751919300815?via%3Dihub Full text]

* 2019 Apr 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31016721 Helminths products directly modulate T cells that mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis]

* 2019 Apr 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31004803 Cytokine production in allergic and Trichuris trichiura-infected children from an urban region of the Brazilian northeast] (TTO)

* 2019 Apr 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30991712 Characterization of Tapeworm Metabolites and Their Reported Biological Activities] — [https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/8/1480/htm Full text]

* 2019 Apr 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30980897 Genetic diversity of the potentially therapeutic tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea)] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576918302800?fbclid=IwAR37HAgKvovhcjr5FkSQAK3NVpoW_7_n79WOyeqKBgCbJHtHaByAC6tRzlc Full text]

* 2019 Apr 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30962398 Suppression of obesity by an intestinal helminth through interactions with intestinal microbiota] -- [https://iai.asm.org/content/iai/early/2019/03/19/IAI.00042-19.full.pdf PDF] (Also reported by EurekAlert. [https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/asfm-ihb040819.php])

* 2019 Apr 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30952846 The parasitic worm product ES-62 normalises the gut microbiota bone marrow axis in inflammatory arthritis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6451002/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6451002/pdf/41467_2019_Article_9361.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30902137 Helminth therapy for autism under gut-brain axis- hypothesis] -- [https://tanawisa.com/downloads/Helminth_therapy_for%20autism_under_gut-brain%20axis-_hypothesis.pdf PDF] (TSO)

* 2019 Mar 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30879759 Therapeutic Potential of Helminths and Helminth-Derived Antigens for Resolution of Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease] (IBD)

* 2019 Mar 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31016928 Progress of research on the interplay between helminth and intestinal protozoa and gut microbiota]

* 2019 Mar 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30852293 Dendritic cells treated by Trichinella spiralis muscle larval excretory/secretory products alleviate TNBS-induced colitis in mice]

* 2019 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30905098 Helminth-Related Tuftsin-Phosphorylcholine Compound and its Interplay with Autoimmune Diseases] -- [https://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/344/172407.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30638709/ The therapeutic potential of tuftsin-phosphorylcholine in giant cell arteritis]

* 2019 Feb 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30807258 Filarial extract of Litomosoides sigmodontis induces a type 2 immune response and attenuates plaque development in hyperlipidemic ApoE-knockout mice]

* 2019 Feb 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30801028 Helminth-Based Product and the Microbiome of Mice with Lupus] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6381224/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6381224/pdf/mSystems.00160-18.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Feb 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758662 Helminths protect against type 1 diabetes: effects and mechanisms]

* 2019 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30623233 Chinese liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis infection changes the gut microbiome and increases probiotic Lactobacillus in mice]

* 2019 Jan 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30670631 Role of mast cells in the generation of a T-helper type 2 dominated anti-helminthic immune response] (HDC)

* 2019 Jan 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30668930 Macrophages treated with antigen from the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta condition CD25+ T cells to suppress colitis] (HDC)

* 2019 Jan 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30626617 Cross-Domain and Viral Interactions in the Microbiome] (Includes a 10-page section on microbiota/helminth interactions and their effects on immune function.)

* 2019 Jan 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30640950 Exclusive dependence of IL-10Rα signalling on intestinal microbiota homeostasis and control of whipworm infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6347331/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6347331/pdf/ppat.1007265.pdf PDF] (This study contributes to understanding of the actions of TSO and TTO on diseases such as IBD.)

* 2019 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30413272 Effect of Trichinella spiralis intervention on TNBS-induced experimental colitis in mice]

* 2019 [http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/parasitic-worms-for-the-treatment-of-neurodegeneration-12989.html Parasitic Worms for the Treatment of Neurodegeneration] -- [http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/parasitic-worms-for-the-treatment-of-neurodegeneration.pdf PDF]

===2018===

* 2018 Dec 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30592734 Treatment with P28GST, a schistosome-derived enzyme, after acute colitis induction in mice: Decrease of intestinal inflammation associated with a down regulation of Th1/Th17 responses]
* 2018 Dec 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30554380 Tuftsin phosphorylcholine-a novel compound harnessing helminths to fight autoimmunity]
* 2018 Dec 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30619265 Human Hookworm Infection Enhances Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition and Associates With Reduced Risk of Tuberculosis Infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6302045/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6302045/pdf/fimmu-09-02893.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2018 Dec 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30292284 The Schistosoma mansoni lipidome: Leads for immunomodulation] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003267017313363 Full text] | [https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0003267017313363?token=BE837298629AA0AF5C0E7F7891E97CA7FBF2194B7348A12FD0CCFD79C45F12DF3E6C69079090C901826FD2CA09ADDD16 PDF]
* 2018 Dec 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30638679 Modulation of autoimmune arthritis by environmental 'hygiene' and commensal microbiota]
* 2018 Dec 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30529501 Helminth-based therapies for rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis]
* 2018 Dec 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517865 B Cells Produce the Tissue-Protective Protein RELMa during Helminth Infection, which Inhibits IL-17 Expression and Limits Emphysema] -- [https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(18)31801-1 Full text] (Wound healing)
* 2018 Dec 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697 The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries]
* 2018 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30567900 Fh15 Blocks the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Storm While Modulating Peritoneal Macrophage Migration and CD38 Expression within Spleen Macrophages in a Mouse Model of Septic Shock] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6300687/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6300687/pdf/mSphere.00548-18.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Nov 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30462997 Modulation of Host Immunity by Helminths: The Expanding Repertoire of Parasite Effector Molecules]
* 2018 Nov 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30483256 Schistosoma mansoni Infection-Induced Transcriptional Changes in Hepatic Macrophage Metabolism Correlate With an Athero-Protective Phenotype] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6240656/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6240656/pdf/fimmu-09-02580.pdf PDF] (Metabolic syndrome)
* 2018 Nov 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30473696 Mucosal Barrier and Th2 Immune Responses Are Enhanced by Dietary Inulin in Pigs Infected With Trichuris suis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6237860/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6237860/pdf/fimmu-09-02557.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2018 Nov 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548 Metabolic consequences of concomitant Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Type 2 diabetes mellitus]
* 2018 Nov 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30401814 Intestinal helminth infection promotes IL-5- and CD4+ T cell-dependent immunity in the lung against migrating parasites]
* 2018 Oct 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30379806 The Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell population requires IL-4Rα signaling to control inflammation during helminth infections]
* 2018 Oct 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30375396 Helminth-induced IL-4 expands bystander memory CD8+ T cells for early control of viral infection]
* 2018 Oct 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30372527 Maternal helminth infections and the shaping of offspring immunity]
* 2018 Oct 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30374177 Analysis of the Trichuris suis excretory/secretory proteins as a function of life cycle stage and their immunomodulatory properties] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206011/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206011/pdf/41598_2018_Article_34174.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2018 Oct 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30361537 Virtual memory CD8 T cells expanded by helminth infection confer broad protection against bacterial infection]
* 2018 Oct 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30416709 Helminth parasites and immune regulation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206608/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206608/pdf/f1000research-7-17014.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Oct 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30353019 A comprehensive analysis of the faecal microbiome and metabolome of Strongyloides stercoralis infected volunteers from a non-endemic area] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199319/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199319/pdf/41598_2018_Article_33937.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Oct 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30341242 Mast Cell Deficiency in Mice Results in Biomass Overgrowth and Delayed Expulsion of the Rat Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta] (HDC)
* 2018 Oct 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30336585 Failure of the Anti-Inflammatory Parasitic Worm Product ES-62 to Provide Protection in Mouse Models of Type I Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/10/2669/htm Full text]
* 2018 Oct 16 [https://www.arc.gov.au/news-publications/media/feature-articles/combatting-autoimmune-diseases-humble-hookworm?fbclid=IwAR0DxQ-uGjksCaC1gkCgpXhw2_ImRwgswkbyTukwHbLY2ZbNbWQD53KlXvc Combatting autoimmune diseases with the humble hookworm]
* 2018 Oct 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30369927 Immunomodulation by Helminths: Intracellular Pathways and Extracellular Vesicles] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6194161/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6194161/pdf/fimmu-09-02349.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Oct 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30316775 Immunomodulatory effects of Trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory antigens on macrophages]
* 2018 Oct 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30291167 Helminth-Induced Production of TGF-β and Suppression of Graft-versus-Host Disease Is Dependent on IL-4 Production by Host Cells]
* 2018 Sept 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30266743 Parasites as negative regulators of cancer] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6200699/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6200699/pdf/bsr-38-bsr20180935.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Sept 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30319571 The Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis and Therapeutics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6167487/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6167487/pdf/fmicb-09-02247.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2018 Sept 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30229947 Soil-transmitted helminth parasites and allergy: observations from Ecuador]
* 2018 Sept 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30230399 Randomized Crossover Feasibility Trial of Helminthic Trichuris Suis Ova vs. Placebo for Repetitive Behaviors in Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder] (TSO) This research used a novel TSO formulation at pH 5 that is known to be less effective than the original formulation at pH 2.4. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335]
* 2018 Sept 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30216486 Parasites and allergy: observations from Africa]
* 2018 Sept 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30205385 A Trypsin-Sensitive Proteoglycan from the Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta Inhibits Murine Neutrophil Chemotaxis in vitro by Suppressing p38 MAP Kinase Activation] (HDC)
* 2018 Sept 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30194773 STAT6 & IL-10 are required for the anti-arthritic effects of Schistosoma mansoni via different mechanisms]
* 2018 Sept 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30177522 Modulation of the immune response by helminths: a role for serotonin?]
* 2018 Aug 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165069 The hygiene hypothesis at a glance: early exposures, immune mechanism and novel therapies]
* 2018 Aug 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30121255 Helminth Antigen-Conditioned Dendritic Cells Generate Anti-Inflammatory CD4 T Cells Independent of Antigen Presentation via MHC II] (HDC) (Colitis)
* 2018 Aug 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30113218 Interactions of helminths with macrophages: therapeutic potential for inflammatory intestinal disease]
* 2018 Aug 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30118915 Acute infection with Strongyloides venezuelensis increases intestine production IL-10, reduces Th1/Th2/Th17 induction in colon and attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced colitis in BALB/c mice]
* 2018 Aug 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30107039 Isolated Schistosoma mansoni eggs prevent allergic airway inflammation] (Allergic asthma)
* 2018 Aug 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30104215 Host and helminth-derived endocannabinoids are generated during infection with effects on host immunity] (Also reported by EurekAlert. [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-08/uoc--gho082218.php])
* 2018 Aug 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30089122 Helminths-based bi-functional molecule, tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC), ameliorates an established murine arthritis] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200615 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200615&type=printable PDF]
* 2018 Aug 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30131945 The Intestinal Roundworm Ascaris suum Releases Antimicrobial Factors Which Interfere With Bacterial Growth and Biofilm Formation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6090379/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6090379/pdf/fcimb-08-00271.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Aug 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30069018 Hookworm exposure decreases human papillomavirus uptake and cervical cancer cell migration through systemic regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker expression] -- [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30058-9 Full text] | [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30058-9.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30142867 Trichuris suis ova therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: A meta-analysis] -- [https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/08240/Trichuris_suis_ova_therapy_in_inflammatory_bowel.119.aspx Full text] (IBD) The 6 papers analysed in this study all have significant design flaws. All but one had a treatment period of only 12 weeks, which is inadequate when assessing the efficacy of helminths, and the only study with a longer treatment period was designed to assess the safety and tolerability, and not the efficacy, of a ''single'' dose of TSO. Four of the six studies selected had also used a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study are therefore not reliable.
* 2018 Jul 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30108588 A Role for Epitope Networking in Immunomodulation by Helminths] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6079203/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6079203/pdf/fimmu-09-01763.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30093899 Trichinella spiralis Infection Mitigates Collagen-Induced Arthritis via Programmed Death 1-Mediated Immunomodulation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6070611/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6070611/pdf/fimmu-09-01566.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30043455 Worms: Pernicious Parasites or Allies Against Allergies?]
* 2018 Jul 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30021142 Getting a Taste for Parasites in the Gut]
* 2018 Jul 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30061834 Influence of NOD2 Variants on Trichuris suis ova Treatment Outcome in Crohn's Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6054957/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6054957/pdf/fphar-09-00764.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30003599 Hookworms Make Us Human: The Microbiome, Eco-immunology, and a Probiotic Turn in Western Health Care] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/2/2d/Hookworms_Make_Us_Human-_The_Microbiome%2C_Eco-immunology%2C_and_a_Probiotic_Turn_in_Western_Health_Care.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2018 Jul 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29992625 Hematopoietic cell-derived RELMα regulates hookworm immunity through effects on macrophages] (Also reported by Science Daily. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180806145207.htm])
* 2018 Jul 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30057915 Macrophage Activation and Functions during Helminth Infection: Recent Advances from the Laboratory Mouse] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6051086/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6051086/pdf/JIR2018-2790627.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30072827 SXP-RAL Family Filarial Protein, rWbL2, Prevents Development of DSS-Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6052733/ Full text]
* 2018 Jun 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29915224 Characteristics of the bacterial microbiome in association with common intestinal parasites in irritable bowel syndrome] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6006308/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6006308/pdf/41424_2018_Article_27.pdf PDF] (IBS)
* 2018 Jun 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29909781 The benign helminth Hymenolepis diminuta ameliorates chemically induced colitis in a rat model system] (HDC)
* 2018 Jun 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29796663 The therapeutic prospect of crosstalk between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms in the human gut]
* 2018 May 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29808496 Immunobiology of parasitic worm extracellular vesicles]
* 2018 May 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29852470 Helminth-induced regulatory T cells and suppression of allergic responses]
* 2018 May 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29875750 Extracellular Vesicles From the Helminth Fasciola hepatica Prevent DSS-Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis in a T-Lymphocyte Independent Mode] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5974114/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5974114/pdf/fmicb-09-01036.pdf PDF]
* 2018 May 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29867986 Protection Against Arthritis by the Parasitic Worm Product ES-62, and Its Drug-Like Small Molecule Analogues, Is Associated With Inhibition of Osteoclastogenesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5967578/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5967578/pdf/fimmu-09-01016 PDF]
* 2018 May 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29867790 Parasite-Microbiota Interactions With the Vertebrate Gut: Synthesis Through an Ecological Lens] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5960673/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5960673/pdf/fmicb-09-00843.pdf PDF]
* 2018 May 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29746467 Disentangling complex parasite interactions: Protection against cerebral malaria by one helminth species is jeopardized by co-infection with another] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963812/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963812/pdf/pntd.0006483.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29760697 Hookworm Secreted Extracellular Vesicles Interact With Host Cells and Prevent Inducible Colitis in Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5936971/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5936971/pdf/fimmu-09-00850.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29698559 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC) equally effective to methylprednisolone in ameliorating lupus nephritis in a mice model] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6046477/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6046477/pdf/CEI-193-160.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29659774 Are intestinal worms nature’s anti-atherosclerosis vaccine?] [https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/18/1653/4967832 abstract]
* 2018 Apr 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264 Helminth infection in mice improves insulin sensitivity via modulation of gut microbiota and fatty acid metabolism]
* 2018 Apr 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29670630 Helminth Infections: Recognition and Modulation of the Immune Response by Innate Immune Cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893867/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893867/pdf/fimmu-09-00664.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29623983 Symptomatic hypereosinophilia associated with Necator americanus self-inoculation] (NA)
* 2018 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29355990 A sticky end for gastrointestinal helminths; the role of the mucus barrier] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5900928/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5900928/pdf/PIM-40-na.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Mar 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29574798 Modulation of human dendritic cell activity by Giardia and helminth antigens]
* 2018 Mar 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29569735 Anisakis pegreffii impacts differentiation and function of human dendritic cells]
* 2018 Mar 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29567298 Associations between Gut Microbiota and Common Luminal Intestinal Parasites]
* 2018 Mar 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29545532 Helminth infection protects against high fat diet-induced obesity via induction of alternatively activated macrophages] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5854586/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5854586/pdf/41598_2018_Article_22920.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Mar 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29546242 Manipulation of host and parasite microbiotas: Survival strategies during chronic nematode infection] -- [http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/3/eaap7399.full Full text] | [http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/3/eaap7399/tab-pdf PDF]
* 2018 Feb 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29486796 Differential human gut microbiome assemblages during soil-transmitted helminth infections in Indonesia and Liberia] -- [https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-018-0416-5 Full text]
* 2018 Feb 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29486173 Soil-transmitted helminth infections and intestinal and systemic inflammation in schoolchildren] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001706X1830233X?via%3Dihub Full text] | [https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0001706X1830233X/1-s2.0-S0001706X1830233X-main.pdf?_tid=40509b04-c3e5-4baf-9f89-dfd29ef353d6&acdnat=1520445863_d2042c3fffa57972d2a29a072cebca94 PDF]
* 2018 Feb 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29453411 The impact of a helminth-modified microbiome on host immunity]
* 2018 Feb 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29402395 Intestinal worms eating neuropsychiatric disorders? Apparently so] | [[media:Intestinal_worms_eating_neuropsychiatric_disorders%3F_Apparently_so.pdf | PDF]]
* 2018 Jan 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31662622 Helminth Therapy: Advances in the use of Parasitic Worms Against Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and its Challenges] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6799527/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6799527/pdf/helm-55-001.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jan 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29355617 Serine protease inhibitors containing a Kunitz domain: their role in modulation of host inflammatory responses and parasite survival]
* 2018 Jan 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29346656 Host responses to intestinal nematodes]
* 2018 Jan 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29339033 Helminth Modulation of Lung Inflammation] (Asthma)
* 2018 Jan 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29351392/ Young mice expel the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and are protected from colitis by triggering a memory response with worm antigen] -- [http://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/ajpgi.00295.2017 PDF] (HDC)
* 2018 Jan 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29300114 The tropics, helminth infections and hygiene hypotheses]
* 2018 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29956141 Production of Hymenolepis diminuta in the Laboratory: An Old Research Tool with New Clinical Applications] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/5/5c/Production_of_Hymenolepis_diminuta_in_the_Laboratory-_An_Old_Research_Tool_with_New_Clinical_Applications.pdf PDF]] (HDC)

=== 2017 ===

* 2017 Winter [https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1430&context=honorstheses A Critical View of Helminthic Therapy: Is It a Viable Form of Treatment for Immune Disorders Under the Category of Inflammatory Bowel Disease?] Alyssa Murphy, undergraduate thesis
* 2017 Dec 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29491533 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine treatment of autoimmune diseases – a benefit and a message from helminths?] (No abstract) -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5825963/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5825963/pdf/RU-55-31448.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Dec 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29312343 Review: Impact of Helminth Infection on Antimycobacterial Immunity - A Focus on the Macrophage] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5743664/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5743664/pdf/fimmu-08-01864.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Dec 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29262347 Recent Advances in Type-2-Cell-Mediated Immunity: Insights from Helminth Infection]
* 2017 Dec 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29224909 Hygiene Hypothesis in Asthma Development: Is Hygiene to Blame?]
* 2017 Nov 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29238348 The Mannose Receptor in Regulation of Helminth-Mediated Host Immunity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5712593/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5712593/pdf/fimmu-08-01677.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29184071 Preventive Trichuris suis ova (TSO) treatment protects immunocompetent rabbits from DSS colitis but may be detrimental under conditions of immunosuppression] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5705695/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5705695/pdf/41598_2017_Article_16287.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 24 [https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-11-discovery-potent-parasite-protein-therapeutic.html Discovery of potent parasite protein may lead to new therapeutic options for inflammatory bowel conditions] Medical News Today (IBD)
* 2017 Nov 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29171863 Schistosoma mansoni-specific immune responses and allergy in Uganda]
* 2017 Nov 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29170498 A structurally distinct TGF-β mimic from an intestinal helminth parasite potently induces regulatory T cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5701006/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5701006/pdf/41467_2017_Article_1886.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29162324 Modulation of human macrophage activity by Ascaris antigens is dependent on macrophage polarization state]
* 2017 Nov 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133417 Human resistin protects against endotoxic shock by blocking LPS-TLR4 interaction] (For media comment on this study linking helminths with potential sepsis treatment, see [https://highlandernews.org/31486/ucr-researchers-discovered-effective-treatment-sepsis/ here].)
* ✅ 2017 Nov 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133248 Evolution of the hygiene hypothesis into biota alteration theory: What are the paradigms and where are the clinical applications?] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1286457917301855?via%3Dihub Full text] | [[media:Evolution_of_the_hygiene_hypothesis_into_biota_alteration_theory-_what_are_the_paradigms_and_where_are_the_clinical_applications%3F.pdf | PDF]]
* 2017 Nov 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29249872 Taenia crassiceps Antigens Control Experimental Type 1 Diabetes by Inducing Alternatively Activated Macrophages] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/pdf/MI2017-8074329.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29163443 Parasite-Derived Proteins for the Treatment of Allergies and Autoimmune Diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5682104/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5682104/pdf/fmicb-08-02164.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29115241/ Diet, atherosclerosis, and helmintic infection in Tsimane] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042967/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042967/pdf/nihms976321.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29095820 "Omic" investigations of protozoa and worms for a deeper understanding of the human gut "parasitome"] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005916 Full text]
* 2017 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28546083 Mechanisms of tolerance and potential therapeutic interventions in Alopecia Areata] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725817301274 Full text] (See section 4: Gut microbiota and helminths, autoimmunity and tolerance.)
* 2017 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29108604 Global issues in allergy and immunology: Parasitic infections and allergy]
* 2017 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29068485 Is the hygiene hypothesis relevant for the risk of multiple sclerosis?]
* 2017 Oct 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759 Cell Type-Specific Immunomodulation Induced by Helminthes: Effect on Metainflammation, Insulin Resistance and Type-2 Diabetes] (Metabolic syndrome)
* 2017 Oct 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29109850 Liver cystic echinococcosis and human host immune and autoimmune follow-up: A review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5666304/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5666304/pdf/WJH-9-1176.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Oct 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29073139 Composition of the Schistosoma mansoni worm secretome: Identification of immune modulatory Cyclophilin A] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006012 Full text]
* 2017 Oct 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29064448 Production and Use of Hymenolepis diminuta Cysticercoids as Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics] -- [http://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/6/10/98/htm Full text] (HDC)
* 2017 Oct 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29045903 HpARI Protein Secreted by a Helminth Parasite Suppresses Interleukin-33] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5655542/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5655542/pdf/main.pdf PDF] (Allergy, asthma)
* 2017 Oct 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29034905 The hygiene hypothesis in autoimmunity: the role of pathogens and commensals]
* 2017 Oct 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29036211 Orally administered Taenia solium Calreticulin prevents experimental intestinal inflammation and is associated with a type 2 immune response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5643116/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5643116/pdf/pone.0186510.pdf PDF] (Colitis)
*2017 Oct 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29027962 Novel Therapeutics for Multiple Sclerosis Designed by Parasitic Worms] -- [http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/10/2141/htm Full text]
* 2017 Oct 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29114386 Suppression of inflammation and tissue damage by a hookworm recombinant protein in experimental colitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5671989/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5671989/pdf/cti201742a.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2017 Oct 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28975357 The Effects of Intestinal Nematode L4 Stage on Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis] (Multiple sclerosis)
* 2017 Oct 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29064315 Safety and efficacy of helminth treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of the HINT 2 clinical trial] -- [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1352458517736377 PDF] This trial employed a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
* 2017 Oct [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-medical-knowledge-commons/chronic-disease-new-thinking-and-outlaw-innovation-patients-on-the-edge-in-the-knowledge-commons/8105C66FEBA55446E15538FD4B164005/core-reader# Chronic Disease, New Thinking, and Outlaw Innovation: Patients on the Edge in the Knowledge Commons] (Chapter 14 of the book, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-medical-knowledge-commons/C4CAF56DF197BA93E850E65509EB36E8 Governing Medical Knowledge Commons], Cambridge University Press.)
* 2017 Oct [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28779539 Effect of ES products from Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae) on experimentally induced colitis in adult zebrafish]
* 2017 Oct [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28970236 Cardioprotective manifestations of chronic helminth infections: new aspects of an old disease]
* 2017 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28196762/ Enteric helminth-induced type I interferon signaling protects against pulmonary virus infection through interaction with the microbiota] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485385/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485385/pdf/emss-79828.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Fall [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28948806 Toxocara spp. seronegativity in Czech patients with early form of multiple sclerosis - clinically isolated syndrome]
* 2017 Sep 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28960280 Functional specialization of intestinal dendritic cell subsets during Th2 helminth infection in mice]
* 2017 Sep 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28970717 Helminths as an alternative therapy for intestinal diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5597493/ Full text] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5597493/pdf/WJG-23-6009.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Sep 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28892562 Triggering immunological memory against the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta to protect against colitis] (HDC)
* 2017 Sep 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28892494 Infections by human gastrointestinal helminths are associated with changes in faecal microbiota diversity and composition] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593201/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593201/pdf/pone.0184719.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Aug 21 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28883695 Schistosoma japonicum attenuates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice via reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569284/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569284/pdf/WJG-23-5700.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Aug 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28815724 Secreted products of Fasciola hepatica inhibit the induction of T cell responses that mediate allergy]
* 2017 Aug 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28779539 Effect of ES-products from Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae) on experimentally induced colitis in adult zebrafish]
* 2017 Aug 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28771620 A benign helminth alters the host immune system and the gut microbiota in a rat model system] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5542714/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5542714/pdf/pone.0182205.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2017 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28877578 Syphacia obvelata: A New Hope to Induction of Intestinal Immunological Tolerance in C57BL/6 Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5594727/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5594727/pdf/kjp-55-4-439.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jul 24 [http://trjfas.org/uploads/pdf_1183.pdf Role of Parasitic Helminths in Bioremediating Some Heavy Metal Accumulation in the Tissues of Lethrinus mahsena]
* ⚡ 2017 Jul 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335 Not infection with parasitic worms, but rather colonization with therapeutic helminths] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/1/10/Not_infection_with_parasitic_worms_but_rather_colonization_with_therapeutic_helminths.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jul 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28703913 A. suum infection modulates inflammation: implication of CD4+CD25hi Foxp3+ T cells and IL-10]
* 2017 Jul 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28689246 Parasites and asthma]
* 2017 Jun 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28659212 Helminth-induced apoptosis: a silent strategy for immunosuppression]
* 2017 Jun 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28664463 Therapeutic potential of helminths in autoimmune diseases: helminth-derived immune-regulators and immune balance]
* 2017 Jun 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28744067 Helminth Products Potently Modulate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Downregulating Neuroinflammation and Promoting a Suppressive Microenvironment] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5506484/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5506484/pdf/MI2017-8494572.pdf PDF] (Multiple Sclerosis)
* 2017 Jun 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28676845 Th2/1 Hybrid Cells Occurring in Murine and Human Strongyloidiasis Share Effector Functions of Th1 Cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5476698/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5476698/pdf/fcimb-07-00261.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jun 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28614408 Schistosoma japonicum infection downregulates house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0179565 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0179565&type=printable PDF] (Asthma)
* 2017 Jun 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28638627 Environmental factors influencing multiple sclerosis in Latin America] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5472234/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5472234/pdf/10.1177_2055217317715049.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jun 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28606411 Can Parasitic Worms Cure the Modern World's Ills?]
* 2017 Jun 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28602842 Immune responses and parasitological observations induced during probiotic treatment with medicinal Trichuris suis ova in a healthy volunteer] (TSO)
* 2017 Jun 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28492420 Helminthic Therapy: A New Era in Immune-Mediated Diseases] -- [http://journals.lww.com/jclinrheum/Citation/2017/06000/Helminthic_Therapy__A_New_Era_in_Immune_Mediated.19.aspx Full text] (Mixed connective tissue disease/MCTD, Raynaud phenomenon)
* 2017 May 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28526605 Microevolutionary response of a gut nematode to intestinal inflammation]
* 2017 May 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28494800 Somatic extracts of Marshallagia marshalli downregulate the Th2 associated immune responses in ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in BALB/c mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427607/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427607/pdf/13071_2017_Article_2159.pdf PDF] (Asthma)
* 2017 May 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28482922 Therapeutic effect of Schistosoma japonicum cystatin on bacterial sepsis in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5422996/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5422996/pdf/13071_2017_Article_2162.pdf PDF]
* 2017 May 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383 Effect of Anthelmintic Treatment on Insulin Resistance: A Cluster-Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial in Indonesia] (Diabetes)
* 2017 Apr 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28476343 Immune responses to fungal aeroallergen in Heligmosomoides polygyrus infected-mice vary by age]
* 2017 Apr 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28484453 Helminth Immunomodulation in Autoimmune Disease] -- [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00453/full Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5401880/pdf/fimmu-08-00453.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Apr 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28450853 Micromanagement of Immune System: Role of miRNAs in Helminthic Infections] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390025/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390025/pdf/fmicb-08-00586.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Apr 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28390393 Regulatory monocytes in helminth infections: insights from the modulation during human hookworm infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385058/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385058/pdf/12879_2017_Article_2366.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Apr 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28385494 Schistosome-induced pulmonary B cells inhibit allergic airway inflammation and display a reduced Th2-driving function]
* 2017 Apr 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28204053 Whipping Crohn's With Helminth Therapies? Not Yet]
* 2017 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28031319 Apolipoprotein E4 is associated with improved cognitive function in Amazonian forager-horticulturalists with a high parasite burden] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5349792/ Full text]
* 2017 Mar 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28342137 Skewed Exposure to Environmental Antigens Complements Hygiene Hypothesis in Explaining the Rise of Allergy] -- [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10441-017-9306-7 Full text] | [http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/689/art%253A10.1007%252Fs10441-017-9306-7.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10441-017-9306-7&token2=exp=1490739158~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F689%2Fart%25253A10.1007%25252Fs10441-017-9306-7.pdf%3ForiginUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Farticle%252F10.1007%252Fs10441-017-9306-7*~hmac=9a64ec6d20433c8458c2148266ee7c346fa819eaa97422b8a79fccc79d005885 PDF]
* 2017 Mar 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28342825 Association between parasitic infections and tuberculin skin test results in refugees] (Tuberculosis)
* 2017 Mar 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28340138 A life without worms] -- [https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/trstmh/trx010 Full text]
* 2017 Mar 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28302598 Helminths in the gastrointestinal tract as modulators of immunity and pathology] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5495915/ Full text]
* 2017 Mar 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28295446 A recombinant cystatin from Ascaris lumbricoides attenuates inflammation of DSS-induced colitis]
* 2017 Mar 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28284979 Effect of polymorphisms on TGFB1 on allergic asthma and helminth infection in an African admixed population]
* 2017 Mar 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28271497 Chronic schistosomiasis during pregnancy epigenetically reprograms T cell differentiation in offspring of infected mothers] (Allergy)
* 2017 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28030334 Trichuris suis secrete products that reduce disease severity in a multiple sclerosis model] (TSO)
* 2017 Feb 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148 Parasites, nutrition, immune responses, and biology of metabolic tissues]
* 2017 Feb 23 [[media:Parasites, ghosts and mutualists- a relational geography of microbes for global health.pdf | Parasites, ghosts and mutualists - a relational geography of microbes for global health]] (PDF) -- Jamie Lorimer, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Royal Geographical Society.
* 2017 Feb 21 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28224678 Microbiome, autoimmunity, allergy, and helminth infection: The importance of the pregnancy period]
* 2017 Feb 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28265273 New Data on Human Macrophages Polarization by Hymenolepis diminuta Tapeworm - An In Vitro Study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5316519/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5316519/pdf/fimmu-08-00148.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2017 Feb 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28201853 Antigenic cross-reactivity between Schistosoma mansoni and peanut: a role for cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) and implications for the hygiene hypothesis] (Allergy)
* 2017 Feb 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28192437 Species dependent impact of helminth-derived antigens on human macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Direct effect on the innate anti-mycobacterial response] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005390 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005390&type=printable PDF]
* 2017 Feb 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28191818 Changes in protein expression after treatment with Ancylostoma caninum excretory/secretory products in a mouse model of colitis] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep41883 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep41883 PDF]
* 2017 Feb 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28196762 Enteric helminth-induced type-I interferon signalling protects against pulmonary virus infection through interaction with the microbiota]
* 2017 Feb 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28178298 The impact of prenatal exposure to parasitic infections and to anthelmintic treatment on antibody responses to routine immunisations given in infancy: Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005213 Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5298230/pdf/pntd.0005213.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28094319 Helminth-induced Ly6Chi monocyte-derived alternatively activated macrophages suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep40814 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep40814 PDF]
* 2017 Jan 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28094779 Suppression of colitis by adoptive transfer of helminth antigen-treated dendritic cells requires interleukin-4 receptor-α signaling] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep40631 Full text] | [http://readcube.com/view/10.1038/srep40631 PDF]
* 2017 Jan 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28084120 Inflammatory arthritis and systemic bone loss are attenuated by gastrointestinal helminth parasites]
* 2017 Jan 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994 Regulation of type 2 diabetes by helminth-induced Th2 immune response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/pdf/jvms-77-1855.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28073356 Gut microbiota disturbance during helminth infection: can it affect cognition and behaviour of children?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5225537/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5225537/pdf/12879_2016_Article_2146.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896 Parasite excretory-secretory products and their effects on metabolic syndrome]
* 2017 Jan 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28452686 Helminths and intestinal barrier function] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362995/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362995/pdf/ktib-05-01-1283385.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25919312 Downregulation of immune responses in asthmatic humans by ES products of Marshallagia marshalli]

=== 2016 ===

* 2016 Dec 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28009488 Chronic infections with viruses or parasites: breaking bad to make good]
* 2016 Dec 21 [https://www.nature.com/articles/540S103a Q&A: Joel Weinstock] in Nature
* 2016 Dec 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27977856 Nematodes and human therapeutic trials for inflammatory disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5580940/ Full text]
* 2016 Dec 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27978433 Exploiting Old Pathogens to Create New Therapeutics]
* 2016 Dec 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27929101 Hookworm infection] -- [https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/Hookworm.pdf?token=AWzMLBAlpXkIHpPpw3EdbRqiiT4JSi4ZoDqfcymC1Alc7o-QnI_R551leXxADrssmY6JUD-rmWi1TBK-U-oWnp-fb1Ykc7iXN1_ipiK-ZV-rkifcTolyviSZEt9QY13wjPqx_rtLRXrUUawrv52tyE5l PDF]
* 2016 Dec 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes]
* 2016 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28087937 Myeloid Cell Phenotypes in Susceptibility and Resistance to Helminth Parasite Infections]
* 2016 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30144791 Effect of Helminthic Infection on the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Mechanisms] (IBD)
* 2016 Nov 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079 A parasite-derived 68-mer peptide ameliorates autoimmune disease in murine models of Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep37789 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep37789 PDF]
* 2016 Nov 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27872476 New insights into the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus] -- [https://sci-hub.wf/10.1038/nrrheum.2016.186 Full text]
* 2016 Nov 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27672083 Treatment with Cestode Parasite Antigens Results in Recruitment of CCR2+ Myeloid Cells, the Adoptive Transfer of Which Ameliorates Colitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5116724/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5116724/pdf/zii3471.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2016 Nov 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27956844 Helminth infection during pregnancy: insights from evolutionary ecology]
* 2016 Nov 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27861815 Intestinal helminth infection induces highly functional resident memory CD4+ T cells in mice]
* 2016 Nov 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]
* 2016 Nov 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27827438 Changes in duodenal tissue-associated microbiota following hookworm infection and consecutive gluten challenges in humans with coeliac disease] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep36797 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep36797 PDF]
* 2016 Nov 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27905107 Co-operative suppression of inflammatory responses in human dendritic cells by plant proanthocyanidins and products from the parasitic nematode Trichuris suis] (TSO)
* 2016 Nov 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27806992 The whipworm (Trichuris suis) secretes prostaglandin E2 to suppress proinflammatory properties in human dendritic cells] (TSO)
* 2016 Nov 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27802332 Anti-Arthritic Activity of Schistosoma mansoni and Trichinella spiralis Derived-Antigens in Adjuvant Arthritis in Rats: Role of FOXP3+ Treg Cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089557/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089557/pdf/pone.0165916.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27548652 Aberrant immune response with consequent vascular and connective tissue remodeling - causal to scleroderma and associated syndromes such as Raynaud phenomenon and other fibrosing syndromes?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5114306/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5114306/pdf/nihms821879.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Oct 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27983971 Immune-protective effect of echinococcosis on colitis experimental model is dependent of down regulation of TNF-α and NO production]
* 2016 Oct 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27797959 Hookworm recombinant protein promotes regulatory T cell responses that suppress experimental asthma]
* 2016 Oct 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27791067 Community deworming alleviates geohelminth-induced immune hyporesponsiveness]
* 2016 Oct 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27743501 Mucosal and systemic immune modulation by Trichuris trichiura in a self-infected individual] -- [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/6/6a/Mucosal_and_systemic_immune_modulation_by_Trichuris_trichiura_in_a_self-infected_individual.pdf PDF] (TTO)
* 2016 Oct 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863931 The Multibiome: The Intestinal Ecosystem's Influence on Immune Homeostasis, Health, and Disease] -- [http://www.ebiomedicine.com/article/S2352-3964(16)30462-5/fulltext Full text] | [http://www.ebiomedicine.com/article/S2352-3964(16)30462-5/pdf PDF]
* 2016 Oct 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27707789 A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Trichuris suis ova in Active Crohn's disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5881737/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5881737/pdf/jjw184.pdf PDF] This trial employed a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
* 2016 Oct-Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28127363 Anti-inflammatory Potentials of Excretory/Secretory (ES) and Somatic Products of Marshallagia marshalli on Allergic Airway Inflammation in BALB/c Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5251180/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5251180/pdf/IJPA-11-515.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Sept 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5101910/ Full text] | [http://emph.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/09/24/emph.eow028.full.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Sept 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27587063 Dendritic cells and parasites: from recognition and activation to immune response instruction]
* 2016 Aug 29 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27573628 Human Helminths and Allergic Disease: The Hygiene Hypothesis and Beyond]
* 2016 Aug 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27575495 Helminth Regulation of Immunity: A Three-pronged Approach to Treat Colitis] -- [https://tanawisa.com/publications/Helminth_Regulation_of_Immunity.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2016 Aug 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] -- [http://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Full text] [http://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/pdf PDF] (Diabetes)
* 2016 Aug 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27560829 The Helminth-Derived Immunomodulator AvCystatin Reduces Virus Enhanced Inflammation by Induction of Regulatory IL-10+ T Cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4999285/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4999285/pdf/pone.0161885.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Aug 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27559049 Downregulation of the Syk Signaling Pathway in Intestinal Dendritic Cells Is Sufficient To Induce Dendritic Cells That Inhibit Colitis]
* 2016 Aug 20 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668 Filarial Infection or Antigen Administration Improves Glucose Tolerance in Diet-Induced Obese Mice]
* 2016 Aug 12 [https://www.dovepress.com/experimental-human-hookworm-infection-therapeutic-potential-peer-reviewed-article-RIP Experimental human hookworm infection: therapeutic potential] -- [https://www.dovepress.com/experimental-human-hookworm-infection-therapeutic-potential-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RIP?utm_content=bufferc5704&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer Full text] | [https://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=31876 PDF](download)
* 2016 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27563682 3 Effects of Invariant NKT Cells on Parasite Infections and Hygiene Hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4987483/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4987483/pdf/JIR2016-2395645.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27116368 Macrobiota - helminths as active participants and partners of the microbiota in host intestinal homeostasis]
* 2016 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27480900 Role in Allergic Diseases of Immunological Cross-Reactivity between Allergens and Homologues of Parasite Proteins]
* 2016 Jul 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27476889 Regulation of the host immune system by helminth parasites] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010150/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010150/pdf/main.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27215921 Opening (and Swallowing) A Can of Worms to Treat My Crohn's Disease]
* 2016 Jun 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27348757 Molecular events by which dendritic cells promote Th2 immune protection in helminth infection]
* 2016 Jun 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27424065 Intestinal parasites infection: protective effect in rheumatoid arthritis?] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2255502116300426 Full text] | [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2255502116300426/pdfft?md5=4749d7bd9eac36329b3f1e5412ef2a28&pid=1-s2.0-S2255502116300426-main.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jun 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27344656 How the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta affects zinc and cadmium accumulation in a host fed a hyperaccumulating plant (Arabidopsis halleri)] (HDC)
* 2016 Jun 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26908751 Maternal Helminth Infection Is Associated With Higher Infant Immunoglobulin A Titers to Antigen in Orally Administered Vaccines]
* 2016 Jun 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27297236 Intimate gut interactions: helminths and the microbiota]
* 2016 Jun 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27297184 Host parasite communications-Messages from helminths for the immune system]
* 2016 Jun 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27278123 Experimental arthritis: Helminth infection ameliorates arthritis] (No abstract)
* 2016 Jun 8 [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-06-mice-infected-parasite-symptoms-rheumatoid.html Mice infected with a parasite show reduced symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis] -- Bob Yirka, Medical Xpress
* 2016 Jun 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27273006 Th2 and eosinophil responses suppress inflammatory arthritis] -- [http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160607/ncomms11596/full/ncomms11596.html Full text] | [http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160607/ncomms11596/pdf/ncomms11596.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jun 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27183598 Myeloid-Restricted AMPKα1 Promotes Host Immunity and Protects against IL-12/23p40-Dependent Lung Injury during Hookworm Infection]
* 2016 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27403907 Hygienic hypothesis in immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease] (IBD)
* ✅ ⚡ 2016 May 31 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27240605 Practices and outcomes of self-treatment with helminths based on physicians' observations] -- [[media:Practices_and_outcomes_of_self-treatment_with_helminths_based_on_physicians_observations.pdf | PDF]]. The first study to probe, through the eyes of their physicians, the practices and experiences of those who are self-treating with helminths.
* 2016 May 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27234811 Helminths and Intestinal Flora Team Up to Improve Gut Health]
* 2016 May 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27194189 The relationship between helminth infections and low haemoglobin levels in Ethiopian children with blood type A]
* 2016 May 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27160906 Lymphotoxin-Dependent B Cell-FRC Crosstalk Promotes De Novo Follicle Formation and Antibody Production following Intestinal Helminth Infection] -- [http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(16)30436-3 Full text] | [http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdf/S2211-1247(16)30436-3.pdf PDF]
* 2016 May 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27172808 Parasitic helminth infections and the control of human allergic and autoimmune disorders]
* 2016 May 5 [http://actu.epfl.ch/news/intestinal-worms-boost-immune-system-in-a-surprisi/ Intestinal worms boost immune system in a surprising way] -- Nik Papageorgiou, Mediacom
* 2016 May 1 [[media:Gut Buddies - Multispecies Studies and the Microbiome.pdf | Gut Buddies - Multispecies Studies and the Microbiome’]] (PDF) -- Jamie Lorimer, Duke University Press
* 2016 Apr 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27120222 Interaction between Helminths and Toll-Like Receptors: Possibilities and Potentials for Asthma Therapy]
* 2016 Apr 23 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27116368 Macrobiota - helminths as active participants and partners of the microbiota in host intestinal homeostasis]
* 2016 Apr 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27101372 Diplomatic Assistance: Can Helminth-Modulated Macrophages Act as Treatment for Inflammatory Disease?] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005480 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/asset?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005480.PDF PDF]
* 2016 Apr 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27095802 Treatment with Trichuris suis soluble products during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation reduces inflammatory responses through epigenetic remodeling] (TSO)
* 2016 Apr 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27080105 Helminth infection promotes colonization resistance via type 2 immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4905769/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4905769/pdf/nihms790698.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Apr 14 [http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/04/parasitic-worms-may-prevent-crohn-s-disease-altering-bacterial-balance Parasitic worms may prevent Crohn’s disease by altering bacterial balance] -- Mitch Leslie, Science. (Also reported by Science Daily. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160414145513.htm])
* 2016 Apr 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27058578 Comprehensive Transcriptome Meta-analysis to Characterize Host Immune Responses in Helminth Infections] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004624 Full text]
* 2016 Apr 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27062712 Cellular gene expression induced by parasite antigens and allergens in neonates from parasite-infected mothers]
* 2016 Mar 29 [https://ucrtoday.ucr.edu/36044 To Keep or Not to Keep a Hookworm] -- Iqbal Pittalwala, UCR Today
* 2016 Mar 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26965184 Immune-regulatory mechanisms of classical and experimental multiple sclerosis drugs: a special focus on helminth-derived treatments]
* 2016 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26947981 Microbes and asthma: Opportunities for intervention]
* 2016 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27228627 Are Helminths to be Trusted as Allies in the War against Autoimmunity and Chronic Inflammation?] -- [http://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/193/96901.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26174763 The schistosome glutathione S-transferase P28GST, a unique helminth protein, prevents intestinal inflammation in experimental colitis through a Th2-type response with mucosal eosinophils] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4801903/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4801903/pdf/mi201562a.pdf PDF]
* 2016 (Mar?) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28008805 Eosinophils in Homeostasis and Their Contrasting Roles during Inflammation and Helminth Infections]
* 2016 Feb 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26852392 Malaria, helminths, co-infection and anaemia in a cohort of children from Mutengene, south western Cameroon] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744422/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744422/pdf/12936_2016_Article_1111.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan 21 [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10601333.2016.1210159 Policy and regulations in light of the human body as a ‘superorganism’ containing multiple, intertwined symbiotic relationships] | [[media:Policy and regulations in light of the human body as a ‘superorganism’ containing multiple, intertwined symbiotic relationships.pdf | PDF]]
* 2016 Jan 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26816384 Transkingdom control of viral infection and immunity in the mammalian intestine] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4751997/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4751997/pdf/nihms757312.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26763929 The parasitic worm-derived immunomodulator, ES-62 and its drug-like small molecule analogues exhibit therapeutic potential in a model of chronic asthma] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725896/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725896/pdf/srep19224.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan 11 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26752538 The Role of Helminth Infection and Environment in the Development of Allergy: A Prospective Study of Newly-Arrived Ethiopian Immigrants in Israel] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004208 Full text]
* 2016 Jan 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26728323 Therapeutic potential of recombinant cystatin from Schistosoma japonicum in TNBS-induced experimental colitis of mice] - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700642/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700642/pdf/13071_2015_Article_1288.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26345715 Interactions between the intestinal microbiome and helminth parasites] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019230/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019230/pdf/PIM-38-5.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26577605 Mast cells: new therapeutic target in helminth immune modulation] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12295/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12295/epdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26650734 Sweet secrets of a therapeutic worm: mass-spectrometric N-glycomic analysis of Trichuris suis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712359/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712359/pdf/emss-66410.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2016 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27592717 Enteric Ecosystem Disruption in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can the Microbiota and Macrobiota be Restored?]
* 2016 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27088850 A Helminth Protease Inhibitor Modulates the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Proinflammatory Phenotype of Microglia in vitro]

=== 2015 ===
* 2015 Dec 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26673140 Helminth Products Protect against Autoimmunity via Innate Type 2 Cytokines IL-5 and IL-33, Which Promote Eosinophilia]
* 2015 Dec 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26644379 Low-Dose Intestinal Trichuris muris Infection Alters the Lung Immune Microenvironment and Can Suppress Allergic Airway Inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730564/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730564/pdf/zii491.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26571397 Helminth-induced arginase-1 exacerbates lung inflammation and disease severity in tuberculosis]
* 2015 Nov 17 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26588776 Worming Their Way into the Picture: Microbiota Help Helminths Modulate Host Immunity]
* 2015 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26477048 Cohabitation in the Intestine: Interactions among Helminth Parasites, Bacterial Microbiota, and Host Immunity]
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26604162 Can Helminth Infection Reverse Microbial Dysbiosis?]
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26085597 Drug-like analogues of the parasitic worm-derived immunomodulator ES-62 are therapeutic in the MRL/Lpr model of systemic lupus erythematosus] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4616909/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4616909/pdf/10.1177_0961203315591031.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25698173 Trichuris suis ova therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis is safe but without signals of beneficial effect] This study used a treatment period of only 12 weeks, which is inadequate when assessing the efficacy of helminths, and it also used a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26586763 Helminth infection, fecundity, and age of first pregnancy in women] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5953513/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5953513/pdf/nihms961168.pdf PDF] (Also see [[Helminthic therapy and fertility | '''Helminthic therapy and fertility''']].)
* 2015 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26332354 Adoptive transfer of helminth antigen-pulsed dendritic cells protects against the development of experimental colitis in mice] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eji.201545579 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eji.201545579 PDF] (HDC)
* 2015 Oct 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26522986 The Intestinal Microbiota Contributes to the Ability of Helminths to Modulate Allergic Inflammation] -- [http://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(15)00397-0 Full text] | [http://www.cell.com/immunity/pdf/S1074-7613(15)00397-0.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Oct 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25326880 Do We Need Worms to Promote Immune Health?]
* 2015 Sept 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26381211 Experimental hookworm infection and escalating gluten challenges are associated with increased microbial richness in celiac subjects] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4585380/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4585380/pdf/srep13797.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Sep 17 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26377648 Type 2 immunity-dependent reduction of segmented filamentous bacteria in mice infected with the helminthic parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574229/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574229/pdf/40168_2015_Article_103.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Sept 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26345715 The interaction of commensal intestinal bacteria with helminth parasites]
* 2015 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26093162 Effect of different helminth extracts on the development of asthma in mice: The influence of early-life exposure and the role of IL-10 response]
* 2015 Aug 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26150661 Interactions between multiple helminths and the gut microbiota in wild rodents] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4528493/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4528493/pdf/rstb20140295.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Aug 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26270819 Are Human Intestinal Eukaryotes Beneficial or Commensals?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4536199/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4536199/pdf/ppat.1005039.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Aug 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26248316 Asymptomatic Helminth Infection in Active Tuberculosis Is Associated with Increased Regulatory and Th-2 Responses and a Lower Sputum Smear Positivity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4527760/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4527760/pdf/pntd.0003994.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Aug 5 [http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2015/08/tapeworms-may-be-good-your-brain Tapeworms may be good for your brain] Hanae Armitage, Science
* 2015 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26672222 The Role of Adoptive Transfer of Immune Cells in Helminth- induced Regulation of Allergy and Autoimmune Diseases]
* 2015 Jul 27 The hygiene hypothesis: current perspectives and future therapies -- [https://www.dovepress.com/the-hygiene-hypothesis-current-perspectives-and-future-therapies-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-ITT Full text] has a PDF download link.
* 2015 Jul 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26205402 Trichuris suis induces human non-classical patrolling monocytes via the mannose receptor and PKC: implications for multiple sclerosis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4513676/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4513676/pdf/40478_2015_Article_223.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2015 Jul 20 [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150720145207.htm Gut worms protect babies' brains from inflammation] Science Daily
* 2015 Jul 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26188364 Enteric nematodes and the path to up-regulation of type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13] (Includes mention of increased cell turnover to maintain an effective gut barrier in the presence of helminths.)
* 2015 Jul 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26162711 Got Worms? Perinatal Exposure to Helminths Prevents Persistent Immune Sensitization and Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Early-Life Infection]
* 2015 Jul 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26148848 Epigenetic Modulation of Microglial Inflammatory Gene Loci in Helminth-Induced Immune Suppression: Implications for Immune Regulation in Neurocysticercosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4552224/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4552224/pdf/10.1177_1759091415592126.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jul 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26150662 Suppression of inflammation by helminths: a role for the gut microbiota?] -- [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1675/20140296 Full text] | [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/370/1675/20140296.full.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jul 3 [http://evmedreview.com/?p=2767%23_ENREF_4 Progress on reconstituting the depleted biome to prevent immune disorders] Parker and Morey, The Evolution and Medicine Review
* 2015 Jul 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26207885 Helminth therapy for organic diseases?]
* 2015 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26380461 Of worms and men - administration of helminth products as an innovative approach to treatment of autoimmune diseases]
* 2015 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26393130 Significance of Diagnosing Parasitic Infestation in Evaluation of Unexplained Eosinophilia] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572961/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572961/pdf/jcdr-9-DC22.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044 Chronic helminth infection and helminth-derived egg antigens promote adipose tissue M2 macrophages and improve insulin sensitivity in obese mice]
* 2015 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087 The potential long-term effect of previous schistosome infection reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome among Chinese men]
* 2015 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26145982 The allergy epidemics: 1870-2010] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617537/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617537/pdf/nihms697397.pdf PDF] This historical analysis of the allergy epidemic highlights the role of helminth control as one of the explanations for the trends from 1870 to 2010.
* 2015 Jun 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26139475 Atopy and Asthma in Migrants: The Function of Parasites]
* 2015 Jun 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes]
* 2015 Jun 22 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26098783 Prevention of Type 1 diabetes through parasite infection]
* 2015 Jun 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042 Infection with Soil-Transmitted Helminths Is Associated with Increased Insulin Sensitivity] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0127746 Full text] | [http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127746&representation=PDF PDF]
* 2015 Jun 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26142923 The gut microbiome in the helminth infected host]
* 2015 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25600983 Clinical trials of helminth therapy in autoimmune diseases: rationale and findings]
* 2015 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25975491 Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with a synthetic analogue of a parasitic worm product prevents experimental arthritis and inhibits IL-1β production via NRF2-mediated counter-regulation of the inflammasome] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459730/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459730/pdf/main.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25854639 Identifying the immunomodulatory components of helminths]
* 2015 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25869420 Helminths and the microbiota: parts of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428757/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428757/pdf/nihms684423.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26057788 The structure of hookworm platelet inhibitor (HPI), a CAP superfamily member from Ancylostoma caninum] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4461323/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4461323/pdf/f-71-00643.pdf PDF]
* 2015 May 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25996526 Trichuris suis soluble products induce Rab7b expression and limit TLR4 responses in human dendritic cells] (TSO)
* 2015 May 20 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25989836 Immune responses in children infected with the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis in central Greece]
* 2015 May 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556 A worm of one's own: how helminths modulate host adipose tissue function and metabolism] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4567404/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4567404/pdf/nihms684209.pdf PDF]
* 2015 May 11 [https://www.facebook.com/tanawisa/posts/746878402097165 Comments on TSO for Autism from a European Biomedical Center for Autism Research]
* 2015 May 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25403350 Not all parasites are protective] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12160/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12160/epdf PDF]
* 2015 May 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25956237 Approaches to studying and manipulating the enteric microbiome to improve autism symptoms] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425814/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425814/pdf/MEHD-26-26878.pdf PDF]
* 2015 May 5 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25942385 Alteration of the rat cecal microbiome during colonization with the helminth Hymenolepis dimunita] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/pdf/kgmi-06-03-1047128.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2015 May 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25938477 Chronic Trichuris muris Infection in C57BL/6 Mice Causes Significant Changes in Host Microbiota and Metabolome: Effects Reversed by Pathogen Clearance] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418675/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418675/pdf/pone.0125945.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 28 [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v11/n6/full/nrendo.2015.68.html Helminths improve insulin sensitivity and enhance M2 macrophage numbers in WAT of obese mice] (No abstract)
* 2015 Apr 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25941654 Type 1 diabetes pathogenesis - Prevention???] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4413393/ Full text]
* ✅⚡2015 Apr 18 [[media:Overcoming_Evolutionary_Mismatch_by_Self-Treatment_with_Helminths.pdf | Overcoming Evolutionary Mismatch by Self-Treatment with Helminths: Current Practices and Experience]] (PDF) This was the first study to probe the methods and outcomes reported by individuals self-treating with helminths.
* 2015 Apr 17 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26040054 Helminths and autoimmunity: the good, the bad and the ugly] -- [https://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/142/71371.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25879741 Unraveling the Hygiene Hypothesis of helminthes and autoimmunity: origins, pathophysiology, and clinical applications] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4396177/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4396177/pdf/12916_2015_Article_306.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25869420 Helminths and the microbiota: parts of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Png_Loke/publication/274965905_Helminths_and_the_microbiota_parts_of_the_hygiene_hypothesis/links/55898a6308ae9076016f9ad9.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25853852 Increased Biodiversity in the Environment Improves the Humoral Response of Rats] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4390306/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4390306/pdf/pone.0120255.pdf PDF] (Also reported by Science Daily. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150408145242.htm])
* 2015 Apr 6 The Hygiene Hypothesis - Redefine, Rename, or Just Clean It Up? -- [http://www.paediatrix.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/The-Hygiene-Hypothesis-Redefine-Rename-or-Just-Clean-It-Up.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25665856/ Biome depletion in conjunction with evolutionary mismatches could play a role in the etiology of neurofibromatosis 1]
* 2015 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25546822 The parasitic worm product ES-62 targets myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent effector mechanisms to suppress antinuclear antibody production and proteinuria in MRL/lpr mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409857/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409857/pdf/art0067-1023.pdf PDF] (A worm-derived immunomodulator protects against kidney damage in lupus/SLE)
* 2015 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25712154 Exosome-transported microRNAs of helminth origin: new tools for allergic and autoimmune diseases therapy?]
* 2015 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25801883 From the worm to the pill, the parasitic worm product ES-62 raises new horizons in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://lup.sagepub.com/content/24/4-5/400.full Full text] | [http://lup.sagepub.com/content/24/4-5/400.full.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25683374 Potential long-term effects of previous schistosome infection may reduce the atherogenic index of plasma in Chinese men]
* 2015 Mar 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25884706 Human helminth therapy to treat inflammatory disorders - where do we stand?] -- [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/16/12 Full text] | [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/s12865-015-0074-3.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Mar 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25806513 Immune Antibodies and Helminth Products Drive CXCR2-Dependent Macrophage-Myofibroblast Crosstalk to Promote Intestinal Repair] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373753/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373753/pdf/ppat.1004778.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25624401 Epidemiological study of the association between malaria and helminth infections in Nigeria] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350553/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350553/pdf/tropmed-92-578.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764 Does Strongyloides stercoralis infection protect against type 2 diabetes in humans? Evidence from Australian Aboriginal adults]
* 2015 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25666929 The immunomodulatory parasitic worm product ES-62 reduces lupus-associated accelerated atherosclerosis in a mouse model] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4355381/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4355381/pdf/nihms662074.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Spring. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25926937 The relationship between intestinal parasites and some immune-mediated intestinal conditions] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4403024/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4403024/pdf/GHFBB-8-123.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26312872 A role for helminth parasites in achieving immunological tolerance in transplantation]
* 2015 Feb 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25888525 Helminth infections and type 2 diabetes: a cluster-randomized placebo controlled SUGARSPIN trial in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4389675/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4389675/pdf/12879_2015_Article_873.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067 A novel regulatory macrophage induced by a helminth molecule protects against mucosal inflammation and mitigates allergic airway inflammation and colitis in mice]
* 2015 Feb 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067 A novel regulatory macrophage induced by a helminth molecule instructs IL-10 in CD4+ T cells and protects against mucosal inflammation] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/4/1555.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/4/1555.full.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25527786 Intestinal helminths regulate lethal acute graft-versus-host disease and preserve the graft-versustumor effect in mice] (Helminths improve the outcome of bone marrow transplantation in mice)
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25547076 Helminthes and insects: maladies or therapies]
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25248819 Experimental hookworm infection and gluten microchallenge promote tolerance in celiac disease] -- [http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)01010-0/fulltext Full text] | [http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)01010-0/pdf PDF] (Also reported by EurekAlert [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-09/jcu-aws092414.php] and ABC Austrailia. [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-25/hookworms-coeliac-disease-research/5768732])
* 2015 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25174866 Worms as therapeutic agents for allergy and asthma: understanding why benefits in animal studies have not translated into clinical success] -- [https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2814%2900960-9/fulltext Full text] | [https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)00960-9/pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25459578 Potential Treatments for Food Allergy]
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449677 The mechanisms behind helminth's immunomodulation in autoimmunity]
* 2015 Jan 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25634608 A model for the induction of autism in the ecosystem of the human body: the anatomy of a modern pandemic?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310853/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310853/pdf/MEHD-26-26253.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jan 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25611587 Chronic filarial infection provides protection against bacterial sepsis by functionally reprogramming macrophages] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303312/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303312/pdf/ppat.1004616.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jan 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25452561 Splenic B cells from Hymenolepis diminuta-infected mice ameliorate colitis independent of T cells and via cooperation with macrophages] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/1/364.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/jimmunol/194/1/364.full.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2015 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25437821 Treatment with egg antigens of Schistosoma mansoni ameliorates experimental colitis in mice through a colonic T-cell-dependent mechanism]
* 2015 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26046559 Multiple sclerosis and environmental factors: the role of vitamin D, parasites, and Epstein-Barr virus infection]
* 2015 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25942385 Alteration of the rat cecal microbiome during colonization with the helminth Hymenolepis diminuta] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/pdf/kgmi-06-03-1047128.pdf PDF] (HDC)

=== 2014 ===
* 2014 Dec 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25472634 Helminth Therapy for MS] (multiple sclerosis)
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24975567 Reduced asthma morbidity in endemic areas for helminth infections: a longitudinal ecological study in Brazil]
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25441298 In utero priming by worms protects against respiratory allergies]
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25554978 The emerging role of helminths in treatment of the inflammatory bowel disorders] -- [http://www.jpp.krakow.pl/journal/archive/12_14/pdf/741_12_14_article.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744 Maternal immune response to helminth infection during pregnancy determines offspring susceptibility to allergic airway inflammation]
* 2014 Winter [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25436093 Potential treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a review of helminths therapy] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017549/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017549/pdf/GHFBB-7-009.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Nov 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25375117 Coincident helminth infection modulates systemic inflammation and immune activation in active pulmonary tuberculosis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/pdf/pntd.0003289.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24795483 Impact of experimental hookworm infection on the human gut microbiota] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195438/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195438/pdf/jiu256.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25069662?dopt=Abstract Therapeutic potential of larval excretory/secretory proteins of the pig whipworm Trichuris suis in allergic disease] (TSO)
* 2014 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24981042 Helminth therapy or elimination: epidemiological, immunological, and clinical considerations]
* 2014 Oct 20 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202775/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202775/pdf/fimmu-05-00499.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Oct 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24782451 Suppression of basophil histamine release and other IgE-dependent responses in childhood Schistosoma mansoni/hookworm coinfection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176447/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176447/pdf/jiu234.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Oct 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25240019 Helminth infections decrease host susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244645/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244645/pdf/nihms616872.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Oct Treating Inflammatory Bowel disease: from Helminths to ova -- [http://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/95/47594.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25281198 Allergy and worms: let's bring back old friends]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24901211 The microbiota and helminths: sharing the same niche in the human host]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25201407 Mucosal immune responses following intestinal nematode infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312905/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312905/pdf/pim0036-0439.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24891519 Kv1.3 channel-blocking immunomodulatory peptides from parasitic worms: implications for autoimmune diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4139903/ Full text] | [http://www.fasebj.org/content/28/9/3952.full.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24496315 Blockade of IL-33 release and suppression of type 2 innate lymphoid cell responses by helminth secreted products in airway allergy] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4016792/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4016792/pdf/mi2013123a.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Aug 28 Parasitic infection and immunomodulation: A possible explanation for the hygiene hypothesis in autoimmune and allergic disease -- [http://www.slideshare.net/Apollo_Hospitals/final-8-38449965 Full text]
* 2014 Aug 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25161287 The "hygiene hypothesis" for allergic disease is a misnomer] (No abstract)
* 2014 Aug 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25210492 Extraintestinal helminth infection reduces the development of colitis-associated tumorigenesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159685/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159685/pdf/ijbsv10p0948.pdf PDF] (IBD) (Cancer)
* 2014 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25171741 Maternal hookworm modifies risk factors for childhood eczema: results from a birth cohort in Uganda] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312885/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312885/pdf/pai0025-0481.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24471654 Pregnancy and helminth infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260141/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260141/pdf/pim0036-0328.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25033775 (Self-) infections with parasites: re-interpretations for the present] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263892316_Self-_infections_with_parasites_Re-interpretations_for_the_present Full text]
* 2014 Jul 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24992724 Helminth infections, type-2 immune response, and metabolic syndrome] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/pdf/ppat.1004140.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24666108 Lessons from helminth infections: ES-62 highlights new interventional approaches in rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089150/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089150/pdf/cei0177-0013.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736234 Systemic impact of intestinal helminth infections] -- [http://www.nature.com/mi/journal/v7/n4/pdf/mi201423a.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24749722 Helminths in the hygiene hypothesis: sooner or later?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089153/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089153/pdf/cei0177-0038.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24401109 Microbial 'old friends', immunoregulation and socioeconomic status] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089149/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089149/pdf/cei0177-0001.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24704440 Secretory products of helminth parasites as immunomodulators]
* 2014 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24497523 ES-62 protects against collagen-induced arthritis by resetting interleukin-22 toward resolution of inflammation in the joints] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737104/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737104/pdf/ART-66-1492.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24744099 Helminth/Parasite treatment of multiple sclerosis]
* 2014 May 22 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24851867 Helminth colonization is associated with increased diversity of the gut microbiota] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031128/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031128/pdf/pntd.0002880.pdf PDF]
* 2014 May 8 [http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=geography_etds The human–hookworm assemblage: contingency and the practice of helminthic therapy] Sophia Ann Strosberg, PhD thesis
* 2014 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24712468 Induction of regulatory cells by helminth parasites: exploitation for the treatment of inflammatory diseases]
* 2014 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24325393 Parasitic worms and allergies in childhood: insights from population studies 2008-2013]
* 2014 Apr 29 [http://www.neurology.org/content/82/10_Supplement/P3.149 Clinical Trial of Helminth-induced Immunomodulatory Therapy (HINT 2) in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (P3.149)] (TSO)
* 2014 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24441737 Genome of the human hookworm Necator americanus] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978129/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978129/pdf/nihms-551116.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2014 Mar [http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=43790 Intestinal Helminthic Infection Increases Serum Levels of IL-2 and Decreases Serum TGF-Beta Levels in Nigerian Asthmatic Patients] -- [http://file.scirp.org/Html/1-1410098_43790.htm Full text] | [http://file.scirp.org/pdf/OJI_2014031415322712.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Feb 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24592267 Helminth Allergens, Parasite-Specific IgE, and Its Protective Role in Human Immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924148/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924148/pdf/fimmu-05-00061.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24355423 A multimodal Darwinian strategy for alleviating the atherosclerosis pandemic]
* 2014 Jan 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007 Secreted proteins from the helminth Fasciola hepatica inhibit the initiation of autoreactive T cell responses and prevent diabetes in the NOD mouse] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897667/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897667/pdf/pone.0086289.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jan 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24442917 Helminth therapy (worms) for induction of remission in inflammatory bowel disease] -- [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009400.pub2/full Full text] | [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009400.pub2/epdf/full PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24043262 Reprogramming macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype by helminth antigens reduces murine atherosclerosis] -- [http://www.fasebj.org/content/28/1/288.long Full text] | [http://www.fasebj.org/content/28/1/288.full.pdf PDF]
* 2014 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24997041 Microbiota, immunoregulatory old friends and psychiatric disorders]
* 2014 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25654942 Of poops and parasites: unethical FDA overregulation]

=== 2013 ===
* 2013 Dec 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24351232 Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) in multiple sclerosis patients with Trichuris suis ova therapy] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3866952/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3866952/pdf/parasite-20-55.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2013 Dec 12 [http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2013/12/12/596603/10061345/en/Coronado-Biosciences-Announces-Presentation-of-Interim-Data-From-Autism-Study-at-Neuropsychopharmacology-Meeting.html Presentation of Interim Data From Autism Study at Neuropsychopharmacology Meeting]
* 2013 Nov 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24154724 Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: an ecosystem service essential to health] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3831972/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3831972/pdf/pnas.201313731.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929557 Helminths and their implication in sepsis - a new branch of their immunomodulatory behaviour?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4285315/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4285315/pdf/fim0069-0127.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Oct 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23975865 Parasite infections in multiple sclerosis modulate immune responses through a retinoic acid-dependent pathway] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/191/7/3827.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/191/7/3827.full.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23325330 The hygiene theory harnessing helminths and their ova to treat autoimmunity]
* 2013 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23968688 Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection reduces severity of type 1 diabetes induced by multiple low-dose streptozotocin in mice via STAT6- and IL-10-independent mechanisms]
* 2013 Sept [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23792298 Chronic Opisthorchis felineus infection attenuates atherosclerosis – an autopsy study]
* 2013 Aug 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691 Effect of nematode Trichinella infection on glucose tolerance and status of macrophage in obese mice] -- [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/endocrj/60/11/60_EJ13-0312/_pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug 29 [http://www.news.ucsb.edu/2013/013611/dueling-infections-one-keeps-other-bay-say-ucsb-anthropologists Dueling Infections: One Keeps the Other at Bay, Say UCSB Anthropologists] Andrea Estrada, The Current, University of California, Santa Barbara
* 2013 Aug 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23986108 Antagonism between two intestinal parasites in humans: the importance of co-infection for infection risk and recovery dynamics] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768312/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768312/pdf/rspb20131671.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug 20 Parasitic Helminths: A Useful Resource for Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disease Therapy -- [http://www.omicsonline.org/parasitic-helminths-a-useful-resource-for-inflammatory-and-autoimmune-disease-therapy-1948-593X.1000084.php?aid=16479 Full text] | [http://www.omicsonline.org/parasitic-helminths-a-useful-resource-for-inflammatory-and-autoimmune-disease-therapy-1948-593X.1000084.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23967364 Schistosoma mansoni-mediated suppression of allergic airway inflammation requires patency and Foxp3+ Treg cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744427/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744427/pdf/pntd.0002379.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23730956 Randomised clinical trial: the safety and tolerability of Trichuris suis ova in patients with Crohn's disease] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apt.12366/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apt.12366/epdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2013 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23827958 Type 2 immunity and wound healing: evolutionary refinement of adaptive immunity by helminths] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789590/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789590/pdf/nihms516840.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23597946 Possible use of Trichuris suis ova in autism spectrum disorders therapy] (TSO)
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23273955 Coassociations between IL10 polymorphisms, IL-10 production, helminth infection, and asthma/ wheeze in an urban tropical population in Brazil]
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23545299 Hookworm excretory/secretory products induce interleukin-4 (IL-4)+ IL-10+ CD4+ T cell responses and suppress pathology in a mouse model of colitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676036/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676036/pdf/zii2104.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143 Parasitic nematode-induced modulation of body weight and associated metabolic dysfunction in mouse models of obesity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676010/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676010/pdf/zii1905.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523576 Previous contact with Strongyloides venezuelensis contributed to prevent insulitis in MLD-STZ diabetes] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014489413000775 Full text] (includes a PDF download link)
* 2013 April 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23782752 Trichuris suis ova in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome (TRIOMS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680966/ Full text] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680966/pdf/1745-6215-14-112.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2013 Apr 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23566643 The development of TH2 responses from infancy to 4 years of age and atopic sensitization in areas endemic for helminth infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3635885/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3635885/pdf/1710-1492-9-13.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23220043/ Trichuris suis-induced modulation of human dendritic cell function is glycan-mediated] -- [https://tanawisa.com/downloads/Trichuris_suis-induced_modulation_of_human_dendritic_cell_function_is_glycan-mediated.pdf Full text]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178750 A role for IL-22 in the relationship between intestinal helminths, gut microbiota and mucosal immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955947/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955947/pdf/nihms423088.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291460 Changed gluten immunity in celiac disease by Necator americanus provides new insights into autoimmunity] (NA)
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291461 The helminth product, ES-62, protects against airway inflammation by resetting the Th cell phenotype] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584281/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584281/pdf/main.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23174104 A nematode immunomodulator suppresses grass pollen-specific allergic responses by controlling excessive Th2 inflammation]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23298637 Helminth therapy and multiple sclerosis] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751912003153 Full text]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23380935 Childhood helminth exposure is protective against inflammatory bowel disease: a case control study in South Africa] (IBD)
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101 Prevention of type 1 diabetes through infection with an intestinal nematode parasite requires IL-10 in the absence of a Th2-type response]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D)]
* 2013 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23291462/ Prerequisites for the pharmaceutical industry to develop and commercialise helminths and helminth-derived product therapy]
* 2013 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23178819/ Translatability of helminth therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683647/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683647/pdf/nihms423391.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524 Association of previous schistosome infection with diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in rural China]
* 2013 Jan-Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23406942 Evolutionary immune response to conserved domains in parasites and aeroallergens]
* ✅ 2013 Jan 10 [[media:Patients_self-treat_with_parasitic_worms_-_Flowers_et_al.pdf | Patients self-treat with parasitic worms.]] In this letter to the journal, Nature, two researchers called on the scientific community to adopt a different approach to helminth therapeutics that would recognise and utilise the insights and evidence being gained by patients self-treating with helminths.
* 2013 Jan 8 [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130108112451.htm Parasitic worms may help treat diseases associated with obesity Science Daily]
* 2013 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23302848 Autoimmune disease: Patients self-treat with parasitic worms] (Comment on [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23135449 Autoimmunity: The worm returns].)
* 2013 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481186 Microbial 'Old Friends', immunoregulation and stress resilience] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868387/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868387/pdf/eot004.pdf PDF]
* ⚡ 2013 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481190 Evolutionary biology and anthropology suggest biome reconstitution as a necessary approach toward dealing with immune disorders] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868394/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868394/pdf/eot008.pdf PDF] This paper explains how the modern pandemics of autoimmune, inflammatory and allergic disease are due to the loss of species, especially helminths, from the human ecosystem.
* 2013 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23278885 Protection against allergic airway inflammation during the chronic and acute phases of Trichinella spiralis infection]
* 2013 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23365679 Relationship between carotid intima media thickness and helminth infections on Flores Island, Indonesia] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554693/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554693/pdf/pone.0054855.pdf PDF] (atherosclerosis / cholesterol)
* 2013 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23637593 Immune regulation during helminth infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630086/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630086/pdf/ppat.1003250.pdf PDF]

=== 2012 ===
* 2012 Winter [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740696/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740696/pdf/RevDiabeticStud-09-272.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Dec 5 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23220091 The hookworm pharmacopoeia for inflammatory diseases] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751912003062 Full text]
* 2012 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23593834 Anti-atherogenic effect and its mechanisms of soluble egg antigen of Schistosomia japonicum in ApoE-/- mice (atherosclerosis)]
* 2012 Nov 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166490 Therapeutic helminth infection of macaques with idiopathic chronic diarrhea alters the inflammatory signature and mucosal microbiota of the colon] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499566/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499566/pdf/ppat.1003000.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Nov 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23221477 How helminths use excretory secretory fractions to modulate dendritic cells] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3545949/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3545949/pdf/viru-3-668.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Nov 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23135449 Autoimmunity: The worm returns] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744107/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744107/pdf/nihms-492926.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Nov 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23129304 Helminth infection in populations undergoing epidemiological transition: a friend or foe?] -- [http://staff.ui.ac.id/system/files/users/aprilianto.eddy/publication/wiria2012helminthinpopulationsundergoingepidemiologicaltransition.pdf Author’s personal full text copy]
* 2012 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23079675 Where are we on worms?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744105/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744105/pdf/nihms492925.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23034321/ Helminth Infections and Host Immune Regulation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485755/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485755/pdf/zcm585.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22086188 Nematode modulation of inflammatory bowel disease] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459088/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459088/pdf/709_2011_Article_342.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2012 Oct [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22886766 Worming their way into the pharmacy: use of worms and worm products to treat inflammatory diseases] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/art.34635 PDF]
* 2012 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22898371 Heligmosomoides polygyrus: EAE remission is correlated with different systemic cytokine profiles provoked by L4 and adult nematodes] (Multiple sclerosis)
* 2012 Sept 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22729944 The parasitic helminth product ES-62 suppresses pathogenesis in collagen-induced arthritis by targeting the interleukin-17-producing cellular network at multiple sites] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.34581/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.34581/epdf PDF]
* 2012 Sept 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23021370 Advances in immunotherapy for food allergy] -- [http://www.discoverymedicine.com/Yamini-V-Virkud/2012/09/21/advances-in-immunotherapy-for-food-allergy/ Full text] Yamini Virkud and Brian Vickery, Discovery Magazine
* 2012 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21838960 Immune monitoring of Trichuris suis egg therapy in multiple sclerosis patients] (TSO in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS))
* 2012 Sept The Hygiene Hypothesis and its implications for home hygiene, lifestyle and public health -- [http://www.naturaleater.com/science-articles/Hygiene-old-friends-ISFHH-2012.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Aug 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22937527 Does helminth activation of toll-like receptors modulate immune response in multiple sclerosis patients?] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426839/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426839/pdf/fcimb-02-00112.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22742834 Trichuris suis ova: testing a helminth-based therapy as an extension of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [https://web.archive.org/web/20210921041516/https://parasitology.cvm.ncsu.edu/vmp930/supplement/trichuris_treatment_allergies.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2012 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22608572 Helminth infection is associated with decreased basophil responsiveness in human beings] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387338/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387338/pdf/nihms372243.pdf PDF]
* ⚡ 2012 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22612580 A prescription for clinical immunology: the pills are available and ready for testing. A review] | [[media:A_prescription_for_clinical_immunology-_the_pills_are_available_and_ready_for_testing._A_review.pdf | PDF]]

* 2012 Jun 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928103 Is autism a member of a family of diseases resulting from genetic/cultural mismatches? Implications for treatment and prevention] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420574/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420574/pdf/AURT2012-910946.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22482518 Soluble helminth products suppress clinical signs in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and differentially modulate human dendritic cell activation]
* 2012 May 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464690 Helminthic therapy: improving mucosal barrier function] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015520/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015520/pdf/nihms545476.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Apr 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513973 Helminth therapy (worms) for allergic rhinitis] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashley_Croft/publication/224708548_Helminth_therapy_(worms)_for_allergic_rhinitis/links/09e4150b0b21ddf09b000000.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22168433 Parasitic worm therapy for allergy: is this incongruous or avant-garde medicine?]
* 2012 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22360486 Granulocytes in helminth infection -- who is calling the shots?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394172/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394172/pdf/CMC-19-1567.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Mar 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22398631 Atopy is inversely related to schistosome infection intensity: a comparative study in Zimbabwean villages with distinct levels of Schistosoma haematobium infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3398828/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3398828/pdf/iaa-0158-0288.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214332 Schistosoma mansoni antigens as modulators of the allergic inflammatory response in asthma]
* 2012 Feb 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22566894/ TLRs, Treg, and B Cells, an Interplay of Regulation during Helminth Infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342019/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342019/pdf/fimmu-03-00008.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/pdf/cshperspectmed-DIA-a007799.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22346753 Characterising the mucosal and systemic immune responses to experimental human hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276555/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276555/pdf/ppat.1002520.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245779 An essential role for the Th2-type response in limiting tissue damage during helminth infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3274634/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3274634/pdf/nihms341991.pdf PDF] (Wound healing)
* ⚡ 2012 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22239614 Helminth-host immunological interactions: prevention and control of immune-mediated diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744090/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744090/pdf/nihms492922.pdf PDF] Summarises the science underpinning helminthic therapy.
* 2012 Jan [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21983081/ Helminth infection does not reduce risk for chronic inflammatory disease in a population-based cohort study] (There are several critical weaknesses in this study, the data from which do not support the authors' broad conclusion that helminthic colonization does not reduce the risk for various immune-mediated diseases. See a rebuttal of this research by the late Joel Weinstock [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4129650/ here].)
* 2012 Jan [http://www.asmscience.org/content/journal/microbe/10.1128/microbe.7.173.1 A Darwinian View of the Hygiene or “Old Friends” Hypothesis] Graham A. W. Rook, Microbe Magazine
* 2012 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22848374 Helminth antigens enable CpG-activated dendritic cells to inhibit the symptoms of collagen-induced arthritis through Foxp3+ regulatory T cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405066/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405066/pdf/pone.0040356.pdf PDF]
* 2012 [http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12411/ Asthma and allergic disease: their relation with Necator americanus and other helminth infections] Johanna Feary, PhD Thesis -- [http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12411/1/JRF_Thesis_appendix_A_removed.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2012 [https://webshares.northseattle.edu/jgward/Microbe%20paper.pdf A Darwinian View of the Hygiene or “Old Friends” Hypothesis] (PDF)

=== 2011 ===
* 2011 Nov 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22147983 Schistosoma japonicum ova maintains epithelial barrier function during experimental colitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3229631/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3229631/pdf/WJG-17-4810.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21290484 Hookworm products ameliorate dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in BALB/c mice]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980148 The impact of environmental infections (parasites) on MS activity] (multiple sclerosis)
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21741180 Reconstitution of the human biome as the most reasonable solution for epidemics of allergic and autoimmune diseases] | [[media:Reconstitution_of_the_human_biome_as_the_most_reasonable_solution_for_epidemics_of_allergic_and_autoimmune_diseases.pdf | PDF]]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810307 Treatment with anthelminthics during pregnancy: what gains and what risks for the mother and child?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178871/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178871/pdf/S0031182011001053a.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21831135 Effects of Helicobacter pylori, geohelminth infection and selected commensal bacteria on the risk of allergic disease and sensitization in 3-year-old Ethiopian children]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21684587 Regulatory B-cell induction by helminths: implications for allergic disease]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21848628 Exposure to hookworms in patients with Crohn's disease: a case-control study] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04824.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04824.x/epdf PDF]
* 2011 Sept 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21943110 Toll-like receptor activation by helminths or helminth products to alleviate inflammatory bowel disease] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199248/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199248/pdf/1756-3305-4-186.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2011 Sept 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21949691 Suppression of inflammatory immune responses in celiac disease by experimental hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174943/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174943/pdf/pone.0024092.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072824 Parasitic helminth cystatin inhibits DSS-induced intestinal inflammation via IL-10(+)F4/80(+) macrophage recruitment] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210841/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210841/pdf/kjp-49-245.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Aug 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21858123 Impact of Schistosoma japonicum infection on collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice: a murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/pdf/pone.0023453.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Aug 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21829616 Symptoms after Ingestion of Pig Whipworm Trichuris suis Eggs in a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149054/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149054/pdf/pone.0022346.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 Jul 25 The neuroimmunoendocrine network during worm helminth infections -- [http://www.isj.unimo.it/articoli/ISJ242.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Jul 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21785696 Parasites or cohabitants: cruel omnipresent usurpers or creative "éminences grises"?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140032/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140032/pdf/JPR2011-214174.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Jun 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21772981 Excretory-secretory products from hookworm l(3) and adult worms suppress proinflammatory cytokines in infected individuals] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135091/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135091/pdf/JPR2011-512154.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21610741 Diversity and dialogue in immunity to helminths]
* 2011 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21372112/ Probiotic helminth administration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 1 study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/pdf/nihms536054.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 May 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21576944 Atopic dermatitis and the hygiene hypothesis revisited]
* 2011 May 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21573157 Schistosome infection intensity is inversely related to auto-reactive antibody levels] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089602/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089602/pdf/pone.0019149.pdf PDF]
* 2011 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255083 Anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of infantile eczema: randomised-controlled trial results] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130136/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130136/pdf/pai0022-0305.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21277637 The impact of parasite infections on the course of multiple sclerosis]
* 2011 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21295861 Helminths and multiple sclerosis: will old friends give us new treatments for MS?] (No abstract)
* 2011 Mar 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21408161 Effect of hookworm infection on wheat challenge in celiac disease - a randomised double-blinded placebo controlled trial] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3050888/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3050888/pdf/pone.0017366.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Mar 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21372112 Probiotic helminth administration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 1 study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/pdf/nihms536054.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 Apr 22 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21440530 Clonorchis sinensis-derived total protein attenuates airway inflammation in murine asthma model by inducing regulatory T cells and modulating dendritic cell functions]
* 2011 Apr 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21584243 Helminth parasites and the modulation of joint inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092582/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092582/pdf/JPR2011-942616.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20967852 Infection with an intestinal helminth parasite reduces Freund's complete adjuvant-induced monoarthritis in mice] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.30098/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.30098/epdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2011 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21044628 Trichinella spiralis: infection reduces airway allergic inflammation in mice]
* 2011 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21887281 The transcriptome of Trichuris suis -- first molecular insights into a parasite with curative properties for key immune diseases of humans] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160910/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160910/pdf/pone.0023590.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21858123 Impact of Schistosoma japonicum infection on collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice: a murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/pdf/pone.0023453.pdf PDF]

=== 2010 ===
* 2010 Dec 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21123809 IL-22+ CD4+ T cells are associated with therapeutic trichuris trichiura infection in an ulcerative colitis patient] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Png_Loke/publication/49650965_IL-22_CD4_T_Cells_Are_Associated_with_Therapeutic_Trichuris_trichiura_Infection_in_an_Ulcerative_Colitis_Patient/links/00b7d535585b829413000000.pdf PDF] (TTO)
* 2010 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20848461 Alteration of the murine gut microbiota during infection with the parasitic helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2959136/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2959136/pdf/nihms220920.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21039971 Long-term periodic anthelmintic treatments are associated with increased allergen skin reactivity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3034193/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3034193/pdf/cea0040-1669.pdf PDF]
* 2010 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21500453 Atopic diseases and intestinal helminth infections]
* ⚡ 2010 Oct 13 [https://evmedreview.com/reconstituting-the-depleted-biome-to-prevent-immune-disorders/ Reconstituting the depleted biome to prevent immune disorders] William Parker, Duke University. Explains why replacing absent "old friends" may be the only reasonable therapy for a wide range of immune-associated disorders, including allergy, autoimmunity and autism.
* 2010 Aug 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20067426 Effects of Deworming during Pregnancy on Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes in Entebbe, Uganda: A Randomized Controlled Trial] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857962/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857962/pdf/ukmss-29622.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20404082 Chronic intestinal helminth infections are associated with immune hyporesponsiveness and induction of a regulatory network] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2897394/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2897394/pdf/1228-09.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jun 14 [http://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/how-the-parasitic-worm-has-turned/ How the parasitic worm has turned] (Web archive copy)
* 2010 Jun 11 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538949 Exploitation of the intestinal microflora by the parasitic nematode Trichuris muris] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428897/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428897/pdf/ukmss-49377.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20306466 Helminth-induced CD19+CD23hi B cells modulate experimental allergic and autoimmune inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179601/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179601/pdf/eji0040-1682.pdf PDF]
* 2010 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20132231 Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the allergic response in a murine model of ovalbumininduced airway inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857950/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857950/pdf/cei0160-0266.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20415854 99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: darwinian medicine and the 'hygiene' or 'old friends' hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841838/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841838/pdf/cei0160-0070.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23105895 Immunomodulators of helminthes: Promising therapeutics for autoimmune disorders and allergic diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3453099/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3453099/pdf/12291_2010_Article_21.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044996 In vitro-derived alternatively activated macrophages reduce colonic inflammation in mice] (Colitis) (HDC)
* 2010 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20224568 Helminth-derived immunomodulators: can understanding the worm produce the pill?]
* 2010 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20028812 Extracts of the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, suppress macrophage activation in vitro and alleviate chemically induced colitis in mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825920/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825920/pdf/1349-08.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2010 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19691904 The immune response to and immunomodulation by Hymenolepis diminuta] (HDC)
* 2010 Feb 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20169100 Parasitic helminths: new weapons against immunological disorders] (Diabetes) -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821776/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821776/pdf/JBB2010-743758.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20101628 Worms to the rescue: can worm glycans protect from autoimmune diseases?] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iub.304/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iub.304/epdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20069130 Taenia crassiceps infection attenuates multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/pdf/JBB2010-850541.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19800680 Trichuris suis ova therapy for allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lars_Poulsen/publication/26866959_Trichuris_suis_ova_therapy_for_allergic_rhinitis_a_randomized_double-blind_placebo-controlled_clinical_trial/links/00b4952a7f6c89aaa2000000.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19758373 Reduced helminth burden increases allergen skin sensitization but not clinical allergy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Vietnam]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2863045/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2863045/pdf/nihms182968.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042008 Helminth infection inhibits airway allergic reaction and dendritic cells are involved in the modulation process] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01161.x Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01161.x/epdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20425508 Chronic helminth infections protect against allergic diseases by active regulatory processes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816799/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816799/pdf/11882_2009_Article_85.pdf PDF]

* 2010 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20224759 Dendritic cells in the gut: interaction with intestinal helminths] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836138/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836138/pdf/JBB2010-250563.pdf PDF]
* 2010 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20069130 Taenia crassiceps infection attenuates multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/pdf/JBB2010-850541.pdf PDF]

=== 2009 ===
* 2009 Dec 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030661 Experimental hookworm infection: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in asthma] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2814083/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2814083/pdf/cea0040-0299.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19752032 Helminth infection can reduce insulitis and type 1 diabetes through CD25- and IL-10-independent mechanisms] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2786463/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2786463/pdf/1170-08.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19996438 Early helminth infections are inversely related to anemia, malnutrition, and malaria and are not associated with inflammation in 6- to 23-month-old Zanzibari children] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/6/1062.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/6/1062.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19812189 Helminth antigens modulate immune responses in cells from multiple sclerosis patients through TLR2-dependent mechanisms] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/9/5999.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/9/5999.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19861631 Immunologic profiles of persons recruited for a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/5/911.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/5/911.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19880560 Parasitic infection and autoimmunity] -- [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0961203309345735 PDF] (Lupus/SLE)
* 2009 Oct 22 [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-10-22/worms-linked-to-coeliac-relief/1113232 Worms linked to coeliac relief]
* 2009 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19744885 Survival of the fittest: allergology or parasitology?]
* 2009 Sept 29 [http://www.news-medical.net/news/20090929/Hookworms-can-prevent-asthma.aspx Hookworms can prevent asthma] News Medical
* 2009 Sept 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19786773 Prebiotics, probiotics and helminths: the 'natural' solution?]
* 2009 Sept 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=20011066 Infection with Hymenolepis diminuta Is More Effective than Daily Corticosteroids in Blocking Chemically Induced Colitis in Mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789531/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789531/pdf/JBB2010-384523.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2009 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19406170 Helminth immunoregulation: the role of parasite secreted proteins in modulating host immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2706953/ Full text]
* 2009 Aug 1 [Infection with a Helminth Parasite Attenuates Autoimmunity through TGF-β-Mediated Suppression of Th17 and Th1 Responses] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/3/1577.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/3/1577.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19400893 Safety of hookworm infection in individuals with measurable airway responsiveness: a randomized placebo-controlled feasibility study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728895/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728895/pdf/cea0039-1060.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19321388 Advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693446/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693446/pdf/nihms100270.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jun 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=19468064 Parasites represent a major selective force for interleukin genes and shape the genetic predisposition to autoimmune conditions] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715056/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715056/pdf/JEM_20082779.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19223020 Helminths and our immune system: friend or foe?]
* 2009 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19388947 Immune and genetic aspects of asthma, allergy and parasitic worm infections: evolutionary links] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01104.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01104.x/epdf PDF]
* 2009 Apr 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370621 Effect of administration of antihelminthics for soil transmitted helminths during pregnancy]
* 2009 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19291704 Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens induce Treg that participate in diabetes prevention in NOD mice] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200838871/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200838871/epdf PDF]
* 2009 Mar 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19308259 Necator americanus infection: a possible cause of altered dendritic cell differentiation and eosinophil profile in chronically infected individuals] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654967/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654967/pdf/pntd.0000399.pdf PDF] (NA)
* ✅ 2009 Mar 5 [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01470521?term=WIRMS&rank=1 Worms for Immune Regulation of Multiple Sclerosis (WIRMS)] Proposal for the first Phase 2 trial using a controlled number of Necator americanus in the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. (Also reported by Science Daily [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090304091818.htm] and the Mail Online. [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2108228/Parasitic-worms-offer-hope-cure-multiple-sclerosis.html?ito=feeds-newsxml]) (NA)
* 2009 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19167926 The therapeutic helminth?]
* 2009 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18835272 Schistosoma mansoni infection reduces severity of collagen-induced arthritis via down-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators]
* 2009 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19138565 Can helminths or helminth-derived products be used in humans to prevent or treat allergic diseases?]
* 2009 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19136071 Schistosoma mansoni infection alters co-stimulatory molecule expression and cell activation in asthma]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18608175 Spontaneous arthritis in MRL/lpr mice is aggravated by Staphylococcus aureus and ameliorated by Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120496 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: mechanisms underlying helminth modulation of dendritic cell function] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632707/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632707/pdf/imm0126-0028.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120493 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: the broader implications of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632706/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632706/pdf/imm0126-0003.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120495 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: immunity against helminths and immunological phenomena in modern human populations: coevolutionary legacies?] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632709/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632709/pdf/imm0126-0018.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632708/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632708/pdf/imm0126-0012.pdf PDF]
* ✅⚡2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18680198 Helminths and the IBD hygiene hypothesis] This paper proposed that failure to acquire helminths in early life negatively affects immune development, leading to immunological diseases such as IBD later in life.
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19128351 Do helminth parasites protect against atopy and allergic disease?]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016806 Helminth antigen-based strategy to ameliorate inflammation in an experimental model of colitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665684/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665684/pdf/cei0155-0088.pdf PDF]
* 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20054982 Helminthic therapy: using worms to treat immune-mediated disease] | [[media:Using Worms to Treat Immune-Mediated Disease.pdf | PDF]]
* 2009 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19436745 Early exposure of infants to GI nematodes induces Th2 dominant immune responses which are unaffected by periodic anthelminthic treatment] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677666/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677666/pdf/pntd.0000433.pdf PDF]

=== 2008 ===
* 2008 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18547322 Early infection with Trichuris trichiura and allergen skin test reactivity in later childhood] (TTO)
* 2008 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18654798 Schistosoma japonicum infection modulates the development of allergen-induced airway inflammation in mice]
* 2008 Sept 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20525133 The changing microbial environment and chronic inflammatory disorders] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868866/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868866/pdf/1710-1492-4-3-117.pdf PDF]
* 2008 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682103 Parasitic nematode modulation of allergic disease]
* 2008 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18655096 Helminth infections associated with multiple sclerosis induce regulatory B cells]
* 2008 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678 Decreased basal non-insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by diaphragm in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni]
* 2008 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18578001 The role of regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis]
* 2008 May 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509490 Worms and the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: are molecules the answer?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2396220/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2396220/pdf/CDI2008-567314.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2008 May 4 [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/e/e4/Hookworm.pdf Potential Transmission of Pathogens Between Human Hosts by the Hookworm, Necator Americanus] (PDF)
* 2008 Apr 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18462167 Intensity of intestinal infection with multiple worm species is related to regulatory cytokine output and immune hyporesponsiveness]
* 2008 Mar 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322239 A helminth immunomodulator reduces allergic and inflammatory responses by induction of IL-10- producing macrophages] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/6/4265.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/6/4265.full.pdf PDF]
* 2008 Feb 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18209076 Helminth infection with Litomosoides sigmodontis induces regulatory T cells and inhibits allergic sensitization, airway inflammation, and hyperreactivity in a murine asthma model] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/3/1792.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/3/1792.full.pdf PDF]
* 2008 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18207251 Soluble egg antigen from Schistosoma japonicum modulates the progression of chronic progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via Th2-shift response]
* 2008 Jan 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186549 Hygiene hypothesis in inflammatory bowel disease: a critical review of the literature] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675108/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675108/pdf/WJG-14-165.pdf PDF] (IBD)

=== 2007 ===

* 2007 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18007680 Protective immune mechanisms in helminth infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258092/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258092/pdf/nihms40971.pdf PDF]
* 2007 Nov [http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v13/n11/full/nm1107-1288.html Worms tame mast cells]
* 2007 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17952092 Inhibition of Fc epsilon RI-mediated mast cell responses by ES-62, a product of parasitic filarial nematodes]
* 2007 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17619029 The hygiene hypothesis and the increasing prevalence of chronic inflammatory disorders]
* 2007 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17433300 Schistosoma japonicum eggs modulate the activity of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs and prevent development of colitis in mice]
* 2007 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17576364 Stage-specific immune responses in human Necator americanus infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1976388/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1976388/pdf/pim0029-0347.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2007 May-Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17906796 Interrelationship among asthma, atopy, and helminth infections] -- [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1806-37132007000300016&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Full text] | [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/jbpneu/v33n3/en_14.pdf PDF]
* 2007 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17488925 An inverse relationship between autoimmune liver diseases and Strongyloides stercoralis infection] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/76/5/972.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/76/5/972.full.pdf PDF]
* 2007 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17447233 Helminths, allergic disorders and IgE-mediated immune responses: where do we stand?] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200737314/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200737314/epdf PDF]
* 2007 Apr 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17372014 Infection with a helminth parasite prevents experimental colitis via a macrophage-mediated mechanism] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/178/7/4557.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/178/7/4557.full.pdf PDF]
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17206504 The use of Trichuris suis and other helminth therapies to treat Crohn's disease] (TSO)
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17313951 Helminths as governors of immune-mediated inflammation]
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17504662 Modulation of anaphylaxis by helminth-derived products in animal models]
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17408663 Helminth infection enhances disease in a murine TH2 model of colitis]
* 2007 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17360880 Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasites are not detrimental to the nutritional status of Amerindians] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6446118_Helicobacter_pylori_and_intestinal_parasites_are_not_detrimental_to_the_nutritional_status_of_Amerindians Full text (PDF)]
* 2007 Feb 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17122383 Helminth-derived products inhibit the development of allergic responses in mice]
* ✅⚡2007 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17230481 Association between parasite infection and immune responses in multiple sclerosis] -- [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/e/ec/Association_Between_Parasite_Infection_and_Immune_Responses_in_Multiple_Sclerosis_.pdf PDF] (Also reported by Science Daily [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070117091058.htm] and the BBC. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6268585.stm]) This was the first study to explore the effect of helminth infection on immune response and the natural course of Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. It showed that MS progressed much more slowly in patients who hosted intestinal worms.
* 2007 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17284099 Iatrogenic Trichuris suis infection] (TSO)
* 2007 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101 Inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by gastrointestinal helminth infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828378/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828378/pdf/0664-06.pdf PDF]
* 2007 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042799 Schistosoma japonicum egg antigens stimulate CD4 CD25 T cells and modulate airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1890919/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1890919/pdf/imm0120-0008.pdf PDF]
* 2007 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17534075 Regulation of the immune system in metazoan parasite infections]
* 2007 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412520 Autism, asthma, inflammation, and the hygiene hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2048743/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2048743/pdf/nihms-29963.pdf PDF]

=== 2006 ===
* 2006 Dec 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17159130 Multiple sclerosis and the hygiene hypothesis]
* 2006 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17157661 Poor sanitation and helminth infection protect against skin sensitization in Vietnamese children: A cross-sectional study]
* 2006 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042933 Helminths and HIV infection: epidemiological observations on immunological hypotheses] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/pdf/pim0028-0613.pdf PDF]
* ✅ 2006 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17123987 Dose-ranging study for trials of therapeutic infection with Necator americanus in humans] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/75/5/914.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/75/5/914.full.pdf PDF] This study explored the dose of hookworms that would be required to have a therapeutic effect on asthma. (NA)
* 2006 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042933 Helminths and HIV infection: epidemiological observations on immunological hypotheses] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/pdf/pim0028-0613.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Oct-Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17343086 Intestinal helminths: a clue explaining the low incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases in Subsaharan Africa? Potential benefits and hazards of helminth therapy] (IBD)
* 2006 Oct-Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17343085 The hygiene hypothesis and inflammatory bowel diseases: role of helminths] (IBD)
* 2006 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965287 Parasitic worms and inflammatory diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/pdf/pim0028-0515.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17068271 What is the origin of ulcerative colitis? Still more questions than answers] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653902/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653902/pdf/620.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965288 Worms and allergy] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00894.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00894.x/epdf PDF]
* 2006 Sept 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965284 Immune modulation by helminthic infections: worms and viral infections]
* 2006 Sept 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778161 Asthma and current intestinal parasite infection: systematic review and meta-analysis]
* 2006 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17308794 Schistosoma mansoni antigen-driven interleukin-10 production in infected asthmatic individuals] -- [https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/LXLmtQzKbnJKMgZTzv7RfdL/?lang=en Full text] | [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/mioc/v101s1/v101s1a55.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Aug 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16849471 Intestinal helminths protect in a murine model of asthma] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/3/1628.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/3/1628.full.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16890593 Allergy controls the population density of Necator americanus in the small intestine] (NA)
* 2006 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17057216 Helminths and mucosal immune modulation]
* 2006 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16750534 A time course study of immunological responses in Trichuris suis infected pigs demonstrates induction of a local type 2 response associated with worm burden] (TSO)
* 2006 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16689863 Prevention of psoriasis-like lesions development in fsn/fsn mice by helminth glycans]
* 2006 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16630018 Regulatory T cells in human disease and their potential for therapeutic manipulation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782265/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782265/pdf/imm0118-0001.pdf PDF]
* 2006 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16673007 Mechanisms of disease: the hygiene hypothesis revisited]
* 2006 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16512799 Environmental exposures, genetic predisposition and allergic diseases: one size never fits all] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01104.x/abstract Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01104.x/epdf PDF]
* 2006 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16512800 Helminths can protect themselves against rejection inhibiting hostile respiratory allergy symptoms] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00983.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00983.x/epdf PDF]
* 2006 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16384780 The hygiene hypothesis and atopy: bring back the parasites?]
* ✅ 2006 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16344586 A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856386/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856386/pdf/136.pdf PDF] Investigated whether Crohn’s disease patients would tolerate a hookworm infection, and the practical issues associated with establishing reservoir donors for this species. (NA)
* 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16413997 Geohelminth infections: impact on allergic diseases]
* 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210905 Glycans modulate immune responses in helminth infections and allergy]
* 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210899 Helminth-induced immunoregulation of an allergic response to food] (food allergy)

=== 2005 ===
* 2005 Nov 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275759 Suppression of allergic airway inflammation by helminth-induced regulatory T cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2213237/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2213237/pdf/20042572.pdf PDF]
* 2005 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16232230 Immune responses following experimental human hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809522/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809522/pdf/cei0142-0398.pdf PDF]
* ✅ 2005 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16008666 Old friends for breakfast] Suggested that a symbiotic relationship exists between humans and the fauna that have co-evolved in the human GI tract.
* 2005 Jun 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905584 Neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibody blocks the protective effect of tapeworm infection in a murine model of chemically induced colitis] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/11/7368.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/11/7368.full.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2005 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15825065 Trichuris suis therapy for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial] -- [http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(05)00025-9/pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2005 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780835 Parasite role reversal: worms on trial]
* 2005 Mar 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15771680/ The immunoepidemiology of human hookworm infection]
* 2005 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15730384 Low dose chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection increases susceptibility to Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection in mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809318/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809318/pdf/cei0139-0398.pdf PDF]
* 2005 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15677912 Gastrointestinal parasites: potential therapy for refractory inflammatory bowel diseases] (IBD)
* ✅ 2005 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591509 Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774382/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774382/pdf/gut05400087.pdf PDF] TSO is shown to offer a unique, safe and effective alternative treatment for Crohn's disease, and potentially protection against other immunological disorders.
* 2005 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591496 Will worms really cure Crohn's disease?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774348/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774348/pdf/gut05400006.pdf PDF](see pages 6-8)
* 2005 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15687885 Helminths and the modulation of mucosal inflammation]
* 2005 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591883 The hygiene hypothesis and asthma]
* 2005 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780483 Can worms defend our hearts? Chronic helminthic infections may attenuate the development of cardiovascular diseases]
* 2005 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16249415 Helminth infection during pregnancy and development of infantile eczema]

=== 2004 ===
* 2004 Dec 14 [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/17767.php Parasitic worms may offer effective treatment for Crohn's disease Medical] News Today
* 2004 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15554921 Parasitic helminths tip the balance: potential anti-inflammatory therapies] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/pdf/imm0113-0438.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Nov 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15528374 Helminth infection protects mice from anaphylaxis via IL-10-producing B cells] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/10/6346.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/10/6346.full.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Oct 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486631 Schistosoma mansoni infection modulates the immune response against allergic and auto-immune diseases] -- [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0074-02762004000900005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Full text] | [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/mioc/v99s1/v99s1a05.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15361235 Helminth parasites--masters of regulation]
* 2004 Aug 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15294988 A Secreted Protein from the Human Hookworm Necator americanus Binds Selectively to NK Cells and Induces IFN-{gamma} Production] -- [https://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/4/2699.long Full text] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/8/8a/A_Secreted_Protein.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Aug 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15265954 Schistosoma mansoni and alpha-galactosylceramide: prophylactic effect of Th1 Immune suppression in a mouse model of Graves' hyperthyroidism] -- [https://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/3/2167.long Full text] | [https://www.jimmunol.org/content/jimmunol/173/3/2167.full.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Jul 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15247451 Immunotherapy. Can worms tame the immune system?]
* 2004 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15196202 The increased prevalence of allergy and the hygiene hypothesis: missing immune deviation, reduced immune suppression, or both?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782506/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782506/pdf/imm0112-0352.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15330453 A review of autism and the immune response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2270714/pdf/CDI-11-165.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15039389 Helminth infection modulates the development of allergen-induced airway inflammation] -- [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/585.long Full text] | [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/585.full.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15279624 Inhibition of neutrophil recruitment by ES of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00692.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00692.x/epdf PDF]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755074 Regulation of allergy and autoimmunity in helminth infection]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755076 The innate allergenicity of helminth parasites]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15007629 Mycobacteria and other environmental organisms as immunomodulators for immunoregulatory disorders]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755072 Parasites and the hygiene hypothesis: regulating the immune system?]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755073 Helminth infections and allergic diseases: from the Th2 paradigm to regulatory networks]
* 2004 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684583 Concurrent infection with Schistosoma mansoni attenuates inflammation induced changes in colonic morphology, cytokine levels, and smooth muscle contractility of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid induced colitis in rats] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773910/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773910/pdf/gut05300099.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14723608 Review article: helminths as therapeutic agents for inflammatory bowel disease] (IBD)
* 2004 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684567 Helminths and harmony] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773927/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773927/pdf/gut05300007.pdf PDF](Pages 7-9)

=== 2003 ===
* 2003 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12933842 Schistosomiasis decreases central nervous system inflammation and alters the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187318/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187318/pdf/0223.pdf PDF]
* ✅ 2003 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14499784 Trichuris suis seems to be safe and possibly effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease] (IBD) This trial showed that pig whipworm ova (TSO) can reduce symptoms of Crohn’s disease without producing side effects.
* 2003 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12949497 Immune regulation by helminth parasites: cellular and molecular mechanisms]
* 2003 Aug 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12902519 A Novel Therapeutic Approach Targeting Articular Inflammation Using the Filarial Nematode-Derived Phosphorylcholine-Containing Glycoprotein ES-62] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/171/4/2127.long PDF]
* 2003 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12743563 Reduced risk of atopy among school-age children infected with geohelminth parasites in a rural area of the tropics]
* 2003 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071 Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the activity of the innate immune response and prevent onset of type 1 diabetes] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200323910/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200323910/epdf PDF]
* 2003 Mar 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12431903 Exposure to schistosome eggs protects mice from TNBS-induced colitis] -- [https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpgi.00049.2002 Full text]
* 2003 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12502726 Immunomodulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by helminth ova immunization] -- [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/1/59.long Full text] | [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/1/59.full.pdf PDF]

=== 2002 ===
* ✅ 2002 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12379667 Intestinal nematode infection ameliorates experimental colitis in mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130294/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130294/pdf/0150.pdf PDF]
* 2002 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12458825 An anti-atherogenic effect of Schistosoma mansoni infections in mice associated with a parasite-induced lowering of blood total cholesterol] (cardiovascular / cholesterol / atherosclerosis)
* 2002 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12569989 Eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness are profoundly inhibited by a helminth (Ascaris suum) extract in a murine model of asthma]
* 2002 Sept 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12239261 The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases]
* 2002 Sept 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12218148 An enteric helminth infection protects against an allergic response to dietary antigen] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/169/6/3284.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/169/6/3284.full.pdf PDF]
* 2002 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12067292 Can intestinal helminth infections (geohelminths) affect the development and expression of asthma and allergic disease?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1906269/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1906269/pdf/cei0128-0398.pdf PDF]
* 2002 Apr 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964470 Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis]

=== 2001 ===
* 2001 Nov 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11705561 Independent effects of intestinal parasite infection and domestic allergen exposure on risk of wheeze in Ethiopia: a nested case-control study]
* 2001 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752881 The prevalence of parasite infestation and house dust mite sensitization in Gabonese schoolchildren]
* 2001 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11585781 Immune responses in hookworm infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC89000/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC89000/pdf/cm0401000689.pdf PDF]
* 2001 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11429321 Th2 responses without atopy: immunoregulation in chronic helminth infections and reduced allergic disease]
* 2001 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11282505 Is Necator americanus approaching a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with humans?] (NA)

=== 2000 ===
* 2000 Nov 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11095260 Decreased atopy in children infected with Schistosoma haematobium: a role for parasite-induced interleukin-10]
* ✅ 2000 Oct 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11032865 Chronic immune activation associated with intestinal helminth infections results in impaired signal transduction and anergy] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314342/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314342/pdf/JCI0010182.pdf PDF] This Research found reduced immune responses in patients infected with helminths.
* ✅ 2000 Sept 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10973934 Does the failure to acquire helminthic parasites predispose to Crohn's disease?] -- [http://www.fasebj.org/content/14/12/1848.long Full text] | [http://www.fasebj.org/content/14/12/1848.full.pdf PDF] This paper linking a failure to acquire helminths to the prevalence of Crohn’s disease was key in the development of the Hygiene Hypothesis.
* 2000 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10784608 Antigen-specific cellular hyporesponsiveness in a chronic human helminth infection is mediated by T(h)3/T(r)1-type cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta but not by a T(h)1 to T(h)2 shift] -- [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/5/623.long Full text] | [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/5/623.full.pdf PDF]
* 2000 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2560630/pdf/11143198.pdf Eradication of helminthic infections may be essential for successful vaccination against HIV and tuberculosis]

=== 1999 ===
* 1999 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614 Infection with Schistosoma mansoni prevents insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in non-obese diabetic mice] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3024.1999.00213.x/epdf PDF]

=== 1998 ===
* 1998 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9698148/ Epidemiological evidence for a differential effect of hookworm species, Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus, on iron status of children]

=== 1997 ===

* 1997 [https://web.archive.org/web/20210127052808/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/193176053.pdf The Pro-allergic Influences of Helminth Parasites] (PDF)

=== 1996 ===
* 1996 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8872184 IgE, allergies and helminth parasites: a new perspective on an old conundrum]
* 1996 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8565306 Immune dysregulation in Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: relevance to helminth infections?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2200340/pdf/cei0103-0239.pdf PDF]
* 1996 Jan 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8600620 Prolongation of rat kidney allograft survival by nematodes]
* 1996 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8537675 Impairment of tetanus toxoid-specific Th1-like immune responses in humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni] -- [http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/173/1/269.long Full text] | [http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/173/1/269.full.pdf PDF]

=== 1995 ===
* 1995 Feb [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7761110/ Immunity in humans to Necator americanus: IgE, parasite weight and fecundity] (... / human observational / NA)

=== 1993 ===
* 1993 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8409444 Modulation of murine cytokine responses to mycobacterial antigens by helminth-induced T helper 2 cell responses]
* 1993 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8403522/ Ascaris reinfection of slum children: relation with the IgE response] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1534372/pdf/ PDF] (... / Human / AL / Oxantel+Pyrantel)
* 1993 Sept 1 [https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/of-parasites-and-pollens Of Parasites and Pollens] - Peter Radetsky, Discover Magazine
* 1993 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8361773 Modulation of the allergic reactivity of slum children by helminthic infection]

=== 1992 ===
* 1992 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1399239 The partial characterization of proteases present in the excretory/secretory products and exsheathing fluid of the infective (L3) larva of Necator americanus] (NA)
* 1992 May 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1533656 Infection with Schistosoma mansoni alters Th1/Th2 cytokine responses to a non-parasite antigen]

=== 1991 ===
* 1991 Oct 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1680917 Production of IL-10 by CD4+ T lymphocytes correlates with down-regulation of Th1 cytokine synthesis in helminth infection]

=== 1989 ===
* ✅ 1989 Nov 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2513902 Hay fever, hygiene, and household size] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1838109/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1838109/pdf/bmj00259-0027.pdf PDF] This paper linked exposure to pathogens whilst young to the development of allergic diseases, and was key to the development of the Hygiene Hypothesis.

=== 1987 ===
* 1987 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3605493/ The clinical and immunologic responses of normal human volunteers to low dose hookworm (Necator americanus) infection] (NA)
* 1987 Jul [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15462956/ Do hookworms elicit protective immunity in man?]

=== 1985 ===
* 1985 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4054238/ Parasites and asthma--predictive or protective?] (A / comparative)

=== 1982 ===
* 1982 Jul Modulation of immune responses by commensal bacteria and intestinal helminth [http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:5334/eth-5334-02.pdf PDF]
=== 1979 ===
* ✅ 1979 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/447497 Epidemiology of chronic intestinal disease in middle Africa] This was one of several papers noting a North-South gradient for many autoimmune diseases, including Crohn’s, a fact that informed later studies on autoimmunity.

=== 1978 ===
* 1978 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/635980 Antibody responses in self-infections with Necator americanus] (NA)

=== 1976 ===
* ✅ 1976 Sept 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/60540 Letter: IgE, parasites, and allergy] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/f/fd/Letter_-_IgE%2C_parasites%2C_and_allergy_%28Turton%29.pdf PDF] This letter reported the first known successful therapeutic use of the hookworm, Necator americanus, in this case to resolve hay fever. (NA)
* ✅ 1976 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/987744 Serum IgE levels in white and metis communities in Saskatchewan] This paper's author suggested that atopic disease is the price paid by some members of the white community of northern Saskatchewan for their relative freedom from helminth infestation and viral and bacterial infection.

=== 1970 ===
* 1970 (winter) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5498517/ The biology of the atopic response] Twelve naval officers suffering from hay-fever “for some years” were free from hay-fever for an average of 2 years following colonisation with the large roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides.

=== 1968 ===
* ✅ 1968 Aug 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4174413 Autoimmune disease and parasitic infections in Nigerians] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/1/1f/Autoimmune_disease_and_parasitic_infections_in_Nigerians.pdf PDF] The author of this paper suggested a possible relationship between parasitic infections and the reduced incidence of autoimmune disease in parts of tropical Africa.

=== 1948 ===
* ✅ 1948 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5190334/ The Treatment of Polycythemia by Artificial Infection with Ancylostoma Duodenale] This was the first report of the clinical application of helminthic therapy.

=== 1932 ===
* ✅ 1932 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10828911 Regional ileitis: a pathologic and clinical entity] Disease characterised by inflammation of the terminal ileum was first described in this paper. This condition was later to become known as Crohn’s disease.

== Papers published in high impact factor journals ==

This is a selection of articles published in high impact factor journals. The impact factor value for each journal is shown in parentheses immediately after the journal's name.

Inclusion in this list in no way means that these articles are better than others. The list is also not exhaustive and requires further development.

* Zou Y, Pu L, Guo A, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Ding Y, Du X, Guo X, Zhang S, Cai X, Wang S. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40266093/ Helminth reshapes host gut microbiota and immunoregulation by deploying an antimicrobial program of innate immunity]. Gut Microbes (12.2). 2025 Dec;17(1):2496447. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2496447. Epub 2025 Apr 23. PMID: 40266093; PMCID: PMC12026035.

* Mules TC, Inns S, Le Gros G. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37449458/ Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction]. Allergy (12.6). 2023 Nov;78(11):2892-2905. doi: 10.1111/all.15812. Epub 2023 Jul 14. PMID: 37449458.

* Pierce DR, McDonald M, Merone L, Becker L, Thompson F, Lewis C, Ryan RYM, Hii SF, Zendejas-Heredia PA, Traub RJ, Field MA, Rahman T, Croese J, Loukas A, McDermott R, Giacomin PR. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37495576/ Effect of experimental hookworm infection on insulin resistance in people at risk of type 2 diabetes]. Nat Commun (14.7). 2023 Jul 26;14(1):4503. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40263-4. PMID: 37495576; PMCID: PMC10372076.

* Gurven MD, Finch CE, Wann LS. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29659774/ Are intestinal worms nature's anti-atherosclerosis vaccine?] Eur Heart J (37.6). 2018 May 7;39(18):1653. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy129. PMID: 29659774.

* Loukas A, Hotez PJ, Diemert D, Yazdanbakhsh M, McCarthy JS, Correa-Oliveira R, Croese J, Bethony JM. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27929101/ Hookworm infection]. Nat Rev Dis Primers (76.9). 2016 Dec 8;2:16088. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.88. PMID: 27929101.

* Savage N. [https://doi.org/10.1038/540S103a Q&A: Joel Weinstock]. Nature (50.2). 2016 Dec 21;540(7634):S103. doi: 10.1038/540S103a. PMID: 28002396.

* Weinstock JV. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23135449/ Autoimmunity: The worm returns]. Nature (50.2). 2012 Nov 8;491(7423):183-5. doi: 10.1038/491183a. PMID: 23135449; PMCID: PMC3744107.

* Croese J, O'neil J, Masson J, Cooke S, Melrose W, Pritchard D, Speare R. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16344586/ A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors]. Gut (24.5). 2006 Jan;55(1):136-7. doi: 10.1136/gut.2005.079129. PMID: 16344586; PMCID: PMC1856386.

* Summers RW, Elliott DE, Urban JF Jr, Thompson R, Weinstock JV. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1774382/ Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease]. Gut (24.5). 2005 Jan;54(1):87-90. doi: 10.1136/gut.2004.041749. PMID: 15591509; PMCID: PMC1774382.

* Turton JA. [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/f/fd/Letter_-_IgE%2C_parasites%2C_and_allergy_%28Turton%29.pdf Letter: IgE, parasites, and allergy]. Lancet (98.4). 1976 Sep 25;2(7987):686. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)92492-2. PMID: 60540.

== Further reading ==
These pages contain further research papers and articles relevant to each page title.

* [[Helminths and the gut microbiota | '''Helminths and the gut microbiota''']]
* [[Deworming debunked | '''Deworming debunked''']]
* [[Helminthic therapy for well people | '''Helminthic therapy for well people''']]

Helminthic therapy research

2025-05-18T18:15:08Z

Laurel: /* 2025 */ includes: Standardized link formatting (— Full text | PDF) Placeholder DOIs where needed Tags for species/conditions (e.g. '''(NA, cancer)''')

{{Breadcrumb}}
{{SEO
|title=Helminthic therapy research
|description=Comprehensive index of over 1,000 scientific studies and reports supporting helminthic therapy, biome reconstitution, and the Hygiene Hypothesis.
|keywords=helminthic therapy research, helminth studies, hygiene hypothesis, biome depletion, immune disorders, self-treatment
|og:image=[[File:wiki.png]]
}}

Helminthic therapy is the deliberate introduction of controlled, non-replicating helminths to improve immune regulation and reduce chronic inflammation. This page provides a curated index of over 1,000 scientific studies and reports related to this therapy and its theoretical foundations, including:

* the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis Hygiene Hypothesis]
* the [http://evmedreview.com/?p=103 Old Friends' Hypothesis]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mismatch_theory Evolutionary Mismatch Theory]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21741180 Biome Depletion Theory] / [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133248 Biota Alteration Theory]

This resource is maintained quarterly by volunteers. '''Last major update: May 2025.''' To suggest edits or updates, use the [[Talk:Helminthic therapy research]] page.

== Therapeutic Helminths ==
Four organisms are currently used in helminthic therapy:

* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necator_americanus Necator americanus]'' (NA) – human hookworm
* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuris_trichiura Trichuris trichiura]'' (TTO) – human whipworm
* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuris_suis Trichuris suis]'' (TSO) – pig whipworm
* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenolepis_diminuta Hymenolepis diminuta]'' (HDC) – rat tapeworm

Some additional studies include other helminth species or helminth-derived molecules. These are included where they offer relevant insights into immune function, inflammation, and host-parasite interactions.

<div style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 1px solid #EEDD82; padding:8px; margin:16px 0;">
'''Navigation tip''': To search by condition (e.g., asthma, MS, autism), use your browser’s “Find in page” function (⌘F or Ctrl+F). For access tips, see the [[#Obtaining copies of scientific papers]] section below.
</div>

== Recommended Starting Points ==
<div style="background-color:#F0F8FF; border:1px solid #ADD8E6; padding:8px;">
'''New to the topic? Start here:'''
* ✅ [[media:Overcoming_Evolutionary_Mismatch_by_Self-Treatment_with_Helminths.pdf]] – Landmark paper on patient-led outcomes
* ✅ [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744090 Helminth–host immunological interactions (2012)] – Summary of core science
* ✅ [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737071 Socio-medical insight on trial limitations (2022)] – Why RCTs may not reflect real-world outcomes
</div>

== Related Pages ==
* [[Introduction to helminthic therapy]]
* [[Hookworm dosing and response]]
* [[Human helminth care manual]]
* [[Helminthic therapy for multiple sclerosis]]
* [[Glossary of helminthic therapy terms]]

<div class="toclimit-2">__TOC__</div>

== What Researchers Say About Helminthic Therapy ==

=== Scientific conclusions from clinical and lab studies ===

{{Quote|indent}}Although some helminths are known to cause disease and have been labeled parasites, it is now clear that some exposure to this class of organisms is necessary for human health. (Bono-Lunn et al) [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10601333.2016.1210159]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}The results strongly support previous indications that helminth therapy can effectively treat a wide range of allergies, autoimmune conditions and neuropsychiatric disorders. (Liu et al) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27240605/]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}Although self-treatment with helminths cannot be recommended by medical professionals due to a lack of blinded, placebo controlled trials, neither should it be discouraged since the available evidence suggests that it is beneficial in most cases when practiced by knowledgeable individuals. (Parker and Morey) [https://evmedreview.com/progress-on-reconstituting-the-depleted-biome-to-prevent-immune-disorders/]{{Quote|/indent}}

=== Researcher commentary, policy vision, and future outlook ===

{{Quote|indent}}What was a costly and sometimes risky venture into the unknown, undertaken by only a few 10 years ago, is rapidly becoming a readily available and well-established resource currently used by thousands of individuals. (Cheng et al, 2015) [[media:Overcoming_Evolutionary_Mismatch_by_Self-Treatment_with_Helminths.pdf]]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}We need to embrace the view that helminths are a necessary component of the ecosystem of a healthy body, and that helminths should be cultivated for population-wide biota restoration. (Villeneuve et al) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1286457917301855?via%3Dihub]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}Biome reconstitution… must be considered a fundamental human right worthy of government support rather than an option for pharmaceutical development. (Parker and Ollerton) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481190]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}Twenty years from now… every single human being needs a helminth. It’s part of our biology. (Prof William Parker, Duke University) [https://web.archive.org/web/202212]()

== '''Research papers & articles''' ==

===2025===

* 2025 Apr 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40302223/ Cytokines from parasites: manipulating host responses by molecular mimicry] — [DOI not listed] DOI
* 2025 Apr 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40298402/ mGem: Decoding transmicrobe messaging-the growing impact of extracellular vesicles] — [https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mbio.03130-24?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed Full text] | [https://journals.asm.org/doi/epub/10.1128/mbio.03130-24 PDF] '''(EVs)'''
* 2025 Apr 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40266093/ Helminth reshapes host gut microbiota and immunoregulation by deploying an antimicrobial program of innate immunity] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12026035/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12026035/pdf/KGMI_17_2496447.pdf PDF] '''(gut microbiota)'''
* 2025 Apr 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40265426/ Modulation of the Inflammatory Signature in an Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model through Treatment with Fasciola hepatica-Derived Recombinant Fatty Acid Binding Protein (rFh15)] — [DOI not listed] DOI '''(F. hepatica, autoimmune, immunology)'''
* 2025 Jan [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39638178/ Cathepsin L of Fasciola hepatica meliorates colitis by altering the gut microbiome and inflammatory macrophages] — [DOI not listed] DOI '''(F. hepatica, colitis, macrophage, microbiome)'''
* 2025 Jan [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39608199/ Host, parasite, and microbiome interaction: Trichuris ovis and its effect on sheep gut microbiota] — [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304401724002450?via%3Dihub Full text] '''(gut microbiota, microbiome)'''

===2024===

* 2024 Dec 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39749005/ Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Helminth-Derived Products: Potential Applications and Challenges in Diabetes Mellitus Management] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11694023/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11694023/pdf/jir-17-11789.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Dec 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39666730/ Hymenolepis nana antigens alleviate ulcerative colitis by promoting intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation via AhR/IL-22 signaling pathway] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11670978/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11670978/pdf/pntd.0012714.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Dec 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39642243/ A helminth enzyme subverts macrophage-mediated immunity by epigenetic targeting of prostaglandin synthesis]

* 2024 Dec 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39620820/ Intestinal Helminth Infection Impairs Oral and Parenteral Vaccine Efficacy] -- [https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/154/Supplement%204/S51/200114/Intestinal-Helminth-Infection-Impairs-Oral-and?autologincheck=redirected Full text] | [https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-pdf/154/Supplement%204/S51/1745169/peds.2024-069114n.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Nov 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39609640/ The TGF-β mimic TGM4 achieves cell specificity through combinatorial surface co-receptor binding] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11723922/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11723922/pdf/44319_2024_Article_323.pdf PDF]
* 2024 Nov 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39651252/ The IL-33/ST2 signaling axis drives pathogenesis in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11623585/ Full text] | [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625579v1 PDF]

* 2024 Nov 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39596084/ A Small Intestinal Helminth Infection Alters Colonic Mucus and Shapes the Colonic Mucus Microbiome] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11593901/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11593901/pdf/ijms-25-12015.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Nov 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39569198/ Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles from Ascaris lumbricoides antigen exposure enhance Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth control, reduce IL-1β, and contain miR-342-5p, miR-516b-5p, and miR-570-3p that regulate PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11576181/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11576181/pdf/fimmu-15-1454881.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Nov 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39495798/ The gut microbiota is essential for Trichinella spiralis-evoked suppression of colitis] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11563474/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11563474/pdf/pntd.0012645.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Nov 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38899778/ Probiotic Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis with Trichuris Suis Ova: A Randomised, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial (the PROCTO Trial)]

* 2024 Oct 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39530086/ Roles of helminth extracellular vesicle-derived let-7 in host-parasite crosstalk] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11551607/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11551607/pdf/fimmu-15-1449495.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Oct 17 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39406912/ Monocytes/Macrophages in Helminth Infections: Key Players in Host Defence, Inflammation, and Tissue Repair] -- [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-65944-7_13 Full text]

* 2024 Oct 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39458384/ Parasites and Microbiota: Dual Interactions and Therapeutic Perspectives] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11510500/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11510500/pdf/microorganisms-12-02076.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Oct 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39406758/ Immunomodulatory effect of Dicrocoelium dendriticum ova on DSS-induced experimental colitis in C57BL/6 mouse] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11480399/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11480399/pdf/41598_2024_Article_73692.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Oct 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39385244/ The role of helminths and their antigens in cancer therapy: insights from cell line models] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11465614/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11465614/pdf/13027_2024_Article_613.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Oct 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39444692/ Immuno-therapeutic and prophylactic potential of Trichinella spiralis antigens for inflammatory bowel diseases] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11497370/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11497370/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Oct 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39367471/ Parasites revive hope for cancer therapy] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11453045/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11453045/pdf/40001_2024_Article_2057.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39159711/ Helminth derivative tuftsin-phopshorylcholine to treat autoimmunity]

* 2024 Sept 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39314046/ Helminth-derived molecules: pathogenic and pharmacopeial roles] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11629161/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11629161/pdf/jbr-38-6-547.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Sept 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39263744/ Health-promoting worms? Prospects and pitfalls of helminth therapy] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bies.202400080 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bies.202400080 PDF]

* 2024 Sept 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39243554/ Excretory/secretory antigens from Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae ameliorate HFD-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via driving macrophage anti-inflammatory activity] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1567576924016242?via%3Dihub Full text]

* 2024 Sept 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39234909/ Immune-mediated Bowel Disease: Role of Intestinal Parasites and Gut Microbiome]

* 2024 Aug 23 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39179288/ Helminth protein enhances wound healing by inhibiting fibrosis and promoting tissue regeneration] (Also reported by Advanced Science News. [https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/molecules-secreted-by-parasitic-worms-found-to-reduce-scarring-during-wound-healing/]) (Wound healing)

* 2024 Aug 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39204303/ Geohelminths: Use in the Treatment of Selected Human Diseases] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11356798/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11356798/pdf/pathogens-13-00703.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Aug 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39037247/ Echinococcus multilocularis serpin regulates macrophage polarization and reduces gut dysbiosis in colitis] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11320943/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11320943/pdf/iai.00232-24.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Aug 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39211070/ Helminth-derived metabolites induce tolerogenic] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11360915/ Full text] | [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525718v2.full.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Jul 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39013877/ Controlled human hookworm infection remodels plasmacytoid dendritic cells and regulatory T cells towards profiles seen in natural infections in endemic areas] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11252261/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11252261/pdf/41467_2024_Article_50313.pdf PDF]

* ✅ 2024 Jun 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38947109/ Reevaluating Biota Alteration: Reframing Environmental Influences on Chronic Immune Disorders and Exploring Novel Therapeutic Opportunities] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11202117/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11202117/pdf/yjbm_97_2_253.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Jun 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39065669/ Pharmaceutical Potential of Remedial Plants and Helminths for Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11279646// Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11279646/pdf/pharmaceuticals-17-00819.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Apr 30 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38687096/ Gut-lung axis and asthma: A historical review on mechanism and future perspective] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11060082/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11060082/pdf/CLT2-14-e12356.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Apr 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38637733/ Helminth-derived proteins as immune system regulators] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11025257/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11025257/pdf/12865_2024_Article_614.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Apr 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38581085/ The helminth-derived peptide, FhHDM-1, reverses the trained phenotype of NOD bone-marrow-derived macrophages and regulates proinflammatory responses] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.202350643 Full text]

* 2024 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38648862/ Modulation of intestinal epithelial permeability by chronic small intestinal helminth infections] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imcb.12749 Full text]

* 2024 Mar 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38517214/ Association between helminth infection and allergic disorders among children in Batu, Ethiopia] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10959016/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10959016/pdf/IID3-12-e1222.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38325266/ Serine protease inhibitor from the muscle larval Trichinella spiralis ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice via anti-inflammatory properties and gut-liver crosstalk] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332224001045?via%3Dihub Full text]

* 2024 Jan 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38500783/ The parasitic worm product ES-62 protects against collagen-induced arthritis by resetting the gut-bone marrow axis in a microbiome-dependent manner] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7615750/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7615750/pdf/EMS194623.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Jan 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38357280/ Effect of Trichinella spiralis-Derived Antigens on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by High-Fat Diet in Mice] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10863434/Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10863434/pdf/pt3c00276.pdf PDF]

===2023===

* 2023 Nov 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38016013/ Immunosuppressive ability of Trichinella spiralis adults can ameliorate type 2 inflammation in a murine allergy model]

* ✅ 2023 Nov [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37449458/ Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/all.15812 Full text] | [[media:Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction.pdf | PDF]]

* 2023 Sept 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37762428/ The Impact of Intestinal Inflammation on Nematode's Excretory-Secretory Proteome] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10531923/ Full Text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10531923/pdf/ijms-24-14127.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Sept 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37760328/ Severely Asthmatic Horses Residing in a Mediterranean Climate Shed a Significantly Lower Number of Parasite Eggs Compared to Healthy Farm Mates] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10525552/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10525552/pdf/animals-13-02928.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Sept 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37762297/ Modulation of LPS-Induced Neurodegeneration by Intestinal Helminth Infection in Ageing Mice] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10530578/ Full Text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10530578/pdf/ijms-24-13994.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Sept [https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/esploro/outputs/doctoral/Helminths-modulation-of-intestinal-barrier-function/9926503779101891 Helminths' modulation of intestinal barrier function] (doctoral thesis)

* 2023 Aug 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37745942/ Hookworm infection induces glycometabolic modulation in South Indian individuals with type 2 diabetes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10514067/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10514067/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Aug 21 [https://www.labonline.com.au/content/life-scientist/article/hookworms-could-offer-protection-from-severe-covid-1149206477 Hookworms could offer protection from severe COVID]

* 2023 Aug 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37585413/ The gut microbiota contributes to changes in the host immune response induced by Trichinella spiralis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431649/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431649/pdf/pntd.0011479.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Aug 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37580819/ Inhibition of GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis triggered by Trichinella spiralis intervention contributes to the alleviation of DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10424392/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10424392/pdf/13071_2023_Article_5857.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Aug 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37579625/ A target-based discovery from a parasitic helminth as a novel therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases] -- [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(23)00316-X/fulltext Full text]

* 2023 Aug 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37566678/ Exposure to lung-migrating helminth protects against murine SARS-CoV-2 infection through macrophage-dependent T cell activation]

* 2023 Jul 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37495576/ Effect of experimental hookworm infection on insulin resistance in people at risk of type 2 diabetes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10372076/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10372076/pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jun 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37355675/ Interaction between tissue-dwelling helminth and the gut microbiota drives mucosal immunoregulation] -- [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41522-023-00410-7 Full text]

* 2023 Jun 23 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37292031/ The mouse model of chronic asthma: Airway remodelling and disease exacerbation by somatic antigen of Echinococcus granulosus]

* 2023 Jun 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37383608/ The Potential Nexus between Helminths and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Literature Review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10299886/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10299886/pdf/JIR2023-5544819.pdf PDF]

* 2023 June 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37318363/ Controlled Hookworm Infection for Medication-free Maintenance in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Pilot, Double-blind, Randomized Control Trial] -- [https://academic.oup.com/ibdjournal/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ibd/izad110/7198522?login=false Full Text]

* 2023 Jun 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37292031/ The mouse model of chronic asthma: Airway remodelling and disease exacerbation by somatic antigen of Echinococcus granulosus]

* 2023 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37207504/ Proteomic profile of Trichinella spiralis infected mice with acute spinal cord injury: A 4D label-free quantitative analysis]

* 2023 Jun [https://repository.univ-msila.dz/items/7987d3ff-f6e5-48dc-aabb-d19a00049b5f/full Echinococcose kystique et l'helmintho-thérapie] -- [https://repository.univ-msila.dz/server/api/core/bitstreams/de28cb6f-60a2-4af2-af13-116215e0a57b/content PDF] (mémoire de master en français / in french)

* 2023 Apr 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37119907/ Helminth-derived biomacromolecules as therapeutic agents for treating inflammatory and infectious diseases: What lessons do we get from recent findings?]

* 2023 Apr 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37189818/ Helminth Lessons in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD)] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135676/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135676/pdf/biomedicines-11-01200.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36848791/ The Trichinella spiralis-derived antigens alleviate HFD-induced obesity and inflammation in mice]

* 2023 Feb 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36827239/ Effects of helminths and anthelmintic treatment on cardiometabolic diseases and risk factors: A systematic review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9956023/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9956023/pdf/pntd.0011022.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Feb 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36788341/ Maternal helminth infection protects offspring from high-fat-diet-induced obesity through altered microbiota and SCFAs]

* 2023 Feb 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36780522/ Helminth egg derivatives as proregenerative immunotherapies]

* 2023 Feb 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36785786/ COVID-19 morbidity in lower versus higher income populations underscores the need to restore lost biodiversity of eukaryotic symbionts] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9908430/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jan 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36761766/ The helminth derived peptide FhHDM-1 redirects macrophage metabolism towards glutaminolysis to regulate the pro-inflammatory response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9905698/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9905698/pdf/fimmu-14-1018076.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jan 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36855464/ Protection from T cell-dependent colitis by the helminth-derived immunomodulatory mimic of transforming growth factor-β, Hp-TGM] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9958376/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9958376/pdf/kyad001.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jan 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36641059/ Heat shock protein 60 in parasitic helminths: a role in immune responses and therapeutic applications]

===2022===

* 2022 Dec 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36601618/ Does the trained immune system play an important role in the extreme longevity that is seen in the Sardinian blue zone?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9806115/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9806115/pdf/fragi-03-1069415.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Dec 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36569142/ The impact of Helicobacter pylori and intestinal helminth infections on gastric adenocarcinoma and inflammatory bowel disease in Sub-Saharan Africa] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780450/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780450/pdf/fmed-09-1013779.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Dec 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36476263/ Gut microbiome of helminth-infected indigenous Malaysians is context dependent] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9727879/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9727879/pdf/40168_2022_Article_1385.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Nov 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36558772/ The Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta as an Important Model Organism in the Experimental Parasitology of the 21st Century] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9784563/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9784563/pdf/pathogens-11-01439.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Nov 10 [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515832v1 Helminth exposure protects against murine SARS-CoV-2 infection through macrophage dependent T cell activation] -- [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515832v1.full Full text] | [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515832v1.full.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Nov 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39816470/ The immunology of parasite infections: Grand challenges] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11732110/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11732110/pdf/fpara-01-1069205.pdf PDF] (editorial)

* 2022 Nov 1 [https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/21/13358 Helminths and Bacterial Microbiota: The Interactions of Two of Humans’ “Old Friends”] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/21/13358/htm Full text]

* 2022 Oct 27 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36289514/ Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and antigen B may decrease inflammatory bowel disease through regulation of M1/2 polarization] -- [https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05498-y Full text]

* 2022 Oct 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36297265/ Inhibition Effects of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Its Derivatives against Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- Mice through Anti-Inflammatory Response] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/10/1208/htm Full text]

* 2022 Oct 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36263053/ Helminth infection and helminth-derived products: A novel therapeutic option for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9573989/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9573989/pdf/fimmu-13-999412.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Sept 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36175934/ Whipworm secretions and their roles in host-parasite interactions] -- [https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05483-5 Full text]

*2022 Sept 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36084127/ Cysteine protease of Clonorchis sinensis alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9491586/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9491586/pdf/pntd.0010774.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Sept [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35712983/ The effect of helminth infection on vaccine responses in humans and animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pim.12939 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/pim.12939 PDF]

* 2022 Aug 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36045216/ Food for thought - ILC metabolism in the context of helminth infections] -- [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41385-022-00559-y Full text]

* 2022 Aug 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36105811/ The parasitic worm product ES-62 protects the osteoimmunology axis in a mouse model of obesity-accelerated ageing] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9465317/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9465317/pdf/fimmu-13-953053.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Aug 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36116939/ Role of alternative activation of macrophages in hookworm therapy for inflammatory diseases: a review]

* 2022 Aug 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35964125/ Immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus by adjuvant-free Schistosoma japonicum-egg tip-loaded asymmetric microneedle patch (STAMP)] -- [https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12951-022-01581-9 Full text]

* 2022 Aug 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36040420/ Early life mebendazole exposure increases the risk of adult-onset ulcerative colitis: a population-based cohort study]

* 2022 Aug 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35955110/ Hymenolepis diminuta Infection Affects Apoptosis in the Small and Large Intestine] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368115/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368115/pdf/ijerph-19-09753.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Aug 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36045216/ Food for thought - ILC metabolism in the context of helminth infections] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9705246/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9705246/pdf/41385_2022_Article_559.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Aug 1 [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/8/1235?fbclid=IwAR2Y4zm19t6UklmkK0WiNZEJyzDWZpqYKNYygzA1UkEFoaMUt9djgtn0vHk Harnessing Immune Evasion Strategy of Lymphatic Filariae: A Therapeutic Approach against Inflammatory and Infective Pathology] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/8/1235/htm Full text]

* 2022 Jul 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35804460/ The production of Necator americanus larvae for use in experimental human infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9264692/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9264692/pdf/13071_2022_Article_5371.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35764965/ Helminth antigens differentially modulate the activation of CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes of convalescent COVID-19 patients in vitro] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9241220/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9241220/pdf/12916_2022_Article_2441.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 27 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35758054/ Suppression of airway allergic eosinophilia by Hp-TGM, a helminth mimic of TGF-β]

* 2022 Jun 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35748460/ "Out of the box" new therapeutic strategies for Crohn’s disease: moving beyond biologics] | [https://online.reed.es/DOI/PDF/ArticuloDOI_9010.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35732819/ Effects of helminths on the human immune response and the microbiome] -- [https://www.mucosalimmunology.org/article/S1933-0219(22)01749-4/fulltext Full text] | [https://www.mucosalimmunology.org/action/showPdf?pii=S1933-0219%2822%2901749-4 PDF]

* 2022 Jun 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35747061/ Multiple sclerosis and the microbiota: Progress in understanding the contribution of the gut microbiome to disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9211007/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9211007/pdf/eoac009.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35675339/ Clinical helminth infections alter host gut and saliva microbiota] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9212162/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9212162/pdf/pntd.0010491.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35774197/ Nematode surface functionalization with hydrogel sheaths tailored in situ] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590006422001260 Full text] |

* 2022 May 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35615625/ Trichinella-induced immunomodulation: Another tale of helminth success] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9125654/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9125654/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2022 May 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35499991/ Helminth infection modulates number and function of adipose tissue Tregs in high fat diet-induced obesity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9098094/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9098094/pdf/pntd.0010105.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Mar 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35357756/ A Good Day for Helminths: how parasite-derived GDH suppresses inflammatory responses] -- [https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.15252/embr.202255054 Full text]

* 2022 Mar 30 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35353624/ Ascarosides from helminths pack a punch against allergy] -- [https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2202250119 Full text] | [https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.2202250119 PDF]

* 2022 Mar 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35386686/ Parasitomimetics: Can We Utilize Parasite-Derived Immunomodulatory Molecules for Interventions to Immunological Disorders?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977410/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977410/pdf/fimmu-13-824695.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Mar 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35286352/ Infection with intestinal helminth (Hymenolepis diminuta) impacts exploratory behavior and cognitive processes in rats by changing the central level of neurotransmitters] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1010330 Full text]

* 2022 Mar 10 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35359963/ Not All Worms Were Created Equal] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8960138/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8960138/pdf/fimmu-13-877707.pdf PDF] (NB. This paper does not include all the facts that are pertinent to the case discussed. For additional important details, see: [[Helminthic therapy safety#Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease? | Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease?]])

* 2022 Mar 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35435987/ Review of the role of parasitic nematode excretory/secretory proteins in host immunomodulation]

* 2022 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34861106/ Immunomodulation of COVID-19 severity by helminth co-infection: Implications for COVID-19 vaccine efficacy] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iid3.573 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iid3.573 PDF]

* 2022 Feb 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35281054/ Helminth and Host Crosstalk: New Insight Into Treatment of Obesity and Its Associated Metabolic Syndromes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8913526/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8913526/pdf/fimmu-13-827486.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Feb 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35281745/ Bone erosion in inflammatory arthritis is attenuated by Trichinella spiralis through inhibiting M1 monocyte/macrophage polarization] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8914552/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8914552/pdf/main.pdf PDF]]

* 2022 Feb 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35202548/ Helminth products modulate innate immune recognition of nucleic acids in systemic lupus erythematosus]

* 2022 Feb 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35188279/ Concurrent allergy and helminthiasis in underprivileged urban South African adults previously residing in rural areas] (NB. Ascarids are known to be associated with asthma, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778161/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25702830] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17698018] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30249744] unlike the species used in helminthic therapy.)

* 2022 Feb 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35222441/ The Fight Against Severe COVID-19: Can Parasitic Worms Contribute?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8874793/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8874793/pdf/fimmu-13-849465.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jan-Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36046565/ Anti-Tumor Effect of Marshallagia marshalli Somatic Antigen on Inhibition Cell Growth of K562] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9375725/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9375725/pdf/IJPA-17-28.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jan 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35115243/ Helminths and COVID-19 susceptibility, disease progression, and vaccination efficacy] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471492222000083 Full text]

* 2022 Jan 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35087284/ Helminth Therapy for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Current and Future Perspectives] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8789313/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8789313/pdf/jir-15-475.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jan 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35031905/ Na-AIP-1 secreted by human hookworms suppresses collagen-induced arthritis]

* 2022 Jan [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014489421001260 Potential of human helminth therapy for resolution of inflammatory bowel disease: The future ahead]

===2021===

* 2021 Dec 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34933444/ Helminth-Induced Human Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Reveals Insights into Altered Taxon Diversity and Microbial Gradient Collapse] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8689561/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8689561/pdf/mbio.02890-21.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Dec 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34930198/ Rapidly progressive respiratory failure after helminth larvae ingestion] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8686539/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8686539/pdf/12890_2021_Article_1788.pdf PDF] (NB. This report omits important facts about the case described, and includes incorrect and misleading details. For a more accurate account, see, [[Helminthic therapy safety#Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease? | Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease?]])

* 2021 Dec 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35046625/ Recombinant protein Schistosoma japonicum-derived molecule attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by inhibiting miRNA-217-5p to alleviate apoptosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8678816/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8678816/pdf/WJG-27-7982.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Dec 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34882670/Experimental human hookworm infection: a narrative historical review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8659326/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8659326/pdf/pntd.0009908.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Dec 6 [https://evmedreview.com/evolutionary-medicine-helps-explain-pandemic-dynamics-predictions-regarding-clinical-impact-of-covid-19-borne-out/ Evolutionary medicine helps explain pandemic dynamics: Predictions regarding clinical impact of COVID-19 borne out]

* 2021 Dec 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34863801/ Helminth-induced CD9 + B-cell subset alleviates obesity-associated inflammation via IL-10 production]

* 2021 Dec Treatment of Refractory Chronic Migraine with Worm Eggs: A Therapy Rooted in Evolution (no abstract) | [[media:Treatment_of_Refractory_Chronic_Migraine_with_Worm_Eggs.pdf |PDF]] (TSO)

* 2021 Nov 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34748611/ Suppression of inflammatory arthritis by the parasitic worm product ES-62 is associated with epigenetic changes in synovial fibroblasts] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8601611/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8601611/pdf/ppat.1010069.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Nov 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34735226/ Small proline-rich protein 2A is a gut bactericidal protein deployed during helminth infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977106/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977106/pdf/nihms-1788060.pdf PDF]

* ✅ 2021 Nov [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737071/ Socio-medical studies of individuals self-treating with helminths provide insight into clinical trial design for assessing helminth therapy] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576921002063 Full text] | [[media:Socio-medical_studies_of_individuals_self-treating_with_helminths_provide_insight_into_clinical_trial_design_for_assessing_helminth_therapy.pdf | PDF]]

* 2021 Nov [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34197631/ Interleukin-35 is a critical regulator of immunity during helminth infections associated with multiple sclerosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8517594/ Full text]

* 2021 Oct 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34717799/ Enteric pathogens induce tissue tolerance and prevent neuronal loss from subsequent infections]

* 2021 Oct 27 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737582/ The Influence of Helminth Immune Regulation on COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes: Is it Beneficial or Detrimental?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558425/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558425/pdf/idr-14-4421.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Oct 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34868595/ Helminth infection is associated with dampened cytokine responses to viral and bacterial stimulations in Tsimane forager-horticulturalists] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8634526/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8634526/pdf/eoab035.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Oct 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34745091/ Parasite-Derived Excretory-Secretory Products Alleviate Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Improve Cognitive Impairment Induced by a High-Fat Diet] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8564115/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8564115/pdf/fimmu-12-710513.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Oct 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34733292/ Emerging Role of Eosinophils in Resolution of Arthritis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558534/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558534/pdf/fimmu-12-764825.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Sept 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34579797/ The use of helminth therapy for management of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a systematic review]

* 2021 Sept 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34583903/ Commandeering the mammalian Ago2 miRNA network: a newly discovered mechanism of helminth immunomodulation]

* 2021 Sept 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34517928/ Cooperation between host immunity and the gut bacteria is essential for helminth-evoked suppression of colitis] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354561896 Full text]

* 2021 Sept 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34488863/ Schistosoma japonicum peptide SJMHE1 inhibits acute and chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8422783/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8422783/pdf/13071_2021_Article_4977.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Sept [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34368662/ Effect of co-infection with intestinal parasites on COVID-19 severity: A prospective observational cohort study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8324426/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8324426/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Aug 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34425258/ Safety and tolerability of medicinal parasite ova (Trichuris suis) in healthy Japanese volunteers: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial]

* 2021 Aug 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34406855/ Exposure to Parasitic Protists and Helminths Changes the Intestinal Community Structure of Bacterial Communities in a Cohort of Mother-Child Binomials from a Semirural Setting in Mexico] -- [https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00083-21 Full text] | [https://journals.asm.org/doi/epub/10.1128/mSphere.00083-21 PDF]

* 2021 Aug 17 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34433129/ Infection by Strongyloides venezuelensis attenuates chronic colitis induced by Dextran Sodium Sulfate ingestion in BALB/c mice]

* 2021 Aug 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34445445/ Lectin-Mediated Bacterial Modulation by the Intestinal Nematode Ascaris suum] — [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353903554 Full text]

* 2021 Aug 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34456879/ The Impact of Helminth Infection on the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8397462/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8397462/pdf/fendo-12-728396.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Aug 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34451458/ Infection with Hymenolepis diminuta Blocks Colitis and Hastens Recovery While Colitis Has Minimal Impact on Expulsion of the Cestode from the Mouse Host] — [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353740657 Full text]

* 2021 Aug 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34413850/ Mycobacterium-Induced Th1, Helminths-Induced Th2 Cells and the Potential Vaccine Candidates for Allergic Asthma: Imitation of Natural Infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8369065/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8369065/pdf/fimmu-12-696734.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Jun 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154932/ Gut-microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles: Overlooked mediators in host-helminth interactions?]

* 2021 Jun 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34135384/ Helminth derived factors inhibit neutrophil extracellular trap formation and inflammation in bacterial peritonitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8209178/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8209178/pdf/41598_2021_Article_92001.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Jun 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34171587/ SARS-CoV-2 and helminth co-infections, and environmental pollution exposure: An epidemiological and immunological perspective] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8205275/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8205275/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Jun 10 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34111180/ Hookworm treatment induces a decrease of suppressive regulatory T cell associated with a Th2 inflammatory response] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0252921 Full text] Allergic sensitisation increased following treatment with albendazole.

* 2021 Jun 7 [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2533 The New Status of Parasitic Diseases in the COVID-19 Pandemic—Risk Factors or Protective Agents?] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2533/htm Full text] (Review)

* 2021 May 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34051231/ Synthetic hookworm-derived peptides are potent modulators of primary human immune cell function that protect against experimental colitis in vivo] -- [https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(21)00632-3/fulltext Full text] | [https://www.jbc.org/action/showPdf?pii=S0021-9258%2821%2900632-3 PDF]

* 2021 May 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34051352/ Emerging issues in COVID-19 vaccination in Tropical Areas: Impact of the Immune Response against Helminths in Endemic Areas]

* 2021 May 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34029332/ COVID-19 and helminth infection: Beyond the Th1/Th2 paradigm] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8143422/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8143422/pdf/pntd.0009402.pdf PDF]

* 2021 May 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34017599/ Extreme lifespan extension in tapeworm-infected ant workers] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8131941/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8131941/pdf/rsos.202118.pdf PDF]

* 2021 May 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34002262/ The effects of helminth infections against type 2 diabetes]

* 2021 Apr 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33895144/ Immunoprotective inference of experimental chronic Trichinella spiralis infection on house dust mites induced allergic airway remodeling]

* 2021 Apr 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33935986/ Interrogating the Impact of Intestinal Parasite-Microbiome on Pathogenesis of COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8086792/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8086792/pdf/fmicb-12-614522.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Apr 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33853585/ Experimental infection with the hookworm, Necator americanus, is associated with stable gut microbial diversity in human volunteers with relapsing multiple sclerosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8048248/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8048248/pdf/12915_2021_Article_1003.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Apr 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33579723/ Helminth Imprinting of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Sustains Anti-Inflammatory Trained Innate Immunity That Attenuates Autoimmune Disease]

* 2021 Mar 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33842398/ Therapeutic Efficacy of Excretory-Secretory Products of Trichinella spiralis Adult Worms on Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury in a Mouse Model] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8024484/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8024484/pdf/fcimb-11-653843.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33760829/ Trichuris trichiura egg extract proteome reveals potential diagnostic targets and immunomodulators] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8021180/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8021180/pdf/pntd.0009221.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33841657/ Schistosoma japonicum-derived peptide SJMHE1 promotes peripheral nerve repair through a macrophage-dependent mechanism] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8014408/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8014408/pdf/ajtr0013-1290.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33732246/ Understanding Asthma and Allergies by the Lens of Biodiversity and Epigenetic Changes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7957070/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7957070/pdf/fimmu-12-623737.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33646858/ Immune System Investigation Using Parasitic Helminths]

* 2021 Feb 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33717104/ Clonorchis sinensis-Derived Protein Attenuates Inflammation and New Bone Formation in Ankylosing Spondylitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7947613/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7947613/pdf/fimmu-12-615369.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33692793/ Schistosome Infection and Schistosome-Derived Products as Modulators for the Prevention and Alleviation of Immunological Disorders] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7937812/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7937812/pdf/fimmu-12-619776.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33732461/ Between a hygiene rock and a hygienic hard place: Avoiding SARS-CoV-2 while needing environmental exposures for immunity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7928958/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7928958/pdf/eoab006.pdf PDF]

:* 2021 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34168878/ Comment on Parker et al. (Evolution, Medicine and Public Health 2021;9:120–30.)] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8219121/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8219121/pdf/eoab011.pdf PDF]

:* 2021 Apr [https://academic.oup.com/emph/article/9/1/206/6220325 Authors’ response to Graham Rook’s commentary]

* 2021 Feb 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33738103/ Hymenolepis diminuta-based helminth therapy in C3(1)-TAg mice does not alter breast tumor onset or progression] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7953836/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7953836/pdf/eoab007.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33613446/ Gastrointestinal Helminth Infection Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Decreases Systemic Inflammation, and Alters the Composition of Gut Microbiota in Distinct Mouse Models of Type 2 Diabetes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7892786/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7892786/pdf/fendo-11-606530.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 2 [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.21250995v1 Effect of co-infection with parasites on severity of COVID-19] -- [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.21250995v1.full.pdf PDF] (medRxiv preprints) (Also reported by NewsMedical. [https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210204/Research-shows-intestinal-parasite-infestations-reduce-COVID-19-severity.aspx])

* 2021 Feb 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33526169/ Gross ways to live long: Parasitic worms as an anti-inflammaging therapy?] -- [https://elifesciences.org/articles/65180 Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7853715/pdf/elife-65180.pdf PDF] (Also reported by EurekAlert. [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-02/e-cph020221.php])

* 2021 Jan 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33572978/ The Worm-Specific Immune Response in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Receiving Controlled Trichuris suis Ova Immunotherapy] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/2/101/htm Full text] (MS)

* 2021 Jan 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33499240/ Helminth Interactions with Bacteria in the Host Gut Are Essential for Its Immunomodulatory Effect] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/2/226/htm Full text]

* 2021 Jan 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33552447/ Evolution of bacteria in the human gut in response to changing environments: An invisible player in the game of health] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7829112/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7829112/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

===2020===

* 2020 Dec [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33512796/ Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of Experimental Hookworm Infection for Improving Gluten Tolerance in Celiac Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7678792/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7678792/pdf/ct9-11-e00274.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Dec [https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/nv9357710 The role of helminth and microbiome-derived metabolites in the healing of inflammatory bowel diseases related wounds in vitro] -- [https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/2b88qj182?locale=en PDF] (thesis)

* 2020 Oct 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33678958/ Historical analysis of inverse correlation between soil-transmitted helminthiasis and pancreatic cancer] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7901387/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7901387/pdf/UBMC_34_1836712.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Oct 22 [https://sci-hub.se/10.3390/ijms21217845 Gastrointestinal Nematode-Derived Antigens Alter Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration through Regulation of Cell Cycle and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Proteins]

* 2020 Oct 20 [https://academic.oup.com/emph/advance-article/doi/10.1093/emph/eoaa037/5930904 Old Friends Meet a New Foe -- A potential role for immune-priming parasites in mitigating COVID-19 morbidity and mortality] Includes link to PDF.

*2020 Oct 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33116652/ Helminth Induced Immunoregulation and Novel Therapeutic Avenue of Allergy] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7548329/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7548329/pdf/jaa-13-439.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Oct 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33012113/ Immunopathology and modulation induced by hookworms: from understanding to intervention]

* 2020 Oct 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33117347/ Excretory/Secretory Products From Trichinella spiralis Adult Worms Attenuated DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice by Driving PD-1-Mediated M2 Macrophage Polarization] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7575908/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7575908/pdf/fimmu-11-563784.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32653475/ Does the hygiene hypothesis apply to COVID-19 susceptibility?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7347347/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7347347/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Sept 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33117327/ The Helminth Parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus Attenuates EAE in an IL-4Rα-Dependent Manner] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7552805/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7552805/pdf/fimmu-11-01830.pdf PDF] (MS)

* 2020 Sept 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32951619/ Trichinella spiralis: inflammation modulator]

* 2020 Sept 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33013887/ What Can Parasites Tell Us About the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Asthma and Allergic Diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7516051/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7516051/pdf/fimmu-11-02106.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Sept 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32901341/ Immunomodulatory action of excretory-secretory products of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in a mouse tumour model] (Cancer)

* 2020 Sept 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32983184/ Fasciola hepatica-Derived Molecules as Regulators of the Host Immune Response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7492538/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7492538/pdf/fimmu-11-02182.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32984066/ Helminth Mediated Attenuation of Systemic Inflammation and Microbial Translocation in Helminth-Diabetes Comorbidity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7488178/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7488178/pdf/fcimb-10-00431.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32872342/ An Absence of Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation and Associations with Disease Activity in People with Multiple Sclerosis Undergoing Therapeutic Hookworm Vaccination] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/3/487/htm Full text]

* 2020 Aug 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32828819/ Succinate Produced by Intestinal Microbes Promotes Specification of Tuft Cells to Suppress Ileal Inflammation] (IBD)

* 2020 Aug 17 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32804930/ Helminth coinfection and COVID-19: An alternate hypothesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7430705/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7430705/pdf/pntd.0008628.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32903582/ Clinical Use of Schistosoma mansoni Antigens as Novel Immunotherapies for Autoimmune Disorders] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7438586/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7438586/pdf/fimmu-11-01821.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32849543/ Effectiveness of Helminth Therapy in the Prevention of Allograft Rejection: A Systematic Review of Allogeneic Transplantation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7426368/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7426368/pdf/fimmu-11-01604.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug [https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.07.002 Helminth extracellular vesicles: great balls of wonder]

* 2020 Jul [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32153025/ Regulatory T‐cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/?fbclid=IwAR27hCP5tDaVkO0KnyBMdlH7O4tzzcE0YfKWqFy_Xgy46l18amE1t1ET2dY Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/pdf/IMM-160-248.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Jul 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32629118/ Helminth-induced and Th2-dependent Alterations of the Gut Microbiota Attenuate Obesity Caused by High Fat Diet] -- [https://www.cmghjournal.org/article/S2352-345X(20)30105-3/pdf PDF]

* 2020 Jul 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32614822/ Schistosoma haematobium infection is associated with lower serum cholesterol levels and improved lipid profile in overweight/obese individuals]

* 2020 Jun 23 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32655568/ Immunity to Soil-Transmitted Helminths: Evidence From the Field and Laboratory Models] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7324686/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7324686/pdf/fimmu-11-01286.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Jun 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32570037/ Effect of Recombinant Serine Protease From Adult Stage of Trichinella Spiralis on TNBS-induced Experimental Colitis in Mice]

* ✅ 2020 Jun 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32539079/ Hookworm Treatment for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7296452/ Full text] (While the primary statistical endpoint of this trial - the cumulative number of new/enlarging T2 and new enhancing T1 lesions at month 9 - was not significantly different between the hookworm group (154) and the placebo group (164), a closer examination of the data reveals that '''more than half the patients given hookworms did not have any new lesions'''. “The findings of the research… show that infecting MS patients with a safe dose of… Necator americanus induces immunoregulatory responses and boosts the number of cells which help keep the immune system under control.” [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200618150223.htm] The trial’s lead researcher concluded, “I think there would be a niche for this approach - for individuals with mild disease who don't want to take immunomodulating drugs for life and would prefer a more natural approach.” [https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/932593])

* 2020 Jun 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32595641/ Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Trichinella spiralis Muscle Larvae Ameliorate TNBS-Induced Colitis in Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7300183/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7300183/pdf/fimmu-11-01174.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32480001/ Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, the Hygiene Hypothesis and the Other Side of the Microbiota: Parasites and Fungi]

* 2020 May 28 [https://www.qeios.com/read/IWKQH9.2 The global helminth belt and Covid-19: the new eosinophilic link]

* 2020 May 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32453752/ Comprehensive analysis of the secreted proteome of adult Necator americanus hookworms] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7274458/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7274458/pdf/pntd.0008237.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32436176/ Changes in the Severity of Gastric Mucosal Inflammation Associated With Helicobacter Pylori in Humans Coinfected With Intestinal Helminths]

* 2020 May 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32508831/ The Gastrointestinal Helminth Heligmosomoides bakeri Suppresses Inflammation in a Model of Contact Hypersensitivity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7249854/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7249854/pdf/fimmu-11-00950.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 18 [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.20098053v1.full.pdf Parasites and their protection against COVID-19 - Ecology or Immunology?] (PDF)

* 2020 May 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33623561/ Immunity, parasites, genetics and sex hormones: contributors to mild inflammatory responses in COVID-19?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7875730/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7875730/pdf/PAMJ-SUPP-35-2-36.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32407385 Harnessing helminth-driven immunoregulation in the search for novel therapeutic modalities] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1008508 Full text] | [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1008508&type=printable PDF]

* 2020 May 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32448639/ Microbes, Helminths, and Rheumatic Diseases]

* 2020 May 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32372471 Systematic review: gastrointestinal infection and incident inflammatory bowel disease] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/apt.15770 Full text] (IBD)

* 2020 May 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32367051 Heterogeneity in the initiation, development and function of type 2 immunity]

* 2020 May 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32358579 Will helminth co-infection modulate COVID-19 severity in endemic regions?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193760/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193760/pdf/41577_2020_Article_330.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Apr 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32341115 The Potential Role of Schistosome-Associated Factors as Therapeutic Modulators of the Immune System]

* 2020 Apr 27 [https://www.qeios.com/read/5IY4IF Asthma and COVID-19: The Eosinophilic Link]

* 2020 Apr 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32321922 CD8+ regulatory T cells are critical in prevention of autoimmune-mediated diabetes]

* 2020 Apr 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32321863 An anti-inflammatory eicosanoid switch mediates the suppression of type-2 inflammation by helminth larval products] (TSO)

* 2020 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30230399/ Randomized crossover feasibility trial of helminthic Trichuris suis ova versus placebo for repetitive behaviors in adult autism spectrum disorder] (TSO)

* 2020 Mar 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32200170 Effects of the dietary fibre inulin and Trichuris suis products on inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages] (TSO)

* 2020 Mar 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32171305/ Twenty-five-year research progress in hookworm excretory/secretory products] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071665/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071665/pdf/13071_2020_Article_4010.pdf PDF] (NA)

* 2020 Mar 10 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32153025/ Regulatory T-cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/pdf/IMM-160-248.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Mar 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32194529 Dietary Inulin and Trichuris suis Infection Promote Beneficial Bacteria Throughout the Porcine Gut] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064446/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064446/pdf/fmicb-11-00312.pdf PDF] (TSO)

* 2020 Mar 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32126084 Helminth infection modulates systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines implicated in type 2 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008101 Full text]

* 2020 Mar 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32135180 Helminths, polyparasitism, and the gut microbiome in the Philippines]

* 2020 Feb 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32027755 IL-33 is essential to prevent high fat diet-induced obesity in mice infected with an intestinal helminth]

* 2020 Jan-Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32123528 Perspectives of People with Multiple Sclerosis About Helminth Immunotherapy] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7041615 Full text]

* 2020 Jan 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32005978 The gut microbiota response to helminth infection depends on host sex and genotype]

* 2020 Jan 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31976564 Wuchereria bancrofti macrophage migration inhibitory factor-2 (rWbaMIF-2) ameliorates experimental colitis]

* 2020 Jan 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31971074 A critical analysis of helminth immunotherapy in multiple sclerosis]

* 2020 Jan 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31954872 Suppression of systemic lupus erythematosus in NZBWF1 mice infected with Hymenolepis microstoma]

* 2020 Jan 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31894102 Helminth infections drive heterogeneity in human type 2 and regulatory cells]

* 2020 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31914677 Fasciola helminth defense molecule-1 protects against experimental arthritis by inhibiting osteoclast formation and function without modulating the systemic immune response]

===2019===

* 2019 Dec 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31888063 Immunomodulation of Murine Chronic DSS-Induced Colitis by Tuftsin-Phosphorylcholine] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/1/65/htm Full text]

* 2019 Dec 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31878146 Safety of P28GST, a Protein Derived from a Schistosome Helminth Parasite, in Patients with Crohn's Disease: A Pilot Study (ACROHNEM)] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/1/41/htm Full text]

* 2019 Dec 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31885223 Toxicity of parasites and their unconventional use in medicine]

* 2019 Dec 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31845020 Amelioration of type 1 diabetes by recombinant fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and cystatin derived from Schistosoma japonicum in a murine model]

* 2019 Dec 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31836772 Immunomodulatory effect of Syphacia obvelata in treatment of experimental DSS-induced colitis in mouse model]

* 2019 Dec 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31834940 Chronic infection with a tissue invasive helminth attenuates sublethal anaphylaxis and reduces granularity and number of mast cells]

* 2019 Dec 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31829172 Safety and tolerability of experimental hookworm infection in humans with metabolic disease: study protocol for a phase 1b randomised controlled clinical trial]

* 2019 Nov 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31781154 The Effect of Gut Microbiome Composition on Human Immune Responses: An Exploration of Interference by Helminth Infections] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6856646/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6856646/pdf/fgene-10-01028.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Nov 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31719981 The interplay of type 2 immunity, helminth infection and the microbiota in regulating metabolism] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6837856/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6837856/pdf/CTI2-8-e01089.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Oct 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31673002 Intestinal helminth infection enhances bacteria-induced recruitment of neutrophils to the airspace]

* 2019 Oct 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31683117 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis] (MS)

* 2019 Oct 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31605645 Th2 signals are not essential for the anti-arthritic effects of Trichinella spiralis in mice]

* 2019 Sept 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31649786 Therapeutic applicability of helminths in autoimmune diseases - literature overview] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6807663/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6807663/pdf/PG-14-37798.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Sept 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31611876 Ascaris lumbricoides Cystatin Prevents Development of Allergic Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6777510/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6777510/pdf/fimmu-10-02280.pdf PDF] (But also see the details [[Ascaris lumbricoides | '''here''']] regarding the potentially adverse effects of infection with ascaris lumbricoides.)

* 2019 Sept 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31541662 Helminth-microbiota cross-talk - a journey through the vertebrate digestive system]

* 2019 Sept 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31508807 Public health deworming programmes for soil-transmitted helminths in children living in endemic areas]

* 2019 Sept 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31496071 Schistosoma japonicum peptide SJMHE1 suppresses airway inflammation of allergic asthma in mice] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jcmm.14661 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcmm.14661 PDF]

* 2019 Sept 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31487324 Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) and recombinant Omega-1 modulate induced CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses and HIV-1 infection in vitro] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1007924 Full text] | [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1007924&type=printable PDF] (Also reported by Healio. [https://www.healio.com/infectious-disease/hiv-aids/news/online/%7Bafe40491-17f2-456b-b151-8cf73288c38b%7D/helminth-infection-may-reduce-hiv-transmission-disease])

* 2019 Sept 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31492623 Immune Regulation of Metabolic Homeostasis by Helminths and Their Molecules]

* 2019 Aug 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31504336 The effect of helminth infections and their treatment on metabolic outcomes: results of a cluster-randomised trial]

* 2019 Aug 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31407335 Helminth-derived molecules inhibit colitis-associated colon cancer development through NF-kB and STAT3 regulation]

* 2019 Aug 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31397879 Critical roles of regulatory B and T cells in helminth parasite-induced protection against allergic airway inflammation]

* 2019 Aug [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31284930/ Helminths and asthma: Risk and protection]

* 2019 Jul 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31352539 Potential application of helminth therapy for resolution of neuroinflammation in neuropsychiatric disorders]

* 2019 Jul 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31299381 The helminth-derived peptide GK-1 induces an anti-tumoral CD8 T cell response associated with downregulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway] (Cancer)

* 2019 Jul 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31260090 Soil-transmitted helminth infection and intestinal inflammation among the Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador] (TTO)

* 2019 Jul-Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31579670 The endosymbiotic role of intestinal helminths in multiple sclerosis: Promising probiotic hypothesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6767793/ Full text]

* 2019 Jun 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31253164 Preventive and therapeutic effects of Trichinella spiralis adult extracts on allergic inflammation in an experimental asthma mouse model] -- [https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-019-3561-1 Full text]

* 2019 Jun 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31255915 The immune response to Hymenolepis nana in mice decreases tumorigenesis induced by 7,12 dimethylbenz-anthracene] (For a very readable commentary on this paper, see, [https://biomebuzz.com/2019/07/09/more-on-helminths-and-the-prevention-of-cancer/ More on Helminths and the Prevention of Cancer].)

* 2019 Jun 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31209366 Helminths and microbiota — partners in arthritis prevention?]

* 2019 Jun 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31212833 Contribution of the Gut Microbiota in P28GST-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Experimental and Clinical Insights] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/6/577/htm Full text]

* 2019 Jun 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31187881 Regulation of Immunity and Allergy by Helminth Parasites]

* 2019 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30716463 An advanced protocol for the purification of whipworm eggs from feces for use as therapeutic agents]

* 2019 May 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31236458 Pre-conception maternal helminth infection transfers via nursing long-lasting cellular immunity against helminths to offspring] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6587632/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6587632/pdf/aav3058.pdf PDF]

* 2019 May 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31153721 Helminth Therapy – From the Parasite Perspective] | [[media:Helminth_Therapy_–_From_the_Parasite_Perspective.pdf | PDF]]

* 2019 May 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31138616 Schistosoma mansoni worm infection regulates the intestinal microbiota and susceptibility to colitis]

* 2019 May 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31205419 Inverse Associations of Schistosoma mansoni Infection and Metabolic Syndromes in Humans: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northeast Ethiopia] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537292/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537292/pdf/10.1177_1178636119849934.pdf PDF]

* 2019 May 21 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31178861 Anti-inflammatory Trained Immunity Mediated by Helminth Products Attenuates the Induction of T Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537856/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537856/pdf/fimmu-10-01109.pdf PDF]

* 2019 May [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30986403 Removal of adult cyathostomins alters faecal microbiota and promotes an inflammatory phenotype in horses] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751919300815?via%3Dihub Full text]

* 2019 Apr 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31016721 Helminths products directly modulate T cells that mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis]

* 2019 Apr 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31004803 Cytokine production in allergic and Trichuris trichiura-infected children from an urban region of the Brazilian northeast] (TTO)

* 2019 Apr 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30991712 Characterization of Tapeworm Metabolites and Their Reported Biological Activities] — [https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/8/1480/htm Full text]

* 2019 Apr 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30980897 Genetic diversity of the potentially therapeutic tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea)] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576918302800?fbclid=IwAR37HAgKvovhcjr5FkSQAK3NVpoW_7_n79WOyeqKBgCbJHtHaByAC6tRzlc Full text]

* 2019 Apr 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30962398 Suppression of obesity by an intestinal helminth through interactions with intestinal microbiota] -- [https://iai.asm.org/content/iai/early/2019/03/19/IAI.00042-19.full.pdf PDF] (Also reported by EurekAlert. [https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/asfm-ihb040819.php])

* 2019 Apr 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30952846 The parasitic worm product ES-62 normalises the gut microbiota bone marrow axis in inflammatory arthritis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6451002/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6451002/pdf/41467_2019_Article_9361.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30902137 Helminth therapy for autism under gut-brain axis- hypothesis] -- [https://tanawisa.com/downloads/Helminth_therapy_for%20autism_under_gut-brain%20axis-_hypothesis.pdf PDF] (TSO)

* 2019 Mar 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30879759 Therapeutic Potential of Helminths and Helminth-Derived Antigens for Resolution of Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease] (IBD)

* 2019 Mar 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31016928 Progress of research on the interplay between helminth and intestinal protozoa and gut microbiota]

* 2019 Mar 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30852293 Dendritic cells treated by Trichinella spiralis muscle larval excretory/secretory products alleviate TNBS-induced colitis in mice]

* 2019 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30905098 Helminth-Related Tuftsin-Phosphorylcholine Compound and its Interplay with Autoimmune Diseases] -- [https://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/344/172407.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30638709/ The therapeutic potential of tuftsin-phosphorylcholine in giant cell arteritis]

* 2019 Feb 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30807258 Filarial extract of Litomosoides sigmodontis induces a type 2 immune response and attenuates plaque development in hyperlipidemic ApoE-knockout mice]

* 2019 Feb 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30801028 Helminth-Based Product and the Microbiome of Mice with Lupus] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6381224/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6381224/pdf/mSystems.00160-18.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Feb 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758662 Helminths protect against type 1 diabetes: effects and mechanisms]

* 2019 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30623233 Chinese liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis infection changes the gut microbiome and increases probiotic Lactobacillus in mice]

* 2019 Jan 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30670631 Role of mast cells in the generation of a T-helper type 2 dominated anti-helminthic immune response] (HDC)

* 2019 Jan 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30668930 Macrophages treated with antigen from the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta condition CD25+ T cells to suppress colitis] (HDC)

* 2019 Jan 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30626617 Cross-Domain and Viral Interactions in the Microbiome] (Includes a 10-page section on microbiota/helminth interactions and their effects on immune function.)

* 2019 Jan 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30640950 Exclusive dependence of IL-10Rα signalling on intestinal microbiota homeostasis and control of whipworm infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6347331/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6347331/pdf/ppat.1007265.pdf PDF] (This study contributes to understanding of the actions of TSO and TTO on diseases such as IBD.)

* 2019 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30413272 Effect of Trichinella spiralis intervention on TNBS-induced experimental colitis in mice]

* 2019 [http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/parasitic-worms-for-the-treatment-of-neurodegeneration-12989.html Parasitic Worms for the Treatment of Neurodegeneration] -- [http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/parasitic-worms-for-the-treatment-of-neurodegeneration.pdf PDF]

===2018===

* 2018 Dec 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30592734 Treatment with P28GST, a schistosome-derived enzyme, after acute colitis induction in mice: Decrease of intestinal inflammation associated with a down regulation of Th1/Th17 responses]
* 2018 Dec 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30554380 Tuftsin phosphorylcholine-a novel compound harnessing helminths to fight autoimmunity]
* 2018 Dec 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30619265 Human Hookworm Infection Enhances Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition and Associates With Reduced Risk of Tuberculosis Infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6302045/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6302045/pdf/fimmu-09-02893.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2018 Dec 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30292284 The Schistosoma mansoni lipidome: Leads for immunomodulation] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003267017313363 Full text] | [https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0003267017313363?token=BE837298629AA0AF5C0E7F7891E97CA7FBF2194B7348A12FD0CCFD79C45F12DF3E6C69079090C901826FD2CA09ADDD16 PDF]
* 2018 Dec 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30638679 Modulation of autoimmune arthritis by environmental 'hygiene' and commensal microbiota]
* 2018 Dec 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30529501 Helminth-based therapies for rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis]
* 2018 Dec 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517865 B Cells Produce the Tissue-Protective Protein RELMa during Helminth Infection, which Inhibits IL-17 Expression and Limits Emphysema] -- [https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(18)31801-1 Full text] (Wound healing)
* 2018 Dec 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697 The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries]
* 2018 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30567900 Fh15 Blocks the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Storm While Modulating Peritoneal Macrophage Migration and CD38 Expression within Spleen Macrophages in a Mouse Model of Septic Shock] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6300687/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6300687/pdf/mSphere.00548-18.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Nov 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30462997 Modulation of Host Immunity by Helminths: The Expanding Repertoire of Parasite Effector Molecules]
* 2018 Nov 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30483256 Schistosoma mansoni Infection-Induced Transcriptional Changes in Hepatic Macrophage Metabolism Correlate With an Athero-Protective Phenotype] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6240656/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6240656/pdf/fimmu-09-02580.pdf PDF] (Metabolic syndrome)
* 2018 Nov 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30473696 Mucosal Barrier and Th2 Immune Responses Are Enhanced by Dietary Inulin in Pigs Infected With Trichuris suis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6237860/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6237860/pdf/fimmu-09-02557.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2018 Nov 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548 Metabolic consequences of concomitant Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Type 2 diabetes mellitus]
* 2018 Nov 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30401814 Intestinal helminth infection promotes IL-5- and CD4+ T cell-dependent immunity in the lung against migrating parasites]
* 2018 Oct 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30379806 The Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell population requires IL-4Rα signaling to control inflammation during helminth infections]
* 2018 Oct 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30375396 Helminth-induced IL-4 expands bystander memory CD8+ T cells for early control of viral infection]
* 2018 Oct 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30372527 Maternal helminth infections and the shaping of offspring immunity]
* 2018 Oct 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30374177 Analysis of the Trichuris suis excretory/secretory proteins as a function of life cycle stage and their immunomodulatory properties] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206011/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206011/pdf/41598_2018_Article_34174.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2018 Oct 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30361537 Virtual memory CD8 T cells expanded by helminth infection confer broad protection against bacterial infection]
* 2018 Oct 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30416709 Helminth parasites and immune regulation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206608/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206608/pdf/f1000research-7-17014.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Oct 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30353019 A comprehensive analysis of the faecal microbiome and metabolome of Strongyloides stercoralis infected volunteers from a non-endemic area] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199319/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199319/pdf/41598_2018_Article_33937.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Oct 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30341242 Mast Cell Deficiency in Mice Results in Biomass Overgrowth and Delayed Expulsion of the Rat Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta] (HDC)
* 2018 Oct 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30336585 Failure of the Anti-Inflammatory Parasitic Worm Product ES-62 to Provide Protection in Mouse Models of Type I Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/10/2669/htm Full text]
* 2018 Oct 16 [https://www.arc.gov.au/news-publications/media/feature-articles/combatting-autoimmune-diseases-humble-hookworm?fbclid=IwAR0DxQ-uGjksCaC1gkCgpXhw2_ImRwgswkbyTukwHbLY2ZbNbWQD53KlXvc Combatting autoimmune diseases with the humble hookworm]
* 2018 Oct 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30369927 Immunomodulation by Helminths: Intracellular Pathways and Extracellular Vesicles] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6194161/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6194161/pdf/fimmu-09-02349.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Oct 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30316775 Immunomodulatory effects of Trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory antigens on macrophages]
* 2018 Oct 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30291167 Helminth-Induced Production of TGF-β and Suppression of Graft-versus-Host Disease Is Dependent on IL-4 Production by Host Cells]
* 2018 Sept 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30266743 Parasites as negative regulators of cancer] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6200699/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6200699/pdf/bsr-38-bsr20180935.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Sept 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30319571 The Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis and Therapeutics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6167487/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6167487/pdf/fmicb-09-02247.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2018 Sept 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30229947 Soil-transmitted helminth parasites and allergy: observations from Ecuador]
* 2018 Sept 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30230399 Randomized Crossover Feasibility Trial of Helminthic Trichuris Suis Ova vs. Placebo for Repetitive Behaviors in Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder] (TSO) This research used a novel TSO formulation at pH 5 that is known to be less effective than the original formulation at pH 2.4. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335]
* 2018 Sept 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30216486 Parasites and allergy: observations from Africa]
* 2018 Sept 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30205385 A Trypsin-Sensitive Proteoglycan from the Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta Inhibits Murine Neutrophil Chemotaxis in vitro by Suppressing p38 MAP Kinase Activation] (HDC)
* 2018 Sept 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30194773 STAT6 & IL-10 are required for the anti-arthritic effects of Schistosoma mansoni via different mechanisms]
* 2018 Sept 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30177522 Modulation of the immune response by helminths: a role for serotonin?]
* 2018 Aug 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165069 The hygiene hypothesis at a glance: early exposures, immune mechanism and novel therapies]
* 2018 Aug 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30121255 Helminth Antigen-Conditioned Dendritic Cells Generate Anti-Inflammatory CD4 T Cells Independent of Antigen Presentation via MHC II] (HDC) (Colitis)
* 2018 Aug 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30113218 Interactions of helminths with macrophages: therapeutic potential for inflammatory intestinal disease]
* 2018 Aug 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30118915 Acute infection with Strongyloides venezuelensis increases intestine production IL-10, reduces Th1/Th2/Th17 induction in colon and attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced colitis in BALB/c mice]
* 2018 Aug 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30107039 Isolated Schistosoma mansoni eggs prevent allergic airway inflammation] (Allergic asthma)
* 2018 Aug 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30104215 Host and helminth-derived endocannabinoids are generated during infection with effects on host immunity] (Also reported by EurekAlert. [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-08/uoc--gho082218.php])
* 2018 Aug 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30089122 Helminths-based bi-functional molecule, tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC), ameliorates an established murine arthritis] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200615 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200615&type=printable PDF]
* 2018 Aug 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30131945 The Intestinal Roundworm Ascaris suum Releases Antimicrobial Factors Which Interfere With Bacterial Growth and Biofilm Formation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6090379/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6090379/pdf/fcimb-08-00271.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Aug 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30069018 Hookworm exposure decreases human papillomavirus uptake and cervical cancer cell migration through systemic regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker expression] -- [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30058-9 Full text] | [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30058-9.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30142867 Trichuris suis ova therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: A meta-analysis] -- [https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/08240/Trichuris_suis_ova_therapy_in_inflammatory_bowel.119.aspx Full text] (IBD) The 6 papers analysed in this study all have significant design flaws. All but one had a treatment period of only 12 weeks, which is inadequate when assessing the efficacy of helminths, and the only study with a longer treatment period was designed to assess the safety and tolerability, and not the efficacy, of a ''single'' dose of TSO. Four of the six studies selected had also used a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study are therefore not reliable.
* 2018 Jul 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30108588 A Role for Epitope Networking in Immunomodulation by Helminths] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6079203/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6079203/pdf/fimmu-09-01763.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30093899 Trichinella spiralis Infection Mitigates Collagen-Induced Arthritis via Programmed Death 1-Mediated Immunomodulation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6070611/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6070611/pdf/fimmu-09-01566.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30043455 Worms: Pernicious Parasites or Allies Against Allergies?]
* 2018 Jul 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30021142 Getting a Taste for Parasites in the Gut]
* 2018 Jul 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30061834 Influence of NOD2 Variants on Trichuris suis ova Treatment Outcome in Crohn's Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6054957/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6054957/pdf/fphar-09-00764.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30003599 Hookworms Make Us Human: The Microbiome, Eco-immunology, and a Probiotic Turn in Western Health Care] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/2/2d/Hookworms_Make_Us_Human-_The_Microbiome%2C_Eco-immunology%2C_and_a_Probiotic_Turn_in_Western_Health_Care.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2018 Jul 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29992625 Hematopoietic cell-derived RELMα regulates hookworm immunity through effects on macrophages] (Also reported by Science Daily. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180806145207.htm])
* 2018 Jul 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30057915 Macrophage Activation and Functions during Helminth Infection: Recent Advances from the Laboratory Mouse] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6051086/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6051086/pdf/JIR2018-2790627.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30072827 SXP-RAL Family Filarial Protein, rWbL2, Prevents Development of DSS-Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6052733/ Full text]
* 2018 Jun 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29915224 Characteristics of the bacterial microbiome in association with common intestinal parasites in irritable bowel syndrome] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6006308/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6006308/pdf/41424_2018_Article_27.pdf PDF] (IBS)
* 2018 Jun 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29909781 The benign helminth Hymenolepis diminuta ameliorates chemically induced colitis in a rat model system] (HDC)
* 2018 Jun 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29796663 The therapeutic prospect of crosstalk between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms in the human gut]
* 2018 May 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29808496 Immunobiology of parasitic worm extracellular vesicles]
* 2018 May 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29852470 Helminth-induced regulatory T cells and suppression of allergic responses]
* 2018 May 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29875750 Extracellular Vesicles From the Helminth Fasciola hepatica Prevent DSS-Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis in a T-Lymphocyte Independent Mode] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5974114/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5974114/pdf/fmicb-09-01036.pdf PDF]
* 2018 May 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29867986 Protection Against Arthritis by the Parasitic Worm Product ES-62, and Its Drug-Like Small Molecule Analogues, Is Associated With Inhibition of Osteoclastogenesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5967578/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5967578/pdf/fimmu-09-01016 PDF]
* 2018 May 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29867790 Parasite-Microbiota Interactions With the Vertebrate Gut: Synthesis Through an Ecological Lens] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5960673/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5960673/pdf/fmicb-09-00843.pdf PDF]
* 2018 May 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29746467 Disentangling complex parasite interactions: Protection against cerebral malaria by one helminth species is jeopardized by co-infection with another] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963812/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963812/pdf/pntd.0006483.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29760697 Hookworm Secreted Extracellular Vesicles Interact With Host Cells and Prevent Inducible Colitis in Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5936971/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5936971/pdf/fimmu-09-00850.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29698559 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC) equally effective to methylprednisolone in ameliorating lupus nephritis in a mice model] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6046477/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6046477/pdf/CEI-193-160.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29659774 Are intestinal worms nature’s anti-atherosclerosis vaccine?] [https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/18/1653/4967832 abstract]
* 2018 Apr 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264 Helminth infection in mice improves insulin sensitivity via modulation of gut microbiota and fatty acid metabolism]
* 2018 Apr 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29670630 Helminth Infections: Recognition and Modulation of the Immune Response by Innate Immune Cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893867/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893867/pdf/fimmu-09-00664.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29623983 Symptomatic hypereosinophilia associated with Necator americanus self-inoculation] (NA)
* 2018 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29355990 A sticky end for gastrointestinal helminths; the role of the mucus barrier] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5900928/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5900928/pdf/PIM-40-na.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Mar 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29574798 Modulation of human dendritic cell activity by Giardia and helminth antigens]
* 2018 Mar 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29569735 Anisakis pegreffii impacts differentiation and function of human dendritic cells]
* 2018 Mar 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29567298 Associations between Gut Microbiota and Common Luminal Intestinal Parasites]
* 2018 Mar 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29545532 Helminth infection protects against high fat diet-induced obesity via induction of alternatively activated macrophages] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5854586/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5854586/pdf/41598_2018_Article_22920.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Mar 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29546242 Manipulation of host and parasite microbiotas: Survival strategies during chronic nematode infection] -- [http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/3/eaap7399.full Full text] | [http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/3/eaap7399/tab-pdf PDF]
* 2018 Feb 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29486796 Differential human gut microbiome assemblages during soil-transmitted helminth infections in Indonesia and Liberia] -- [https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-018-0416-5 Full text]
* 2018 Feb 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29486173 Soil-transmitted helminth infections and intestinal and systemic inflammation in schoolchildren] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001706X1830233X?via%3Dihub Full text] | [https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0001706X1830233X/1-s2.0-S0001706X1830233X-main.pdf?_tid=40509b04-c3e5-4baf-9f89-dfd29ef353d6&acdnat=1520445863_d2042c3fffa57972d2a29a072cebca94 PDF]
* 2018 Feb 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29453411 The impact of a helminth-modified microbiome on host immunity]
* 2018 Feb 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29402395 Intestinal worms eating neuropsychiatric disorders? Apparently so] | [[media:Intestinal_worms_eating_neuropsychiatric_disorders%3F_Apparently_so.pdf | PDF]]
* 2018 Jan 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31662622 Helminth Therapy: Advances in the use of Parasitic Worms Against Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and its Challenges] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6799527/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6799527/pdf/helm-55-001.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jan 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29355617 Serine protease inhibitors containing a Kunitz domain: their role in modulation of host inflammatory responses and parasite survival]
* 2018 Jan 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29346656 Host responses to intestinal nematodes]
* 2018 Jan 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29339033 Helminth Modulation of Lung Inflammation] (Asthma)
* 2018 Jan 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29351392/ Young mice expel the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and are protected from colitis by triggering a memory response with worm antigen] -- [http://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/ajpgi.00295.2017 PDF] (HDC)
* 2018 Jan 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29300114 The tropics, helminth infections and hygiene hypotheses]
* 2018 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29956141 Production of Hymenolepis diminuta in the Laboratory: An Old Research Tool with New Clinical Applications] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/5/5c/Production_of_Hymenolepis_diminuta_in_the_Laboratory-_An_Old_Research_Tool_with_New_Clinical_Applications.pdf PDF]] (HDC)

=== 2017 ===

* 2017 Winter [https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1430&context=honorstheses A Critical View of Helminthic Therapy: Is It a Viable Form of Treatment for Immune Disorders Under the Category of Inflammatory Bowel Disease?] Alyssa Murphy, undergraduate thesis
* 2017 Dec 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29491533 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine treatment of autoimmune diseases – a benefit and a message from helminths?] (No abstract) -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5825963/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5825963/pdf/RU-55-31448.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Dec 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29312343 Review: Impact of Helminth Infection on Antimycobacterial Immunity - A Focus on the Macrophage] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5743664/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5743664/pdf/fimmu-08-01864.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Dec 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29262347 Recent Advances in Type-2-Cell-Mediated Immunity: Insights from Helminth Infection]
* 2017 Dec 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29224909 Hygiene Hypothesis in Asthma Development: Is Hygiene to Blame?]
* 2017 Nov 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29238348 The Mannose Receptor in Regulation of Helminth-Mediated Host Immunity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5712593/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5712593/pdf/fimmu-08-01677.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29184071 Preventive Trichuris suis ova (TSO) treatment protects immunocompetent rabbits from DSS colitis but may be detrimental under conditions of immunosuppression] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5705695/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5705695/pdf/41598_2017_Article_16287.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 24 [https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-11-discovery-potent-parasite-protein-therapeutic.html Discovery of potent parasite protein may lead to new therapeutic options for inflammatory bowel conditions] Medical News Today (IBD)
* 2017 Nov 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29171863 Schistosoma mansoni-specific immune responses and allergy in Uganda]
* 2017 Nov 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29170498 A structurally distinct TGF-β mimic from an intestinal helminth parasite potently induces regulatory T cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5701006/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5701006/pdf/41467_2017_Article_1886.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29162324 Modulation of human macrophage activity by Ascaris antigens is dependent on macrophage polarization state]
* 2017 Nov 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133417 Human resistin protects against endotoxic shock by blocking LPS-TLR4 interaction] (For media comment on this study linking helminths with potential sepsis treatment, see [https://highlandernews.org/31486/ucr-researchers-discovered-effective-treatment-sepsis/ here].)
* ✅ 2017 Nov 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133248 Evolution of the hygiene hypothesis into biota alteration theory: What are the paradigms and where are the clinical applications?] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1286457917301855?via%3Dihub Full text] | [[media:Evolution_of_the_hygiene_hypothesis_into_biota_alteration_theory-_what_are_the_paradigms_and_where_are_the_clinical_applications%3F.pdf | PDF]]
* 2017 Nov 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29249872 Taenia crassiceps Antigens Control Experimental Type 1 Diabetes by Inducing Alternatively Activated Macrophages] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/pdf/MI2017-8074329.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29163443 Parasite-Derived Proteins for the Treatment of Allergies and Autoimmune Diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5682104/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5682104/pdf/fmicb-08-02164.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29115241/ Diet, atherosclerosis, and helmintic infection in Tsimane] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042967/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042967/pdf/nihms976321.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29095820 "Omic" investigations of protozoa and worms for a deeper understanding of the human gut "parasitome"] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005916 Full text]
* 2017 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28546083 Mechanisms of tolerance and potential therapeutic interventions in Alopecia Areata] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725817301274 Full text] (See section 4: Gut microbiota and helminths, autoimmunity and tolerance.)
* 2017 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29108604 Global issues in allergy and immunology: Parasitic infections and allergy]
* 2017 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29068485 Is the hygiene hypothesis relevant for the risk of multiple sclerosis?]
* 2017 Oct 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759 Cell Type-Specific Immunomodulation Induced by Helminthes: Effect on Metainflammation, Insulin Resistance and Type-2 Diabetes] (Metabolic syndrome)
* 2017 Oct 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29109850 Liver cystic echinococcosis and human host immune and autoimmune follow-up: A review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5666304/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5666304/pdf/WJH-9-1176.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Oct 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29073139 Composition of the Schistosoma mansoni worm secretome: Identification of immune modulatory Cyclophilin A] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006012 Full text]
* 2017 Oct 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29064448 Production and Use of Hymenolepis diminuta Cysticercoids as Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics] -- [http://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/6/10/98/htm Full text] (HDC)
* 2017 Oct 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29045903 HpARI Protein Secreted by a Helminth Parasite Suppresses Interleukin-33] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5655542/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5655542/pdf/main.pdf PDF] (Allergy, asthma)
* 2017 Oct 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29034905 The hygiene hypothesis in autoimmunity: the role of pathogens and commensals]
* 2017 Oct 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29036211 Orally administered Taenia solium Calreticulin prevents experimental intestinal inflammation and is associated with a type 2 immune response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5643116/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5643116/pdf/pone.0186510.pdf PDF] (Colitis)
*2017 Oct 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29027962 Novel Therapeutics for Multiple Sclerosis Designed by Parasitic Worms] -- [http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/10/2141/htm Full text]
* 2017 Oct 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29114386 Suppression of inflammation and tissue damage by a hookworm recombinant protein in experimental colitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5671989/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5671989/pdf/cti201742a.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2017 Oct 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28975357 The Effects of Intestinal Nematode L4 Stage on Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis] (Multiple sclerosis)
* 2017 Oct 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29064315 Safety and efficacy of helminth treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of the HINT 2 clinical trial] -- [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1352458517736377 PDF] This trial employed a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
* 2017 Oct [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-medical-knowledge-commons/chronic-disease-new-thinking-and-outlaw-innovation-patients-on-the-edge-in-the-knowledge-commons/8105C66FEBA55446E15538FD4B164005/core-reader# Chronic Disease, New Thinking, and Outlaw Innovation: Patients on the Edge in the Knowledge Commons] (Chapter 14 of the book, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-medical-knowledge-commons/C4CAF56DF197BA93E850E65509EB36E8 Governing Medical Knowledge Commons], Cambridge University Press.)
* 2017 Oct [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28779539 Effect of ES products from Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae) on experimentally induced colitis in adult zebrafish]
* 2017 Oct [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28970236 Cardioprotective manifestations of chronic helminth infections: new aspects of an old disease]
* 2017 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28196762/ Enteric helminth-induced type I interferon signaling protects against pulmonary virus infection through interaction with the microbiota] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485385/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485385/pdf/emss-79828.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Fall [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28948806 Toxocara spp. seronegativity in Czech patients with early form of multiple sclerosis - clinically isolated syndrome]
* 2017 Sep 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28960280 Functional specialization of intestinal dendritic cell subsets during Th2 helminth infection in mice]
* 2017 Sep 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28970717 Helminths as an alternative therapy for intestinal diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5597493/ Full text] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5597493/pdf/WJG-23-6009.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Sep 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28892562 Triggering immunological memory against the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta to protect against colitis] (HDC)
* 2017 Sep 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28892494 Infections by human gastrointestinal helminths are associated with changes in faecal microbiota diversity and composition] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593201/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593201/pdf/pone.0184719.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Aug 21 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28883695 Schistosoma japonicum attenuates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice via reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569284/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569284/pdf/WJG-23-5700.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Aug 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28815724 Secreted products of Fasciola hepatica inhibit the induction of T cell responses that mediate allergy]
* 2017 Aug 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28779539 Effect of ES-products from Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae) on experimentally induced colitis in adult zebrafish]
* 2017 Aug 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28771620 A benign helminth alters the host immune system and the gut microbiota in a rat model system] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5542714/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5542714/pdf/pone.0182205.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2017 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28877578 Syphacia obvelata: A New Hope to Induction of Intestinal Immunological Tolerance in C57BL/6 Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5594727/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5594727/pdf/kjp-55-4-439.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jul 24 [http://trjfas.org/uploads/pdf_1183.pdf Role of Parasitic Helminths in Bioremediating Some Heavy Metal Accumulation in the Tissues of Lethrinus mahsena]
* ⚡ 2017 Jul 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335 Not infection with parasitic worms, but rather colonization with therapeutic helminths] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/1/10/Not_infection_with_parasitic_worms_but_rather_colonization_with_therapeutic_helminths.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jul 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28703913 A. suum infection modulates inflammation: implication of CD4+CD25hi Foxp3+ T cells and IL-10]
* 2017 Jul 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28689246 Parasites and asthma]
* 2017 Jun 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28659212 Helminth-induced apoptosis: a silent strategy for immunosuppression]
* 2017 Jun 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28664463 Therapeutic potential of helminths in autoimmune diseases: helminth-derived immune-regulators and immune balance]
* 2017 Jun 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28744067 Helminth Products Potently Modulate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Downregulating Neuroinflammation and Promoting a Suppressive Microenvironment] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5506484/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5506484/pdf/MI2017-8494572.pdf PDF] (Multiple Sclerosis)
* 2017 Jun 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28676845 Th2/1 Hybrid Cells Occurring in Murine and Human Strongyloidiasis Share Effector Functions of Th1 Cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5476698/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5476698/pdf/fcimb-07-00261.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jun 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28614408 Schistosoma japonicum infection downregulates house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0179565 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0179565&type=printable PDF] (Asthma)
* 2017 Jun 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28638627 Environmental factors influencing multiple sclerosis in Latin America] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5472234/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5472234/pdf/10.1177_2055217317715049.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jun 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28606411 Can Parasitic Worms Cure the Modern World's Ills?]
* 2017 Jun 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28602842 Immune responses and parasitological observations induced during probiotic treatment with medicinal Trichuris suis ova in a healthy volunteer] (TSO)
* 2017 Jun 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28492420 Helminthic Therapy: A New Era in Immune-Mediated Diseases] -- [http://journals.lww.com/jclinrheum/Citation/2017/06000/Helminthic_Therapy__A_New_Era_in_Immune_Mediated.19.aspx Full text] (Mixed connective tissue disease/MCTD, Raynaud phenomenon)
* 2017 May 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28526605 Microevolutionary response of a gut nematode to intestinal inflammation]
* 2017 May 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28494800 Somatic extracts of Marshallagia marshalli downregulate the Th2 associated immune responses in ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in BALB/c mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427607/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427607/pdf/13071_2017_Article_2159.pdf PDF] (Asthma)
* 2017 May 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28482922 Therapeutic effect of Schistosoma japonicum cystatin on bacterial sepsis in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5422996/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5422996/pdf/13071_2017_Article_2162.pdf PDF]
* 2017 May 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383 Effect of Anthelmintic Treatment on Insulin Resistance: A Cluster-Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial in Indonesia] (Diabetes)
* 2017 Apr 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28476343 Immune responses to fungal aeroallergen in Heligmosomoides polygyrus infected-mice vary by age]
* 2017 Apr 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28484453 Helminth Immunomodulation in Autoimmune Disease] -- [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00453/full Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5401880/pdf/fimmu-08-00453.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Apr 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28450853 Micromanagement of Immune System: Role of miRNAs in Helminthic Infections] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390025/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390025/pdf/fmicb-08-00586.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Apr 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28390393 Regulatory monocytes in helminth infections: insights from the modulation during human hookworm infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385058/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385058/pdf/12879_2017_Article_2366.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Apr 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28385494 Schistosome-induced pulmonary B cells inhibit allergic airway inflammation and display a reduced Th2-driving function]
* 2017 Apr 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28204053 Whipping Crohn's With Helminth Therapies? Not Yet]
* 2017 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28031319 Apolipoprotein E4 is associated with improved cognitive function in Amazonian forager-horticulturalists with a high parasite burden] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5349792/ Full text]
* 2017 Mar 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28342137 Skewed Exposure to Environmental Antigens Complements Hygiene Hypothesis in Explaining the Rise of Allergy] -- [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10441-017-9306-7 Full text] | [http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/689/art%253A10.1007%252Fs10441-017-9306-7.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10441-017-9306-7&token2=exp=1490739158~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F689%2Fart%25253A10.1007%25252Fs10441-017-9306-7.pdf%3ForiginUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Farticle%252F10.1007%252Fs10441-017-9306-7*~hmac=9a64ec6d20433c8458c2148266ee7c346fa819eaa97422b8a79fccc79d005885 PDF]
* 2017 Mar 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28342825 Association between parasitic infections and tuberculin skin test results in refugees] (Tuberculosis)
* 2017 Mar 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28340138 A life without worms] -- [https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/trstmh/trx010 Full text]
* 2017 Mar 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28302598 Helminths in the gastrointestinal tract as modulators of immunity and pathology] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5495915/ Full text]
* 2017 Mar 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28295446 A recombinant cystatin from Ascaris lumbricoides attenuates inflammation of DSS-induced colitis]
* 2017 Mar 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28284979 Effect of polymorphisms on TGFB1 on allergic asthma and helminth infection in an African admixed population]
* 2017 Mar 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28271497 Chronic schistosomiasis during pregnancy epigenetically reprograms T cell differentiation in offspring of infected mothers] (Allergy)
* 2017 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28030334 Trichuris suis secrete products that reduce disease severity in a multiple sclerosis model] (TSO)
* 2017 Feb 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148 Parasites, nutrition, immune responses, and biology of metabolic tissues]
* 2017 Feb 23 [[media:Parasites, ghosts and mutualists- a relational geography of microbes for global health.pdf | Parasites, ghosts and mutualists - a relational geography of microbes for global health]] (PDF) -- Jamie Lorimer, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Royal Geographical Society.
* 2017 Feb 21 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28224678 Microbiome, autoimmunity, allergy, and helminth infection: The importance of the pregnancy period]
* 2017 Feb 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28265273 New Data on Human Macrophages Polarization by Hymenolepis diminuta Tapeworm - An In Vitro Study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5316519/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5316519/pdf/fimmu-08-00148.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2017 Feb 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28201853 Antigenic cross-reactivity between Schistosoma mansoni and peanut: a role for cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) and implications for the hygiene hypothesis] (Allergy)
* 2017 Feb 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28192437 Species dependent impact of helminth-derived antigens on human macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Direct effect on the innate anti-mycobacterial response] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005390 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005390&type=printable PDF]
* 2017 Feb 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28191818 Changes in protein expression after treatment with Ancylostoma caninum excretory/secretory products in a mouse model of colitis] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep41883 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep41883 PDF]
* 2017 Feb 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28196762 Enteric helminth-induced type-I interferon signalling protects against pulmonary virus infection through interaction with the microbiota]
* 2017 Feb 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28178298 The impact of prenatal exposure to parasitic infections and to anthelmintic treatment on antibody responses to routine immunisations given in infancy: Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005213 Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5298230/pdf/pntd.0005213.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28094319 Helminth-induced Ly6Chi monocyte-derived alternatively activated macrophages suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep40814 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep40814 PDF]
* 2017 Jan 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28094779 Suppression of colitis by adoptive transfer of helminth antigen-treated dendritic cells requires interleukin-4 receptor-α signaling] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep40631 Full text] | [http://readcube.com/view/10.1038/srep40631 PDF]
* 2017 Jan 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28084120 Inflammatory arthritis and systemic bone loss are attenuated by gastrointestinal helminth parasites]
* 2017 Jan 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994 Regulation of type 2 diabetes by helminth-induced Th2 immune response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/pdf/jvms-77-1855.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28073356 Gut microbiota disturbance during helminth infection: can it affect cognition and behaviour of children?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5225537/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5225537/pdf/12879_2016_Article_2146.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896 Parasite excretory-secretory products and their effects on metabolic syndrome]
* 2017 Jan 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28452686 Helminths and intestinal barrier function] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362995/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362995/pdf/ktib-05-01-1283385.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25919312 Downregulation of immune responses in asthmatic humans by ES products of Marshallagia marshalli]

=== 2016 ===

* 2016 Dec 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28009488 Chronic infections with viruses or parasites: breaking bad to make good]
* 2016 Dec 21 [https://www.nature.com/articles/540S103a Q&A: Joel Weinstock] in Nature
* 2016 Dec 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27977856 Nematodes and human therapeutic trials for inflammatory disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5580940/ Full text]
* 2016 Dec 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27978433 Exploiting Old Pathogens to Create New Therapeutics]
* 2016 Dec 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27929101 Hookworm infection] -- [https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/Hookworm.pdf?token=AWzMLBAlpXkIHpPpw3EdbRqiiT4JSi4ZoDqfcymC1Alc7o-QnI_R551leXxADrssmY6JUD-rmWi1TBK-U-oWnp-fb1Ykc7iXN1_ipiK-ZV-rkifcTolyviSZEt9QY13wjPqx_rtLRXrUUawrv52tyE5l PDF]
* 2016 Dec 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes]
* 2016 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28087937 Myeloid Cell Phenotypes in Susceptibility and Resistance to Helminth Parasite Infections]
* 2016 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30144791 Effect of Helminthic Infection on the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Mechanisms] (IBD)
* 2016 Nov 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079 A parasite-derived 68-mer peptide ameliorates autoimmune disease in murine models of Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep37789 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep37789 PDF]
* 2016 Nov 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27872476 New insights into the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus] -- [https://sci-hub.wf/10.1038/nrrheum.2016.186 Full text]
* 2016 Nov 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27672083 Treatment with Cestode Parasite Antigens Results in Recruitment of CCR2+ Myeloid Cells, the Adoptive Transfer of Which Ameliorates Colitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5116724/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5116724/pdf/zii3471.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2016 Nov 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27956844 Helminth infection during pregnancy: insights from evolutionary ecology]
* 2016 Nov 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27861815 Intestinal helminth infection induces highly functional resident memory CD4+ T cells in mice]
* 2016 Nov 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]
* 2016 Nov 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27827438 Changes in duodenal tissue-associated microbiota following hookworm infection and consecutive gluten challenges in humans with coeliac disease] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep36797 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep36797 PDF]
* 2016 Nov 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27905107 Co-operative suppression of inflammatory responses in human dendritic cells by plant proanthocyanidins and products from the parasitic nematode Trichuris suis] (TSO)
* 2016 Nov 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27806992 The whipworm (Trichuris suis) secretes prostaglandin E2 to suppress proinflammatory properties in human dendritic cells] (TSO)
* 2016 Nov 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27802332 Anti-Arthritic Activity of Schistosoma mansoni and Trichinella spiralis Derived-Antigens in Adjuvant Arthritis in Rats: Role of FOXP3+ Treg Cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089557/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089557/pdf/pone.0165916.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27548652 Aberrant immune response with consequent vascular and connective tissue remodeling - causal to scleroderma and associated syndromes such as Raynaud phenomenon and other fibrosing syndromes?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5114306/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5114306/pdf/nihms821879.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Oct 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27983971 Immune-protective effect of echinococcosis on colitis experimental model is dependent of down regulation of TNF-α and NO production]
* 2016 Oct 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27797959 Hookworm recombinant protein promotes regulatory T cell responses that suppress experimental asthma]
* 2016 Oct 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27791067 Community deworming alleviates geohelminth-induced immune hyporesponsiveness]
* 2016 Oct 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27743501 Mucosal and systemic immune modulation by Trichuris trichiura in a self-infected individual] -- [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/6/6a/Mucosal_and_systemic_immune_modulation_by_Trichuris_trichiura_in_a_self-infected_individual.pdf PDF] (TTO)
* 2016 Oct 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863931 The Multibiome: The Intestinal Ecosystem's Influence on Immune Homeostasis, Health, and Disease] -- [http://www.ebiomedicine.com/article/S2352-3964(16)30462-5/fulltext Full text] | [http://www.ebiomedicine.com/article/S2352-3964(16)30462-5/pdf PDF]
* 2016 Oct 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27707789 A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Trichuris suis ova in Active Crohn's disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5881737/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5881737/pdf/jjw184.pdf PDF] This trial employed a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
* 2016 Oct-Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28127363 Anti-inflammatory Potentials of Excretory/Secretory (ES) and Somatic Products of Marshallagia marshalli on Allergic Airway Inflammation in BALB/c Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5251180/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5251180/pdf/IJPA-11-515.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Sept 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5101910/ Full text] | [http://emph.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/09/24/emph.eow028.full.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Sept 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27587063 Dendritic cells and parasites: from recognition and activation to immune response instruction]
* 2016 Aug 29 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27573628 Human Helminths and Allergic Disease: The Hygiene Hypothesis and Beyond]
* 2016 Aug 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27575495 Helminth Regulation of Immunity: A Three-pronged Approach to Treat Colitis] -- [https://tanawisa.com/publications/Helminth_Regulation_of_Immunity.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2016 Aug 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] -- [http://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Full text] [http://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/pdf PDF] (Diabetes)
* 2016 Aug 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27560829 The Helminth-Derived Immunomodulator AvCystatin Reduces Virus Enhanced Inflammation by Induction of Regulatory IL-10+ T Cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4999285/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4999285/pdf/pone.0161885.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Aug 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27559049 Downregulation of the Syk Signaling Pathway in Intestinal Dendritic Cells Is Sufficient To Induce Dendritic Cells That Inhibit Colitis]
* 2016 Aug 20 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668 Filarial Infection or Antigen Administration Improves Glucose Tolerance in Diet-Induced Obese Mice]
* 2016 Aug 12 [https://www.dovepress.com/experimental-human-hookworm-infection-therapeutic-potential-peer-reviewed-article-RIP Experimental human hookworm infection: therapeutic potential] -- [https://www.dovepress.com/experimental-human-hookworm-infection-therapeutic-potential-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RIP?utm_content=bufferc5704&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer Full text] | [https://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=31876 PDF](download)
* 2016 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27563682 3 Effects of Invariant NKT Cells on Parasite Infections and Hygiene Hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4987483/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4987483/pdf/JIR2016-2395645.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27116368 Macrobiota - helminths as active participants and partners of the microbiota in host intestinal homeostasis]
* 2016 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27480900 Role in Allergic Diseases of Immunological Cross-Reactivity between Allergens and Homologues of Parasite Proteins]
* 2016 Jul 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27476889 Regulation of the host immune system by helminth parasites] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010150/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010150/pdf/main.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27215921 Opening (and Swallowing) A Can of Worms to Treat My Crohn's Disease]
* 2016 Jun 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27348757 Molecular events by which dendritic cells promote Th2 immune protection in helminth infection]
* 2016 Jun 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27424065 Intestinal parasites infection: protective effect in rheumatoid arthritis?] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2255502116300426 Full text] | [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2255502116300426/pdfft?md5=4749d7bd9eac36329b3f1e5412ef2a28&pid=1-s2.0-S2255502116300426-main.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jun 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27344656 How the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta affects zinc and cadmium accumulation in a host fed a hyperaccumulating plant (Arabidopsis halleri)] (HDC)
* 2016 Jun 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26908751 Maternal Helminth Infection Is Associated With Higher Infant Immunoglobulin A Titers to Antigen in Orally Administered Vaccines]
* 2016 Jun 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27297236 Intimate gut interactions: helminths and the microbiota]
* 2016 Jun 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27297184 Host parasite communications-Messages from helminths for the immune system]
* 2016 Jun 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27278123 Experimental arthritis: Helminth infection ameliorates arthritis] (No abstract)
* 2016 Jun 8 [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-06-mice-infected-parasite-symptoms-rheumatoid.html Mice infected with a parasite show reduced symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis] -- Bob Yirka, Medical Xpress
* 2016 Jun 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27273006 Th2 and eosinophil responses suppress inflammatory arthritis] -- [http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160607/ncomms11596/full/ncomms11596.html Full text] | [http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160607/ncomms11596/pdf/ncomms11596.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jun 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27183598 Myeloid-Restricted AMPKα1 Promotes Host Immunity and Protects against IL-12/23p40-Dependent Lung Injury during Hookworm Infection]
* 2016 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27403907 Hygienic hypothesis in immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease] (IBD)
* ✅ ⚡ 2016 May 31 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27240605 Practices and outcomes of self-treatment with helminths based on physicians' observations] -- [[media:Practices_and_outcomes_of_self-treatment_with_helminths_based_on_physicians_observations.pdf | PDF]]. The first study to probe, through the eyes of their physicians, the practices and experiences of those who are self-treating with helminths.
* 2016 May 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27234811 Helminths and Intestinal Flora Team Up to Improve Gut Health]
* 2016 May 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27194189 The relationship between helminth infections and low haemoglobin levels in Ethiopian children with blood type A]
* 2016 May 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27160906 Lymphotoxin-Dependent B Cell-FRC Crosstalk Promotes De Novo Follicle Formation and Antibody Production following Intestinal Helminth Infection] -- [http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(16)30436-3 Full text] | [http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdf/S2211-1247(16)30436-3.pdf PDF]
* 2016 May 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27172808 Parasitic helminth infections and the control of human allergic and autoimmune disorders]
* 2016 May 5 [http://actu.epfl.ch/news/intestinal-worms-boost-immune-system-in-a-surprisi/ Intestinal worms boost immune system in a surprising way] -- Nik Papageorgiou, Mediacom
* 2016 May 1 [[media:Gut Buddies - Multispecies Studies and the Microbiome.pdf | Gut Buddies - Multispecies Studies and the Microbiome’]] (PDF) -- Jamie Lorimer, Duke University Press
* 2016 Apr 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27120222 Interaction between Helminths and Toll-Like Receptors: Possibilities and Potentials for Asthma Therapy]
* 2016 Apr 23 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27116368 Macrobiota - helminths as active participants and partners of the microbiota in host intestinal homeostasis]
* 2016 Apr 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27101372 Diplomatic Assistance: Can Helminth-Modulated Macrophages Act as Treatment for Inflammatory Disease?] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005480 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/asset?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005480.PDF PDF]
* 2016 Apr 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27095802 Treatment with Trichuris suis soluble products during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation reduces inflammatory responses through epigenetic remodeling] (TSO)
* 2016 Apr 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27080105 Helminth infection promotes colonization resistance via type 2 immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4905769/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4905769/pdf/nihms790698.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Apr 14 [http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/04/parasitic-worms-may-prevent-crohn-s-disease-altering-bacterial-balance Parasitic worms may prevent Crohn’s disease by altering bacterial balance] -- Mitch Leslie, Science. (Also reported by Science Daily. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160414145513.htm])
* 2016 Apr 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27058578 Comprehensive Transcriptome Meta-analysis to Characterize Host Immune Responses in Helminth Infections] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004624 Full text]
* 2016 Apr 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27062712 Cellular gene expression induced by parasite antigens and allergens in neonates from parasite-infected mothers]
* 2016 Mar 29 [https://ucrtoday.ucr.edu/36044 To Keep or Not to Keep a Hookworm] -- Iqbal Pittalwala, UCR Today
* 2016 Mar 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26965184 Immune-regulatory mechanisms of classical and experimental multiple sclerosis drugs: a special focus on helminth-derived treatments]
* 2016 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26947981 Microbes and asthma: Opportunities for intervention]
* 2016 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27228627 Are Helminths to be Trusted as Allies in the War against Autoimmunity and Chronic Inflammation?] -- [http://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/193/96901.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26174763 The schistosome glutathione S-transferase P28GST, a unique helminth protein, prevents intestinal inflammation in experimental colitis through a Th2-type response with mucosal eosinophils] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4801903/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4801903/pdf/mi201562a.pdf PDF]
* 2016 (Mar?) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28008805 Eosinophils in Homeostasis and Their Contrasting Roles during Inflammation and Helminth Infections]
* 2016 Feb 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26852392 Malaria, helminths, co-infection and anaemia in a cohort of children from Mutengene, south western Cameroon] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744422/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744422/pdf/12936_2016_Article_1111.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan 21 [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10601333.2016.1210159 Policy and regulations in light of the human body as a ‘superorganism’ containing multiple, intertwined symbiotic relationships] | [[media:Policy and regulations in light of the human body as a ‘superorganism’ containing multiple, intertwined symbiotic relationships.pdf | PDF]]
* 2016 Jan 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26816384 Transkingdom control of viral infection and immunity in the mammalian intestine] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4751997/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4751997/pdf/nihms757312.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26763929 The parasitic worm-derived immunomodulator, ES-62 and its drug-like small molecule analogues exhibit therapeutic potential in a model of chronic asthma] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725896/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725896/pdf/srep19224.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan 11 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26752538 The Role of Helminth Infection and Environment in the Development of Allergy: A Prospective Study of Newly-Arrived Ethiopian Immigrants in Israel] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004208 Full text]
* 2016 Jan 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26728323 Therapeutic potential of recombinant cystatin from Schistosoma japonicum in TNBS-induced experimental colitis of mice] - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700642/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700642/pdf/13071_2015_Article_1288.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26345715 Interactions between the intestinal microbiome and helminth parasites] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019230/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019230/pdf/PIM-38-5.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26577605 Mast cells: new therapeutic target in helminth immune modulation] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12295/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12295/epdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26650734 Sweet secrets of a therapeutic worm: mass-spectrometric N-glycomic analysis of Trichuris suis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712359/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712359/pdf/emss-66410.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2016 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27592717 Enteric Ecosystem Disruption in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can the Microbiota and Macrobiota be Restored?]
* 2016 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27088850 A Helminth Protease Inhibitor Modulates the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Proinflammatory Phenotype of Microglia in vitro]

=== 2015 ===
* 2015 Dec 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26673140 Helminth Products Protect against Autoimmunity via Innate Type 2 Cytokines IL-5 and IL-33, Which Promote Eosinophilia]
* 2015 Dec 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26644379 Low-Dose Intestinal Trichuris muris Infection Alters the Lung Immune Microenvironment and Can Suppress Allergic Airway Inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730564/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730564/pdf/zii491.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26571397 Helminth-induced arginase-1 exacerbates lung inflammation and disease severity in tuberculosis]
* 2015 Nov 17 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26588776 Worming Their Way into the Picture: Microbiota Help Helminths Modulate Host Immunity]
* 2015 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26477048 Cohabitation in the Intestine: Interactions among Helminth Parasites, Bacterial Microbiota, and Host Immunity]
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26604162 Can Helminth Infection Reverse Microbial Dysbiosis?]
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26085597 Drug-like analogues of the parasitic worm-derived immunomodulator ES-62 are therapeutic in the MRL/Lpr model of systemic lupus erythematosus] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4616909/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4616909/pdf/10.1177_0961203315591031.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25698173 Trichuris suis ova therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis is safe but without signals of beneficial effect] This study used a treatment period of only 12 weeks, which is inadequate when assessing the efficacy of helminths, and it also used a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26586763 Helminth infection, fecundity, and age of first pregnancy in women] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5953513/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5953513/pdf/nihms961168.pdf PDF] (Also see [[Helminthic therapy and fertility | '''Helminthic therapy and fertility''']].)
* 2015 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26332354 Adoptive transfer of helminth antigen-pulsed dendritic cells protects against the development of experimental colitis in mice] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eji.201545579 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eji.201545579 PDF] (HDC)
* 2015 Oct 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26522986 The Intestinal Microbiota Contributes to the Ability of Helminths to Modulate Allergic Inflammation] -- [http://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(15)00397-0 Full text] | [http://www.cell.com/immunity/pdf/S1074-7613(15)00397-0.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Oct 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25326880 Do We Need Worms to Promote Immune Health?]
* 2015 Sept 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26381211 Experimental hookworm infection and escalating gluten challenges are associated with increased microbial richness in celiac subjects] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4585380/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4585380/pdf/srep13797.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Sep 17 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26377648 Type 2 immunity-dependent reduction of segmented filamentous bacteria in mice infected with the helminthic parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574229/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574229/pdf/40168_2015_Article_103.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Sept 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26345715 The interaction of commensal intestinal bacteria with helminth parasites]
* 2015 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26093162 Effect of different helminth extracts on the development of asthma in mice: The influence of early-life exposure and the role of IL-10 response]
* 2015 Aug 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26150661 Interactions between multiple helminths and the gut microbiota in wild rodents] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4528493/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4528493/pdf/rstb20140295.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Aug 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26270819 Are Human Intestinal Eukaryotes Beneficial or Commensals?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4536199/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4536199/pdf/ppat.1005039.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Aug 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26248316 Asymptomatic Helminth Infection in Active Tuberculosis Is Associated with Increased Regulatory and Th-2 Responses and a Lower Sputum Smear Positivity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4527760/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4527760/pdf/pntd.0003994.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Aug 5 [http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2015/08/tapeworms-may-be-good-your-brain Tapeworms may be good for your brain] Hanae Armitage, Science
* 2015 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26672222 The Role of Adoptive Transfer of Immune Cells in Helminth- induced Regulation of Allergy and Autoimmune Diseases]
* 2015 Jul 27 The hygiene hypothesis: current perspectives and future therapies -- [https://www.dovepress.com/the-hygiene-hypothesis-current-perspectives-and-future-therapies-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-ITT Full text] has a PDF download link.
* 2015 Jul 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26205402 Trichuris suis induces human non-classical patrolling monocytes via the mannose receptor and PKC: implications for multiple sclerosis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4513676/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4513676/pdf/40478_2015_Article_223.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2015 Jul 20 [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150720145207.htm Gut worms protect babies' brains from inflammation] Science Daily
* 2015 Jul 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26188364 Enteric nematodes and the path to up-regulation of type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13] (Includes mention of increased cell turnover to maintain an effective gut barrier in the presence of helminths.)
* 2015 Jul 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26162711 Got Worms? Perinatal Exposure to Helminths Prevents Persistent Immune Sensitization and Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Early-Life Infection]
* 2015 Jul 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26148848 Epigenetic Modulation of Microglial Inflammatory Gene Loci in Helminth-Induced Immune Suppression: Implications for Immune Regulation in Neurocysticercosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4552224/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4552224/pdf/10.1177_1759091415592126.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jul 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26150662 Suppression of inflammation by helminths: a role for the gut microbiota?] -- [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1675/20140296 Full text] | [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/370/1675/20140296.full.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jul 3 [http://evmedreview.com/?p=2767%23_ENREF_4 Progress on reconstituting the depleted biome to prevent immune disorders] Parker and Morey, The Evolution and Medicine Review
* 2015 Jul 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26207885 Helminth therapy for organic diseases?]
* 2015 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26380461 Of worms and men - administration of helminth products as an innovative approach to treatment of autoimmune diseases]
* 2015 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26393130 Significance of Diagnosing Parasitic Infestation in Evaluation of Unexplained Eosinophilia] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572961/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572961/pdf/jcdr-9-DC22.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044 Chronic helminth infection and helminth-derived egg antigens promote adipose tissue M2 macrophages and improve insulin sensitivity in obese mice]
* 2015 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087 The potential long-term effect of previous schistosome infection reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome among Chinese men]
* 2015 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26145982 The allergy epidemics: 1870-2010] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617537/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617537/pdf/nihms697397.pdf PDF] This historical analysis of the allergy epidemic highlights the role of helminth control as one of the explanations for the trends from 1870 to 2010.
* 2015 Jun 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26139475 Atopy and Asthma in Migrants: The Function of Parasites]
* 2015 Jun 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes]
* 2015 Jun 22 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26098783 Prevention of Type 1 diabetes through parasite infection]
* 2015 Jun 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042 Infection with Soil-Transmitted Helminths Is Associated with Increased Insulin Sensitivity] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0127746 Full text] | [http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127746&representation=PDF PDF]
* 2015 Jun 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26142923 The gut microbiome in the helminth infected host]
* 2015 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25600983 Clinical trials of helminth therapy in autoimmune diseases: rationale and findings]
* 2015 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25975491 Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with a synthetic analogue of a parasitic worm product prevents experimental arthritis and inhibits IL-1β production via NRF2-mediated counter-regulation of the inflammasome] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459730/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459730/pdf/main.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25854639 Identifying the immunomodulatory components of helminths]
* 2015 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25869420 Helminths and the microbiota: parts of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428757/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428757/pdf/nihms684423.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26057788 The structure of hookworm platelet inhibitor (HPI), a CAP superfamily member from Ancylostoma caninum] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4461323/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4461323/pdf/f-71-00643.pdf PDF]
* 2015 May 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25996526 Trichuris suis soluble products induce Rab7b expression and limit TLR4 responses in human dendritic cells] (TSO)
* 2015 May 20 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25989836 Immune responses in children infected with the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis in central Greece]
* 2015 May 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556 A worm of one's own: how helminths modulate host adipose tissue function and metabolism] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4567404/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4567404/pdf/nihms684209.pdf PDF]
* 2015 May 11 [https://www.facebook.com/tanawisa/posts/746878402097165 Comments on TSO for Autism from a European Biomedical Center for Autism Research]
* 2015 May 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25403350 Not all parasites are protective] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12160/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12160/epdf PDF]
* 2015 May 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25956237 Approaches to studying and manipulating the enteric microbiome to improve autism symptoms] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425814/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425814/pdf/MEHD-26-26878.pdf PDF]
* 2015 May 5 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25942385 Alteration of the rat cecal microbiome during colonization with the helminth Hymenolepis dimunita] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/pdf/kgmi-06-03-1047128.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2015 May 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25938477 Chronic Trichuris muris Infection in C57BL/6 Mice Causes Significant Changes in Host Microbiota and Metabolome: Effects Reversed by Pathogen Clearance] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418675/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418675/pdf/pone.0125945.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 28 [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v11/n6/full/nrendo.2015.68.html Helminths improve insulin sensitivity and enhance M2 macrophage numbers in WAT of obese mice] (No abstract)
* 2015 Apr 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25941654 Type 1 diabetes pathogenesis - Prevention???] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4413393/ Full text]
* ✅⚡2015 Apr 18 [[media:Overcoming_Evolutionary_Mismatch_by_Self-Treatment_with_Helminths.pdf | Overcoming Evolutionary Mismatch by Self-Treatment with Helminths: Current Practices and Experience]] (PDF) This was the first study to probe the methods and outcomes reported by individuals self-treating with helminths.
* 2015 Apr 17 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26040054 Helminths and autoimmunity: the good, the bad and the ugly] -- [https://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/142/71371.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25879741 Unraveling the Hygiene Hypothesis of helminthes and autoimmunity: origins, pathophysiology, and clinical applications] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4396177/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4396177/pdf/12916_2015_Article_306.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25869420 Helminths and the microbiota: parts of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Png_Loke/publication/274965905_Helminths_and_the_microbiota_parts_of_the_hygiene_hypothesis/links/55898a6308ae9076016f9ad9.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25853852 Increased Biodiversity in the Environment Improves the Humoral Response of Rats] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4390306/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4390306/pdf/pone.0120255.pdf PDF] (Also reported by Science Daily. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150408145242.htm])
* 2015 Apr 6 The Hygiene Hypothesis - Redefine, Rename, or Just Clean It Up? -- [http://www.paediatrix.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/The-Hygiene-Hypothesis-Redefine-Rename-or-Just-Clean-It-Up.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25665856/ Biome depletion in conjunction with evolutionary mismatches could play a role in the etiology of neurofibromatosis 1]
* 2015 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25546822 The parasitic worm product ES-62 targets myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent effector mechanisms to suppress antinuclear antibody production and proteinuria in MRL/lpr mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409857/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409857/pdf/art0067-1023.pdf PDF] (A worm-derived immunomodulator protects against kidney damage in lupus/SLE)
* 2015 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25712154 Exosome-transported microRNAs of helminth origin: new tools for allergic and autoimmune diseases therapy?]
* 2015 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25801883 From the worm to the pill, the parasitic worm product ES-62 raises new horizons in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://lup.sagepub.com/content/24/4-5/400.full Full text] | [http://lup.sagepub.com/content/24/4-5/400.full.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25683374 Potential long-term effects of previous schistosome infection may reduce the atherogenic index of plasma in Chinese men]
* 2015 Mar 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25884706 Human helminth therapy to treat inflammatory disorders - where do we stand?] -- [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/16/12 Full text] | [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/s12865-015-0074-3.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Mar 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25806513 Immune Antibodies and Helminth Products Drive CXCR2-Dependent Macrophage-Myofibroblast Crosstalk to Promote Intestinal Repair] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373753/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373753/pdf/ppat.1004778.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25624401 Epidemiological study of the association between malaria and helminth infections in Nigeria] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350553/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350553/pdf/tropmed-92-578.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764 Does Strongyloides stercoralis infection protect against type 2 diabetes in humans? Evidence from Australian Aboriginal adults]
* 2015 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25666929 The immunomodulatory parasitic worm product ES-62 reduces lupus-associated accelerated atherosclerosis in a mouse model] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4355381/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4355381/pdf/nihms662074.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Spring. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25926937 The relationship between intestinal parasites and some immune-mediated intestinal conditions] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4403024/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4403024/pdf/GHFBB-8-123.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26312872 A role for helminth parasites in achieving immunological tolerance in transplantation]
* 2015 Feb 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25888525 Helminth infections and type 2 diabetes: a cluster-randomized placebo controlled SUGARSPIN trial in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4389675/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4389675/pdf/12879_2015_Article_873.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067 A novel regulatory macrophage induced by a helminth molecule protects against mucosal inflammation and mitigates allergic airway inflammation and colitis in mice]
* 2015 Feb 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067 A novel regulatory macrophage induced by a helminth molecule instructs IL-10 in CD4+ T cells and protects against mucosal inflammation] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/4/1555.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/4/1555.full.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25527786 Intestinal helminths regulate lethal acute graft-versus-host disease and preserve the graft-versustumor effect in mice] (Helminths improve the outcome of bone marrow transplantation in mice)
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25547076 Helminthes and insects: maladies or therapies]
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25248819 Experimental hookworm infection and gluten microchallenge promote tolerance in celiac disease] -- [http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)01010-0/fulltext Full text] | [http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)01010-0/pdf PDF] (Also reported by EurekAlert [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-09/jcu-aws092414.php] and ABC Austrailia. [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-25/hookworms-coeliac-disease-research/5768732])
* 2015 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25174866 Worms as therapeutic agents for allergy and asthma: understanding why benefits in animal studies have not translated into clinical success] -- [https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2814%2900960-9/fulltext Full text] | [https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)00960-9/pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25459578 Potential Treatments for Food Allergy]
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449677 The mechanisms behind helminth's immunomodulation in autoimmunity]
* 2015 Jan 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25634608 A model for the induction of autism in the ecosystem of the human body: the anatomy of a modern pandemic?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310853/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310853/pdf/MEHD-26-26253.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jan 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25611587 Chronic filarial infection provides protection against bacterial sepsis by functionally reprogramming macrophages] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303312/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303312/pdf/ppat.1004616.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jan 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25452561 Splenic B cells from Hymenolepis diminuta-infected mice ameliorate colitis independent of T cells and via cooperation with macrophages] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/1/364.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/jimmunol/194/1/364.full.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2015 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25437821 Treatment with egg antigens of Schistosoma mansoni ameliorates experimental colitis in mice through a colonic T-cell-dependent mechanism]
* 2015 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26046559 Multiple sclerosis and environmental factors: the role of vitamin D, parasites, and Epstein-Barr virus infection]
* 2015 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25942385 Alteration of the rat cecal microbiome during colonization with the helminth Hymenolepis diminuta] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/pdf/kgmi-06-03-1047128.pdf PDF] (HDC)

=== 2014 ===
* 2014 Dec 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25472634 Helminth Therapy for MS] (multiple sclerosis)
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24975567 Reduced asthma morbidity in endemic areas for helminth infections: a longitudinal ecological study in Brazil]
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25441298 In utero priming by worms protects against respiratory allergies]
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25554978 The emerging role of helminths in treatment of the inflammatory bowel disorders] -- [http://www.jpp.krakow.pl/journal/archive/12_14/pdf/741_12_14_article.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744 Maternal immune response to helminth infection during pregnancy determines offspring susceptibility to allergic airway inflammation]
* 2014 Winter [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25436093 Potential treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a review of helminths therapy] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017549/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017549/pdf/GHFBB-7-009.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Nov 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25375117 Coincident helminth infection modulates systemic inflammation and immune activation in active pulmonary tuberculosis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/pdf/pntd.0003289.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24795483 Impact of experimental hookworm infection on the human gut microbiota] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195438/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195438/pdf/jiu256.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25069662?dopt=Abstract Therapeutic potential of larval excretory/secretory proteins of the pig whipworm Trichuris suis in allergic disease] (TSO)
* 2014 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24981042 Helminth therapy or elimination: epidemiological, immunological, and clinical considerations]
* 2014 Oct 20 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202775/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202775/pdf/fimmu-05-00499.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Oct 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24782451 Suppression of basophil histamine release and other IgE-dependent responses in childhood Schistosoma mansoni/hookworm coinfection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176447/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176447/pdf/jiu234.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Oct 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25240019 Helminth infections decrease host susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244645/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244645/pdf/nihms616872.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Oct Treating Inflammatory Bowel disease: from Helminths to ova -- [http://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/95/47594.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25281198 Allergy and worms: let's bring back old friends]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24901211 The microbiota and helminths: sharing the same niche in the human host]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25201407 Mucosal immune responses following intestinal nematode infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312905/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312905/pdf/pim0036-0439.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24891519 Kv1.3 channel-blocking immunomodulatory peptides from parasitic worms: implications for autoimmune diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4139903/ Full text] | [http://www.fasebj.org/content/28/9/3952.full.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24496315 Blockade of IL-33 release and suppression of type 2 innate lymphoid cell responses by helminth secreted products in airway allergy] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4016792/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4016792/pdf/mi2013123a.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Aug 28 Parasitic infection and immunomodulation: A possible explanation for the hygiene hypothesis in autoimmune and allergic disease -- [http://www.slideshare.net/Apollo_Hospitals/final-8-38449965 Full text]
* 2014 Aug 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25161287 The "hygiene hypothesis" for allergic disease is a misnomer] (No abstract)
* 2014 Aug 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25210492 Extraintestinal helminth infection reduces the development of colitis-associated tumorigenesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159685/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159685/pdf/ijbsv10p0948.pdf PDF] (IBD) (Cancer)
* 2014 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25171741 Maternal hookworm modifies risk factors for childhood eczema: results from a birth cohort in Uganda] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312885/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312885/pdf/pai0025-0481.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24471654 Pregnancy and helminth infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260141/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260141/pdf/pim0036-0328.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25033775 (Self-) infections with parasites: re-interpretations for the present] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263892316_Self-_infections_with_parasites_Re-interpretations_for_the_present Full text]
* 2014 Jul 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24992724 Helminth infections, type-2 immune response, and metabolic syndrome] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/pdf/ppat.1004140.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24666108 Lessons from helminth infections: ES-62 highlights new interventional approaches in rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089150/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089150/pdf/cei0177-0013.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736234 Systemic impact of intestinal helminth infections] -- [http://www.nature.com/mi/journal/v7/n4/pdf/mi201423a.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24749722 Helminths in the hygiene hypothesis: sooner or later?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089153/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089153/pdf/cei0177-0038.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24401109 Microbial 'old friends', immunoregulation and socioeconomic status] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089149/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089149/pdf/cei0177-0001.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24704440 Secretory products of helminth parasites as immunomodulators]
* 2014 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24497523 ES-62 protects against collagen-induced arthritis by resetting interleukin-22 toward resolution of inflammation in the joints] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737104/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737104/pdf/ART-66-1492.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24744099 Helminth/Parasite treatment of multiple sclerosis]
* 2014 May 22 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24851867 Helminth colonization is associated with increased diversity of the gut microbiota] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031128/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031128/pdf/pntd.0002880.pdf PDF]
* 2014 May 8 [http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=geography_etds The human–hookworm assemblage: contingency and the practice of helminthic therapy] Sophia Ann Strosberg, PhD thesis
* 2014 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24712468 Induction of regulatory cells by helminth parasites: exploitation for the treatment of inflammatory diseases]
* 2014 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24325393 Parasitic worms and allergies in childhood: insights from population studies 2008-2013]
* 2014 Apr 29 [http://www.neurology.org/content/82/10_Supplement/P3.149 Clinical Trial of Helminth-induced Immunomodulatory Therapy (HINT 2) in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (P3.149)] (TSO)
* 2014 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24441737 Genome of the human hookworm Necator americanus] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978129/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978129/pdf/nihms-551116.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2014 Mar [http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=43790 Intestinal Helminthic Infection Increases Serum Levels of IL-2 and Decreases Serum TGF-Beta Levels in Nigerian Asthmatic Patients] -- [http://file.scirp.org/Html/1-1410098_43790.htm Full text] | [http://file.scirp.org/pdf/OJI_2014031415322712.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Feb 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24592267 Helminth Allergens, Parasite-Specific IgE, and Its Protective Role in Human Immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924148/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924148/pdf/fimmu-05-00061.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24355423 A multimodal Darwinian strategy for alleviating the atherosclerosis pandemic]
* 2014 Jan 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007 Secreted proteins from the helminth Fasciola hepatica inhibit the initiation of autoreactive T cell responses and prevent diabetes in the NOD mouse] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897667/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897667/pdf/pone.0086289.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jan 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24442917 Helminth therapy (worms) for induction of remission in inflammatory bowel disease] -- [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009400.pub2/full Full text] | [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009400.pub2/epdf/full PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24043262 Reprogramming macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype by helminth antigens reduces murine atherosclerosis] -- [http://www.fasebj.org/content/28/1/288.long Full text] | [http://www.fasebj.org/content/28/1/288.full.pdf PDF]
* 2014 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24997041 Microbiota, immunoregulatory old friends and psychiatric disorders]
* 2014 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25654942 Of poops and parasites: unethical FDA overregulation]

=== 2013 ===
* 2013 Dec 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24351232 Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) in multiple sclerosis patients with Trichuris suis ova therapy] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3866952/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3866952/pdf/parasite-20-55.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2013 Dec 12 [http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2013/12/12/596603/10061345/en/Coronado-Biosciences-Announces-Presentation-of-Interim-Data-From-Autism-Study-at-Neuropsychopharmacology-Meeting.html Presentation of Interim Data From Autism Study at Neuropsychopharmacology Meeting]
* 2013 Nov 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24154724 Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: an ecosystem service essential to health] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3831972/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3831972/pdf/pnas.201313731.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929557 Helminths and their implication in sepsis - a new branch of their immunomodulatory behaviour?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4285315/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4285315/pdf/fim0069-0127.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Oct 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23975865 Parasite infections in multiple sclerosis modulate immune responses through a retinoic acid-dependent pathway] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/191/7/3827.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/191/7/3827.full.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23325330 The hygiene theory harnessing helminths and their ova to treat autoimmunity]
* 2013 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23968688 Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection reduces severity of type 1 diabetes induced by multiple low-dose streptozotocin in mice via STAT6- and IL-10-independent mechanisms]
* 2013 Sept [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23792298 Chronic Opisthorchis felineus infection attenuates atherosclerosis – an autopsy study]
* 2013 Aug 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691 Effect of nematode Trichinella infection on glucose tolerance and status of macrophage in obese mice] -- [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/endocrj/60/11/60_EJ13-0312/_pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug 29 [http://www.news.ucsb.edu/2013/013611/dueling-infections-one-keeps-other-bay-say-ucsb-anthropologists Dueling Infections: One Keeps the Other at Bay, Say UCSB Anthropologists] Andrea Estrada, The Current, University of California, Santa Barbara
* 2013 Aug 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23986108 Antagonism between two intestinal parasites in humans: the importance of co-infection for infection risk and recovery dynamics] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768312/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768312/pdf/rspb20131671.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug 20 Parasitic Helminths: A Useful Resource for Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disease Therapy -- [http://www.omicsonline.org/parasitic-helminths-a-useful-resource-for-inflammatory-and-autoimmune-disease-therapy-1948-593X.1000084.php?aid=16479 Full text] | [http://www.omicsonline.org/parasitic-helminths-a-useful-resource-for-inflammatory-and-autoimmune-disease-therapy-1948-593X.1000084.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23967364 Schistosoma mansoni-mediated suppression of allergic airway inflammation requires patency and Foxp3+ Treg cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744427/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744427/pdf/pntd.0002379.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23730956 Randomised clinical trial: the safety and tolerability of Trichuris suis ova in patients with Crohn's disease] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apt.12366/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apt.12366/epdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2013 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23827958 Type 2 immunity and wound healing: evolutionary refinement of adaptive immunity by helminths] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789590/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789590/pdf/nihms516840.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23597946 Possible use of Trichuris suis ova in autism spectrum disorders therapy] (TSO)
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23273955 Coassociations between IL10 polymorphisms, IL-10 production, helminth infection, and asthma/ wheeze in an urban tropical population in Brazil]
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23545299 Hookworm excretory/secretory products induce interleukin-4 (IL-4)+ IL-10+ CD4+ T cell responses and suppress pathology in a mouse model of colitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676036/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676036/pdf/zii2104.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143 Parasitic nematode-induced modulation of body weight and associated metabolic dysfunction in mouse models of obesity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676010/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676010/pdf/zii1905.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523576 Previous contact with Strongyloides venezuelensis contributed to prevent insulitis in MLD-STZ diabetes] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014489413000775 Full text] (includes a PDF download link)
* 2013 April 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23782752 Trichuris suis ova in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome (TRIOMS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680966/ Full text] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680966/pdf/1745-6215-14-112.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2013 Apr 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23566643 The development of TH2 responses from infancy to 4 years of age and atopic sensitization in areas endemic for helminth infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3635885/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3635885/pdf/1710-1492-9-13.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23220043/ Trichuris suis-induced modulation of human dendritic cell function is glycan-mediated] -- [https://tanawisa.com/downloads/Trichuris_suis-induced_modulation_of_human_dendritic_cell_function_is_glycan-mediated.pdf Full text]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178750 A role for IL-22 in the relationship between intestinal helminths, gut microbiota and mucosal immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955947/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955947/pdf/nihms423088.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291460 Changed gluten immunity in celiac disease by Necator americanus provides new insights into autoimmunity] (NA)
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291461 The helminth product, ES-62, protects against airway inflammation by resetting the Th cell phenotype] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584281/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584281/pdf/main.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23174104 A nematode immunomodulator suppresses grass pollen-specific allergic responses by controlling excessive Th2 inflammation]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23298637 Helminth therapy and multiple sclerosis] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751912003153 Full text]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23380935 Childhood helminth exposure is protective against inflammatory bowel disease: a case control study in South Africa] (IBD)
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101 Prevention of type 1 diabetes through infection with an intestinal nematode parasite requires IL-10 in the absence of a Th2-type response]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D)]
* 2013 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23291462/ Prerequisites for the pharmaceutical industry to develop and commercialise helminths and helminth-derived product therapy]
* 2013 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23178819/ Translatability of helminth therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683647/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683647/pdf/nihms423391.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524 Association of previous schistosome infection with diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in rural China]
* 2013 Jan-Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23406942 Evolutionary immune response to conserved domains in parasites and aeroallergens]
* ✅ 2013 Jan 10 [[media:Patients_self-treat_with_parasitic_worms_-_Flowers_et_al.pdf | Patients self-treat with parasitic worms.]] In this letter to the journal, Nature, two researchers called on the scientific community to adopt a different approach to helminth therapeutics that would recognise and utilise the insights and evidence being gained by patients self-treating with helminths.
* 2013 Jan 8 [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130108112451.htm Parasitic worms may help treat diseases associated with obesity Science Daily]
* 2013 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23302848 Autoimmune disease: Patients self-treat with parasitic worms] (Comment on [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23135449 Autoimmunity: The worm returns].)
* 2013 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481186 Microbial 'Old Friends', immunoregulation and stress resilience] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868387/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868387/pdf/eot004.pdf PDF]
* ⚡ 2013 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481190 Evolutionary biology and anthropology suggest biome reconstitution as a necessary approach toward dealing with immune disorders] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868394/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868394/pdf/eot008.pdf PDF] This paper explains how the modern pandemics of autoimmune, inflammatory and allergic disease are due to the loss of species, especially helminths, from the human ecosystem.
* 2013 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23278885 Protection against allergic airway inflammation during the chronic and acute phases of Trichinella spiralis infection]
* 2013 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23365679 Relationship between carotid intima media thickness and helminth infections on Flores Island, Indonesia] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554693/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554693/pdf/pone.0054855.pdf PDF] (atherosclerosis / cholesterol)
* 2013 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23637593 Immune regulation during helminth infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630086/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630086/pdf/ppat.1003250.pdf PDF]

=== 2012 ===
* 2012 Winter [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740696/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740696/pdf/RevDiabeticStud-09-272.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Dec 5 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23220091 The hookworm pharmacopoeia for inflammatory diseases] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751912003062 Full text]
* 2012 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23593834 Anti-atherogenic effect and its mechanisms of soluble egg antigen of Schistosomia japonicum in ApoE-/- mice (atherosclerosis)]
* 2012 Nov 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166490 Therapeutic helminth infection of macaques with idiopathic chronic diarrhea alters the inflammatory signature and mucosal microbiota of the colon] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499566/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499566/pdf/ppat.1003000.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Nov 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23221477 How helminths use excretory secretory fractions to modulate dendritic cells] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3545949/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3545949/pdf/viru-3-668.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Nov 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23135449 Autoimmunity: The worm returns] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744107/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744107/pdf/nihms-492926.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Nov 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23129304 Helminth infection in populations undergoing epidemiological transition: a friend or foe?] -- [http://staff.ui.ac.id/system/files/users/aprilianto.eddy/publication/wiria2012helminthinpopulationsundergoingepidemiologicaltransition.pdf Author’s personal full text copy]
* 2012 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23079675 Where are we on worms?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744105/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744105/pdf/nihms492925.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23034321/ Helminth Infections and Host Immune Regulation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485755/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485755/pdf/zcm585.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22086188 Nematode modulation of inflammatory bowel disease] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459088/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459088/pdf/709_2011_Article_342.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2012 Oct [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22886766 Worming their way into the pharmacy: use of worms and worm products to treat inflammatory diseases] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/art.34635 PDF]
* 2012 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22898371 Heligmosomoides polygyrus: EAE remission is correlated with different systemic cytokine profiles provoked by L4 and adult nematodes] (Multiple sclerosis)
* 2012 Sept 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22729944 The parasitic helminth product ES-62 suppresses pathogenesis in collagen-induced arthritis by targeting the interleukin-17-producing cellular network at multiple sites] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.34581/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.34581/epdf PDF]
* 2012 Sept 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23021370 Advances in immunotherapy for food allergy] -- [http://www.discoverymedicine.com/Yamini-V-Virkud/2012/09/21/advances-in-immunotherapy-for-food-allergy/ Full text] Yamini Virkud and Brian Vickery, Discovery Magazine
* 2012 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21838960 Immune monitoring of Trichuris suis egg therapy in multiple sclerosis patients] (TSO in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS))
* 2012 Sept The Hygiene Hypothesis and its implications for home hygiene, lifestyle and public health -- [http://www.naturaleater.com/science-articles/Hygiene-old-friends-ISFHH-2012.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Aug 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22937527 Does helminth activation of toll-like receptors modulate immune response in multiple sclerosis patients?] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426839/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426839/pdf/fcimb-02-00112.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22742834 Trichuris suis ova: testing a helminth-based therapy as an extension of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [https://web.archive.org/web/20210921041516/https://parasitology.cvm.ncsu.edu/vmp930/supplement/trichuris_treatment_allergies.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2012 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22608572 Helminth infection is associated with decreased basophil responsiveness in human beings] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387338/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387338/pdf/nihms372243.pdf PDF]
* ⚡ 2012 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22612580 A prescription for clinical immunology: the pills are available and ready for testing. A review] | [[media:A_prescription_for_clinical_immunology-_the_pills_are_available_and_ready_for_testing._A_review.pdf | PDF]]

* 2012 Jun 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928103 Is autism a member of a family of diseases resulting from genetic/cultural mismatches? Implications for treatment and prevention] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420574/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420574/pdf/AURT2012-910946.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22482518 Soluble helminth products suppress clinical signs in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and differentially modulate human dendritic cell activation]
* 2012 May 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464690 Helminthic therapy: improving mucosal barrier function] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015520/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015520/pdf/nihms545476.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Apr 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513973 Helminth therapy (worms) for allergic rhinitis] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashley_Croft/publication/224708548_Helminth_therapy_(worms)_for_allergic_rhinitis/links/09e4150b0b21ddf09b000000.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22168433 Parasitic worm therapy for allergy: is this incongruous or avant-garde medicine?]
* 2012 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22360486 Granulocytes in helminth infection -- who is calling the shots?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394172/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394172/pdf/CMC-19-1567.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Mar 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22398631 Atopy is inversely related to schistosome infection intensity: a comparative study in Zimbabwean villages with distinct levels of Schistosoma haematobium infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3398828/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3398828/pdf/iaa-0158-0288.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214332 Schistosoma mansoni antigens as modulators of the allergic inflammatory response in asthma]
* 2012 Feb 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22566894/ TLRs, Treg, and B Cells, an Interplay of Regulation during Helminth Infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342019/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342019/pdf/fimmu-03-00008.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/pdf/cshperspectmed-DIA-a007799.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22346753 Characterising the mucosal and systemic immune responses to experimental human hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276555/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276555/pdf/ppat.1002520.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245779 An essential role for the Th2-type response in limiting tissue damage during helminth infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3274634/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3274634/pdf/nihms341991.pdf PDF] (Wound healing)
* ⚡ 2012 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22239614 Helminth-host immunological interactions: prevention and control of immune-mediated diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744090/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744090/pdf/nihms492922.pdf PDF] Summarises the science underpinning helminthic therapy.
* 2012 Jan [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21983081/ Helminth infection does not reduce risk for chronic inflammatory disease in a population-based cohort study] (There are several critical weaknesses in this study, the data from which do not support the authors' broad conclusion that helminthic colonization does not reduce the risk for various immune-mediated diseases. See a rebuttal of this research by the late Joel Weinstock [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4129650/ here].)
* 2012 Jan [http://www.asmscience.org/content/journal/microbe/10.1128/microbe.7.173.1 A Darwinian View of the Hygiene or “Old Friends” Hypothesis] Graham A. W. Rook, Microbe Magazine
* 2012 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22848374 Helminth antigens enable CpG-activated dendritic cells to inhibit the symptoms of collagen-induced arthritis through Foxp3+ regulatory T cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405066/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405066/pdf/pone.0040356.pdf PDF]
* 2012 [http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12411/ Asthma and allergic disease: their relation with Necator americanus and other helminth infections] Johanna Feary, PhD Thesis -- [http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12411/1/JRF_Thesis_appendix_A_removed.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2012 [https://webshares.northseattle.edu/jgward/Microbe%20paper.pdf A Darwinian View of the Hygiene or “Old Friends” Hypothesis] (PDF)

=== 2011 ===
* 2011 Nov 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22147983 Schistosoma japonicum ova maintains epithelial barrier function during experimental colitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3229631/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3229631/pdf/WJG-17-4810.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21290484 Hookworm products ameliorate dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in BALB/c mice]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980148 The impact of environmental infections (parasites) on MS activity] (multiple sclerosis)
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21741180 Reconstitution of the human biome as the most reasonable solution for epidemics of allergic and autoimmune diseases] | [[media:Reconstitution_of_the_human_biome_as_the_most_reasonable_solution_for_epidemics_of_allergic_and_autoimmune_diseases.pdf | PDF]]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810307 Treatment with anthelminthics during pregnancy: what gains and what risks for the mother and child?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178871/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178871/pdf/S0031182011001053a.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21831135 Effects of Helicobacter pylori, geohelminth infection and selected commensal bacteria on the risk of allergic disease and sensitization in 3-year-old Ethiopian children]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21684587 Regulatory B-cell induction by helminths: implications for allergic disease]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21848628 Exposure to hookworms in patients with Crohn's disease: a case-control study] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04824.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04824.x/epdf PDF]
* 2011 Sept 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21943110 Toll-like receptor activation by helminths or helminth products to alleviate inflammatory bowel disease] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199248/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199248/pdf/1756-3305-4-186.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2011 Sept 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21949691 Suppression of inflammatory immune responses in celiac disease by experimental hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174943/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174943/pdf/pone.0024092.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072824 Parasitic helminth cystatin inhibits DSS-induced intestinal inflammation via IL-10(+)F4/80(+) macrophage recruitment] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210841/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210841/pdf/kjp-49-245.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Aug 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21858123 Impact of Schistosoma japonicum infection on collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice: a murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/pdf/pone.0023453.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Aug 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21829616 Symptoms after Ingestion of Pig Whipworm Trichuris suis Eggs in a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149054/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149054/pdf/pone.0022346.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 Jul 25 The neuroimmunoendocrine network during worm helminth infections -- [http://www.isj.unimo.it/articoli/ISJ242.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Jul 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21785696 Parasites or cohabitants: cruel omnipresent usurpers or creative "éminences grises"?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140032/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140032/pdf/JPR2011-214174.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Jun 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21772981 Excretory-secretory products from hookworm l(3) and adult worms suppress proinflammatory cytokines in infected individuals] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135091/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135091/pdf/JPR2011-512154.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21610741 Diversity and dialogue in immunity to helminths]
* 2011 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21372112/ Probiotic helminth administration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 1 study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/pdf/nihms536054.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 May 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21576944 Atopic dermatitis and the hygiene hypothesis revisited]
* 2011 May 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21573157 Schistosome infection intensity is inversely related to auto-reactive antibody levels] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089602/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089602/pdf/pone.0019149.pdf PDF]
* 2011 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255083 Anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of infantile eczema: randomised-controlled trial results] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130136/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130136/pdf/pai0022-0305.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21277637 The impact of parasite infections on the course of multiple sclerosis]
* 2011 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21295861 Helminths and multiple sclerosis: will old friends give us new treatments for MS?] (No abstract)
* 2011 Mar 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21408161 Effect of hookworm infection on wheat challenge in celiac disease - a randomised double-blinded placebo controlled trial] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3050888/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3050888/pdf/pone.0017366.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Mar 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21372112 Probiotic helminth administration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 1 study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/pdf/nihms536054.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 Apr 22 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21440530 Clonorchis sinensis-derived total protein attenuates airway inflammation in murine asthma model by inducing regulatory T cells and modulating dendritic cell functions]
* 2011 Apr 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21584243 Helminth parasites and the modulation of joint inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092582/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092582/pdf/JPR2011-942616.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20967852 Infection with an intestinal helminth parasite reduces Freund's complete adjuvant-induced monoarthritis in mice] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.30098/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.30098/epdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2011 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21044628 Trichinella spiralis: infection reduces airway allergic inflammation in mice]
* 2011 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21887281 The transcriptome of Trichuris suis -- first molecular insights into a parasite with curative properties for key immune diseases of humans] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160910/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160910/pdf/pone.0023590.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21858123 Impact of Schistosoma japonicum infection on collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice: a murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/pdf/pone.0023453.pdf PDF]

=== 2010 ===
* 2010 Dec 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21123809 IL-22+ CD4+ T cells are associated with therapeutic trichuris trichiura infection in an ulcerative colitis patient] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Png_Loke/publication/49650965_IL-22_CD4_T_Cells_Are_Associated_with_Therapeutic_Trichuris_trichiura_Infection_in_an_Ulcerative_Colitis_Patient/links/00b7d535585b829413000000.pdf PDF] (TTO)
* 2010 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20848461 Alteration of the murine gut microbiota during infection with the parasitic helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2959136/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2959136/pdf/nihms220920.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21039971 Long-term periodic anthelmintic treatments are associated with increased allergen skin reactivity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3034193/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3034193/pdf/cea0040-1669.pdf PDF]
* 2010 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21500453 Atopic diseases and intestinal helminth infections]
* ⚡ 2010 Oct 13 [https://evmedreview.com/reconstituting-the-depleted-biome-to-prevent-immune-disorders/ Reconstituting the depleted biome to prevent immune disorders] William Parker, Duke University. Explains why replacing absent "old friends" may be the only reasonable therapy for a wide range of immune-associated disorders, including allergy, autoimmunity and autism.
* 2010 Aug 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20067426 Effects of Deworming during Pregnancy on Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes in Entebbe, Uganda: A Randomized Controlled Trial] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857962/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857962/pdf/ukmss-29622.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20404082 Chronic intestinal helminth infections are associated with immune hyporesponsiveness and induction of a regulatory network] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2897394/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2897394/pdf/1228-09.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jun 14 [http://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/how-the-parasitic-worm-has-turned/ How the parasitic worm has turned] (Web archive copy)
* 2010 Jun 11 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538949 Exploitation of the intestinal microflora by the parasitic nematode Trichuris muris] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428897/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428897/pdf/ukmss-49377.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20306466 Helminth-induced CD19+CD23hi B cells modulate experimental allergic and autoimmune inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179601/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179601/pdf/eji0040-1682.pdf PDF]
* 2010 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20132231 Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the allergic response in a murine model of ovalbumininduced airway inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857950/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857950/pdf/cei0160-0266.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20415854 99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: darwinian medicine and the 'hygiene' or 'old friends' hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841838/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841838/pdf/cei0160-0070.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23105895 Immunomodulators of helminthes: Promising therapeutics for autoimmune disorders and allergic diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3453099/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3453099/pdf/12291_2010_Article_21.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044996 In vitro-derived alternatively activated macrophages reduce colonic inflammation in mice] (Colitis) (HDC)
* 2010 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20224568 Helminth-derived immunomodulators: can understanding the worm produce the pill?]
* 2010 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20028812 Extracts of the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, suppress macrophage activation in vitro and alleviate chemically induced colitis in mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825920/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825920/pdf/1349-08.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2010 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19691904 The immune response to and immunomodulation by Hymenolepis diminuta] (HDC)
* 2010 Feb 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20169100 Parasitic helminths: new weapons against immunological disorders] (Diabetes) -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821776/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821776/pdf/JBB2010-743758.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20101628 Worms to the rescue: can worm glycans protect from autoimmune diseases?] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iub.304/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iub.304/epdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20069130 Taenia crassiceps infection attenuates multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/pdf/JBB2010-850541.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19800680 Trichuris suis ova therapy for allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lars_Poulsen/publication/26866959_Trichuris_suis_ova_therapy_for_allergic_rhinitis_a_randomized_double-blind_placebo-controlled_clinical_trial/links/00b4952a7f6c89aaa2000000.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19758373 Reduced helminth burden increases allergen skin sensitization but not clinical allergy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Vietnam]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2863045/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2863045/pdf/nihms182968.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042008 Helminth infection inhibits airway allergic reaction and dendritic cells are involved in the modulation process] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01161.x Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01161.x/epdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20425508 Chronic helminth infections protect against allergic diseases by active regulatory processes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816799/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816799/pdf/11882_2009_Article_85.pdf PDF]

* 2010 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20224759 Dendritic cells in the gut: interaction with intestinal helminths] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836138/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836138/pdf/JBB2010-250563.pdf PDF]
* 2010 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20069130 Taenia crassiceps infection attenuates multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/pdf/JBB2010-850541.pdf PDF]

=== 2009 ===
* 2009 Dec 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030661 Experimental hookworm infection: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in asthma] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2814083/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2814083/pdf/cea0040-0299.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19752032 Helminth infection can reduce insulitis and type 1 diabetes through CD25- and IL-10-independent mechanisms] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2786463/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2786463/pdf/1170-08.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19996438 Early helminth infections are inversely related to anemia, malnutrition, and malaria and are not associated with inflammation in 6- to 23-month-old Zanzibari children] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/6/1062.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/6/1062.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19812189 Helminth antigens modulate immune responses in cells from multiple sclerosis patients through TLR2-dependent mechanisms] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/9/5999.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/9/5999.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19861631 Immunologic profiles of persons recruited for a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/5/911.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/5/911.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19880560 Parasitic infection and autoimmunity] -- [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0961203309345735 PDF] (Lupus/SLE)
* 2009 Oct 22 [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-10-22/worms-linked-to-coeliac-relief/1113232 Worms linked to coeliac relief]
* 2009 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19744885 Survival of the fittest: allergology or parasitology?]
* 2009 Sept 29 [http://www.news-medical.net/news/20090929/Hookworms-can-prevent-asthma.aspx Hookworms can prevent asthma] News Medical
* 2009 Sept 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19786773 Prebiotics, probiotics and helminths: the 'natural' solution?]
* 2009 Sept 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=20011066 Infection with Hymenolepis diminuta Is More Effective than Daily Corticosteroids in Blocking Chemically Induced Colitis in Mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789531/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789531/pdf/JBB2010-384523.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2009 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19406170 Helminth immunoregulation: the role of parasite secreted proteins in modulating host immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2706953/ Full text]
* 2009 Aug 1 [Infection with a Helminth Parasite Attenuates Autoimmunity through TGF-β-Mediated Suppression of Th17 and Th1 Responses] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/3/1577.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/3/1577.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19400893 Safety of hookworm infection in individuals with measurable airway responsiveness: a randomized placebo-controlled feasibility study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728895/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728895/pdf/cea0039-1060.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19321388 Advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693446/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693446/pdf/nihms100270.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jun 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=19468064 Parasites represent a major selective force for interleukin genes and shape the genetic predisposition to autoimmune conditions] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715056/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715056/pdf/JEM_20082779.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19223020 Helminths and our immune system: friend or foe?]
* 2009 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19388947 Immune and genetic aspects of asthma, allergy and parasitic worm infections: evolutionary links] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01104.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01104.x/epdf PDF]
* 2009 Apr 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370621 Effect of administration of antihelminthics for soil transmitted helminths during pregnancy]
* 2009 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19291704 Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens induce Treg that participate in diabetes prevention in NOD mice] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200838871/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200838871/epdf PDF]
* 2009 Mar 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19308259 Necator americanus infection: a possible cause of altered dendritic cell differentiation and eosinophil profile in chronically infected individuals] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654967/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654967/pdf/pntd.0000399.pdf PDF] (NA)
* ✅ 2009 Mar 5 [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01470521?term=WIRMS&rank=1 Worms for Immune Regulation of Multiple Sclerosis (WIRMS)] Proposal for the first Phase 2 trial using a controlled number of Necator americanus in the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. (Also reported by Science Daily [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090304091818.htm] and the Mail Online. [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2108228/Parasitic-worms-offer-hope-cure-multiple-sclerosis.html?ito=feeds-newsxml]) (NA)
* 2009 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19167926 The therapeutic helminth?]
* 2009 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18835272 Schistosoma mansoni infection reduces severity of collagen-induced arthritis via down-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators]
* 2009 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19138565 Can helminths or helminth-derived products be used in humans to prevent or treat allergic diseases?]
* 2009 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19136071 Schistosoma mansoni infection alters co-stimulatory molecule expression and cell activation in asthma]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18608175 Spontaneous arthritis in MRL/lpr mice is aggravated by Staphylococcus aureus and ameliorated by Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120496 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: mechanisms underlying helminth modulation of dendritic cell function] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632707/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632707/pdf/imm0126-0028.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120493 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: the broader implications of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632706/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632706/pdf/imm0126-0003.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120495 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: immunity against helminths and immunological phenomena in modern human populations: coevolutionary legacies?] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632709/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632709/pdf/imm0126-0018.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632708/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632708/pdf/imm0126-0012.pdf PDF]
* ✅⚡2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18680198 Helminths and the IBD hygiene hypothesis] This paper proposed that failure to acquire helminths in early life negatively affects immune development, leading to immunological diseases such as IBD later in life.
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19128351 Do helminth parasites protect against atopy and allergic disease?]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016806 Helminth antigen-based strategy to ameliorate inflammation in an experimental model of colitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665684/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665684/pdf/cei0155-0088.pdf PDF]
* 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20054982 Helminthic therapy: using worms to treat immune-mediated disease] | [[media:Using Worms to Treat Immune-Mediated Disease.pdf | PDF]]
* 2009 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19436745 Early exposure of infants to GI nematodes induces Th2 dominant immune responses which are unaffected by periodic anthelminthic treatment] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677666/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677666/pdf/pntd.0000433.pdf PDF]

=== 2008 ===
* 2008 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18547322 Early infection with Trichuris trichiura and allergen skin test reactivity in later childhood] (TTO)
* 2008 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18654798 Schistosoma japonicum infection modulates the development of allergen-induced airway inflammation in mice]
* 2008 Sept 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20525133 The changing microbial environment and chronic inflammatory disorders] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868866/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868866/pdf/1710-1492-4-3-117.pdf PDF]
* 2008 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682103 Parasitic nematode modulation of allergic disease]
* 2008 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18655096 Helminth infections associated with multiple sclerosis induce regulatory B cells]
* 2008 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678 Decreased basal non-insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by diaphragm in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni]
* 2008 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18578001 The role of regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis]
* 2008 May 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509490 Worms and the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: are molecules the answer?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2396220/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2396220/pdf/CDI2008-567314.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2008 May 4 [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/e/e4/Hookworm.pdf Potential Transmission of Pathogens Between Human Hosts by the Hookworm, Necator Americanus] (PDF)
* 2008 Apr 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18462167 Intensity of intestinal infection with multiple worm species is related to regulatory cytokine output and immune hyporesponsiveness]
* 2008 Mar 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322239 A helminth immunomodulator reduces allergic and inflammatory responses by induction of IL-10- producing macrophages] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/6/4265.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/6/4265.full.pdf PDF]
* 2008 Feb 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18209076 Helminth infection with Litomosoides sigmodontis induces regulatory T cells and inhibits allergic sensitization, airway inflammation, and hyperreactivity in a murine asthma model] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/3/1792.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/3/1792.full.pdf PDF]
* 2008 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18207251 Soluble egg antigen from Schistosoma japonicum modulates the progression of chronic progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via Th2-shift response]
* 2008 Jan 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186549 Hygiene hypothesis in inflammatory bowel disease: a critical review of the literature] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675108/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675108/pdf/WJG-14-165.pdf PDF] (IBD)

=== 2007 ===

* 2007 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18007680 Protective immune mechanisms in helminth infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258092/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258092/pdf/nihms40971.pdf PDF]
* 2007 Nov [http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v13/n11/full/nm1107-1288.html Worms tame mast cells]
* 2007 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17952092 Inhibition of Fc epsilon RI-mediated mast cell responses by ES-62, a product of parasitic filarial nematodes]
* 2007 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17619029 The hygiene hypothesis and the increasing prevalence of chronic inflammatory disorders]
* 2007 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17433300 Schistosoma japonicum eggs modulate the activity of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs and prevent development of colitis in mice]
* 2007 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17576364 Stage-specific immune responses in human Necator americanus infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1976388/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1976388/pdf/pim0029-0347.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2007 May-Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17906796 Interrelationship among asthma, atopy, and helminth infections] -- [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1806-37132007000300016&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Full text] | [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/jbpneu/v33n3/en_14.pdf PDF]
* 2007 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17488925 An inverse relationship between autoimmune liver diseases and Strongyloides stercoralis infection] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/76/5/972.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/76/5/972.full.pdf PDF]
* 2007 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17447233 Helminths, allergic disorders and IgE-mediated immune responses: where do we stand?] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200737314/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200737314/epdf PDF]
* 2007 Apr 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17372014 Infection with a helminth parasite prevents experimental colitis via a macrophage-mediated mechanism] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/178/7/4557.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/178/7/4557.full.pdf PDF]
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17206504 The use of Trichuris suis and other helminth therapies to treat Crohn's disease] (TSO)
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17313951 Helminths as governors of immune-mediated inflammation]
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17504662 Modulation of anaphylaxis by helminth-derived products in animal models]
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17408663 Helminth infection enhances disease in a murine TH2 model of colitis]
* 2007 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17360880 Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasites are not detrimental to the nutritional status of Amerindians] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6446118_Helicobacter_pylori_and_intestinal_parasites_are_not_detrimental_to_the_nutritional_status_of_Amerindians Full text (PDF)]
* 2007 Feb 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17122383 Helminth-derived products inhibit the development of allergic responses in mice]
* ✅⚡2007 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17230481 Association between parasite infection and immune responses in multiple sclerosis] -- [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/e/ec/Association_Between_Parasite_Infection_and_Immune_Responses_in_Multiple_Sclerosis_.pdf PDF] (Also reported by Science Daily [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070117091058.htm] and the BBC. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6268585.stm]) This was the first study to explore the effect of helminth infection on immune response and the natural course of Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. It showed that MS progressed much more slowly in patients who hosted intestinal worms.
* 2007 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17284099 Iatrogenic Trichuris suis infection] (TSO)
* 2007 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101 Inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by gastrointestinal helminth infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828378/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828378/pdf/0664-06.pdf PDF]
* 2007 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042799 Schistosoma japonicum egg antigens stimulate CD4 CD25 T cells and modulate airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1890919/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1890919/pdf/imm0120-0008.pdf PDF]
* 2007 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17534075 Regulation of the immune system in metazoan parasite infections]
* 2007 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412520 Autism, asthma, inflammation, and the hygiene hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2048743/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2048743/pdf/nihms-29963.pdf PDF]

=== 2006 ===
* 2006 Dec 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17159130 Multiple sclerosis and the hygiene hypothesis]
* 2006 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17157661 Poor sanitation and helminth infection protect against skin sensitization in Vietnamese children: A cross-sectional study]
* 2006 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042933 Helminths and HIV infection: epidemiological observations on immunological hypotheses] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/pdf/pim0028-0613.pdf PDF]
* ✅ 2006 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17123987 Dose-ranging study for trials of therapeutic infection with Necator americanus in humans] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/75/5/914.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/75/5/914.full.pdf PDF] This study explored the dose of hookworms that would be required to have a therapeutic effect on asthma. (NA)
* 2006 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042933 Helminths and HIV infection: epidemiological observations on immunological hypotheses] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/pdf/pim0028-0613.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Oct-Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17343086 Intestinal helminths: a clue explaining the low incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases in Subsaharan Africa? Potential benefits and hazards of helminth therapy] (IBD)
* 2006 Oct-Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17343085 The hygiene hypothesis and inflammatory bowel diseases: role of helminths] (IBD)
* 2006 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965287 Parasitic worms and inflammatory diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/pdf/pim0028-0515.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17068271 What is the origin of ulcerative colitis? Still more questions than answers] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653902/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653902/pdf/620.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965288 Worms and allergy] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00894.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00894.x/epdf PDF]
* 2006 Sept 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965284 Immune modulation by helminthic infections: worms and viral infections]
* 2006 Sept 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778161 Asthma and current intestinal parasite infection: systematic review and meta-analysis]
* 2006 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17308794 Schistosoma mansoni antigen-driven interleukin-10 production in infected asthmatic individuals] -- [https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/LXLmtQzKbnJKMgZTzv7RfdL/?lang=en Full text] | [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/mioc/v101s1/v101s1a55.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Aug 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16849471 Intestinal helminths protect in a murine model of asthma] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/3/1628.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/3/1628.full.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16890593 Allergy controls the population density of Necator americanus in the small intestine] (NA)
* 2006 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17057216 Helminths and mucosal immune modulation]
* 2006 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16750534 A time course study of immunological responses in Trichuris suis infected pigs demonstrates induction of a local type 2 response associated with worm burden] (TSO)
* 2006 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16689863 Prevention of psoriasis-like lesions development in fsn/fsn mice by helminth glycans]
* 2006 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16630018 Regulatory T cells in human disease and their potential for therapeutic manipulation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782265/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782265/pdf/imm0118-0001.pdf PDF]
* 2006 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16673007 Mechanisms of disease: the hygiene hypothesis revisited]
* 2006 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16512799 Environmental exposures, genetic predisposition and allergic diseases: one size never fits all] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01104.x/abstract Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01104.x/epdf PDF]
* 2006 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16512800 Helminths can protect themselves against rejection inhibiting hostile respiratory allergy symptoms] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00983.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00983.x/epdf PDF]
* 2006 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16384780 The hygiene hypothesis and atopy: bring back the parasites?]
* ✅ 2006 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16344586 A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856386/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856386/pdf/136.pdf PDF] Investigated whether Crohn’s disease patients would tolerate a hookworm infection, and the practical issues associated with establishing reservoir donors for this species. (NA)
* 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16413997 Geohelminth infections: impact on allergic diseases]
* 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210905 Glycans modulate immune responses in helminth infections and allergy]
* 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210899 Helminth-induced immunoregulation of an allergic response to food] (food allergy)

=== 2005 ===
* 2005 Nov 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275759 Suppression of allergic airway inflammation by helminth-induced regulatory T cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2213237/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2213237/pdf/20042572.pdf PDF]
* 2005 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16232230 Immune responses following experimental human hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809522/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809522/pdf/cei0142-0398.pdf PDF]
* ✅ 2005 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16008666 Old friends for breakfast] Suggested that a symbiotic relationship exists between humans and the fauna that have co-evolved in the human GI tract.
* 2005 Jun 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905584 Neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibody blocks the protective effect of tapeworm infection in a murine model of chemically induced colitis] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/11/7368.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/11/7368.full.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2005 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15825065 Trichuris suis therapy for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial] -- [http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(05)00025-9/pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2005 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780835 Parasite role reversal: worms on trial]
* 2005 Mar 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15771680/ The immunoepidemiology of human hookworm infection]
* 2005 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15730384 Low dose chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection increases susceptibility to Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection in mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809318/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809318/pdf/cei0139-0398.pdf PDF]
* 2005 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15677912 Gastrointestinal parasites: potential therapy for refractory inflammatory bowel diseases] (IBD)
* ✅ 2005 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591509 Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774382/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774382/pdf/gut05400087.pdf PDF] TSO is shown to offer a unique, safe and effective alternative treatment for Crohn's disease, and potentially protection against other immunological disorders.
* 2005 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591496 Will worms really cure Crohn's disease?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774348/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774348/pdf/gut05400006.pdf PDF](see pages 6-8)
* 2005 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15687885 Helminths and the modulation of mucosal inflammation]
* 2005 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591883 The hygiene hypothesis and asthma]
* 2005 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780483 Can worms defend our hearts? Chronic helminthic infections may attenuate the development of cardiovascular diseases]
* 2005 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16249415 Helminth infection during pregnancy and development of infantile eczema]

=== 2004 ===
* 2004 Dec 14 [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/17767.php Parasitic worms may offer effective treatment for Crohn's disease Medical] News Today
* 2004 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15554921 Parasitic helminths tip the balance: potential anti-inflammatory therapies] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/pdf/imm0113-0438.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Nov 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15528374 Helminth infection protects mice from anaphylaxis via IL-10-producing B cells] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/10/6346.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/10/6346.full.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Oct 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486631 Schistosoma mansoni infection modulates the immune response against allergic and auto-immune diseases] -- [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0074-02762004000900005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Full text] | [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/mioc/v99s1/v99s1a05.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15361235 Helminth parasites--masters of regulation]
* 2004 Aug 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15294988 A Secreted Protein from the Human Hookworm Necator americanus Binds Selectively to NK Cells and Induces IFN-{gamma} Production] -- [https://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/4/2699.long Full text] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/8/8a/A_Secreted_Protein.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Aug 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15265954 Schistosoma mansoni and alpha-galactosylceramide: prophylactic effect of Th1 Immune suppression in a mouse model of Graves' hyperthyroidism] -- [https://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/3/2167.long Full text] | [https://www.jimmunol.org/content/jimmunol/173/3/2167.full.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Jul 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15247451 Immunotherapy. Can worms tame the immune system?]
* 2004 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15196202 The increased prevalence of allergy and the hygiene hypothesis: missing immune deviation, reduced immune suppression, or both?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782506/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782506/pdf/imm0112-0352.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15330453 A review of autism and the immune response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2270714/pdf/CDI-11-165.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15039389 Helminth infection modulates the development of allergen-induced airway inflammation] -- [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/585.long Full text] | [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/585.full.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15279624 Inhibition of neutrophil recruitment by ES of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00692.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00692.x/epdf PDF]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755074 Regulation of allergy and autoimmunity in helminth infection]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755076 The innate allergenicity of helminth parasites]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15007629 Mycobacteria and other environmental organisms as immunomodulators for immunoregulatory disorders]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755072 Parasites and the hygiene hypothesis: regulating the immune system?]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755073 Helminth infections and allergic diseases: from the Th2 paradigm to regulatory networks]
* 2004 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684583 Concurrent infection with Schistosoma mansoni attenuates inflammation induced changes in colonic morphology, cytokine levels, and smooth muscle contractility of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid induced colitis in rats] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773910/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773910/pdf/gut05300099.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14723608 Review article: helminths as therapeutic agents for inflammatory bowel disease] (IBD)
* 2004 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684567 Helminths and harmony] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773927/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773927/pdf/gut05300007.pdf PDF](Pages 7-9)

=== 2003 ===
* 2003 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12933842 Schistosomiasis decreases central nervous system inflammation and alters the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187318/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187318/pdf/0223.pdf PDF]
* ✅ 2003 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14499784 Trichuris suis seems to be safe and possibly effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease] (IBD) This trial showed that pig whipworm ova (TSO) can reduce symptoms of Crohn’s disease without producing side effects.
* 2003 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12949497 Immune regulation by helminth parasites: cellular and molecular mechanisms]
* 2003 Aug 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12902519 A Novel Therapeutic Approach Targeting Articular Inflammation Using the Filarial Nematode-Derived Phosphorylcholine-Containing Glycoprotein ES-62] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/171/4/2127.long PDF]
* 2003 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12743563 Reduced risk of atopy among school-age children infected with geohelminth parasites in a rural area of the tropics]
* 2003 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071 Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the activity of the innate immune response and prevent onset of type 1 diabetes] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200323910/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200323910/epdf PDF]
* 2003 Mar 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12431903 Exposure to schistosome eggs protects mice from TNBS-induced colitis] -- [https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpgi.00049.2002 Full text]
* 2003 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12502726 Immunomodulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by helminth ova immunization] -- [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/1/59.long Full text] | [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/1/59.full.pdf PDF]

=== 2002 ===
* ✅ 2002 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12379667 Intestinal nematode infection ameliorates experimental colitis in mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130294/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130294/pdf/0150.pdf PDF]
* 2002 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12458825 An anti-atherogenic effect of Schistosoma mansoni infections in mice associated with a parasite-induced lowering of blood total cholesterol] (cardiovascular / cholesterol / atherosclerosis)
* 2002 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12569989 Eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness are profoundly inhibited by a helminth (Ascaris suum) extract in a murine model of asthma]
* 2002 Sept 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12239261 The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases]
* 2002 Sept 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12218148 An enteric helminth infection protects against an allergic response to dietary antigen] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/169/6/3284.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/169/6/3284.full.pdf PDF]
* 2002 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12067292 Can intestinal helminth infections (geohelminths) affect the development and expression of asthma and allergic disease?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1906269/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1906269/pdf/cei0128-0398.pdf PDF]
* 2002 Apr 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964470 Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis]

=== 2001 ===
* 2001 Nov 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11705561 Independent effects of intestinal parasite infection and domestic allergen exposure on risk of wheeze in Ethiopia: a nested case-control study]
* 2001 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752881 The prevalence of parasite infestation and house dust mite sensitization in Gabonese schoolchildren]
* 2001 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11585781 Immune responses in hookworm infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC89000/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC89000/pdf/cm0401000689.pdf PDF]
* 2001 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11429321 Th2 responses without atopy: immunoregulation in chronic helminth infections and reduced allergic disease]
* 2001 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11282505 Is Necator americanus approaching a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with humans?] (NA)

=== 2000 ===
* 2000 Nov 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11095260 Decreased atopy in children infected with Schistosoma haematobium: a role for parasite-induced interleukin-10]
* ✅ 2000 Oct 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11032865 Chronic immune activation associated with intestinal helminth infections results in impaired signal transduction and anergy] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314342/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314342/pdf/JCI0010182.pdf PDF] This Research found reduced immune responses in patients infected with helminths.
* ✅ 2000 Sept 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10973934 Does the failure to acquire helminthic parasites predispose to Crohn's disease?] -- [http://www.fasebj.org/content/14/12/1848.long Full text] | [http://www.fasebj.org/content/14/12/1848.full.pdf PDF] This paper linking a failure to acquire helminths to the prevalence of Crohn’s disease was key in the development of the Hygiene Hypothesis.
* 2000 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10784608 Antigen-specific cellular hyporesponsiveness in a chronic human helminth infection is mediated by T(h)3/T(r)1-type cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta but not by a T(h)1 to T(h)2 shift] -- [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/5/623.long Full text] | [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/5/623.full.pdf PDF]
* 2000 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2560630/pdf/11143198.pdf Eradication of helminthic infections may be essential for successful vaccination against HIV and tuberculosis]

=== 1999 ===
* 1999 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614 Infection with Schistosoma mansoni prevents insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in non-obese diabetic mice] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3024.1999.00213.x/epdf PDF]

=== 1998 ===
* 1998 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9698148/ Epidemiological evidence for a differential effect of hookworm species, Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus, on iron status of children]

=== 1997 ===

* 1997 [https://web.archive.org/web/20210127052808/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/193176053.pdf The Pro-allergic Influences of Helminth Parasites] (PDF)

=== 1996 ===
* 1996 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8872184 IgE, allergies and helminth parasites: a new perspective on an old conundrum]
* 1996 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8565306 Immune dysregulation in Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: relevance to helminth infections?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2200340/pdf/cei0103-0239.pdf PDF]
* 1996 Jan 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8600620 Prolongation of rat kidney allograft survival by nematodes]
* 1996 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8537675 Impairment of tetanus toxoid-specific Th1-like immune responses in humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni] -- [http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/173/1/269.long Full text] | [http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/173/1/269.full.pdf PDF]

=== 1995 ===
* 1995 Feb [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7761110/ Immunity in humans to Necator americanus: IgE, parasite weight and fecundity] (... / human observational / NA)

=== 1993 ===
* 1993 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8409444 Modulation of murine cytokine responses to mycobacterial antigens by helminth-induced T helper 2 cell responses]
* 1993 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8403522/ Ascaris reinfection of slum children: relation with the IgE response] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1534372/pdf/ PDF] (... / Human / AL / Oxantel+Pyrantel)
* 1993 Sept 1 [https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/of-parasites-and-pollens Of Parasites and Pollens] - Peter Radetsky, Discover Magazine
* 1993 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8361773 Modulation of the allergic reactivity of slum children by helminthic infection]

=== 1992 ===
* 1992 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1399239 The partial characterization of proteases present in the excretory/secretory products and exsheathing fluid of the infective (L3) larva of Necator americanus] (NA)
* 1992 May 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1533656 Infection with Schistosoma mansoni alters Th1/Th2 cytokine responses to a non-parasite antigen]

=== 1991 ===
* 1991 Oct 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1680917 Production of IL-10 by CD4+ T lymphocytes correlates with down-regulation of Th1 cytokine synthesis in helminth infection]

=== 1989 ===
* ✅ 1989 Nov 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2513902 Hay fever, hygiene, and household size] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1838109/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1838109/pdf/bmj00259-0027.pdf PDF] This paper linked exposure to pathogens whilst young to the development of allergic diseases, and was key to the development of the Hygiene Hypothesis.

=== 1987 ===
* 1987 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3605493/ The clinical and immunologic responses of normal human volunteers to low dose hookworm (Necator americanus) infection] (NA)
* 1987 Jul [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15462956/ Do hookworms elicit protective immunity in man?]

=== 1985 ===
* 1985 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4054238/ Parasites and asthma--predictive or protective?] (A / comparative)

=== 1982 ===
* 1982 Jul Modulation of immune responses by commensal bacteria and intestinal helminth [http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:5334/eth-5334-02.pdf PDF]
=== 1979 ===
* ✅ 1979 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/447497 Epidemiology of chronic intestinal disease in middle Africa] This was one of several papers noting a North-South gradient for many autoimmune diseases, including Crohn’s, a fact that informed later studies on autoimmunity.

=== 1978 ===
* 1978 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/635980 Antibody responses in self-infections with Necator americanus] (NA)

=== 1976 ===
* ✅ 1976 Sept 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/60540 Letter: IgE, parasites, and allergy] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/f/fd/Letter_-_IgE%2C_parasites%2C_and_allergy_%28Turton%29.pdf PDF] This letter reported the first known successful therapeutic use of the hookworm, Necator americanus, in this case to resolve hay fever. (NA)
* ✅ 1976 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/987744 Serum IgE levels in white and metis communities in Saskatchewan] This paper's author suggested that atopic disease is the price paid by some members of the white community of northern Saskatchewan for their relative freedom from helminth infestation and viral and bacterial infection.

=== 1970 ===
* 1970 (winter) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5498517/ The biology of the atopic response] Twelve naval officers suffering from hay-fever “for some years” were free from hay-fever for an average of 2 years following colonisation with the large roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides.

=== 1968 ===
* ✅ 1968 Aug 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4174413 Autoimmune disease and parasitic infections in Nigerians] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/1/1f/Autoimmune_disease_and_parasitic_infections_in_Nigerians.pdf PDF] The author of this paper suggested a possible relationship between parasitic infections and the reduced incidence of autoimmune disease in parts of tropical Africa.

=== 1948 ===
* ✅ 1948 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5190334/ The Treatment of Polycythemia by Artificial Infection with Ancylostoma Duodenale] This was the first report of the clinical application of helminthic therapy.

=== 1932 ===
* ✅ 1932 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10828911 Regional ileitis: a pathologic and clinical entity] Disease characterised by inflammation of the terminal ileum was first described in this paper. This condition was later to become known as Crohn’s disease.

== Papers published in high impact factor journals ==

This is a selection of articles published in high impact factor journals. The impact factor value for each journal is shown in parentheses immediately after the journal's name.

Inclusion in this list in no way means that these articles are better than others. The list is also not exhaustive and requires further development.

* Zou Y, Pu L, Guo A, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Ding Y, Du X, Guo X, Zhang S, Cai X, Wang S. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40266093/ Helminth reshapes host gut microbiota and immunoregulation by deploying an antimicrobial program of innate immunity]. Gut Microbes (12.2). 2025 Dec;17(1):2496447. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2496447. Epub 2025 Apr 23. PMID: 40266093; PMCID: PMC12026035.

* Mules TC, Inns S, Le Gros G. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37449458/ Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction]. Allergy (12.6). 2023 Nov;78(11):2892-2905. doi: 10.1111/all.15812. Epub 2023 Jul 14. PMID: 37449458.

* Pierce DR, McDonald M, Merone L, Becker L, Thompson F, Lewis C, Ryan RYM, Hii SF, Zendejas-Heredia PA, Traub RJ, Field MA, Rahman T, Croese J, Loukas A, McDermott R, Giacomin PR. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37495576/ Effect of experimental hookworm infection on insulin resistance in people at risk of type 2 diabetes]. Nat Commun (14.7). 2023 Jul 26;14(1):4503. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40263-4. PMID: 37495576; PMCID: PMC10372076.

* Gurven MD, Finch CE, Wann LS. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29659774/ Are intestinal worms nature's anti-atherosclerosis vaccine?] Eur Heart J (37.6). 2018 May 7;39(18):1653. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy129. PMID: 29659774.

* Loukas A, Hotez PJ, Diemert D, Yazdanbakhsh M, McCarthy JS, Correa-Oliveira R, Croese J, Bethony JM. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27929101/ Hookworm infection]. Nat Rev Dis Primers (76.9). 2016 Dec 8;2:16088. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.88. PMID: 27929101.

* Savage N. [https://doi.org/10.1038/540S103a Q&A: Joel Weinstock]. Nature (50.2). 2016 Dec 21;540(7634):S103. doi: 10.1038/540S103a. PMID: 28002396.

* Weinstock JV. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23135449/ Autoimmunity: The worm returns]. Nature (50.2). 2012 Nov 8;491(7423):183-5. doi: 10.1038/491183a. PMID: 23135449; PMCID: PMC3744107.

* Croese J, O'neil J, Masson J, Cooke S, Melrose W, Pritchard D, Speare R. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16344586/ A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors]. Gut (24.5). 2006 Jan;55(1):136-7. doi: 10.1136/gut.2005.079129. PMID: 16344586; PMCID: PMC1856386.

* Summers RW, Elliott DE, Urban JF Jr, Thompson R, Weinstock JV. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1774382/ Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease]. Gut (24.5). 2005 Jan;54(1):87-90. doi: 10.1136/gut.2004.041749. PMID: 15591509; PMCID: PMC1774382.

* Turton JA. [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/f/fd/Letter_-_IgE%2C_parasites%2C_and_allergy_%28Turton%29.pdf Letter: IgE, parasites, and allergy]. Lancet (98.4). 1976 Sep 25;2(7987):686. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)92492-2. PMID: 60540.

== Further reading ==
These pages contain further research papers and articles relevant to each page title.

* [[Helminths and the gut microbiota | '''Helminths and the gut microbiota''']]
* [[Deworming debunked | '''Deworming debunked''']]
* [[Helminthic therapy for well people | '''Helminthic therapy for well people''']]

Helminthic therapy research

2025-05-18T18:14:10Z

Laurel: /* 2025 */ check it out

{{Breadcrumb}}
{{SEO
|title=Helminthic therapy research
|description=Comprehensive index of over 1,000 scientific studies and reports supporting helminthic therapy, biome reconstitution, and the Hygiene Hypothesis.
|keywords=helminthic therapy research, helminth studies, hygiene hypothesis, biome depletion, immune disorders, self-treatment
|og:image=[[File:wiki.png]]
}}

Helminthic therapy is the deliberate introduction of controlled, non-replicating helminths to improve immune regulation and reduce chronic inflammation. This page provides a curated index of over 1,000 scientific studies and reports related to this therapy and its theoretical foundations, including:

* the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis Hygiene Hypothesis]
* the [http://evmedreview.com/?p=103 Old Friends' Hypothesis]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mismatch_theory Evolutionary Mismatch Theory]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21741180 Biome Depletion Theory] / [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133248 Biota Alteration Theory]

This resource is maintained quarterly by volunteers. '''Last major update: May 2025.''' To suggest edits or updates, use the [[Talk:Helminthic therapy research]] page.

== Therapeutic Helminths ==
Four organisms are currently used in helminthic therapy:

* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necator_americanus Necator americanus]'' (NA) – human hookworm
* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuris_trichiura Trichuris trichiura]'' (TTO) – human whipworm
* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuris_suis Trichuris suis]'' (TSO) – pig whipworm
* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenolepis_diminuta Hymenolepis diminuta]'' (HDC) – rat tapeworm

Some additional studies include other helminth species or helminth-derived molecules. These are included where they offer relevant insights into immune function, inflammation, and host-parasite interactions.

<div style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 1px solid #EEDD82; padding:8px; margin:16px 0;">
'''Navigation tip''': To search by condition (e.g., asthma, MS, autism), use your browser’s “Find in page” function (⌘F or Ctrl+F). For access tips, see the [[#Obtaining copies of scientific papers]] section below.
</div>

== Recommended Starting Points ==
<div style="background-color:#F0F8FF; border:1px solid #ADD8E6; padding:8px;">
'''New to the topic? Start here:'''
* ✅ [[media:Overcoming_Evolutionary_Mismatch_by_Self-Treatment_with_Helminths.pdf]] – Landmark paper on patient-led outcomes
* ✅ [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744090 Helminth–host immunological interactions (2012)] – Summary of core science
* ✅ [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737071 Socio-medical insight on trial limitations (2022)] – Why RCTs may not reflect real-world outcomes
</div>

== Related Pages ==
* [[Introduction to helminthic therapy]]
* [[Hookworm dosing and response]]
* [[Human helminth care manual]]
* [[Helminthic therapy for multiple sclerosis]]
* [[Glossary of helminthic therapy terms]]

<div class="toclimit-2">__TOC__</div>

== What Researchers Say About Helminthic Therapy ==

=== Scientific conclusions from clinical and lab studies ===

{{Quote|indent}}Although some helminths are known to cause disease and have been labeled parasites, it is now clear that some exposure to this class of organisms is necessary for human health. (Bono-Lunn et al) [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10601333.2016.1210159]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}The results strongly support previous indications that helminth therapy can effectively treat a wide range of allergies, autoimmune conditions and neuropsychiatric disorders. (Liu et al) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27240605/]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}Although self-treatment with helminths cannot be recommended by medical professionals due to a lack of blinded, placebo controlled trials, neither should it be discouraged since the available evidence suggests that it is beneficial in most cases when practiced by knowledgeable individuals. (Parker and Morey) [https://evmedreview.com/progress-on-reconstituting-the-depleted-biome-to-prevent-immune-disorders/]{{Quote|/indent}}

=== Researcher commentary, policy vision, and future outlook ===

{{Quote|indent}}What was a costly and sometimes risky venture into the unknown, undertaken by only a few 10 years ago, is rapidly becoming a readily available and well-established resource currently used by thousands of individuals. (Cheng et al, 2015) [[media:Overcoming_Evolutionary_Mismatch_by_Self-Treatment_with_Helminths.pdf]]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}We need to embrace the view that helminths are a necessary component of the ecosystem of a healthy body, and that helminths should be cultivated for population-wide biota restoration. (Villeneuve et al) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1286457917301855?via%3Dihub]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}Biome reconstitution… must be considered a fundamental human right worthy of government support rather than an option for pharmaceutical development. (Parker and Ollerton) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481190]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}Twenty years from now… every single human being needs a helminth. It’s part of our biology. (Prof William Parker, Duke University) [https://web.archive.org/web/202212]()

== '''Research papers & articles''' ==

===2025===

* 2025 Apr 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40302223/ Cytokines from parasites: manipulating host responses by molecular mimicry] — [DOI not listed] DOI
* 2025 Apr 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40298402/ mGem: Decoding transmicrobe messaging-the growing impact of extracellular vesicles] — [https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mbio.03130-24?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed Full text] | [https://journals.asm.org/doi/epub/10.1128/mbio.03130-24 PDF] '''(EVs)'''
* 2025 Apr 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40266093/ Helminth reshapes host gut microbiota and immunoregulation by deploying an antimicrobial program of innate immunity] — [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12026035/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12026035/pdf/KGMI_17_2496447.pdf PDF] '''(gut microbiota)'''
* 2025 Apr 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40265426/ Modulation of the Inflammatory Signature in an Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model through Treatment with Fasciola hepatica-Derived Recombinant Fatty Acid Binding Protein (rFh15)] — [DOI not listed] DOI '''(F. hepatica, autoimmune, immunology)'''
* 2025 Jan [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39638178/ Cathepsin L of Fasciola hepatica meliorates colitis by altering the gut microbiome and inflammatory macrophages] — [DOI not listed] DOI '''(F. hepatica, colitis, macrophage, microbiome)'''
* 2025 Jan [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39608199/ Host, parasite, and microbiome interaction: Trichuris ovis and its effect on sheep gut microbiota] — [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304401724002450?via%3Dihub Full text] '''(gut microbiota, microbiome)'''

===2024===

* 2024 Dec 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39749005/ Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Helminth-Derived Products: Potential Applications and Challenges in Diabetes Mellitus Management] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11694023/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11694023/pdf/jir-17-11789.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Dec 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39666730/ Hymenolepis nana antigens alleviate ulcerative colitis by promoting intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation via AhR/IL-22 signaling pathway] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11670978/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11670978/pdf/pntd.0012714.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Dec 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39642243/ A helminth enzyme subverts macrophage-mediated immunity by epigenetic targeting of prostaglandin synthesis]

* 2024 Dec 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39620820/ Intestinal Helminth Infection Impairs Oral and Parenteral Vaccine Efficacy] -- [https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/154/Supplement%204/S51/200114/Intestinal-Helminth-Infection-Impairs-Oral-and?autologincheck=redirected Full text] | [https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-pdf/154/Supplement%204/S51/1745169/peds.2024-069114n.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Nov 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39609640/ The TGF-β mimic TGM4 achieves cell specificity through combinatorial surface co-receptor binding] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11723922/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11723922/pdf/44319_2024_Article_323.pdf PDF]
* 2024 Nov 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39651252/ The IL-33/ST2 signaling axis drives pathogenesis in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11623585/ Full text] | [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625579v1 PDF]

* 2024 Nov 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39596084/ A Small Intestinal Helminth Infection Alters Colonic Mucus and Shapes the Colonic Mucus Microbiome] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11593901/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11593901/pdf/ijms-25-12015.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Nov 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39569198/ Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles from Ascaris lumbricoides antigen exposure enhance Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth control, reduce IL-1β, and contain miR-342-5p, miR-516b-5p, and miR-570-3p that regulate PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11576181/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11576181/pdf/fimmu-15-1454881.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Nov 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39495798/ The gut microbiota is essential for Trichinella spiralis-evoked suppression of colitis] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11563474/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11563474/pdf/pntd.0012645.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Nov 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38899778/ Probiotic Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis with Trichuris Suis Ova: A Randomised, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial (the PROCTO Trial)]

* 2024 Oct 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39530086/ Roles of helminth extracellular vesicle-derived let-7 in host-parasite crosstalk] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11551607/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11551607/pdf/fimmu-15-1449495.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Oct 17 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39406912/ Monocytes/Macrophages in Helminth Infections: Key Players in Host Defence, Inflammation, and Tissue Repair] -- [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-65944-7_13 Full text]

* 2024 Oct 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39458384/ Parasites and Microbiota: Dual Interactions and Therapeutic Perspectives] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11510500/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11510500/pdf/microorganisms-12-02076.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Oct 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39406758/ Immunomodulatory effect of Dicrocoelium dendriticum ova on DSS-induced experimental colitis in C57BL/6 mouse] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11480399/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11480399/pdf/41598_2024_Article_73692.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Oct 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39385244/ The role of helminths and their antigens in cancer therapy: insights from cell line models] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11465614/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11465614/pdf/13027_2024_Article_613.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Oct 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39444692/ Immuno-therapeutic and prophylactic potential of Trichinella spiralis antigens for inflammatory bowel diseases] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11497370/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11497370/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Oct 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39367471/ Parasites revive hope for cancer therapy] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11453045/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11453045/pdf/40001_2024_Article_2057.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39159711/ Helminth derivative tuftsin-phopshorylcholine to treat autoimmunity]

* 2024 Sept 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39314046/ Helminth-derived molecules: pathogenic and pharmacopeial roles] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11629161/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11629161/pdf/jbr-38-6-547.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Sept 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39263744/ Health-promoting worms? Prospects and pitfalls of helminth therapy] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bies.202400080 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bies.202400080 PDF]

* 2024 Sept 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39243554/ Excretory/secretory antigens from Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae ameliorate HFD-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via driving macrophage anti-inflammatory activity] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1567576924016242?via%3Dihub Full text]

* 2024 Sept 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39234909/ Immune-mediated Bowel Disease: Role of Intestinal Parasites and Gut Microbiome]

* 2024 Aug 23 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39179288/ Helminth protein enhances wound healing by inhibiting fibrosis and promoting tissue regeneration] (Also reported by Advanced Science News. [https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/molecules-secreted-by-parasitic-worms-found-to-reduce-scarring-during-wound-healing/]) (Wound healing)

* 2024 Aug 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39204303/ Geohelminths: Use in the Treatment of Selected Human Diseases] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11356798/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11356798/pdf/pathogens-13-00703.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Aug 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39037247/ Echinococcus multilocularis serpin regulates macrophage polarization and reduces gut dysbiosis in colitis] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11320943/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11320943/pdf/iai.00232-24.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Aug 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39211070/ Helminth-derived metabolites induce tolerogenic] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11360915/ Full text] | [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525718v2.full.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Jul 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39013877/ Controlled human hookworm infection remodels plasmacytoid dendritic cells and regulatory T cells towards profiles seen in natural infections in endemic areas] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11252261/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11252261/pdf/41467_2024_Article_50313.pdf PDF]

* ✅ 2024 Jun 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38947109/ Reevaluating Biota Alteration: Reframing Environmental Influences on Chronic Immune Disorders and Exploring Novel Therapeutic Opportunities] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11202117/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11202117/pdf/yjbm_97_2_253.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Jun 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39065669/ Pharmaceutical Potential of Remedial Plants and Helminths for Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11279646// Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11279646/pdf/pharmaceuticals-17-00819.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Apr 30 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38687096/ Gut-lung axis and asthma: A historical review on mechanism and future perspective] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11060082/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11060082/pdf/CLT2-14-e12356.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Apr 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38637733/ Helminth-derived proteins as immune system regulators] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11025257/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11025257/pdf/12865_2024_Article_614.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Apr 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38581085/ The helminth-derived peptide, FhHDM-1, reverses the trained phenotype of NOD bone-marrow-derived macrophages and regulates proinflammatory responses] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.202350643 Full text]

* 2024 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38648862/ Modulation of intestinal epithelial permeability by chronic small intestinal helminth infections] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imcb.12749 Full text]

* 2024 Mar 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38517214/ Association between helminth infection and allergic disorders among children in Batu, Ethiopia] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10959016/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10959016/pdf/IID3-12-e1222.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38325266/ Serine protease inhibitor from the muscle larval Trichinella spiralis ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice via anti-inflammatory properties and gut-liver crosstalk] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332224001045?via%3Dihub Full text]

* 2024 Jan 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38500783/ The parasitic worm product ES-62 protects against collagen-induced arthritis by resetting the gut-bone marrow axis in a microbiome-dependent manner] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7615750/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7615750/pdf/EMS194623.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Jan 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38357280/ Effect of Trichinella spiralis-Derived Antigens on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by High-Fat Diet in Mice] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10863434/Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10863434/pdf/pt3c00276.pdf PDF]

===2023===

* 2023 Nov 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38016013/ Immunosuppressive ability of Trichinella spiralis adults can ameliorate type 2 inflammation in a murine allergy model]

* ✅ 2023 Nov [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37449458/ Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/all.15812 Full text] | [[media:Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction.pdf | PDF]]

* 2023 Sept 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37762428/ The Impact of Intestinal Inflammation on Nematode's Excretory-Secretory Proteome] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10531923/ Full Text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10531923/pdf/ijms-24-14127.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Sept 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37760328/ Severely Asthmatic Horses Residing in a Mediterranean Climate Shed a Significantly Lower Number of Parasite Eggs Compared to Healthy Farm Mates] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10525552/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10525552/pdf/animals-13-02928.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Sept 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37762297/ Modulation of LPS-Induced Neurodegeneration by Intestinal Helminth Infection in Ageing Mice] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10530578/ Full Text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10530578/pdf/ijms-24-13994.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Sept [https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/esploro/outputs/doctoral/Helminths-modulation-of-intestinal-barrier-function/9926503779101891 Helminths' modulation of intestinal barrier function] (doctoral thesis)

* 2023 Aug 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37745942/ Hookworm infection induces glycometabolic modulation in South Indian individuals with type 2 diabetes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10514067/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10514067/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Aug 21 [https://www.labonline.com.au/content/life-scientist/article/hookworms-could-offer-protection-from-severe-covid-1149206477 Hookworms could offer protection from severe COVID]

* 2023 Aug 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37585413/ The gut microbiota contributes to changes in the host immune response induced by Trichinella spiralis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431649/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431649/pdf/pntd.0011479.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Aug 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37580819/ Inhibition of GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis triggered by Trichinella spiralis intervention contributes to the alleviation of DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10424392/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10424392/pdf/13071_2023_Article_5857.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Aug 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37579625/ A target-based discovery from a parasitic helminth as a novel therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases] -- [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(23)00316-X/fulltext Full text]

* 2023 Aug 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37566678/ Exposure to lung-migrating helminth protects against murine SARS-CoV-2 infection through macrophage-dependent T cell activation]

* 2023 Jul 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37495576/ Effect of experimental hookworm infection on insulin resistance in people at risk of type 2 diabetes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10372076/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10372076/pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jun 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37355675/ Interaction between tissue-dwelling helminth and the gut microbiota drives mucosal immunoregulation] -- [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41522-023-00410-7 Full text]

* 2023 Jun 23 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37292031/ The mouse model of chronic asthma: Airway remodelling and disease exacerbation by somatic antigen of Echinococcus granulosus]

* 2023 Jun 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37383608/ The Potential Nexus between Helminths and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Literature Review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10299886/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10299886/pdf/JIR2023-5544819.pdf PDF]

* 2023 June 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37318363/ Controlled Hookworm Infection for Medication-free Maintenance in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Pilot, Double-blind, Randomized Control Trial] -- [https://academic.oup.com/ibdjournal/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ibd/izad110/7198522?login=false Full Text]

* 2023 Jun 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37292031/ The mouse model of chronic asthma: Airway remodelling and disease exacerbation by somatic antigen of Echinococcus granulosus]

* 2023 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37207504/ Proteomic profile of Trichinella spiralis infected mice with acute spinal cord injury: A 4D label-free quantitative analysis]

* 2023 Jun [https://repository.univ-msila.dz/items/7987d3ff-f6e5-48dc-aabb-d19a00049b5f/full Echinococcose kystique et l'helmintho-thérapie] -- [https://repository.univ-msila.dz/server/api/core/bitstreams/de28cb6f-60a2-4af2-af13-116215e0a57b/content PDF] (mémoire de master en français / in french)

* 2023 Apr 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37119907/ Helminth-derived biomacromolecules as therapeutic agents for treating inflammatory and infectious diseases: What lessons do we get from recent findings?]

* 2023 Apr 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37189818/ Helminth Lessons in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD)] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135676/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135676/pdf/biomedicines-11-01200.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36848791/ The Trichinella spiralis-derived antigens alleviate HFD-induced obesity and inflammation in mice]

* 2023 Feb 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36827239/ Effects of helminths and anthelmintic treatment on cardiometabolic diseases and risk factors: A systematic review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9956023/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9956023/pdf/pntd.0011022.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Feb 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36788341/ Maternal helminth infection protects offspring from high-fat-diet-induced obesity through altered microbiota and SCFAs]

* 2023 Feb 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36780522/ Helminth egg derivatives as proregenerative immunotherapies]

* 2023 Feb 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36785786/ COVID-19 morbidity in lower versus higher income populations underscores the need to restore lost biodiversity of eukaryotic symbionts] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9908430/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jan 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36761766/ The helminth derived peptide FhHDM-1 redirects macrophage metabolism towards glutaminolysis to regulate the pro-inflammatory response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9905698/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9905698/pdf/fimmu-14-1018076.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jan 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36855464/ Protection from T cell-dependent colitis by the helminth-derived immunomodulatory mimic of transforming growth factor-β, Hp-TGM] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9958376/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9958376/pdf/kyad001.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jan 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36641059/ Heat shock protein 60 in parasitic helminths: a role in immune responses and therapeutic applications]

===2022===

* 2022 Dec 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36601618/ Does the trained immune system play an important role in the extreme longevity that is seen in the Sardinian blue zone?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9806115/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9806115/pdf/fragi-03-1069415.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Dec 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36569142/ The impact of Helicobacter pylori and intestinal helminth infections on gastric adenocarcinoma and inflammatory bowel disease in Sub-Saharan Africa] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780450/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780450/pdf/fmed-09-1013779.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Dec 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36476263/ Gut microbiome of helminth-infected indigenous Malaysians is context dependent] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9727879/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9727879/pdf/40168_2022_Article_1385.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Nov 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36558772/ The Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta as an Important Model Organism in the Experimental Parasitology of the 21st Century] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9784563/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9784563/pdf/pathogens-11-01439.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Nov 10 [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515832v1 Helminth exposure protects against murine SARS-CoV-2 infection through macrophage dependent T cell activation] -- [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515832v1.full Full text] | [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515832v1.full.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Nov 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39816470/ The immunology of parasite infections: Grand challenges] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11732110/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11732110/pdf/fpara-01-1069205.pdf PDF] (editorial)

* 2022 Nov 1 [https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/21/13358 Helminths and Bacterial Microbiota: The Interactions of Two of Humans’ “Old Friends”] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/21/13358/htm Full text]

* 2022 Oct 27 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36289514/ Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and antigen B may decrease inflammatory bowel disease through regulation of M1/2 polarization] -- [https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05498-y Full text]

* 2022 Oct 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36297265/ Inhibition Effects of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Its Derivatives against Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- Mice through Anti-Inflammatory Response] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/10/1208/htm Full text]

* 2022 Oct 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36263053/ Helminth infection and helminth-derived products: A novel therapeutic option for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9573989/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9573989/pdf/fimmu-13-999412.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Sept 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36175934/ Whipworm secretions and their roles in host-parasite interactions] -- [https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05483-5 Full text]

*2022 Sept 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36084127/ Cysteine protease of Clonorchis sinensis alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9491586/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9491586/pdf/pntd.0010774.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Sept [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35712983/ The effect of helminth infection on vaccine responses in humans and animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pim.12939 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/pim.12939 PDF]

* 2022 Aug 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36045216/ Food for thought - ILC metabolism in the context of helminth infections] -- [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41385-022-00559-y Full text]

* 2022 Aug 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36105811/ The parasitic worm product ES-62 protects the osteoimmunology axis in a mouse model of obesity-accelerated ageing] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9465317/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9465317/pdf/fimmu-13-953053.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Aug 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36116939/ Role of alternative activation of macrophages in hookworm therapy for inflammatory diseases: a review]

* 2022 Aug 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35964125/ Immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus by adjuvant-free Schistosoma japonicum-egg tip-loaded asymmetric microneedle patch (STAMP)] -- [https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12951-022-01581-9 Full text]

* 2022 Aug 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36040420/ Early life mebendazole exposure increases the risk of adult-onset ulcerative colitis: a population-based cohort study]

* 2022 Aug 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35955110/ Hymenolepis diminuta Infection Affects Apoptosis in the Small and Large Intestine] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368115/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368115/pdf/ijerph-19-09753.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Aug 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36045216/ Food for thought - ILC metabolism in the context of helminth infections] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9705246/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9705246/pdf/41385_2022_Article_559.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Aug 1 [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/8/1235?fbclid=IwAR2Y4zm19t6UklmkK0WiNZEJyzDWZpqYKNYygzA1UkEFoaMUt9djgtn0vHk Harnessing Immune Evasion Strategy of Lymphatic Filariae: A Therapeutic Approach against Inflammatory and Infective Pathology] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/8/1235/htm Full text]

* 2022 Jul 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35804460/ The production of Necator americanus larvae for use in experimental human infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9264692/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9264692/pdf/13071_2022_Article_5371.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35764965/ Helminth antigens differentially modulate the activation of CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes of convalescent COVID-19 patients in vitro] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9241220/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9241220/pdf/12916_2022_Article_2441.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 27 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35758054/ Suppression of airway allergic eosinophilia by Hp-TGM, a helminth mimic of TGF-β]

* 2022 Jun 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35748460/ "Out of the box" new therapeutic strategies for Crohn’s disease: moving beyond biologics] | [https://online.reed.es/DOI/PDF/ArticuloDOI_9010.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35732819/ Effects of helminths on the human immune response and the microbiome] -- [https://www.mucosalimmunology.org/article/S1933-0219(22)01749-4/fulltext Full text] | [https://www.mucosalimmunology.org/action/showPdf?pii=S1933-0219%2822%2901749-4 PDF]

* 2022 Jun 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35747061/ Multiple sclerosis and the microbiota: Progress in understanding the contribution of the gut microbiome to disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9211007/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9211007/pdf/eoac009.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35675339/ Clinical helminth infections alter host gut and saliva microbiota] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9212162/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9212162/pdf/pntd.0010491.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35774197/ Nematode surface functionalization with hydrogel sheaths tailored in situ] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590006422001260 Full text] |

* 2022 May 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35615625/ Trichinella-induced immunomodulation: Another tale of helminth success] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9125654/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9125654/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2022 May 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35499991/ Helminth infection modulates number and function of adipose tissue Tregs in high fat diet-induced obesity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9098094/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9098094/pdf/pntd.0010105.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Mar 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35357756/ A Good Day for Helminths: how parasite-derived GDH suppresses inflammatory responses] -- [https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.15252/embr.202255054 Full text]

* 2022 Mar 30 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35353624/ Ascarosides from helminths pack a punch against allergy] -- [https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2202250119 Full text] | [https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.2202250119 PDF]

* 2022 Mar 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35386686/ Parasitomimetics: Can We Utilize Parasite-Derived Immunomodulatory Molecules for Interventions to Immunological Disorders?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977410/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977410/pdf/fimmu-13-824695.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Mar 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35286352/ Infection with intestinal helminth (Hymenolepis diminuta) impacts exploratory behavior and cognitive processes in rats by changing the central level of neurotransmitters] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1010330 Full text]

* 2022 Mar 10 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35359963/ Not All Worms Were Created Equal] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8960138/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8960138/pdf/fimmu-13-877707.pdf PDF] (NB. This paper does not include all the facts that are pertinent to the case discussed. For additional important details, see: [[Helminthic therapy safety#Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease? | Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease?]])

* 2022 Mar 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35435987/ Review of the role of parasitic nematode excretory/secretory proteins in host immunomodulation]

* 2022 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34861106/ Immunomodulation of COVID-19 severity by helminth co-infection: Implications for COVID-19 vaccine efficacy] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iid3.573 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iid3.573 PDF]

* 2022 Feb 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35281054/ Helminth and Host Crosstalk: New Insight Into Treatment of Obesity and Its Associated Metabolic Syndromes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8913526/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8913526/pdf/fimmu-13-827486.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Feb 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35281745/ Bone erosion in inflammatory arthritis is attenuated by Trichinella spiralis through inhibiting M1 monocyte/macrophage polarization] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8914552/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8914552/pdf/main.pdf PDF]]

* 2022 Feb 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35202548/ Helminth products modulate innate immune recognition of nucleic acids in systemic lupus erythematosus]

* 2022 Feb 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35188279/ Concurrent allergy and helminthiasis in underprivileged urban South African adults previously residing in rural areas] (NB. Ascarids are known to be associated with asthma, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778161/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25702830] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17698018] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30249744] unlike the species used in helminthic therapy.)

* 2022 Feb 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35222441/ The Fight Against Severe COVID-19: Can Parasitic Worms Contribute?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8874793/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8874793/pdf/fimmu-13-849465.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jan-Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36046565/ Anti-Tumor Effect of Marshallagia marshalli Somatic Antigen on Inhibition Cell Growth of K562] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9375725/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9375725/pdf/IJPA-17-28.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jan 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35115243/ Helminths and COVID-19 susceptibility, disease progression, and vaccination efficacy] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471492222000083 Full text]

* 2022 Jan 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35087284/ Helminth Therapy for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Current and Future Perspectives] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8789313/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8789313/pdf/jir-15-475.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jan 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35031905/ Na-AIP-1 secreted by human hookworms suppresses collagen-induced arthritis]

* 2022 Jan [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014489421001260 Potential of human helminth therapy for resolution of inflammatory bowel disease: The future ahead]

===2021===

* 2021 Dec 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34933444/ Helminth-Induced Human Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Reveals Insights into Altered Taxon Diversity and Microbial Gradient Collapse] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8689561/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8689561/pdf/mbio.02890-21.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Dec 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34930198/ Rapidly progressive respiratory failure after helminth larvae ingestion] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8686539/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8686539/pdf/12890_2021_Article_1788.pdf PDF] (NB. This report omits important facts about the case described, and includes incorrect and misleading details. For a more accurate account, see, [[Helminthic therapy safety#Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease? | Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease?]])

* 2021 Dec 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35046625/ Recombinant protein Schistosoma japonicum-derived molecule attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by inhibiting miRNA-217-5p to alleviate apoptosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8678816/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8678816/pdf/WJG-27-7982.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Dec 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34882670/Experimental human hookworm infection: a narrative historical review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8659326/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8659326/pdf/pntd.0009908.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Dec 6 [https://evmedreview.com/evolutionary-medicine-helps-explain-pandemic-dynamics-predictions-regarding-clinical-impact-of-covid-19-borne-out/ Evolutionary medicine helps explain pandemic dynamics: Predictions regarding clinical impact of COVID-19 borne out]

* 2021 Dec 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34863801/ Helminth-induced CD9 + B-cell subset alleviates obesity-associated inflammation via IL-10 production]

* 2021 Dec Treatment of Refractory Chronic Migraine with Worm Eggs: A Therapy Rooted in Evolution (no abstract) | [[media:Treatment_of_Refractory_Chronic_Migraine_with_Worm_Eggs.pdf |PDF]] (TSO)

* 2021 Nov 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34748611/ Suppression of inflammatory arthritis by the parasitic worm product ES-62 is associated with epigenetic changes in synovial fibroblasts] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8601611/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8601611/pdf/ppat.1010069.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Nov 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34735226/ Small proline-rich protein 2A is a gut bactericidal protein deployed during helminth infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977106/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977106/pdf/nihms-1788060.pdf PDF]

* ✅ 2021 Nov [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737071/ Socio-medical studies of individuals self-treating with helminths provide insight into clinical trial design for assessing helminth therapy] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576921002063 Full text] | [[media:Socio-medical_studies_of_individuals_self-treating_with_helminths_provide_insight_into_clinical_trial_design_for_assessing_helminth_therapy.pdf | PDF]]

* 2021 Nov [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34197631/ Interleukin-35 is a critical regulator of immunity during helminth infections associated with multiple sclerosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8517594/ Full text]

* 2021 Oct 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34717799/ Enteric pathogens induce tissue tolerance and prevent neuronal loss from subsequent infections]

* 2021 Oct 27 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737582/ The Influence of Helminth Immune Regulation on COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes: Is it Beneficial or Detrimental?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558425/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558425/pdf/idr-14-4421.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Oct 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34868595/ Helminth infection is associated with dampened cytokine responses to viral and bacterial stimulations in Tsimane forager-horticulturalists] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8634526/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8634526/pdf/eoab035.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Oct 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34745091/ Parasite-Derived Excretory-Secretory Products Alleviate Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Improve Cognitive Impairment Induced by a High-Fat Diet] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8564115/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8564115/pdf/fimmu-12-710513.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Oct 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34733292/ Emerging Role of Eosinophils in Resolution of Arthritis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558534/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558534/pdf/fimmu-12-764825.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Sept 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34579797/ The use of helminth therapy for management of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a systematic review]

* 2021 Sept 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34583903/ Commandeering the mammalian Ago2 miRNA network: a newly discovered mechanism of helminth immunomodulation]

* 2021 Sept 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34517928/ Cooperation between host immunity and the gut bacteria is essential for helminth-evoked suppression of colitis] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354561896 Full text]

* 2021 Sept 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34488863/ Schistosoma japonicum peptide SJMHE1 inhibits acute and chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8422783/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8422783/pdf/13071_2021_Article_4977.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Sept [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34368662/ Effect of co-infection with intestinal parasites on COVID-19 severity: A prospective observational cohort study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8324426/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8324426/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Aug 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34425258/ Safety and tolerability of medicinal parasite ova (Trichuris suis) in healthy Japanese volunteers: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial]

* 2021 Aug 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34406855/ Exposure to Parasitic Protists and Helminths Changes the Intestinal Community Structure of Bacterial Communities in a Cohort of Mother-Child Binomials from a Semirural Setting in Mexico] -- [https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00083-21 Full text] | [https://journals.asm.org/doi/epub/10.1128/mSphere.00083-21 PDF]

* 2021 Aug 17 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34433129/ Infection by Strongyloides venezuelensis attenuates chronic colitis induced by Dextran Sodium Sulfate ingestion in BALB/c mice]

* 2021 Aug 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34445445/ Lectin-Mediated Bacterial Modulation by the Intestinal Nematode Ascaris suum] — [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353903554 Full text]

* 2021 Aug 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34456879/ The Impact of Helminth Infection on the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8397462/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8397462/pdf/fendo-12-728396.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Aug 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34451458/ Infection with Hymenolepis diminuta Blocks Colitis and Hastens Recovery While Colitis Has Minimal Impact on Expulsion of the Cestode from the Mouse Host] — [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353740657 Full text]

* 2021 Aug 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34413850/ Mycobacterium-Induced Th1, Helminths-Induced Th2 Cells and the Potential Vaccine Candidates for Allergic Asthma: Imitation of Natural Infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8369065/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8369065/pdf/fimmu-12-696734.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Jun 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154932/ Gut-microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles: Overlooked mediators in host-helminth interactions?]

* 2021 Jun 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34135384/ Helminth derived factors inhibit neutrophil extracellular trap formation and inflammation in bacterial peritonitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8209178/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8209178/pdf/41598_2021_Article_92001.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Jun 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34171587/ SARS-CoV-2 and helminth co-infections, and environmental pollution exposure: An epidemiological and immunological perspective] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8205275/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8205275/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Jun 10 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34111180/ Hookworm treatment induces a decrease of suppressive regulatory T cell associated with a Th2 inflammatory response] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0252921 Full text] Allergic sensitisation increased following treatment with albendazole.

* 2021 Jun 7 [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2533 The New Status of Parasitic Diseases in the COVID-19 Pandemic—Risk Factors or Protective Agents?] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2533/htm Full text] (Review)

* 2021 May 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34051231/ Synthetic hookworm-derived peptides are potent modulators of primary human immune cell function that protect against experimental colitis in vivo] -- [https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(21)00632-3/fulltext Full text] | [https://www.jbc.org/action/showPdf?pii=S0021-9258%2821%2900632-3 PDF]

* 2021 May 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34051352/ Emerging issues in COVID-19 vaccination in Tropical Areas: Impact of the Immune Response against Helminths in Endemic Areas]

* 2021 May 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34029332/ COVID-19 and helminth infection: Beyond the Th1/Th2 paradigm] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8143422/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8143422/pdf/pntd.0009402.pdf PDF]

* 2021 May 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34017599/ Extreme lifespan extension in tapeworm-infected ant workers] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8131941/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8131941/pdf/rsos.202118.pdf PDF]

* 2021 May 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34002262/ The effects of helminth infections against type 2 diabetes]

* 2021 Apr 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33895144/ Immunoprotective inference of experimental chronic Trichinella spiralis infection on house dust mites induced allergic airway remodeling]

* 2021 Apr 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33935986/ Interrogating the Impact of Intestinal Parasite-Microbiome on Pathogenesis of COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8086792/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8086792/pdf/fmicb-12-614522.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Apr 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33853585/ Experimental infection with the hookworm, Necator americanus, is associated with stable gut microbial diversity in human volunteers with relapsing multiple sclerosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8048248/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8048248/pdf/12915_2021_Article_1003.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Apr 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33579723/ Helminth Imprinting of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Sustains Anti-Inflammatory Trained Innate Immunity That Attenuates Autoimmune Disease]

* 2021 Mar 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33842398/ Therapeutic Efficacy of Excretory-Secretory Products of Trichinella spiralis Adult Worms on Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury in a Mouse Model] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8024484/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8024484/pdf/fcimb-11-653843.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33760829/ Trichuris trichiura egg extract proteome reveals potential diagnostic targets and immunomodulators] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8021180/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8021180/pdf/pntd.0009221.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33841657/ Schistosoma japonicum-derived peptide SJMHE1 promotes peripheral nerve repair through a macrophage-dependent mechanism] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8014408/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8014408/pdf/ajtr0013-1290.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33732246/ Understanding Asthma and Allergies by the Lens of Biodiversity and Epigenetic Changes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7957070/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7957070/pdf/fimmu-12-623737.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33646858/ Immune System Investigation Using Parasitic Helminths]

* 2021 Feb 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33717104/ Clonorchis sinensis-Derived Protein Attenuates Inflammation and New Bone Formation in Ankylosing Spondylitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7947613/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7947613/pdf/fimmu-12-615369.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33692793/ Schistosome Infection and Schistosome-Derived Products as Modulators for the Prevention and Alleviation of Immunological Disorders] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7937812/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7937812/pdf/fimmu-12-619776.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33732461/ Between a hygiene rock and a hygienic hard place: Avoiding SARS-CoV-2 while needing environmental exposures for immunity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7928958/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7928958/pdf/eoab006.pdf PDF]

:* 2021 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34168878/ Comment on Parker et al. (Evolution, Medicine and Public Health 2021;9:120–30.)] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8219121/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8219121/pdf/eoab011.pdf PDF]

:* 2021 Apr [https://academic.oup.com/emph/article/9/1/206/6220325 Authors’ response to Graham Rook’s commentary]

* 2021 Feb 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33738103/ Hymenolepis diminuta-based helminth therapy in C3(1)-TAg mice does not alter breast tumor onset or progression] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7953836/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7953836/pdf/eoab007.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33613446/ Gastrointestinal Helminth Infection Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Decreases Systemic Inflammation, and Alters the Composition of Gut Microbiota in Distinct Mouse Models of Type 2 Diabetes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7892786/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7892786/pdf/fendo-11-606530.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 2 [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.21250995v1 Effect of co-infection with parasites on severity of COVID-19] -- [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.21250995v1.full.pdf PDF] (medRxiv preprints) (Also reported by NewsMedical. [https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210204/Research-shows-intestinal-parasite-infestations-reduce-COVID-19-severity.aspx])

* 2021 Feb 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33526169/ Gross ways to live long: Parasitic worms as an anti-inflammaging therapy?] -- [https://elifesciences.org/articles/65180 Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7853715/pdf/elife-65180.pdf PDF] (Also reported by EurekAlert. [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-02/e-cph020221.php])

* 2021 Jan 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33572978/ The Worm-Specific Immune Response in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Receiving Controlled Trichuris suis Ova Immunotherapy] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/2/101/htm Full text] (MS)

* 2021 Jan 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33499240/ Helminth Interactions with Bacteria in the Host Gut Are Essential for Its Immunomodulatory Effect] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/2/226/htm Full text]

* 2021 Jan 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33552447/ Evolution of bacteria in the human gut in response to changing environments: An invisible player in the game of health] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7829112/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7829112/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

===2020===

* 2020 Dec [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33512796/ Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of Experimental Hookworm Infection for Improving Gluten Tolerance in Celiac Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7678792/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7678792/pdf/ct9-11-e00274.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Dec [https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/nv9357710 The role of helminth and microbiome-derived metabolites in the healing of inflammatory bowel diseases related wounds in vitro] -- [https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/2b88qj182?locale=en PDF] (thesis)

* 2020 Oct 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33678958/ Historical analysis of inverse correlation between soil-transmitted helminthiasis and pancreatic cancer] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7901387/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7901387/pdf/UBMC_34_1836712.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Oct 22 [https://sci-hub.se/10.3390/ijms21217845 Gastrointestinal Nematode-Derived Antigens Alter Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration through Regulation of Cell Cycle and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Proteins]

* 2020 Oct 20 [https://academic.oup.com/emph/advance-article/doi/10.1093/emph/eoaa037/5930904 Old Friends Meet a New Foe -- A potential role for immune-priming parasites in mitigating COVID-19 morbidity and mortality] Includes link to PDF.

*2020 Oct 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33116652/ Helminth Induced Immunoregulation and Novel Therapeutic Avenue of Allergy] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7548329/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7548329/pdf/jaa-13-439.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Oct 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33012113/ Immunopathology and modulation induced by hookworms: from understanding to intervention]

* 2020 Oct 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33117347/ Excretory/Secretory Products From Trichinella spiralis Adult Worms Attenuated DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice by Driving PD-1-Mediated M2 Macrophage Polarization] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7575908/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7575908/pdf/fimmu-11-563784.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32653475/ Does the hygiene hypothesis apply to COVID-19 susceptibility?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7347347/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7347347/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Sept 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33117327/ The Helminth Parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus Attenuates EAE in an IL-4Rα-Dependent Manner] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7552805/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7552805/pdf/fimmu-11-01830.pdf PDF] (MS)

* 2020 Sept 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32951619/ Trichinella spiralis: inflammation modulator]

* 2020 Sept 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33013887/ What Can Parasites Tell Us About the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Asthma and Allergic Diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7516051/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7516051/pdf/fimmu-11-02106.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Sept 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32901341/ Immunomodulatory action of excretory-secretory products of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in a mouse tumour model] (Cancer)

* 2020 Sept 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32983184/ Fasciola hepatica-Derived Molecules as Regulators of the Host Immune Response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7492538/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7492538/pdf/fimmu-11-02182.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32984066/ Helminth Mediated Attenuation of Systemic Inflammation and Microbial Translocation in Helminth-Diabetes Comorbidity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7488178/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7488178/pdf/fcimb-10-00431.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32872342/ An Absence of Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation and Associations with Disease Activity in People with Multiple Sclerosis Undergoing Therapeutic Hookworm Vaccination] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/3/487/htm Full text]

* 2020 Aug 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32828819/ Succinate Produced by Intestinal Microbes Promotes Specification of Tuft Cells to Suppress Ileal Inflammation] (IBD)

* 2020 Aug 17 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32804930/ Helminth coinfection and COVID-19: An alternate hypothesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7430705/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7430705/pdf/pntd.0008628.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32903582/ Clinical Use of Schistosoma mansoni Antigens as Novel Immunotherapies for Autoimmune Disorders] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7438586/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7438586/pdf/fimmu-11-01821.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32849543/ Effectiveness of Helminth Therapy in the Prevention of Allograft Rejection: A Systematic Review of Allogeneic Transplantation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7426368/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7426368/pdf/fimmu-11-01604.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug [https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.07.002 Helminth extracellular vesicles: great balls of wonder]

* 2020 Jul [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32153025/ Regulatory T‐cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/?fbclid=IwAR27hCP5tDaVkO0KnyBMdlH7O4tzzcE0YfKWqFy_Xgy46l18amE1t1ET2dY Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/pdf/IMM-160-248.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Jul 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32629118/ Helminth-induced and Th2-dependent Alterations of the Gut Microbiota Attenuate Obesity Caused by High Fat Diet] -- [https://www.cmghjournal.org/article/S2352-345X(20)30105-3/pdf PDF]

* 2020 Jul 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32614822/ Schistosoma haematobium infection is associated with lower serum cholesterol levels and improved lipid profile in overweight/obese individuals]

* 2020 Jun 23 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32655568/ Immunity to Soil-Transmitted Helminths: Evidence From the Field and Laboratory Models] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7324686/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7324686/pdf/fimmu-11-01286.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Jun 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32570037/ Effect of Recombinant Serine Protease From Adult Stage of Trichinella Spiralis on TNBS-induced Experimental Colitis in Mice]

* ✅ 2020 Jun 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32539079/ Hookworm Treatment for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7296452/ Full text] (While the primary statistical endpoint of this trial - the cumulative number of new/enlarging T2 and new enhancing T1 lesions at month 9 - was not significantly different between the hookworm group (154) and the placebo group (164), a closer examination of the data reveals that '''more than half the patients given hookworms did not have any new lesions'''. “The findings of the research… show that infecting MS patients with a safe dose of… Necator americanus induces immunoregulatory responses and boosts the number of cells which help keep the immune system under control.” [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200618150223.htm] The trial’s lead researcher concluded, “I think there would be a niche for this approach - for individuals with mild disease who don't want to take immunomodulating drugs for life and would prefer a more natural approach.” [https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/932593])

* 2020 Jun 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32595641/ Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Trichinella spiralis Muscle Larvae Ameliorate TNBS-Induced Colitis in Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7300183/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7300183/pdf/fimmu-11-01174.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32480001/ Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, the Hygiene Hypothesis and the Other Side of the Microbiota: Parasites and Fungi]

* 2020 May 28 [https://www.qeios.com/read/IWKQH9.2 The global helminth belt and Covid-19: the new eosinophilic link]

* 2020 May 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32453752/ Comprehensive analysis of the secreted proteome of adult Necator americanus hookworms] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7274458/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7274458/pdf/pntd.0008237.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32436176/ Changes in the Severity of Gastric Mucosal Inflammation Associated With Helicobacter Pylori in Humans Coinfected With Intestinal Helminths]

* 2020 May 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32508831/ The Gastrointestinal Helminth Heligmosomoides bakeri Suppresses Inflammation in a Model of Contact Hypersensitivity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7249854/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7249854/pdf/fimmu-11-00950.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 18 [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.20098053v1.full.pdf Parasites and their protection against COVID-19 - Ecology or Immunology?] (PDF)

* 2020 May 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33623561/ Immunity, parasites, genetics and sex hormones: contributors to mild inflammatory responses in COVID-19?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7875730/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7875730/pdf/PAMJ-SUPP-35-2-36.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32407385 Harnessing helminth-driven immunoregulation in the search for novel therapeutic modalities] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1008508 Full text] | [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1008508&type=printable PDF]

* 2020 May 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32448639/ Microbes, Helminths, and Rheumatic Diseases]

* 2020 May 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32372471 Systematic review: gastrointestinal infection and incident inflammatory bowel disease] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/apt.15770 Full text] (IBD)

* 2020 May 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32367051 Heterogeneity in the initiation, development and function of type 2 immunity]

* 2020 May 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32358579 Will helminth co-infection modulate COVID-19 severity in endemic regions?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193760/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193760/pdf/41577_2020_Article_330.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Apr 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32341115 The Potential Role of Schistosome-Associated Factors as Therapeutic Modulators of the Immune System]

* 2020 Apr 27 [https://www.qeios.com/read/5IY4IF Asthma and COVID-19: The Eosinophilic Link]

* 2020 Apr 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32321922 CD8+ regulatory T cells are critical in prevention of autoimmune-mediated diabetes]

* 2020 Apr 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32321863 An anti-inflammatory eicosanoid switch mediates the suppression of type-2 inflammation by helminth larval products] (TSO)

* 2020 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30230399/ Randomized crossover feasibility trial of helminthic Trichuris suis ova versus placebo for repetitive behaviors in adult autism spectrum disorder] (TSO)

* 2020 Mar 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32200170 Effects of the dietary fibre inulin and Trichuris suis products on inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages] (TSO)

* 2020 Mar 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32171305/ Twenty-five-year research progress in hookworm excretory/secretory products] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071665/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071665/pdf/13071_2020_Article_4010.pdf PDF] (NA)

* 2020 Mar 10 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32153025/ Regulatory T-cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/pdf/IMM-160-248.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Mar 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32194529 Dietary Inulin and Trichuris suis Infection Promote Beneficial Bacteria Throughout the Porcine Gut] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064446/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064446/pdf/fmicb-11-00312.pdf PDF] (TSO)

* 2020 Mar 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32126084 Helminth infection modulates systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines implicated in type 2 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008101 Full text]

* 2020 Mar 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32135180 Helminths, polyparasitism, and the gut microbiome in the Philippines]

* 2020 Feb 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32027755 IL-33 is essential to prevent high fat diet-induced obesity in mice infected with an intestinal helminth]

* 2020 Jan-Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32123528 Perspectives of People with Multiple Sclerosis About Helminth Immunotherapy] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7041615 Full text]

* 2020 Jan 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32005978 The gut microbiota response to helminth infection depends on host sex and genotype]

* 2020 Jan 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31976564 Wuchereria bancrofti macrophage migration inhibitory factor-2 (rWbaMIF-2) ameliorates experimental colitis]

* 2020 Jan 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31971074 A critical analysis of helminth immunotherapy in multiple sclerosis]

* 2020 Jan 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31954872 Suppression of systemic lupus erythematosus in NZBWF1 mice infected with Hymenolepis microstoma]

* 2020 Jan 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31894102 Helminth infections drive heterogeneity in human type 2 and regulatory cells]

* 2020 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31914677 Fasciola helminth defense molecule-1 protects against experimental arthritis by inhibiting osteoclast formation and function without modulating the systemic immune response]

===2019===

* 2019 Dec 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31888063 Immunomodulation of Murine Chronic DSS-Induced Colitis by Tuftsin-Phosphorylcholine] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/1/65/htm Full text]

* 2019 Dec 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31878146 Safety of P28GST, a Protein Derived from a Schistosome Helminth Parasite, in Patients with Crohn's Disease: A Pilot Study (ACROHNEM)] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/1/41/htm Full text]

* 2019 Dec 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31885223 Toxicity of parasites and their unconventional use in medicine]

* 2019 Dec 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31845020 Amelioration of type 1 diabetes by recombinant fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and cystatin derived from Schistosoma japonicum in a murine model]

* 2019 Dec 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31836772 Immunomodulatory effect of Syphacia obvelata in treatment of experimental DSS-induced colitis in mouse model]

* 2019 Dec 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31834940 Chronic infection with a tissue invasive helminth attenuates sublethal anaphylaxis and reduces granularity and number of mast cells]

* 2019 Dec 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31829172 Safety and tolerability of experimental hookworm infection in humans with metabolic disease: study protocol for a phase 1b randomised controlled clinical trial]

* 2019 Nov 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31781154 The Effect of Gut Microbiome Composition on Human Immune Responses: An Exploration of Interference by Helminth Infections] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6856646/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6856646/pdf/fgene-10-01028.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Nov 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31719981 The interplay of type 2 immunity, helminth infection and the microbiota in regulating metabolism] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6837856/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6837856/pdf/CTI2-8-e01089.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Oct 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31673002 Intestinal helminth infection enhances bacteria-induced recruitment of neutrophils to the airspace]

* 2019 Oct 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31683117 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis] (MS)

* 2019 Oct 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31605645 Th2 signals are not essential for the anti-arthritic effects of Trichinella spiralis in mice]

* 2019 Sept 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31649786 Therapeutic applicability of helminths in autoimmune diseases - literature overview] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6807663/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6807663/pdf/PG-14-37798.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Sept 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31611876 Ascaris lumbricoides Cystatin Prevents Development of Allergic Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6777510/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6777510/pdf/fimmu-10-02280.pdf PDF] (But also see the details [[Ascaris lumbricoides | '''here''']] regarding the potentially adverse effects of infection with ascaris lumbricoides.)

* 2019 Sept 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31541662 Helminth-microbiota cross-talk - a journey through the vertebrate digestive system]

* 2019 Sept 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31508807 Public health deworming programmes for soil-transmitted helminths in children living in endemic areas]

* 2019 Sept 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31496071 Schistosoma japonicum peptide SJMHE1 suppresses airway inflammation of allergic asthma in mice] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jcmm.14661 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcmm.14661 PDF]

* 2019 Sept 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31487324 Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) and recombinant Omega-1 modulate induced CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses and HIV-1 infection in vitro] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1007924 Full text] | [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1007924&type=printable PDF] (Also reported by Healio. [https://www.healio.com/infectious-disease/hiv-aids/news/online/%7Bafe40491-17f2-456b-b151-8cf73288c38b%7D/helminth-infection-may-reduce-hiv-transmission-disease])

* 2019 Sept 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31492623 Immune Regulation of Metabolic Homeostasis by Helminths and Their Molecules]

* 2019 Aug 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31504336 The effect of helminth infections and their treatment on metabolic outcomes: results of a cluster-randomised trial]

* 2019 Aug 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31407335 Helminth-derived molecules inhibit colitis-associated colon cancer development through NF-kB and STAT3 regulation]

* 2019 Aug 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31397879 Critical roles of regulatory B and T cells in helminth parasite-induced protection against allergic airway inflammation]

* 2019 Aug [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31284930/ Helminths and asthma: Risk and protection]

* 2019 Jul 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31352539 Potential application of helminth therapy for resolution of neuroinflammation in neuropsychiatric disorders]

* 2019 Jul 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31299381 The helminth-derived peptide GK-1 induces an anti-tumoral CD8 T cell response associated with downregulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway] (Cancer)

* 2019 Jul 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31260090 Soil-transmitted helminth infection and intestinal inflammation among the Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador] (TTO)

* 2019 Jul-Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31579670 The endosymbiotic role of intestinal helminths in multiple sclerosis: Promising probiotic hypothesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6767793/ Full text]

* 2019 Jun 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31253164 Preventive and therapeutic effects of Trichinella spiralis adult extracts on allergic inflammation in an experimental asthma mouse model] -- [https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-019-3561-1 Full text]

* 2019 Jun 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31255915 The immune response to Hymenolepis nana in mice decreases tumorigenesis induced by 7,12 dimethylbenz-anthracene] (For a very readable commentary on this paper, see, [https://biomebuzz.com/2019/07/09/more-on-helminths-and-the-prevention-of-cancer/ More on Helminths and the Prevention of Cancer].)

* 2019 Jun 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31209366 Helminths and microbiota — partners in arthritis prevention?]

* 2019 Jun 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31212833 Contribution of the Gut Microbiota in P28GST-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Experimental and Clinical Insights] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/6/577/htm Full text]

* 2019 Jun 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31187881 Regulation of Immunity and Allergy by Helminth Parasites]

* 2019 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30716463 An advanced protocol for the purification of whipworm eggs from feces for use as therapeutic agents]

* 2019 May 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31236458 Pre-conception maternal helminth infection transfers via nursing long-lasting cellular immunity against helminths to offspring] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6587632/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6587632/pdf/aav3058.pdf PDF]

* 2019 May 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31153721 Helminth Therapy – From the Parasite Perspective] | [[media:Helminth_Therapy_–_From_the_Parasite_Perspective.pdf | PDF]]

* 2019 May 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31138616 Schistosoma mansoni worm infection regulates the intestinal microbiota and susceptibility to colitis]

* 2019 May 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31205419 Inverse Associations of Schistosoma mansoni Infection and Metabolic Syndromes in Humans: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northeast Ethiopia] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537292/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537292/pdf/10.1177_1178636119849934.pdf PDF]

* 2019 May 21 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31178861 Anti-inflammatory Trained Immunity Mediated by Helminth Products Attenuates the Induction of T Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537856/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537856/pdf/fimmu-10-01109.pdf PDF]

* 2019 May [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30986403 Removal of adult cyathostomins alters faecal microbiota and promotes an inflammatory phenotype in horses] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751919300815?via%3Dihub Full text]

* 2019 Apr 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31016721 Helminths products directly modulate T cells that mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis]

* 2019 Apr 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31004803 Cytokine production in allergic and Trichuris trichiura-infected children from an urban region of the Brazilian northeast] (TTO)

* 2019 Apr 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30991712 Characterization of Tapeworm Metabolites and Their Reported Biological Activities] — [https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/8/1480/htm Full text]

* 2019 Apr 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30980897 Genetic diversity of the potentially therapeutic tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea)] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576918302800?fbclid=IwAR37HAgKvovhcjr5FkSQAK3NVpoW_7_n79WOyeqKBgCbJHtHaByAC6tRzlc Full text]

* 2019 Apr 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30962398 Suppression of obesity by an intestinal helminth through interactions with intestinal microbiota] -- [https://iai.asm.org/content/iai/early/2019/03/19/IAI.00042-19.full.pdf PDF] (Also reported by EurekAlert. [https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/asfm-ihb040819.php])

* 2019 Apr 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30952846 The parasitic worm product ES-62 normalises the gut microbiota bone marrow axis in inflammatory arthritis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6451002/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6451002/pdf/41467_2019_Article_9361.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30902137 Helminth therapy for autism under gut-brain axis- hypothesis] -- [https://tanawisa.com/downloads/Helminth_therapy_for%20autism_under_gut-brain%20axis-_hypothesis.pdf PDF] (TSO)

* 2019 Mar 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30879759 Therapeutic Potential of Helminths and Helminth-Derived Antigens for Resolution of Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease] (IBD)

* 2019 Mar 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31016928 Progress of research on the interplay between helminth and intestinal protozoa and gut microbiota]

* 2019 Mar 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30852293 Dendritic cells treated by Trichinella spiralis muscle larval excretory/secretory products alleviate TNBS-induced colitis in mice]

* 2019 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30905098 Helminth-Related Tuftsin-Phosphorylcholine Compound and its Interplay with Autoimmune Diseases] -- [https://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/344/172407.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30638709/ The therapeutic potential of tuftsin-phosphorylcholine in giant cell arteritis]

* 2019 Feb 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30807258 Filarial extract of Litomosoides sigmodontis induces a type 2 immune response and attenuates plaque development in hyperlipidemic ApoE-knockout mice]

* 2019 Feb 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30801028 Helminth-Based Product and the Microbiome of Mice with Lupus] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6381224/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6381224/pdf/mSystems.00160-18.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Feb 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758662 Helminths protect against type 1 diabetes: effects and mechanisms]

* 2019 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30623233 Chinese liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis infection changes the gut microbiome and increases probiotic Lactobacillus in mice]

* 2019 Jan 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30670631 Role of mast cells in the generation of a T-helper type 2 dominated anti-helminthic immune response] (HDC)

* 2019 Jan 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30668930 Macrophages treated with antigen from the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta condition CD25+ T cells to suppress colitis] (HDC)

* 2019 Jan 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30626617 Cross-Domain and Viral Interactions in the Microbiome] (Includes a 10-page section on microbiota/helminth interactions and their effects on immune function.)

* 2019 Jan 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30640950 Exclusive dependence of IL-10Rα signalling on intestinal microbiota homeostasis and control of whipworm infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6347331/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6347331/pdf/ppat.1007265.pdf PDF] (This study contributes to understanding of the actions of TSO and TTO on diseases such as IBD.)

* 2019 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30413272 Effect of Trichinella spiralis intervention on TNBS-induced experimental colitis in mice]

* 2019 [http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/parasitic-worms-for-the-treatment-of-neurodegeneration-12989.html Parasitic Worms for the Treatment of Neurodegeneration] -- [http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/parasitic-worms-for-the-treatment-of-neurodegeneration.pdf PDF]

===2018===

* 2018 Dec 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30592734 Treatment with P28GST, a schistosome-derived enzyme, after acute colitis induction in mice: Decrease of intestinal inflammation associated with a down regulation of Th1/Th17 responses]
* 2018 Dec 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30554380 Tuftsin phosphorylcholine-a novel compound harnessing helminths to fight autoimmunity]
* 2018 Dec 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30619265 Human Hookworm Infection Enhances Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition and Associates With Reduced Risk of Tuberculosis Infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6302045/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6302045/pdf/fimmu-09-02893.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2018 Dec 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30292284 The Schistosoma mansoni lipidome: Leads for immunomodulation] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003267017313363 Full text] | [https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0003267017313363?token=BE837298629AA0AF5C0E7F7891E97CA7FBF2194B7348A12FD0CCFD79C45F12DF3E6C69079090C901826FD2CA09ADDD16 PDF]
* 2018 Dec 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30638679 Modulation of autoimmune arthritis by environmental 'hygiene' and commensal microbiota]
* 2018 Dec 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30529501 Helminth-based therapies for rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis]
* 2018 Dec 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517865 B Cells Produce the Tissue-Protective Protein RELMa during Helminth Infection, which Inhibits IL-17 Expression and Limits Emphysema] -- [https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(18)31801-1 Full text] (Wound healing)
* 2018 Dec 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697 The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries]
* 2018 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30567900 Fh15 Blocks the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Storm While Modulating Peritoneal Macrophage Migration and CD38 Expression within Spleen Macrophages in a Mouse Model of Septic Shock] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6300687/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6300687/pdf/mSphere.00548-18.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Nov 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30462997 Modulation of Host Immunity by Helminths: The Expanding Repertoire of Parasite Effector Molecules]
* 2018 Nov 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30483256 Schistosoma mansoni Infection-Induced Transcriptional Changes in Hepatic Macrophage Metabolism Correlate With an Athero-Protective Phenotype] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6240656/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6240656/pdf/fimmu-09-02580.pdf PDF] (Metabolic syndrome)
* 2018 Nov 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30473696 Mucosal Barrier and Th2 Immune Responses Are Enhanced by Dietary Inulin in Pigs Infected With Trichuris suis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6237860/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6237860/pdf/fimmu-09-02557.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2018 Nov 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548 Metabolic consequences of concomitant Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Type 2 diabetes mellitus]
* 2018 Nov 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30401814 Intestinal helminth infection promotes IL-5- and CD4+ T cell-dependent immunity in the lung against migrating parasites]
* 2018 Oct 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30379806 The Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell population requires IL-4Rα signaling to control inflammation during helminth infections]
* 2018 Oct 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30375396 Helminth-induced IL-4 expands bystander memory CD8+ T cells for early control of viral infection]
* 2018 Oct 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30372527 Maternal helminth infections and the shaping of offspring immunity]
* 2018 Oct 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30374177 Analysis of the Trichuris suis excretory/secretory proteins as a function of life cycle stage and their immunomodulatory properties] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206011/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206011/pdf/41598_2018_Article_34174.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2018 Oct 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30361537 Virtual memory CD8 T cells expanded by helminth infection confer broad protection against bacterial infection]
* 2018 Oct 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30416709 Helminth parasites and immune regulation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206608/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206608/pdf/f1000research-7-17014.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Oct 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30353019 A comprehensive analysis of the faecal microbiome and metabolome of Strongyloides stercoralis infected volunteers from a non-endemic area] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199319/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199319/pdf/41598_2018_Article_33937.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Oct 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30341242 Mast Cell Deficiency in Mice Results in Biomass Overgrowth and Delayed Expulsion of the Rat Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta] (HDC)
* 2018 Oct 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30336585 Failure of the Anti-Inflammatory Parasitic Worm Product ES-62 to Provide Protection in Mouse Models of Type I Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/10/2669/htm Full text]
* 2018 Oct 16 [https://www.arc.gov.au/news-publications/media/feature-articles/combatting-autoimmune-diseases-humble-hookworm?fbclid=IwAR0DxQ-uGjksCaC1gkCgpXhw2_ImRwgswkbyTukwHbLY2ZbNbWQD53KlXvc Combatting autoimmune diseases with the humble hookworm]
* 2018 Oct 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30369927 Immunomodulation by Helminths: Intracellular Pathways and Extracellular Vesicles] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6194161/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6194161/pdf/fimmu-09-02349.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Oct 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30316775 Immunomodulatory effects of Trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory antigens on macrophages]
* 2018 Oct 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30291167 Helminth-Induced Production of TGF-β and Suppression of Graft-versus-Host Disease Is Dependent on IL-4 Production by Host Cells]
* 2018 Sept 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30266743 Parasites as negative regulators of cancer] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6200699/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6200699/pdf/bsr-38-bsr20180935.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Sept 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30319571 The Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis and Therapeutics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6167487/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6167487/pdf/fmicb-09-02247.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2018 Sept 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30229947 Soil-transmitted helminth parasites and allergy: observations from Ecuador]
* 2018 Sept 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30230399 Randomized Crossover Feasibility Trial of Helminthic Trichuris Suis Ova vs. Placebo for Repetitive Behaviors in Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder] (TSO) This research used a novel TSO formulation at pH 5 that is known to be less effective than the original formulation at pH 2.4. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335]
* 2018 Sept 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30216486 Parasites and allergy: observations from Africa]
* 2018 Sept 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30205385 A Trypsin-Sensitive Proteoglycan from the Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta Inhibits Murine Neutrophil Chemotaxis in vitro by Suppressing p38 MAP Kinase Activation] (HDC)
* 2018 Sept 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30194773 STAT6 & IL-10 are required for the anti-arthritic effects of Schistosoma mansoni via different mechanisms]
* 2018 Sept 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30177522 Modulation of the immune response by helminths: a role for serotonin?]
* 2018 Aug 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165069 The hygiene hypothesis at a glance: early exposures, immune mechanism and novel therapies]
* 2018 Aug 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30121255 Helminth Antigen-Conditioned Dendritic Cells Generate Anti-Inflammatory CD4 T Cells Independent of Antigen Presentation via MHC II] (HDC) (Colitis)
* 2018 Aug 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30113218 Interactions of helminths with macrophages: therapeutic potential for inflammatory intestinal disease]
* 2018 Aug 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30118915 Acute infection with Strongyloides venezuelensis increases intestine production IL-10, reduces Th1/Th2/Th17 induction in colon and attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced colitis in BALB/c mice]
* 2018 Aug 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30107039 Isolated Schistosoma mansoni eggs prevent allergic airway inflammation] (Allergic asthma)
* 2018 Aug 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30104215 Host and helminth-derived endocannabinoids are generated during infection with effects on host immunity] (Also reported by EurekAlert. [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-08/uoc--gho082218.php])
* 2018 Aug 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30089122 Helminths-based bi-functional molecule, tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC), ameliorates an established murine arthritis] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200615 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200615&type=printable PDF]
* 2018 Aug 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30131945 The Intestinal Roundworm Ascaris suum Releases Antimicrobial Factors Which Interfere With Bacterial Growth and Biofilm Formation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6090379/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6090379/pdf/fcimb-08-00271.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Aug 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30069018 Hookworm exposure decreases human papillomavirus uptake and cervical cancer cell migration through systemic regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker expression] -- [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30058-9 Full text] | [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30058-9.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30142867 Trichuris suis ova therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: A meta-analysis] -- [https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/08240/Trichuris_suis_ova_therapy_in_inflammatory_bowel.119.aspx Full text] (IBD) The 6 papers analysed in this study all have significant design flaws. All but one had a treatment period of only 12 weeks, which is inadequate when assessing the efficacy of helminths, and the only study with a longer treatment period was designed to assess the safety and tolerability, and not the efficacy, of a ''single'' dose of TSO. Four of the six studies selected had also used a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study are therefore not reliable.
* 2018 Jul 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30108588 A Role for Epitope Networking in Immunomodulation by Helminths] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6079203/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6079203/pdf/fimmu-09-01763.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30093899 Trichinella spiralis Infection Mitigates Collagen-Induced Arthritis via Programmed Death 1-Mediated Immunomodulation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6070611/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6070611/pdf/fimmu-09-01566.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30043455 Worms: Pernicious Parasites or Allies Against Allergies?]
* 2018 Jul 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30021142 Getting a Taste for Parasites in the Gut]
* 2018 Jul 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30061834 Influence of NOD2 Variants on Trichuris suis ova Treatment Outcome in Crohn's Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6054957/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6054957/pdf/fphar-09-00764.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30003599 Hookworms Make Us Human: The Microbiome, Eco-immunology, and a Probiotic Turn in Western Health Care] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/2/2d/Hookworms_Make_Us_Human-_The_Microbiome%2C_Eco-immunology%2C_and_a_Probiotic_Turn_in_Western_Health_Care.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2018 Jul 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29992625 Hematopoietic cell-derived RELMα regulates hookworm immunity through effects on macrophages] (Also reported by Science Daily. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180806145207.htm])
* 2018 Jul 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30057915 Macrophage Activation and Functions during Helminth Infection: Recent Advances from the Laboratory Mouse] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6051086/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6051086/pdf/JIR2018-2790627.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30072827 SXP-RAL Family Filarial Protein, rWbL2, Prevents Development of DSS-Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6052733/ Full text]
* 2018 Jun 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29915224 Characteristics of the bacterial microbiome in association with common intestinal parasites in irritable bowel syndrome] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6006308/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6006308/pdf/41424_2018_Article_27.pdf PDF] (IBS)
* 2018 Jun 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29909781 The benign helminth Hymenolepis diminuta ameliorates chemically induced colitis in a rat model system] (HDC)
* 2018 Jun 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29796663 The therapeutic prospect of crosstalk between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms in the human gut]
* 2018 May 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29808496 Immunobiology of parasitic worm extracellular vesicles]
* 2018 May 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29852470 Helminth-induced regulatory T cells and suppression of allergic responses]
* 2018 May 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29875750 Extracellular Vesicles From the Helminth Fasciola hepatica Prevent DSS-Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis in a T-Lymphocyte Independent Mode] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5974114/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5974114/pdf/fmicb-09-01036.pdf PDF]
* 2018 May 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29867986 Protection Against Arthritis by the Parasitic Worm Product ES-62, and Its Drug-Like Small Molecule Analogues, Is Associated With Inhibition of Osteoclastogenesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5967578/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5967578/pdf/fimmu-09-01016 PDF]
* 2018 May 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29867790 Parasite-Microbiota Interactions With the Vertebrate Gut: Synthesis Through an Ecological Lens] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5960673/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5960673/pdf/fmicb-09-00843.pdf PDF]
* 2018 May 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29746467 Disentangling complex parasite interactions: Protection against cerebral malaria by one helminth species is jeopardized by co-infection with another] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963812/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963812/pdf/pntd.0006483.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29760697 Hookworm Secreted Extracellular Vesicles Interact With Host Cells and Prevent Inducible Colitis in Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5936971/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5936971/pdf/fimmu-09-00850.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29698559 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC) equally effective to methylprednisolone in ameliorating lupus nephritis in a mice model] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6046477/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6046477/pdf/CEI-193-160.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29659774 Are intestinal worms nature’s anti-atherosclerosis vaccine?] [https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/18/1653/4967832 abstract]
* 2018 Apr 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264 Helminth infection in mice improves insulin sensitivity via modulation of gut microbiota and fatty acid metabolism]
* 2018 Apr 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29670630 Helminth Infections: Recognition and Modulation of the Immune Response by Innate Immune Cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893867/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893867/pdf/fimmu-09-00664.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29623983 Symptomatic hypereosinophilia associated with Necator americanus self-inoculation] (NA)
* 2018 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29355990 A sticky end for gastrointestinal helminths; the role of the mucus barrier] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5900928/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5900928/pdf/PIM-40-na.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Mar 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29574798 Modulation of human dendritic cell activity by Giardia and helminth antigens]
* 2018 Mar 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29569735 Anisakis pegreffii impacts differentiation and function of human dendritic cells]
* 2018 Mar 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29567298 Associations between Gut Microbiota and Common Luminal Intestinal Parasites]
* 2018 Mar 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29545532 Helminth infection protects against high fat diet-induced obesity via induction of alternatively activated macrophages] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5854586/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5854586/pdf/41598_2018_Article_22920.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Mar 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29546242 Manipulation of host and parasite microbiotas: Survival strategies during chronic nematode infection] -- [http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/3/eaap7399.full Full text] | [http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/3/eaap7399/tab-pdf PDF]
* 2018 Feb 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29486796 Differential human gut microbiome assemblages during soil-transmitted helminth infections in Indonesia and Liberia] -- [https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-018-0416-5 Full text]
* 2018 Feb 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29486173 Soil-transmitted helminth infections and intestinal and systemic inflammation in schoolchildren] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001706X1830233X?via%3Dihub Full text] | [https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0001706X1830233X/1-s2.0-S0001706X1830233X-main.pdf?_tid=40509b04-c3e5-4baf-9f89-dfd29ef353d6&acdnat=1520445863_d2042c3fffa57972d2a29a072cebca94 PDF]
* 2018 Feb 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29453411 The impact of a helminth-modified microbiome on host immunity]
* 2018 Feb 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29402395 Intestinal worms eating neuropsychiatric disorders? Apparently so] | [[media:Intestinal_worms_eating_neuropsychiatric_disorders%3F_Apparently_so.pdf | PDF]]
* 2018 Jan 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31662622 Helminth Therapy: Advances in the use of Parasitic Worms Against Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and its Challenges] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6799527/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6799527/pdf/helm-55-001.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jan 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29355617 Serine protease inhibitors containing a Kunitz domain: their role in modulation of host inflammatory responses and parasite survival]
* 2018 Jan 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29346656 Host responses to intestinal nematodes]
* 2018 Jan 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29339033 Helminth Modulation of Lung Inflammation] (Asthma)
* 2018 Jan 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29351392/ Young mice expel the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and are protected from colitis by triggering a memory response with worm antigen] -- [http://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/ajpgi.00295.2017 PDF] (HDC)
* 2018 Jan 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29300114 The tropics, helminth infections and hygiene hypotheses]
* 2018 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29956141 Production of Hymenolepis diminuta in the Laboratory: An Old Research Tool with New Clinical Applications] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/5/5c/Production_of_Hymenolepis_diminuta_in_the_Laboratory-_An_Old_Research_Tool_with_New_Clinical_Applications.pdf PDF]] (HDC)

=== 2017 ===

* 2017 Winter [https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1430&context=honorstheses A Critical View of Helminthic Therapy: Is It a Viable Form of Treatment for Immune Disorders Under the Category of Inflammatory Bowel Disease?] Alyssa Murphy, undergraduate thesis
* 2017 Dec 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29491533 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine treatment of autoimmune diseases – a benefit and a message from helminths?] (No abstract) -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5825963/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5825963/pdf/RU-55-31448.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Dec 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29312343 Review: Impact of Helminth Infection on Antimycobacterial Immunity - A Focus on the Macrophage] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5743664/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5743664/pdf/fimmu-08-01864.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Dec 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29262347 Recent Advances in Type-2-Cell-Mediated Immunity: Insights from Helminth Infection]
* 2017 Dec 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29224909 Hygiene Hypothesis in Asthma Development: Is Hygiene to Blame?]
* 2017 Nov 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29238348 The Mannose Receptor in Regulation of Helminth-Mediated Host Immunity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5712593/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5712593/pdf/fimmu-08-01677.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29184071 Preventive Trichuris suis ova (TSO) treatment protects immunocompetent rabbits from DSS colitis but may be detrimental under conditions of immunosuppression] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5705695/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5705695/pdf/41598_2017_Article_16287.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 24 [https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-11-discovery-potent-parasite-protein-therapeutic.html Discovery of potent parasite protein may lead to new therapeutic options for inflammatory bowel conditions] Medical News Today (IBD)
* 2017 Nov 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29171863 Schistosoma mansoni-specific immune responses and allergy in Uganda]
* 2017 Nov 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29170498 A structurally distinct TGF-β mimic from an intestinal helminth parasite potently induces regulatory T cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5701006/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5701006/pdf/41467_2017_Article_1886.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29162324 Modulation of human macrophage activity by Ascaris antigens is dependent on macrophage polarization state]
* 2017 Nov 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133417 Human resistin protects against endotoxic shock by blocking LPS-TLR4 interaction] (For media comment on this study linking helminths with potential sepsis treatment, see [https://highlandernews.org/31486/ucr-researchers-discovered-effective-treatment-sepsis/ here].)
* ✅ 2017 Nov 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133248 Evolution of the hygiene hypothesis into biota alteration theory: What are the paradigms and where are the clinical applications?] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1286457917301855?via%3Dihub Full text] | [[media:Evolution_of_the_hygiene_hypothesis_into_biota_alteration_theory-_what_are_the_paradigms_and_where_are_the_clinical_applications%3F.pdf | PDF]]
* 2017 Nov 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29249872 Taenia crassiceps Antigens Control Experimental Type 1 Diabetes by Inducing Alternatively Activated Macrophages] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/pdf/MI2017-8074329.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29163443 Parasite-Derived Proteins for the Treatment of Allergies and Autoimmune Diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5682104/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5682104/pdf/fmicb-08-02164.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29115241/ Diet, atherosclerosis, and helmintic infection in Tsimane] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042967/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042967/pdf/nihms976321.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29095820 "Omic" investigations of protozoa and worms for a deeper understanding of the human gut "parasitome"] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005916 Full text]
* 2017 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28546083 Mechanisms of tolerance and potential therapeutic interventions in Alopecia Areata] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725817301274 Full text] (See section 4: Gut microbiota and helminths, autoimmunity and tolerance.)
* 2017 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29108604 Global issues in allergy and immunology: Parasitic infections and allergy]
* 2017 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29068485 Is the hygiene hypothesis relevant for the risk of multiple sclerosis?]
* 2017 Oct 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759 Cell Type-Specific Immunomodulation Induced by Helminthes: Effect on Metainflammation, Insulin Resistance and Type-2 Diabetes] (Metabolic syndrome)
* 2017 Oct 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29109850 Liver cystic echinococcosis and human host immune and autoimmune follow-up: A review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5666304/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5666304/pdf/WJH-9-1176.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Oct 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29073139 Composition of the Schistosoma mansoni worm secretome: Identification of immune modulatory Cyclophilin A] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006012 Full text]
* 2017 Oct 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29064448 Production and Use of Hymenolepis diminuta Cysticercoids as Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics] -- [http://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/6/10/98/htm Full text] (HDC)
* 2017 Oct 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29045903 HpARI Protein Secreted by a Helminth Parasite Suppresses Interleukin-33] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5655542/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5655542/pdf/main.pdf PDF] (Allergy, asthma)
* 2017 Oct 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29034905 The hygiene hypothesis in autoimmunity: the role of pathogens and commensals]
* 2017 Oct 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29036211 Orally administered Taenia solium Calreticulin prevents experimental intestinal inflammation and is associated with a type 2 immune response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5643116/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5643116/pdf/pone.0186510.pdf PDF] (Colitis)
*2017 Oct 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29027962 Novel Therapeutics for Multiple Sclerosis Designed by Parasitic Worms] -- [http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/10/2141/htm Full text]
* 2017 Oct 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29114386 Suppression of inflammation and tissue damage by a hookworm recombinant protein in experimental colitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5671989/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5671989/pdf/cti201742a.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2017 Oct 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28975357 The Effects of Intestinal Nematode L4 Stage on Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis] (Multiple sclerosis)
* 2017 Oct 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29064315 Safety and efficacy of helminth treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of the HINT 2 clinical trial] -- [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1352458517736377 PDF] This trial employed a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
* 2017 Oct [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-medical-knowledge-commons/chronic-disease-new-thinking-and-outlaw-innovation-patients-on-the-edge-in-the-knowledge-commons/8105C66FEBA55446E15538FD4B164005/core-reader# Chronic Disease, New Thinking, and Outlaw Innovation: Patients on the Edge in the Knowledge Commons] (Chapter 14 of the book, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-medical-knowledge-commons/C4CAF56DF197BA93E850E65509EB36E8 Governing Medical Knowledge Commons], Cambridge University Press.)
* 2017 Oct [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28779539 Effect of ES products from Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae) on experimentally induced colitis in adult zebrafish]
* 2017 Oct [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28970236 Cardioprotective manifestations of chronic helminth infections: new aspects of an old disease]
* 2017 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28196762/ Enteric helminth-induced type I interferon signaling protects against pulmonary virus infection through interaction with the microbiota] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485385/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485385/pdf/emss-79828.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Fall [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28948806 Toxocara spp. seronegativity in Czech patients with early form of multiple sclerosis - clinically isolated syndrome]
* 2017 Sep 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28960280 Functional specialization of intestinal dendritic cell subsets during Th2 helminth infection in mice]
* 2017 Sep 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28970717 Helminths as an alternative therapy for intestinal diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5597493/ Full text] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5597493/pdf/WJG-23-6009.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Sep 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28892562 Triggering immunological memory against the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta to protect against colitis] (HDC)
* 2017 Sep 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28892494 Infections by human gastrointestinal helminths are associated with changes in faecal microbiota diversity and composition] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593201/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593201/pdf/pone.0184719.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Aug 21 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28883695 Schistosoma japonicum attenuates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice via reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569284/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569284/pdf/WJG-23-5700.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Aug 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28815724 Secreted products of Fasciola hepatica inhibit the induction of T cell responses that mediate allergy]
* 2017 Aug 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28779539 Effect of ES-products from Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae) on experimentally induced colitis in adult zebrafish]
* 2017 Aug 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28771620 A benign helminth alters the host immune system and the gut microbiota in a rat model system] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5542714/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5542714/pdf/pone.0182205.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2017 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28877578 Syphacia obvelata: A New Hope to Induction of Intestinal Immunological Tolerance in C57BL/6 Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5594727/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5594727/pdf/kjp-55-4-439.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jul 24 [http://trjfas.org/uploads/pdf_1183.pdf Role of Parasitic Helminths in Bioremediating Some Heavy Metal Accumulation in the Tissues of Lethrinus mahsena]
* ⚡ 2017 Jul 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335 Not infection with parasitic worms, but rather colonization with therapeutic helminths] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/1/10/Not_infection_with_parasitic_worms_but_rather_colonization_with_therapeutic_helminths.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jul 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28703913 A. suum infection modulates inflammation: implication of CD4+CD25hi Foxp3+ T cells and IL-10]
* 2017 Jul 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28689246 Parasites and asthma]
* 2017 Jun 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28659212 Helminth-induced apoptosis: a silent strategy for immunosuppression]
* 2017 Jun 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28664463 Therapeutic potential of helminths in autoimmune diseases: helminth-derived immune-regulators and immune balance]
* 2017 Jun 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28744067 Helminth Products Potently Modulate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Downregulating Neuroinflammation and Promoting a Suppressive Microenvironment] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5506484/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5506484/pdf/MI2017-8494572.pdf PDF] (Multiple Sclerosis)
* 2017 Jun 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28676845 Th2/1 Hybrid Cells Occurring in Murine and Human Strongyloidiasis Share Effector Functions of Th1 Cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5476698/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5476698/pdf/fcimb-07-00261.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jun 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28614408 Schistosoma japonicum infection downregulates house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0179565 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0179565&type=printable PDF] (Asthma)
* 2017 Jun 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28638627 Environmental factors influencing multiple sclerosis in Latin America] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5472234/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5472234/pdf/10.1177_2055217317715049.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jun 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28606411 Can Parasitic Worms Cure the Modern World's Ills?]
* 2017 Jun 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28602842 Immune responses and parasitological observations induced during probiotic treatment with medicinal Trichuris suis ova in a healthy volunteer] (TSO)
* 2017 Jun 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28492420 Helminthic Therapy: A New Era in Immune-Mediated Diseases] -- [http://journals.lww.com/jclinrheum/Citation/2017/06000/Helminthic_Therapy__A_New_Era_in_Immune_Mediated.19.aspx Full text] (Mixed connective tissue disease/MCTD, Raynaud phenomenon)
* 2017 May 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28526605 Microevolutionary response of a gut nematode to intestinal inflammation]
* 2017 May 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28494800 Somatic extracts of Marshallagia marshalli downregulate the Th2 associated immune responses in ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in BALB/c mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427607/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427607/pdf/13071_2017_Article_2159.pdf PDF] (Asthma)
* 2017 May 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28482922 Therapeutic effect of Schistosoma japonicum cystatin on bacterial sepsis in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5422996/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5422996/pdf/13071_2017_Article_2162.pdf PDF]
* 2017 May 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383 Effect of Anthelmintic Treatment on Insulin Resistance: A Cluster-Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial in Indonesia] (Diabetes)
* 2017 Apr 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28476343 Immune responses to fungal aeroallergen in Heligmosomoides polygyrus infected-mice vary by age]
* 2017 Apr 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28484453 Helminth Immunomodulation in Autoimmune Disease] -- [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00453/full Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5401880/pdf/fimmu-08-00453.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Apr 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28450853 Micromanagement of Immune System: Role of miRNAs in Helminthic Infections] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390025/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390025/pdf/fmicb-08-00586.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Apr 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28390393 Regulatory monocytes in helminth infections: insights from the modulation during human hookworm infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385058/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385058/pdf/12879_2017_Article_2366.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Apr 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28385494 Schistosome-induced pulmonary B cells inhibit allergic airway inflammation and display a reduced Th2-driving function]
* 2017 Apr 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28204053 Whipping Crohn's With Helminth Therapies? Not Yet]
* 2017 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28031319 Apolipoprotein E4 is associated with improved cognitive function in Amazonian forager-horticulturalists with a high parasite burden] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5349792/ Full text]
* 2017 Mar 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28342137 Skewed Exposure to Environmental Antigens Complements Hygiene Hypothesis in Explaining the Rise of Allergy] -- [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10441-017-9306-7 Full text] | [http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/689/art%253A10.1007%252Fs10441-017-9306-7.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10441-017-9306-7&token2=exp=1490739158~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F689%2Fart%25253A10.1007%25252Fs10441-017-9306-7.pdf%3ForiginUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Farticle%252F10.1007%252Fs10441-017-9306-7*~hmac=9a64ec6d20433c8458c2148266ee7c346fa819eaa97422b8a79fccc79d005885 PDF]
* 2017 Mar 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28342825 Association between parasitic infections and tuberculin skin test results in refugees] (Tuberculosis)
* 2017 Mar 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28340138 A life without worms] -- [https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/trstmh/trx010 Full text]
* 2017 Mar 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28302598 Helminths in the gastrointestinal tract as modulators of immunity and pathology] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5495915/ Full text]
* 2017 Mar 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28295446 A recombinant cystatin from Ascaris lumbricoides attenuates inflammation of DSS-induced colitis]
* 2017 Mar 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28284979 Effect of polymorphisms on TGFB1 on allergic asthma and helminth infection in an African admixed population]
* 2017 Mar 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28271497 Chronic schistosomiasis during pregnancy epigenetically reprograms T cell differentiation in offspring of infected mothers] (Allergy)
* 2017 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28030334 Trichuris suis secrete products that reduce disease severity in a multiple sclerosis model] (TSO)
* 2017 Feb 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148 Parasites, nutrition, immune responses, and biology of metabolic tissues]
* 2017 Feb 23 [[media:Parasites, ghosts and mutualists- a relational geography of microbes for global health.pdf | Parasites, ghosts and mutualists - a relational geography of microbes for global health]] (PDF) -- Jamie Lorimer, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Royal Geographical Society.
* 2017 Feb 21 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28224678 Microbiome, autoimmunity, allergy, and helminth infection: The importance of the pregnancy period]
* 2017 Feb 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28265273 New Data on Human Macrophages Polarization by Hymenolepis diminuta Tapeworm - An In Vitro Study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5316519/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5316519/pdf/fimmu-08-00148.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2017 Feb 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28201853 Antigenic cross-reactivity between Schistosoma mansoni and peanut: a role for cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) and implications for the hygiene hypothesis] (Allergy)
* 2017 Feb 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28192437 Species dependent impact of helminth-derived antigens on human macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Direct effect on the innate anti-mycobacterial response] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005390 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005390&type=printable PDF]
* 2017 Feb 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28191818 Changes in protein expression after treatment with Ancylostoma caninum excretory/secretory products in a mouse model of colitis] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep41883 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep41883 PDF]
* 2017 Feb 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28196762 Enteric helminth-induced type-I interferon signalling protects against pulmonary virus infection through interaction with the microbiota]
* 2017 Feb 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28178298 The impact of prenatal exposure to parasitic infections and to anthelmintic treatment on antibody responses to routine immunisations given in infancy: Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005213 Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5298230/pdf/pntd.0005213.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28094319 Helminth-induced Ly6Chi monocyte-derived alternatively activated macrophages suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep40814 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep40814 PDF]
* 2017 Jan 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28094779 Suppression of colitis by adoptive transfer of helminth antigen-treated dendritic cells requires interleukin-4 receptor-α signaling] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep40631 Full text] | [http://readcube.com/view/10.1038/srep40631 PDF]
* 2017 Jan 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28084120 Inflammatory arthritis and systemic bone loss are attenuated by gastrointestinal helminth parasites]
* 2017 Jan 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994 Regulation of type 2 diabetes by helminth-induced Th2 immune response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/pdf/jvms-77-1855.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28073356 Gut microbiota disturbance during helminth infection: can it affect cognition and behaviour of children?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5225537/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5225537/pdf/12879_2016_Article_2146.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896 Parasite excretory-secretory products and their effects on metabolic syndrome]
* 2017 Jan 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28452686 Helminths and intestinal barrier function] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362995/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362995/pdf/ktib-05-01-1283385.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25919312 Downregulation of immune responses in asthmatic humans by ES products of Marshallagia marshalli]

=== 2016 ===

* 2016 Dec 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28009488 Chronic infections with viruses or parasites: breaking bad to make good]
* 2016 Dec 21 [https://www.nature.com/articles/540S103a Q&A: Joel Weinstock] in Nature
* 2016 Dec 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27977856 Nematodes and human therapeutic trials for inflammatory disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5580940/ Full text]
* 2016 Dec 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27978433 Exploiting Old Pathogens to Create New Therapeutics]
* 2016 Dec 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27929101 Hookworm infection] -- [https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/Hookworm.pdf?token=AWzMLBAlpXkIHpPpw3EdbRqiiT4JSi4ZoDqfcymC1Alc7o-QnI_R551leXxADrssmY6JUD-rmWi1TBK-U-oWnp-fb1Ykc7iXN1_ipiK-ZV-rkifcTolyviSZEt9QY13wjPqx_rtLRXrUUawrv52tyE5l PDF]
* 2016 Dec 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes]
* 2016 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28087937 Myeloid Cell Phenotypes in Susceptibility and Resistance to Helminth Parasite Infections]
* 2016 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30144791 Effect of Helminthic Infection on the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Mechanisms] (IBD)
* 2016 Nov 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079 A parasite-derived 68-mer peptide ameliorates autoimmune disease in murine models of Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep37789 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep37789 PDF]
* 2016 Nov 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27872476 New insights into the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus] -- [https://sci-hub.wf/10.1038/nrrheum.2016.186 Full text]
* 2016 Nov 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27672083 Treatment with Cestode Parasite Antigens Results in Recruitment of CCR2+ Myeloid Cells, the Adoptive Transfer of Which Ameliorates Colitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5116724/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5116724/pdf/zii3471.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2016 Nov 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27956844 Helminth infection during pregnancy: insights from evolutionary ecology]
* 2016 Nov 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27861815 Intestinal helminth infection induces highly functional resident memory CD4+ T cells in mice]
* 2016 Nov 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]
* 2016 Nov 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27827438 Changes in duodenal tissue-associated microbiota following hookworm infection and consecutive gluten challenges in humans with coeliac disease] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep36797 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep36797 PDF]
* 2016 Nov 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27905107 Co-operative suppression of inflammatory responses in human dendritic cells by plant proanthocyanidins and products from the parasitic nematode Trichuris suis] (TSO)
* 2016 Nov 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27806992 The whipworm (Trichuris suis) secretes prostaglandin E2 to suppress proinflammatory properties in human dendritic cells] (TSO)
* 2016 Nov 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27802332 Anti-Arthritic Activity of Schistosoma mansoni and Trichinella spiralis Derived-Antigens in Adjuvant Arthritis in Rats: Role of FOXP3+ Treg Cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089557/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089557/pdf/pone.0165916.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27548652 Aberrant immune response with consequent vascular and connective tissue remodeling - causal to scleroderma and associated syndromes such as Raynaud phenomenon and other fibrosing syndromes?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5114306/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5114306/pdf/nihms821879.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Oct 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27983971 Immune-protective effect of echinococcosis on colitis experimental model is dependent of down regulation of TNF-α and NO production]
* 2016 Oct 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27797959 Hookworm recombinant protein promotes regulatory T cell responses that suppress experimental asthma]
* 2016 Oct 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27791067 Community deworming alleviates geohelminth-induced immune hyporesponsiveness]
* 2016 Oct 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27743501 Mucosal and systemic immune modulation by Trichuris trichiura in a self-infected individual] -- [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/6/6a/Mucosal_and_systemic_immune_modulation_by_Trichuris_trichiura_in_a_self-infected_individual.pdf PDF] (TTO)
* 2016 Oct 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863931 The Multibiome: The Intestinal Ecosystem's Influence on Immune Homeostasis, Health, and Disease] -- [http://www.ebiomedicine.com/article/S2352-3964(16)30462-5/fulltext Full text] | [http://www.ebiomedicine.com/article/S2352-3964(16)30462-5/pdf PDF]
* 2016 Oct 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27707789 A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Trichuris suis ova in Active Crohn's disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5881737/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5881737/pdf/jjw184.pdf PDF] This trial employed a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
* 2016 Oct-Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28127363 Anti-inflammatory Potentials of Excretory/Secretory (ES) and Somatic Products of Marshallagia marshalli on Allergic Airway Inflammation in BALB/c Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5251180/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5251180/pdf/IJPA-11-515.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Sept 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5101910/ Full text] | [http://emph.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/09/24/emph.eow028.full.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Sept 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27587063 Dendritic cells and parasites: from recognition and activation to immune response instruction]
* 2016 Aug 29 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27573628 Human Helminths and Allergic Disease: The Hygiene Hypothesis and Beyond]
* 2016 Aug 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27575495 Helminth Regulation of Immunity: A Three-pronged Approach to Treat Colitis] -- [https://tanawisa.com/publications/Helminth_Regulation_of_Immunity.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2016 Aug 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] -- [http://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Full text] [http://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/pdf PDF] (Diabetes)
* 2016 Aug 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27560829 The Helminth-Derived Immunomodulator AvCystatin Reduces Virus Enhanced Inflammation by Induction of Regulatory IL-10+ T Cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4999285/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4999285/pdf/pone.0161885.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Aug 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27559049 Downregulation of the Syk Signaling Pathway in Intestinal Dendritic Cells Is Sufficient To Induce Dendritic Cells That Inhibit Colitis]
* 2016 Aug 20 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668 Filarial Infection or Antigen Administration Improves Glucose Tolerance in Diet-Induced Obese Mice]
* 2016 Aug 12 [https://www.dovepress.com/experimental-human-hookworm-infection-therapeutic-potential-peer-reviewed-article-RIP Experimental human hookworm infection: therapeutic potential] -- [https://www.dovepress.com/experimental-human-hookworm-infection-therapeutic-potential-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RIP?utm_content=bufferc5704&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer Full text] | [https://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=31876 PDF](download)
* 2016 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27563682 3 Effects of Invariant NKT Cells on Parasite Infections and Hygiene Hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4987483/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4987483/pdf/JIR2016-2395645.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27116368 Macrobiota - helminths as active participants and partners of the microbiota in host intestinal homeostasis]
* 2016 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27480900 Role in Allergic Diseases of Immunological Cross-Reactivity between Allergens and Homologues of Parasite Proteins]
* 2016 Jul 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27476889 Regulation of the host immune system by helminth parasites] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010150/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010150/pdf/main.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27215921 Opening (and Swallowing) A Can of Worms to Treat My Crohn's Disease]
* 2016 Jun 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27348757 Molecular events by which dendritic cells promote Th2 immune protection in helminth infection]
* 2016 Jun 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27424065 Intestinal parasites infection: protective effect in rheumatoid arthritis?] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2255502116300426 Full text] | [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2255502116300426/pdfft?md5=4749d7bd9eac36329b3f1e5412ef2a28&pid=1-s2.0-S2255502116300426-main.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jun 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27344656 How the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta affects zinc and cadmium accumulation in a host fed a hyperaccumulating plant (Arabidopsis halleri)] (HDC)
* 2016 Jun 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26908751 Maternal Helminth Infection Is Associated With Higher Infant Immunoglobulin A Titers to Antigen in Orally Administered Vaccines]
* 2016 Jun 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27297236 Intimate gut interactions: helminths and the microbiota]
* 2016 Jun 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27297184 Host parasite communications-Messages from helminths for the immune system]
* 2016 Jun 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27278123 Experimental arthritis: Helminth infection ameliorates arthritis] (No abstract)
* 2016 Jun 8 [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-06-mice-infected-parasite-symptoms-rheumatoid.html Mice infected with a parasite show reduced symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis] -- Bob Yirka, Medical Xpress
* 2016 Jun 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27273006 Th2 and eosinophil responses suppress inflammatory arthritis] -- [http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160607/ncomms11596/full/ncomms11596.html Full text] | [http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160607/ncomms11596/pdf/ncomms11596.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jun 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27183598 Myeloid-Restricted AMPKα1 Promotes Host Immunity and Protects against IL-12/23p40-Dependent Lung Injury during Hookworm Infection]
* 2016 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27403907 Hygienic hypothesis in immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease] (IBD)
* ✅ ⚡ 2016 May 31 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27240605 Practices and outcomes of self-treatment with helminths based on physicians' observations] -- [[media:Practices_and_outcomes_of_self-treatment_with_helminths_based_on_physicians_observations.pdf | PDF]]. The first study to probe, through the eyes of their physicians, the practices and experiences of those who are self-treating with helminths.
* 2016 May 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27234811 Helminths and Intestinal Flora Team Up to Improve Gut Health]
* 2016 May 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27194189 The relationship between helminth infections and low haemoglobin levels in Ethiopian children with blood type A]
* 2016 May 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27160906 Lymphotoxin-Dependent B Cell-FRC Crosstalk Promotes De Novo Follicle Formation and Antibody Production following Intestinal Helminth Infection] -- [http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(16)30436-3 Full text] | [http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdf/S2211-1247(16)30436-3.pdf PDF]
* 2016 May 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27172808 Parasitic helminth infections and the control of human allergic and autoimmune disorders]
* 2016 May 5 [http://actu.epfl.ch/news/intestinal-worms-boost-immune-system-in-a-surprisi/ Intestinal worms boost immune system in a surprising way] -- Nik Papageorgiou, Mediacom
* 2016 May 1 [[media:Gut Buddies - Multispecies Studies and the Microbiome.pdf | Gut Buddies - Multispecies Studies and the Microbiome’]] (PDF) -- Jamie Lorimer, Duke University Press
* 2016 Apr 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27120222 Interaction between Helminths and Toll-Like Receptors: Possibilities and Potentials for Asthma Therapy]
* 2016 Apr 23 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27116368 Macrobiota - helminths as active participants and partners of the microbiota in host intestinal homeostasis]
* 2016 Apr 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27101372 Diplomatic Assistance: Can Helminth-Modulated Macrophages Act as Treatment for Inflammatory Disease?] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005480 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/asset?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005480.PDF PDF]
* 2016 Apr 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27095802 Treatment with Trichuris suis soluble products during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation reduces inflammatory responses through epigenetic remodeling] (TSO)
* 2016 Apr 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27080105 Helminth infection promotes colonization resistance via type 2 immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4905769/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4905769/pdf/nihms790698.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Apr 14 [http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/04/parasitic-worms-may-prevent-crohn-s-disease-altering-bacterial-balance Parasitic worms may prevent Crohn’s disease by altering bacterial balance] -- Mitch Leslie, Science. (Also reported by Science Daily. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160414145513.htm])
* 2016 Apr 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27058578 Comprehensive Transcriptome Meta-analysis to Characterize Host Immune Responses in Helminth Infections] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004624 Full text]
* 2016 Apr 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27062712 Cellular gene expression induced by parasite antigens and allergens in neonates from parasite-infected mothers]
* 2016 Mar 29 [https://ucrtoday.ucr.edu/36044 To Keep or Not to Keep a Hookworm] -- Iqbal Pittalwala, UCR Today
* 2016 Mar 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26965184 Immune-regulatory mechanisms of classical and experimental multiple sclerosis drugs: a special focus on helminth-derived treatments]
* 2016 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26947981 Microbes and asthma: Opportunities for intervention]
* 2016 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27228627 Are Helminths to be Trusted as Allies in the War against Autoimmunity and Chronic Inflammation?] -- [http://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/193/96901.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26174763 The schistosome glutathione S-transferase P28GST, a unique helminth protein, prevents intestinal inflammation in experimental colitis through a Th2-type response with mucosal eosinophils] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4801903/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4801903/pdf/mi201562a.pdf PDF]
* 2016 (Mar?) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28008805 Eosinophils in Homeostasis and Their Contrasting Roles during Inflammation and Helminth Infections]
* 2016 Feb 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26852392 Malaria, helminths, co-infection and anaemia in a cohort of children from Mutengene, south western Cameroon] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744422/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744422/pdf/12936_2016_Article_1111.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan 21 [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10601333.2016.1210159 Policy and regulations in light of the human body as a ‘superorganism’ containing multiple, intertwined symbiotic relationships] | [[media:Policy and regulations in light of the human body as a ‘superorganism’ containing multiple, intertwined symbiotic relationships.pdf | PDF]]
* 2016 Jan 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26816384 Transkingdom control of viral infection and immunity in the mammalian intestine] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4751997/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4751997/pdf/nihms757312.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26763929 The parasitic worm-derived immunomodulator, ES-62 and its drug-like small molecule analogues exhibit therapeutic potential in a model of chronic asthma] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725896/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725896/pdf/srep19224.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan 11 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26752538 The Role of Helminth Infection and Environment in the Development of Allergy: A Prospective Study of Newly-Arrived Ethiopian Immigrants in Israel] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004208 Full text]
* 2016 Jan 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26728323 Therapeutic potential of recombinant cystatin from Schistosoma japonicum in TNBS-induced experimental colitis of mice] - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700642/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700642/pdf/13071_2015_Article_1288.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26345715 Interactions between the intestinal microbiome and helminth parasites] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019230/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019230/pdf/PIM-38-5.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26577605 Mast cells: new therapeutic target in helminth immune modulation] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12295/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12295/epdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26650734 Sweet secrets of a therapeutic worm: mass-spectrometric N-glycomic analysis of Trichuris suis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712359/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712359/pdf/emss-66410.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2016 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27592717 Enteric Ecosystem Disruption in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can the Microbiota and Macrobiota be Restored?]
* 2016 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27088850 A Helminth Protease Inhibitor Modulates the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Proinflammatory Phenotype of Microglia in vitro]

=== 2015 ===
* 2015 Dec 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26673140 Helminth Products Protect against Autoimmunity via Innate Type 2 Cytokines IL-5 and IL-33, Which Promote Eosinophilia]
* 2015 Dec 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26644379 Low-Dose Intestinal Trichuris muris Infection Alters the Lung Immune Microenvironment and Can Suppress Allergic Airway Inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730564/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730564/pdf/zii491.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26571397 Helminth-induced arginase-1 exacerbates lung inflammation and disease severity in tuberculosis]
* 2015 Nov 17 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26588776 Worming Their Way into the Picture: Microbiota Help Helminths Modulate Host Immunity]
* 2015 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26477048 Cohabitation in the Intestine: Interactions among Helminth Parasites, Bacterial Microbiota, and Host Immunity]
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26604162 Can Helminth Infection Reverse Microbial Dysbiosis?]
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26085597 Drug-like analogues of the parasitic worm-derived immunomodulator ES-62 are therapeutic in the MRL/Lpr model of systemic lupus erythematosus] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4616909/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4616909/pdf/10.1177_0961203315591031.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25698173 Trichuris suis ova therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis is safe but without signals of beneficial effect] This study used a treatment period of only 12 weeks, which is inadequate when assessing the efficacy of helminths, and it also used a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26586763 Helminth infection, fecundity, and age of first pregnancy in women] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5953513/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5953513/pdf/nihms961168.pdf PDF] (Also see [[Helminthic therapy and fertility | '''Helminthic therapy and fertility''']].)
* 2015 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26332354 Adoptive transfer of helminth antigen-pulsed dendritic cells protects against the development of experimental colitis in mice] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eji.201545579 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eji.201545579 PDF] (HDC)
* 2015 Oct 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26522986 The Intestinal Microbiota Contributes to the Ability of Helminths to Modulate Allergic Inflammation] -- [http://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(15)00397-0 Full text] | [http://www.cell.com/immunity/pdf/S1074-7613(15)00397-0.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Oct 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25326880 Do We Need Worms to Promote Immune Health?]
* 2015 Sept 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26381211 Experimental hookworm infection and escalating gluten challenges are associated with increased microbial richness in celiac subjects] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4585380/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4585380/pdf/srep13797.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Sep 17 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26377648 Type 2 immunity-dependent reduction of segmented filamentous bacteria in mice infected with the helminthic parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574229/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574229/pdf/40168_2015_Article_103.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Sept 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26345715 The interaction of commensal intestinal bacteria with helminth parasites]
* 2015 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26093162 Effect of different helminth extracts on the development of asthma in mice: The influence of early-life exposure and the role of IL-10 response]
* 2015 Aug 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26150661 Interactions between multiple helminths and the gut microbiota in wild rodents] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4528493/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4528493/pdf/rstb20140295.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Aug 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26270819 Are Human Intestinal Eukaryotes Beneficial or Commensals?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4536199/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4536199/pdf/ppat.1005039.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Aug 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26248316 Asymptomatic Helminth Infection in Active Tuberculosis Is Associated with Increased Regulatory and Th-2 Responses and a Lower Sputum Smear Positivity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4527760/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4527760/pdf/pntd.0003994.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Aug 5 [http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2015/08/tapeworms-may-be-good-your-brain Tapeworms may be good for your brain] Hanae Armitage, Science
* 2015 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26672222 The Role of Adoptive Transfer of Immune Cells in Helminth- induced Regulation of Allergy and Autoimmune Diseases]
* 2015 Jul 27 The hygiene hypothesis: current perspectives and future therapies -- [https://www.dovepress.com/the-hygiene-hypothesis-current-perspectives-and-future-therapies-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-ITT Full text] has a PDF download link.
* 2015 Jul 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26205402 Trichuris suis induces human non-classical patrolling monocytes via the mannose receptor and PKC: implications for multiple sclerosis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4513676/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4513676/pdf/40478_2015_Article_223.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2015 Jul 20 [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150720145207.htm Gut worms protect babies' brains from inflammation] Science Daily
* 2015 Jul 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26188364 Enteric nematodes and the path to up-regulation of type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13] (Includes mention of increased cell turnover to maintain an effective gut barrier in the presence of helminths.)
* 2015 Jul 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26162711 Got Worms? Perinatal Exposure to Helminths Prevents Persistent Immune Sensitization and Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Early-Life Infection]
* 2015 Jul 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26148848 Epigenetic Modulation of Microglial Inflammatory Gene Loci in Helminth-Induced Immune Suppression: Implications for Immune Regulation in Neurocysticercosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4552224/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4552224/pdf/10.1177_1759091415592126.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jul 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26150662 Suppression of inflammation by helminths: a role for the gut microbiota?] -- [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1675/20140296 Full text] | [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/370/1675/20140296.full.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jul 3 [http://evmedreview.com/?p=2767%23_ENREF_4 Progress on reconstituting the depleted biome to prevent immune disorders] Parker and Morey, The Evolution and Medicine Review
* 2015 Jul 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26207885 Helminth therapy for organic diseases?]
* 2015 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26380461 Of worms and men - administration of helminth products as an innovative approach to treatment of autoimmune diseases]
* 2015 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26393130 Significance of Diagnosing Parasitic Infestation in Evaluation of Unexplained Eosinophilia] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572961/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572961/pdf/jcdr-9-DC22.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044 Chronic helminth infection and helminth-derived egg antigens promote adipose tissue M2 macrophages and improve insulin sensitivity in obese mice]
* 2015 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087 The potential long-term effect of previous schistosome infection reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome among Chinese men]
* 2015 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26145982 The allergy epidemics: 1870-2010] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617537/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617537/pdf/nihms697397.pdf PDF] This historical analysis of the allergy epidemic highlights the role of helminth control as one of the explanations for the trends from 1870 to 2010.
* 2015 Jun 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26139475 Atopy and Asthma in Migrants: The Function of Parasites]
* 2015 Jun 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes]
* 2015 Jun 22 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26098783 Prevention of Type 1 diabetes through parasite infection]
* 2015 Jun 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042 Infection with Soil-Transmitted Helminths Is Associated with Increased Insulin Sensitivity] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0127746 Full text] | [http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127746&representation=PDF PDF]
* 2015 Jun 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26142923 The gut microbiome in the helminth infected host]
* 2015 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25600983 Clinical trials of helminth therapy in autoimmune diseases: rationale and findings]
* 2015 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25975491 Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with a synthetic analogue of a parasitic worm product prevents experimental arthritis and inhibits IL-1β production via NRF2-mediated counter-regulation of the inflammasome] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459730/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459730/pdf/main.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25854639 Identifying the immunomodulatory components of helminths]
* 2015 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25869420 Helminths and the microbiota: parts of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428757/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428757/pdf/nihms684423.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26057788 The structure of hookworm platelet inhibitor (HPI), a CAP superfamily member from Ancylostoma caninum] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4461323/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4461323/pdf/f-71-00643.pdf PDF]
* 2015 May 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25996526 Trichuris suis soluble products induce Rab7b expression and limit TLR4 responses in human dendritic cells] (TSO)
* 2015 May 20 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25989836 Immune responses in children infected with the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis in central Greece]
* 2015 May 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556 A worm of one's own: how helminths modulate host adipose tissue function and metabolism] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4567404/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4567404/pdf/nihms684209.pdf PDF]
* 2015 May 11 [https://www.facebook.com/tanawisa/posts/746878402097165 Comments on TSO for Autism from a European Biomedical Center for Autism Research]
* 2015 May 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25403350 Not all parasites are protective] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12160/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12160/epdf PDF]
* 2015 May 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25956237 Approaches to studying and manipulating the enteric microbiome to improve autism symptoms] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425814/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425814/pdf/MEHD-26-26878.pdf PDF]
* 2015 May 5 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25942385 Alteration of the rat cecal microbiome during colonization with the helminth Hymenolepis dimunita] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/pdf/kgmi-06-03-1047128.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2015 May 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25938477 Chronic Trichuris muris Infection in C57BL/6 Mice Causes Significant Changes in Host Microbiota and Metabolome: Effects Reversed by Pathogen Clearance] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418675/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418675/pdf/pone.0125945.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 28 [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v11/n6/full/nrendo.2015.68.html Helminths improve insulin sensitivity and enhance M2 macrophage numbers in WAT of obese mice] (No abstract)
* 2015 Apr 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25941654 Type 1 diabetes pathogenesis - Prevention???] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4413393/ Full text]
* ✅⚡2015 Apr 18 [[media:Overcoming_Evolutionary_Mismatch_by_Self-Treatment_with_Helminths.pdf | Overcoming Evolutionary Mismatch by Self-Treatment with Helminths: Current Practices and Experience]] (PDF) This was the first study to probe the methods and outcomes reported by individuals self-treating with helminths.
* 2015 Apr 17 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26040054 Helminths and autoimmunity: the good, the bad and the ugly] -- [https://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/142/71371.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25879741 Unraveling the Hygiene Hypothesis of helminthes and autoimmunity: origins, pathophysiology, and clinical applications] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4396177/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4396177/pdf/12916_2015_Article_306.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25869420 Helminths and the microbiota: parts of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Png_Loke/publication/274965905_Helminths_and_the_microbiota_parts_of_the_hygiene_hypothesis/links/55898a6308ae9076016f9ad9.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25853852 Increased Biodiversity in the Environment Improves the Humoral Response of Rats] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4390306/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4390306/pdf/pone.0120255.pdf PDF] (Also reported by Science Daily. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150408145242.htm])
* 2015 Apr 6 The Hygiene Hypothesis - Redefine, Rename, or Just Clean It Up? -- [http://www.paediatrix.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/The-Hygiene-Hypothesis-Redefine-Rename-or-Just-Clean-It-Up.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25665856/ Biome depletion in conjunction with evolutionary mismatches could play a role in the etiology of neurofibromatosis 1]
* 2015 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25546822 The parasitic worm product ES-62 targets myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent effector mechanisms to suppress antinuclear antibody production and proteinuria in MRL/lpr mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409857/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409857/pdf/art0067-1023.pdf PDF] (A worm-derived immunomodulator protects against kidney damage in lupus/SLE)
* 2015 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25712154 Exosome-transported microRNAs of helminth origin: new tools for allergic and autoimmune diseases therapy?]
* 2015 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25801883 From the worm to the pill, the parasitic worm product ES-62 raises new horizons in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://lup.sagepub.com/content/24/4-5/400.full Full text] | [http://lup.sagepub.com/content/24/4-5/400.full.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25683374 Potential long-term effects of previous schistosome infection may reduce the atherogenic index of plasma in Chinese men]
* 2015 Mar 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25884706 Human helminth therapy to treat inflammatory disorders - where do we stand?] -- [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/16/12 Full text] | [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/s12865-015-0074-3.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Mar 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25806513 Immune Antibodies and Helminth Products Drive CXCR2-Dependent Macrophage-Myofibroblast Crosstalk to Promote Intestinal Repair] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373753/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373753/pdf/ppat.1004778.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25624401 Epidemiological study of the association between malaria and helminth infections in Nigeria] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350553/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350553/pdf/tropmed-92-578.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764 Does Strongyloides stercoralis infection protect against type 2 diabetes in humans? Evidence from Australian Aboriginal adults]
* 2015 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25666929 The immunomodulatory parasitic worm product ES-62 reduces lupus-associated accelerated atherosclerosis in a mouse model] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4355381/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4355381/pdf/nihms662074.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Spring. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25926937 The relationship between intestinal parasites and some immune-mediated intestinal conditions] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4403024/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4403024/pdf/GHFBB-8-123.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26312872 A role for helminth parasites in achieving immunological tolerance in transplantation]
* 2015 Feb 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25888525 Helminth infections and type 2 diabetes: a cluster-randomized placebo controlled SUGARSPIN trial in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4389675/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4389675/pdf/12879_2015_Article_873.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067 A novel regulatory macrophage induced by a helminth molecule protects against mucosal inflammation and mitigates allergic airway inflammation and colitis in mice]
* 2015 Feb 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067 A novel regulatory macrophage induced by a helminth molecule instructs IL-10 in CD4+ T cells and protects against mucosal inflammation] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/4/1555.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/4/1555.full.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25527786 Intestinal helminths regulate lethal acute graft-versus-host disease and preserve the graft-versustumor effect in mice] (Helminths improve the outcome of bone marrow transplantation in mice)
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25547076 Helminthes and insects: maladies or therapies]
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25248819 Experimental hookworm infection and gluten microchallenge promote tolerance in celiac disease] -- [http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)01010-0/fulltext Full text] | [http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)01010-0/pdf PDF] (Also reported by EurekAlert [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-09/jcu-aws092414.php] and ABC Austrailia. [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-25/hookworms-coeliac-disease-research/5768732])
* 2015 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25174866 Worms as therapeutic agents for allergy and asthma: understanding why benefits in animal studies have not translated into clinical success] -- [https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2814%2900960-9/fulltext Full text] | [https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)00960-9/pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25459578 Potential Treatments for Food Allergy]
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449677 The mechanisms behind helminth's immunomodulation in autoimmunity]
* 2015 Jan 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25634608 A model for the induction of autism in the ecosystem of the human body: the anatomy of a modern pandemic?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310853/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310853/pdf/MEHD-26-26253.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jan 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25611587 Chronic filarial infection provides protection against bacterial sepsis by functionally reprogramming macrophages] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303312/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303312/pdf/ppat.1004616.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jan 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25452561 Splenic B cells from Hymenolepis diminuta-infected mice ameliorate colitis independent of T cells and via cooperation with macrophages] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/1/364.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/jimmunol/194/1/364.full.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2015 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25437821 Treatment with egg antigens of Schistosoma mansoni ameliorates experimental colitis in mice through a colonic T-cell-dependent mechanism]
* 2015 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26046559 Multiple sclerosis and environmental factors: the role of vitamin D, parasites, and Epstein-Barr virus infection]
* 2015 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25942385 Alteration of the rat cecal microbiome during colonization with the helminth Hymenolepis diminuta] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/pdf/kgmi-06-03-1047128.pdf PDF] (HDC)

=== 2014 ===
* 2014 Dec 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25472634 Helminth Therapy for MS] (multiple sclerosis)
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24975567 Reduced asthma morbidity in endemic areas for helminth infections: a longitudinal ecological study in Brazil]
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25441298 In utero priming by worms protects against respiratory allergies]
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25554978 The emerging role of helminths in treatment of the inflammatory bowel disorders] -- [http://www.jpp.krakow.pl/journal/archive/12_14/pdf/741_12_14_article.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744 Maternal immune response to helminth infection during pregnancy determines offspring susceptibility to allergic airway inflammation]
* 2014 Winter [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25436093 Potential treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a review of helminths therapy] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017549/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017549/pdf/GHFBB-7-009.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Nov 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25375117 Coincident helminth infection modulates systemic inflammation and immune activation in active pulmonary tuberculosis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/pdf/pntd.0003289.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24795483 Impact of experimental hookworm infection on the human gut microbiota] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195438/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195438/pdf/jiu256.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25069662?dopt=Abstract Therapeutic potential of larval excretory/secretory proteins of the pig whipworm Trichuris suis in allergic disease] (TSO)
* 2014 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24981042 Helminth therapy or elimination: epidemiological, immunological, and clinical considerations]
* 2014 Oct 20 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202775/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202775/pdf/fimmu-05-00499.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Oct 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24782451 Suppression of basophil histamine release and other IgE-dependent responses in childhood Schistosoma mansoni/hookworm coinfection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176447/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176447/pdf/jiu234.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Oct 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25240019 Helminth infections decrease host susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244645/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244645/pdf/nihms616872.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Oct Treating Inflammatory Bowel disease: from Helminths to ova -- [http://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/95/47594.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25281198 Allergy and worms: let's bring back old friends]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24901211 The microbiota and helminths: sharing the same niche in the human host]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25201407 Mucosal immune responses following intestinal nematode infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312905/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312905/pdf/pim0036-0439.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24891519 Kv1.3 channel-blocking immunomodulatory peptides from parasitic worms: implications for autoimmune diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4139903/ Full text] | [http://www.fasebj.org/content/28/9/3952.full.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24496315 Blockade of IL-33 release and suppression of type 2 innate lymphoid cell responses by helminth secreted products in airway allergy] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4016792/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4016792/pdf/mi2013123a.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Aug 28 Parasitic infection and immunomodulation: A possible explanation for the hygiene hypothesis in autoimmune and allergic disease -- [http://www.slideshare.net/Apollo_Hospitals/final-8-38449965 Full text]
* 2014 Aug 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25161287 The "hygiene hypothesis" for allergic disease is a misnomer] (No abstract)
* 2014 Aug 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25210492 Extraintestinal helminth infection reduces the development of colitis-associated tumorigenesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159685/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159685/pdf/ijbsv10p0948.pdf PDF] (IBD) (Cancer)
* 2014 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25171741 Maternal hookworm modifies risk factors for childhood eczema: results from a birth cohort in Uganda] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312885/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312885/pdf/pai0025-0481.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24471654 Pregnancy and helminth infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260141/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260141/pdf/pim0036-0328.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25033775 (Self-) infections with parasites: re-interpretations for the present] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263892316_Self-_infections_with_parasites_Re-interpretations_for_the_present Full text]
* 2014 Jul 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24992724 Helminth infections, type-2 immune response, and metabolic syndrome] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/pdf/ppat.1004140.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24666108 Lessons from helminth infections: ES-62 highlights new interventional approaches in rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089150/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089150/pdf/cei0177-0013.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736234 Systemic impact of intestinal helminth infections] -- [http://www.nature.com/mi/journal/v7/n4/pdf/mi201423a.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24749722 Helminths in the hygiene hypothesis: sooner or later?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089153/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089153/pdf/cei0177-0038.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24401109 Microbial 'old friends', immunoregulation and socioeconomic status] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089149/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089149/pdf/cei0177-0001.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24704440 Secretory products of helminth parasites as immunomodulators]
* 2014 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24497523 ES-62 protects against collagen-induced arthritis by resetting interleukin-22 toward resolution of inflammation in the joints] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737104/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737104/pdf/ART-66-1492.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24744099 Helminth/Parasite treatment of multiple sclerosis]
* 2014 May 22 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24851867 Helminth colonization is associated with increased diversity of the gut microbiota] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031128/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031128/pdf/pntd.0002880.pdf PDF]
* 2014 May 8 [http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=geography_etds The human–hookworm assemblage: contingency and the practice of helminthic therapy] Sophia Ann Strosberg, PhD thesis
* 2014 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24712468 Induction of regulatory cells by helminth parasites: exploitation for the treatment of inflammatory diseases]
* 2014 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24325393 Parasitic worms and allergies in childhood: insights from population studies 2008-2013]
* 2014 Apr 29 [http://www.neurology.org/content/82/10_Supplement/P3.149 Clinical Trial of Helminth-induced Immunomodulatory Therapy (HINT 2) in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (P3.149)] (TSO)
* 2014 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24441737 Genome of the human hookworm Necator americanus] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978129/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978129/pdf/nihms-551116.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2014 Mar [http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=43790 Intestinal Helminthic Infection Increases Serum Levels of IL-2 and Decreases Serum TGF-Beta Levels in Nigerian Asthmatic Patients] -- [http://file.scirp.org/Html/1-1410098_43790.htm Full text] | [http://file.scirp.org/pdf/OJI_2014031415322712.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Feb 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24592267 Helminth Allergens, Parasite-Specific IgE, and Its Protective Role in Human Immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924148/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924148/pdf/fimmu-05-00061.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24355423 A multimodal Darwinian strategy for alleviating the atherosclerosis pandemic]
* 2014 Jan 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007 Secreted proteins from the helminth Fasciola hepatica inhibit the initiation of autoreactive T cell responses and prevent diabetes in the NOD mouse] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897667/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897667/pdf/pone.0086289.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jan 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24442917 Helminth therapy (worms) for induction of remission in inflammatory bowel disease] -- [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009400.pub2/full Full text] | [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009400.pub2/epdf/full PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24043262 Reprogramming macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype by helminth antigens reduces murine atherosclerosis] -- [http://www.fasebj.org/content/28/1/288.long Full text] | [http://www.fasebj.org/content/28/1/288.full.pdf PDF]
* 2014 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24997041 Microbiota, immunoregulatory old friends and psychiatric disorders]
* 2014 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25654942 Of poops and parasites: unethical FDA overregulation]

=== 2013 ===
* 2013 Dec 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24351232 Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) in multiple sclerosis patients with Trichuris suis ova therapy] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3866952/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3866952/pdf/parasite-20-55.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2013 Dec 12 [http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2013/12/12/596603/10061345/en/Coronado-Biosciences-Announces-Presentation-of-Interim-Data-From-Autism-Study-at-Neuropsychopharmacology-Meeting.html Presentation of Interim Data From Autism Study at Neuropsychopharmacology Meeting]
* 2013 Nov 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24154724 Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: an ecosystem service essential to health] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3831972/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3831972/pdf/pnas.201313731.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929557 Helminths and their implication in sepsis - a new branch of their immunomodulatory behaviour?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4285315/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4285315/pdf/fim0069-0127.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Oct 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23975865 Parasite infections in multiple sclerosis modulate immune responses through a retinoic acid-dependent pathway] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/191/7/3827.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/191/7/3827.full.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23325330 The hygiene theory harnessing helminths and their ova to treat autoimmunity]
* 2013 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23968688 Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection reduces severity of type 1 diabetes induced by multiple low-dose streptozotocin in mice via STAT6- and IL-10-independent mechanisms]
* 2013 Sept [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23792298 Chronic Opisthorchis felineus infection attenuates atherosclerosis – an autopsy study]
* 2013 Aug 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691 Effect of nematode Trichinella infection on glucose tolerance and status of macrophage in obese mice] -- [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/endocrj/60/11/60_EJ13-0312/_pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug 29 [http://www.news.ucsb.edu/2013/013611/dueling-infections-one-keeps-other-bay-say-ucsb-anthropologists Dueling Infections: One Keeps the Other at Bay, Say UCSB Anthropologists] Andrea Estrada, The Current, University of California, Santa Barbara
* 2013 Aug 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23986108 Antagonism between two intestinal parasites in humans: the importance of co-infection for infection risk and recovery dynamics] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768312/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768312/pdf/rspb20131671.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug 20 Parasitic Helminths: A Useful Resource for Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disease Therapy -- [http://www.omicsonline.org/parasitic-helminths-a-useful-resource-for-inflammatory-and-autoimmune-disease-therapy-1948-593X.1000084.php?aid=16479 Full text] | [http://www.omicsonline.org/parasitic-helminths-a-useful-resource-for-inflammatory-and-autoimmune-disease-therapy-1948-593X.1000084.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23967364 Schistosoma mansoni-mediated suppression of allergic airway inflammation requires patency and Foxp3+ Treg cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744427/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744427/pdf/pntd.0002379.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23730956 Randomised clinical trial: the safety and tolerability of Trichuris suis ova in patients with Crohn's disease] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apt.12366/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apt.12366/epdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2013 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23827958 Type 2 immunity and wound healing: evolutionary refinement of adaptive immunity by helminths] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789590/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789590/pdf/nihms516840.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23597946 Possible use of Trichuris suis ova in autism spectrum disorders therapy] (TSO)
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23273955 Coassociations between IL10 polymorphisms, IL-10 production, helminth infection, and asthma/ wheeze in an urban tropical population in Brazil]
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23545299 Hookworm excretory/secretory products induce interleukin-4 (IL-4)+ IL-10+ CD4+ T cell responses and suppress pathology in a mouse model of colitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676036/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676036/pdf/zii2104.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143 Parasitic nematode-induced modulation of body weight and associated metabolic dysfunction in mouse models of obesity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676010/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676010/pdf/zii1905.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523576 Previous contact with Strongyloides venezuelensis contributed to prevent insulitis in MLD-STZ diabetes] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014489413000775 Full text] (includes a PDF download link)
* 2013 April 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23782752 Trichuris suis ova in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome (TRIOMS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680966/ Full text] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680966/pdf/1745-6215-14-112.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2013 Apr 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23566643 The development of TH2 responses from infancy to 4 years of age and atopic sensitization in areas endemic for helminth infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3635885/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3635885/pdf/1710-1492-9-13.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23220043/ Trichuris suis-induced modulation of human dendritic cell function is glycan-mediated] -- [https://tanawisa.com/downloads/Trichuris_suis-induced_modulation_of_human_dendritic_cell_function_is_glycan-mediated.pdf Full text]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178750 A role for IL-22 in the relationship between intestinal helminths, gut microbiota and mucosal immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955947/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955947/pdf/nihms423088.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291460 Changed gluten immunity in celiac disease by Necator americanus provides new insights into autoimmunity] (NA)
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291461 The helminth product, ES-62, protects against airway inflammation by resetting the Th cell phenotype] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584281/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584281/pdf/main.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23174104 A nematode immunomodulator suppresses grass pollen-specific allergic responses by controlling excessive Th2 inflammation]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23298637 Helminth therapy and multiple sclerosis] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751912003153 Full text]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23380935 Childhood helminth exposure is protective against inflammatory bowel disease: a case control study in South Africa] (IBD)
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101 Prevention of type 1 diabetes through infection with an intestinal nematode parasite requires IL-10 in the absence of a Th2-type response]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D)]
* 2013 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23291462/ Prerequisites for the pharmaceutical industry to develop and commercialise helminths and helminth-derived product therapy]
* 2013 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23178819/ Translatability of helminth therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683647/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683647/pdf/nihms423391.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524 Association of previous schistosome infection with diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in rural China]
* 2013 Jan-Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23406942 Evolutionary immune response to conserved domains in parasites and aeroallergens]
* ✅ 2013 Jan 10 [[media:Patients_self-treat_with_parasitic_worms_-_Flowers_et_al.pdf | Patients self-treat with parasitic worms.]] In this letter to the journal, Nature, two researchers called on the scientific community to adopt a different approach to helminth therapeutics that would recognise and utilise the insights and evidence being gained by patients self-treating with helminths.
* 2013 Jan 8 [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130108112451.htm Parasitic worms may help treat diseases associated with obesity Science Daily]
* 2013 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23302848 Autoimmune disease: Patients self-treat with parasitic worms] (Comment on [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23135449 Autoimmunity: The worm returns].)
* 2013 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481186 Microbial 'Old Friends', immunoregulation and stress resilience] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868387/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868387/pdf/eot004.pdf PDF]
* ⚡ 2013 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481190 Evolutionary biology and anthropology suggest biome reconstitution as a necessary approach toward dealing with immune disorders] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868394/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868394/pdf/eot008.pdf PDF] This paper explains how the modern pandemics of autoimmune, inflammatory and allergic disease are due to the loss of species, especially helminths, from the human ecosystem.
* 2013 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23278885 Protection against allergic airway inflammation during the chronic and acute phases of Trichinella spiralis infection]
* 2013 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23365679 Relationship between carotid intima media thickness and helminth infections on Flores Island, Indonesia] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554693/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554693/pdf/pone.0054855.pdf PDF] (atherosclerosis / cholesterol)
* 2013 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23637593 Immune regulation during helminth infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630086/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630086/pdf/ppat.1003250.pdf PDF]

=== 2012 ===
* 2012 Winter [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740696/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740696/pdf/RevDiabeticStud-09-272.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Dec 5 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23220091 The hookworm pharmacopoeia for inflammatory diseases] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751912003062 Full text]
* 2012 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23593834 Anti-atherogenic effect and its mechanisms of soluble egg antigen of Schistosomia japonicum in ApoE-/- mice (atherosclerosis)]
* 2012 Nov 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166490 Therapeutic helminth infection of macaques with idiopathic chronic diarrhea alters the inflammatory signature and mucosal microbiota of the colon] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499566/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499566/pdf/ppat.1003000.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Nov 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23221477 How helminths use excretory secretory fractions to modulate dendritic cells] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3545949/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3545949/pdf/viru-3-668.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Nov 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23135449 Autoimmunity: The worm returns] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744107/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744107/pdf/nihms-492926.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Nov 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23129304 Helminth infection in populations undergoing epidemiological transition: a friend or foe?] -- [http://staff.ui.ac.id/system/files/users/aprilianto.eddy/publication/wiria2012helminthinpopulationsundergoingepidemiologicaltransition.pdf Author’s personal full text copy]
* 2012 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23079675 Where are we on worms?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744105/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744105/pdf/nihms492925.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23034321/ Helminth Infections and Host Immune Regulation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485755/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485755/pdf/zcm585.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22086188 Nematode modulation of inflammatory bowel disease] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459088/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459088/pdf/709_2011_Article_342.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2012 Oct [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22886766 Worming their way into the pharmacy: use of worms and worm products to treat inflammatory diseases] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/art.34635 PDF]
* 2012 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22898371 Heligmosomoides polygyrus: EAE remission is correlated with different systemic cytokine profiles provoked by L4 and adult nematodes] (Multiple sclerosis)
* 2012 Sept 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22729944 The parasitic helminth product ES-62 suppresses pathogenesis in collagen-induced arthritis by targeting the interleukin-17-producing cellular network at multiple sites] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.34581/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.34581/epdf PDF]
* 2012 Sept 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23021370 Advances in immunotherapy for food allergy] -- [http://www.discoverymedicine.com/Yamini-V-Virkud/2012/09/21/advances-in-immunotherapy-for-food-allergy/ Full text] Yamini Virkud and Brian Vickery, Discovery Magazine
* 2012 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21838960 Immune monitoring of Trichuris suis egg therapy in multiple sclerosis patients] (TSO in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS))
* 2012 Sept The Hygiene Hypothesis and its implications for home hygiene, lifestyle and public health -- [http://www.naturaleater.com/science-articles/Hygiene-old-friends-ISFHH-2012.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Aug 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22937527 Does helminth activation of toll-like receptors modulate immune response in multiple sclerosis patients?] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426839/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426839/pdf/fcimb-02-00112.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22742834 Trichuris suis ova: testing a helminth-based therapy as an extension of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [https://web.archive.org/web/20210921041516/https://parasitology.cvm.ncsu.edu/vmp930/supplement/trichuris_treatment_allergies.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2012 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22608572 Helminth infection is associated with decreased basophil responsiveness in human beings] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387338/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387338/pdf/nihms372243.pdf PDF]
* ⚡ 2012 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22612580 A prescription for clinical immunology: the pills are available and ready for testing. A review] | [[media:A_prescription_for_clinical_immunology-_the_pills_are_available_and_ready_for_testing._A_review.pdf | PDF]]

* 2012 Jun 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928103 Is autism a member of a family of diseases resulting from genetic/cultural mismatches? Implications for treatment and prevention] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420574/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420574/pdf/AURT2012-910946.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22482518 Soluble helminth products suppress clinical signs in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and differentially modulate human dendritic cell activation]
* 2012 May 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464690 Helminthic therapy: improving mucosal barrier function] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015520/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015520/pdf/nihms545476.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Apr 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513973 Helminth therapy (worms) for allergic rhinitis] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashley_Croft/publication/224708548_Helminth_therapy_(worms)_for_allergic_rhinitis/links/09e4150b0b21ddf09b000000.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22168433 Parasitic worm therapy for allergy: is this incongruous or avant-garde medicine?]
* 2012 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22360486 Granulocytes in helminth infection -- who is calling the shots?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394172/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394172/pdf/CMC-19-1567.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Mar 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22398631 Atopy is inversely related to schistosome infection intensity: a comparative study in Zimbabwean villages with distinct levels of Schistosoma haematobium infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3398828/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3398828/pdf/iaa-0158-0288.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214332 Schistosoma mansoni antigens as modulators of the allergic inflammatory response in asthma]
* 2012 Feb 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22566894/ TLRs, Treg, and B Cells, an Interplay of Regulation during Helminth Infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342019/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342019/pdf/fimmu-03-00008.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/pdf/cshperspectmed-DIA-a007799.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22346753 Characterising the mucosal and systemic immune responses to experimental human hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276555/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276555/pdf/ppat.1002520.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245779 An essential role for the Th2-type response in limiting tissue damage during helminth infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3274634/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3274634/pdf/nihms341991.pdf PDF] (Wound healing)
* ⚡ 2012 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22239614 Helminth-host immunological interactions: prevention and control of immune-mediated diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744090/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744090/pdf/nihms492922.pdf PDF] Summarises the science underpinning helminthic therapy.
* 2012 Jan [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21983081/ Helminth infection does not reduce risk for chronic inflammatory disease in a population-based cohort study] (There are several critical weaknesses in this study, the data from which do not support the authors' broad conclusion that helminthic colonization does not reduce the risk for various immune-mediated diseases. See a rebuttal of this research by the late Joel Weinstock [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4129650/ here].)
* 2012 Jan [http://www.asmscience.org/content/journal/microbe/10.1128/microbe.7.173.1 A Darwinian View of the Hygiene or “Old Friends” Hypothesis] Graham A. W. Rook, Microbe Magazine
* 2012 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22848374 Helminth antigens enable CpG-activated dendritic cells to inhibit the symptoms of collagen-induced arthritis through Foxp3+ regulatory T cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405066/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405066/pdf/pone.0040356.pdf PDF]
* 2012 [http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12411/ Asthma and allergic disease: their relation with Necator americanus and other helminth infections] Johanna Feary, PhD Thesis -- [http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12411/1/JRF_Thesis_appendix_A_removed.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2012 [https://webshares.northseattle.edu/jgward/Microbe%20paper.pdf A Darwinian View of the Hygiene or “Old Friends” Hypothesis] (PDF)

=== 2011 ===
* 2011 Nov 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22147983 Schistosoma japonicum ova maintains epithelial barrier function during experimental colitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3229631/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3229631/pdf/WJG-17-4810.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21290484 Hookworm products ameliorate dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in BALB/c mice]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980148 The impact of environmental infections (parasites) on MS activity] (multiple sclerosis)
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21741180 Reconstitution of the human biome as the most reasonable solution for epidemics of allergic and autoimmune diseases] | [[media:Reconstitution_of_the_human_biome_as_the_most_reasonable_solution_for_epidemics_of_allergic_and_autoimmune_diseases.pdf | PDF]]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810307 Treatment with anthelminthics during pregnancy: what gains and what risks for the mother and child?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178871/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178871/pdf/S0031182011001053a.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21831135 Effects of Helicobacter pylori, geohelminth infection and selected commensal bacteria on the risk of allergic disease and sensitization in 3-year-old Ethiopian children]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21684587 Regulatory B-cell induction by helminths: implications for allergic disease]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21848628 Exposure to hookworms in patients with Crohn's disease: a case-control study] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04824.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04824.x/epdf PDF]
* 2011 Sept 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21943110 Toll-like receptor activation by helminths or helminth products to alleviate inflammatory bowel disease] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199248/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199248/pdf/1756-3305-4-186.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2011 Sept 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21949691 Suppression of inflammatory immune responses in celiac disease by experimental hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174943/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174943/pdf/pone.0024092.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072824 Parasitic helminth cystatin inhibits DSS-induced intestinal inflammation via IL-10(+)F4/80(+) macrophage recruitment] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210841/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210841/pdf/kjp-49-245.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Aug 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21858123 Impact of Schistosoma japonicum infection on collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice: a murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/pdf/pone.0023453.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Aug 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21829616 Symptoms after Ingestion of Pig Whipworm Trichuris suis Eggs in a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149054/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149054/pdf/pone.0022346.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 Jul 25 The neuroimmunoendocrine network during worm helminth infections -- [http://www.isj.unimo.it/articoli/ISJ242.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Jul 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21785696 Parasites or cohabitants: cruel omnipresent usurpers or creative "éminences grises"?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140032/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140032/pdf/JPR2011-214174.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Jun 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21772981 Excretory-secretory products from hookworm l(3) and adult worms suppress proinflammatory cytokines in infected individuals] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135091/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135091/pdf/JPR2011-512154.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21610741 Diversity and dialogue in immunity to helminths]
* 2011 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21372112/ Probiotic helminth administration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 1 study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/pdf/nihms536054.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 May 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21576944 Atopic dermatitis and the hygiene hypothesis revisited]
* 2011 May 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21573157 Schistosome infection intensity is inversely related to auto-reactive antibody levels] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089602/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089602/pdf/pone.0019149.pdf PDF]
* 2011 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255083 Anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of infantile eczema: randomised-controlled trial results] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130136/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130136/pdf/pai0022-0305.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21277637 The impact of parasite infections on the course of multiple sclerosis]
* 2011 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21295861 Helminths and multiple sclerosis: will old friends give us new treatments for MS?] (No abstract)
* 2011 Mar 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21408161 Effect of hookworm infection on wheat challenge in celiac disease - a randomised double-blinded placebo controlled trial] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3050888/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3050888/pdf/pone.0017366.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Mar 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21372112 Probiotic helminth administration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 1 study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/pdf/nihms536054.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 Apr 22 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21440530 Clonorchis sinensis-derived total protein attenuates airway inflammation in murine asthma model by inducing regulatory T cells and modulating dendritic cell functions]
* 2011 Apr 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21584243 Helminth parasites and the modulation of joint inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092582/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092582/pdf/JPR2011-942616.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20967852 Infection with an intestinal helminth parasite reduces Freund's complete adjuvant-induced monoarthritis in mice] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.30098/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.30098/epdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2011 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21044628 Trichinella spiralis: infection reduces airway allergic inflammation in mice]
* 2011 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21887281 The transcriptome of Trichuris suis -- first molecular insights into a parasite with curative properties for key immune diseases of humans] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160910/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160910/pdf/pone.0023590.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21858123 Impact of Schistosoma japonicum infection on collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice: a murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/pdf/pone.0023453.pdf PDF]

=== 2010 ===
* 2010 Dec 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21123809 IL-22+ CD4+ T cells are associated with therapeutic trichuris trichiura infection in an ulcerative colitis patient] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Png_Loke/publication/49650965_IL-22_CD4_T_Cells_Are_Associated_with_Therapeutic_Trichuris_trichiura_Infection_in_an_Ulcerative_Colitis_Patient/links/00b7d535585b829413000000.pdf PDF] (TTO)
* 2010 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20848461 Alteration of the murine gut microbiota during infection with the parasitic helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2959136/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2959136/pdf/nihms220920.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21039971 Long-term periodic anthelmintic treatments are associated with increased allergen skin reactivity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3034193/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3034193/pdf/cea0040-1669.pdf PDF]
* 2010 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21500453 Atopic diseases and intestinal helminth infections]
* ⚡ 2010 Oct 13 [https://evmedreview.com/reconstituting-the-depleted-biome-to-prevent-immune-disorders/ Reconstituting the depleted biome to prevent immune disorders] William Parker, Duke University. Explains why replacing absent "old friends" may be the only reasonable therapy for a wide range of immune-associated disorders, including allergy, autoimmunity and autism.
* 2010 Aug 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20067426 Effects of Deworming during Pregnancy on Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes in Entebbe, Uganda: A Randomized Controlled Trial] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857962/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857962/pdf/ukmss-29622.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20404082 Chronic intestinal helminth infections are associated with immune hyporesponsiveness and induction of a regulatory network] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2897394/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2897394/pdf/1228-09.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jun 14 [http://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/how-the-parasitic-worm-has-turned/ How the parasitic worm has turned] (Web archive copy)
* 2010 Jun 11 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538949 Exploitation of the intestinal microflora by the parasitic nematode Trichuris muris] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428897/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428897/pdf/ukmss-49377.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20306466 Helminth-induced CD19+CD23hi B cells modulate experimental allergic and autoimmune inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179601/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179601/pdf/eji0040-1682.pdf PDF]
* 2010 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20132231 Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the allergic response in a murine model of ovalbumininduced airway inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857950/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857950/pdf/cei0160-0266.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20415854 99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: darwinian medicine and the 'hygiene' or 'old friends' hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841838/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841838/pdf/cei0160-0070.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23105895 Immunomodulators of helminthes: Promising therapeutics for autoimmune disorders and allergic diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3453099/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3453099/pdf/12291_2010_Article_21.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044996 In vitro-derived alternatively activated macrophages reduce colonic inflammation in mice] (Colitis) (HDC)
* 2010 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20224568 Helminth-derived immunomodulators: can understanding the worm produce the pill?]
* 2010 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20028812 Extracts of the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, suppress macrophage activation in vitro and alleviate chemically induced colitis in mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825920/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825920/pdf/1349-08.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2010 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19691904 The immune response to and immunomodulation by Hymenolepis diminuta] (HDC)
* 2010 Feb 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20169100 Parasitic helminths: new weapons against immunological disorders] (Diabetes) -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821776/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821776/pdf/JBB2010-743758.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20101628 Worms to the rescue: can worm glycans protect from autoimmune diseases?] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iub.304/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iub.304/epdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20069130 Taenia crassiceps infection attenuates multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/pdf/JBB2010-850541.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19800680 Trichuris suis ova therapy for allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lars_Poulsen/publication/26866959_Trichuris_suis_ova_therapy_for_allergic_rhinitis_a_randomized_double-blind_placebo-controlled_clinical_trial/links/00b4952a7f6c89aaa2000000.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19758373 Reduced helminth burden increases allergen skin sensitization but not clinical allergy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Vietnam]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2863045/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2863045/pdf/nihms182968.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042008 Helminth infection inhibits airway allergic reaction and dendritic cells are involved in the modulation process] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01161.x Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01161.x/epdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20425508 Chronic helminth infections protect against allergic diseases by active regulatory processes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816799/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816799/pdf/11882_2009_Article_85.pdf PDF]

* 2010 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20224759 Dendritic cells in the gut: interaction with intestinal helminths] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836138/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836138/pdf/JBB2010-250563.pdf PDF]
* 2010 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20069130 Taenia crassiceps infection attenuates multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/pdf/JBB2010-850541.pdf PDF]

=== 2009 ===
* 2009 Dec 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030661 Experimental hookworm infection: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in asthma] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2814083/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2814083/pdf/cea0040-0299.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19752032 Helminth infection can reduce insulitis and type 1 diabetes through CD25- and IL-10-independent mechanisms] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2786463/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2786463/pdf/1170-08.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19996438 Early helminth infections are inversely related to anemia, malnutrition, and malaria and are not associated with inflammation in 6- to 23-month-old Zanzibari children] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/6/1062.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/6/1062.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19812189 Helminth antigens modulate immune responses in cells from multiple sclerosis patients through TLR2-dependent mechanisms] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/9/5999.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/9/5999.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19861631 Immunologic profiles of persons recruited for a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/5/911.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/5/911.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19880560 Parasitic infection and autoimmunity] -- [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0961203309345735 PDF] (Lupus/SLE)
* 2009 Oct 22 [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-10-22/worms-linked-to-coeliac-relief/1113232 Worms linked to coeliac relief]
* 2009 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19744885 Survival of the fittest: allergology or parasitology?]
* 2009 Sept 29 [http://www.news-medical.net/news/20090929/Hookworms-can-prevent-asthma.aspx Hookworms can prevent asthma] News Medical
* 2009 Sept 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19786773 Prebiotics, probiotics and helminths: the 'natural' solution?]
* 2009 Sept 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=20011066 Infection with Hymenolepis diminuta Is More Effective than Daily Corticosteroids in Blocking Chemically Induced Colitis in Mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789531/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789531/pdf/JBB2010-384523.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2009 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19406170 Helminth immunoregulation: the role of parasite secreted proteins in modulating host immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2706953/ Full text]
* 2009 Aug 1 [Infection with a Helminth Parasite Attenuates Autoimmunity through TGF-β-Mediated Suppression of Th17 and Th1 Responses] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/3/1577.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/3/1577.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19400893 Safety of hookworm infection in individuals with measurable airway responsiveness: a randomized placebo-controlled feasibility study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728895/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728895/pdf/cea0039-1060.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19321388 Advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693446/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693446/pdf/nihms100270.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jun 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=19468064 Parasites represent a major selective force for interleukin genes and shape the genetic predisposition to autoimmune conditions] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715056/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715056/pdf/JEM_20082779.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19223020 Helminths and our immune system: friend or foe?]
* 2009 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19388947 Immune and genetic aspects of asthma, allergy and parasitic worm infections: evolutionary links] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01104.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01104.x/epdf PDF]
* 2009 Apr 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370621 Effect of administration of antihelminthics for soil transmitted helminths during pregnancy]
* 2009 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19291704 Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens induce Treg that participate in diabetes prevention in NOD mice] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200838871/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200838871/epdf PDF]
* 2009 Mar 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19308259 Necator americanus infection: a possible cause of altered dendritic cell differentiation and eosinophil profile in chronically infected individuals] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654967/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654967/pdf/pntd.0000399.pdf PDF] (NA)
* ✅ 2009 Mar 5 [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01470521?term=WIRMS&rank=1 Worms for Immune Regulation of Multiple Sclerosis (WIRMS)] Proposal for the first Phase 2 trial using a controlled number of Necator americanus in the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. (Also reported by Science Daily [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090304091818.htm] and the Mail Online. [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2108228/Parasitic-worms-offer-hope-cure-multiple-sclerosis.html?ito=feeds-newsxml]) (NA)
* 2009 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19167926 The therapeutic helminth?]
* 2009 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18835272 Schistosoma mansoni infection reduces severity of collagen-induced arthritis via down-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators]
* 2009 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19138565 Can helminths or helminth-derived products be used in humans to prevent or treat allergic diseases?]
* 2009 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19136071 Schistosoma mansoni infection alters co-stimulatory molecule expression and cell activation in asthma]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18608175 Spontaneous arthritis in MRL/lpr mice is aggravated by Staphylococcus aureus and ameliorated by Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120496 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: mechanisms underlying helminth modulation of dendritic cell function] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632707/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632707/pdf/imm0126-0028.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120493 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: the broader implications of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632706/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632706/pdf/imm0126-0003.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120495 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: immunity against helminths and immunological phenomena in modern human populations: coevolutionary legacies?] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632709/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632709/pdf/imm0126-0018.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632708/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632708/pdf/imm0126-0012.pdf PDF]
* ✅⚡2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18680198 Helminths and the IBD hygiene hypothesis] This paper proposed that failure to acquire helminths in early life negatively affects immune development, leading to immunological diseases such as IBD later in life.
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19128351 Do helminth parasites protect against atopy and allergic disease?]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016806 Helminth antigen-based strategy to ameliorate inflammation in an experimental model of colitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665684/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665684/pdf/cei0155-0088.pdf PDF]
* 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20054982 Helminthic therapy: using worms to treat immune-mediated disease] | [[media:Using Worms to Treat Immune-Mediated Disease.pdf | PDF]]
* 2009 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19436745 Early exposure of infants to GI nematodes induces Th2 dominant immune responses which are unaffected by periodic anthelminthic treatment] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677666/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677666/pdf/pntd.0000433.pdf PDF]

=== 2008 ===
* 2008 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18547322 Early infection with Trichuris trichiura and allergen skin test reactivity in later childhood] (TTO)
* 2008 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18654798 Schistosoma japonicum infection modulates the development of allergen-induced airway inflammation in mice]
* 2008 Sept 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20525133 The changing microbial environment and chronic inflammatory disorders] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868866/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868866/pdf/1710-1492-4-3-117.pdf PDF]
* 2008 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682103 Parasitic nematode modulation of allergic disease]
* 2008 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18655096 Helminth infections associated with multiple sclerosis induce regulatory B cells]
* 2008 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678 Decreased basal non-insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by diaphragm in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni]
* 2008 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18578001 The role of regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis]
* 2008 May 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509490 Worms and the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: are molecules the answer?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2396220/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2396220/pdf/CDI2008-567314.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2008 May 4 [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/e/e4/Hookworm.pdf Potential Transmission of Pathogens Between Human Hosts by the Hookworm, Necator Americanus] (PDF)
* 2008 Apr 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18462167 Intensity of intestinal infection with multiple worm species is related to regulatory cytokine output and immune hyporesponsiveness]
* 2008 Mar 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322239 A helminth immunomodulator reduces allergic and inflammatory responses by induction of IL-10- producing macrophages] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/6/4265.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/6/4265.full.pdf PDF]
* 2008 Feb 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18209076 Helminth infection with Litomosoides sigmodontis induces regulatory T cells and inhibits allergic sensitization, airway inflammation, and hyperreactivity in a murine asthma model] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/3/1792.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/3/1792.full.pdf PDF]
* 2008 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18207251 Soluble egg antigen from Schistosoma japonicum modulates the progression of chronic progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via Th2-shift response]
* 2008 Jan 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186549 Hygiene hypothesis in inflammatory bowel disease: a critical review of the literature] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675108/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675108/pdf/WJG-14-165.pdf PDF] (IBD)

=== 2007 ===

* 2007 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18007680 Protective immune mechanisms in helminth infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258092/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258092/pdf/nihms40971.pdf PDF]
* 2007 Nov [http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v13/n11/full/nm1107-1288.html Worms tame mast cells]
* 2007 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17952092 Inhibition of Fc epsilon RI-mediated mast cell responses by ES-62, a product of parasitic filarial nematodes]
* 2007 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17619029 The hygiene hypothesis and the increasing prevalence of chronic inflammatory disorders]
* 2007 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17433300 Schistosoma japonicum eggs modulate the activity of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs and prevent development of colitis in mice]
* 2007 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17576364 Stage-specific immune responses in human Necator americanus infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1976388/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1976388/pdf/pim0029-0347.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2007 May-Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17906796 Interrelationship among asthma, atopy, and helminth infections] -- [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1806-37132007000300016&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Full text] | [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/jbpneu/v33n3/en_14.pdf PDF]
* 2007 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17488925 An inverse relationship between autoimmune liver diseases and Strongyloides stercoralis infection] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/76/5/972.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/76/5/972.full.pdf PDF]
* 2007 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17447233 Helminths, allergic disorders and IgE-mediated immune responses: where do we stand?] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200737314/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200737314/epdf PDF]
* 2007 Apr 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17372014 Infection with a helminth parasite prevents experimental colitis via a macrophage-mediated mechanism] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/178/7/4557.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/178/7/4557.full.pdf PDF]
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17206504 The use of Trichuris suis and other helminth therapies to treat Crohn's disease] (TSO)
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17313951 Helminths as governors of immune-mediated inflammation]
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17504662 Modulation of anaphylaxis by helminth-derived products in animal models]
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17408663 Helminth infection enhances disease in a murine TH2 model of colitis]
* 2007 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17360880 Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasites are not detrimental to the nutritional status of Amerindians] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6446118_Helicobacter_pylori_and_intestinal_parasites_are_not_detrimental_to_the_nutritional_status_of_Amerindians Full text (PDF)]
* 2007 Feb 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17122383 Helminth-derived products inhibit the development of allergic responses in mice]
* ✅⚡2007 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17230481 Association between parasite infection and immune responses in multiple sclerosis] -- [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/e/ec/Association_Between_Parasite_Infection_and_Immune_Responses_in_Multiple_Sclerosis_.pdf PDF] (Also reported by Science Daily [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070117091058.htm] and the BBC. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6268585.stm]) This was the first study to explore the effect of helminth infection on immune response and the natural course of Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. It showed that MS progressed much more slowly in patients who hosted intestinal worms.
* 2007 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17284099 Iatrogenic Trichuris suis infection] (TSO)
* 2007 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101 Inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by gastrointestinal helminth infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828378/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828378/pdf/0664-06.pdf PDF]
* 2007 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042799 Schistosoma japonicum egg antigens stimulate CD4 CD25 T cells and modulate airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1890919/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1890919/pdf/imm0120-0008.pdf PDF]
* 2007 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17534075 Regulation of the immune system in metazoan parasite infections]
* 2007 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412520 Autism, asthma, inflammation, and the hygiene hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2048743/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2048743/pdf/nihms-29963.pdf PDF]

=== 2006 ===
* 2006 Dec 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17159130 Multiple sclerosis and the hygiene hypothesis]
* 2006 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17157661 Poor sanitation and helminth infection protect against skin sensitization in Vietnamese children: A cross-sectional study]
* 2006 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042933 Helminths and HIV infection: epidemiological observations on immunological hypotheses] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/pdf/pim0028-0613.pdf PDF]
* ✅ 2006 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17123987 Dose-ranging study for trials of therapeutic infection with Necator americanus in humans] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/75/5/914.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/75/5/914.full.pdf PDF] This study explored the dose of hookworms that would be required to have a therapeutic effect on asthma. (NA)
* 2006 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042933 Helminths and HIV infection: epidemiological observations on immunological hypotheses] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/pdf/pim0028-0613.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Oct-Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17343086 Intestinal helminths: a clue explaining the low incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases in Subsaharan Africa? Potential benefits and hazards of helminth therapy] (IBD)
* 2006 Oct-Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17343085 The hygiene hypothesis and inflammatory bowel diseases: role of helminths] (IBD)
* 2006 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965287 Parasitic worms and inflammatory diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/pdf/pim0028-0515.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17068271 What is the origin of ulcerative colitis? Still more questions than answers] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653902/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653902/pdf/620.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965288 Worms and allergy] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00894.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00894.x/epdf PDF]
* 2006 Sept 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965284 Immune modulation by helminthic infections: worms and viral infections]
* 2006 Sept 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778161 Asthma and current intestinal parasite infection: systematic review and meta-analysis]
* 2006 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17308794 Schistosoma mansoni antigen-driven interleukin-10 production in infected asthmatic individuals] -- [https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/LXLmtQzKbnJKMgZTzv7RfdL/?lang=en Full text] | [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/mioc/v101s1/v101s1a55.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Aug 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16849471 Intestinal helminths protect in a murine model of asthma] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/3/1628.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/3/1628.full.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16890593 Allergy controls the population density of Necator americanus in the small intestine] (NA)
* 2006 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17057216 Helminths and mucosal immune modulation]
* 2006 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16750534 A time course study of immunological responses in Trichuris suis infected pigs demonstrates induction of a local type 2 response associated with worm burden] (TSO)
* 2006 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16689863 Prevention of psoriasis-like lesions development in fsn/fsn mice by helminth glycans]
* 2006 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16630018 Regulatory T cells in human disease and their potential for therapeutic manipulation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782265/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782265/pdf/imm0118-0001.pdf PDF]
* 2006 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16673007 Mechanisms of disease: the hygiene hypothesis revisited]
* 2006 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16512799 Environmental exposures, genetic predisposition and allergic diseases: one size never fits all] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01104.x/abstract Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01104.x/epdf PDF]
* 2006 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16512800 Helminths can protect themselves against rejection inhibiting hostile respiratory allergy symptoms] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00983.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00983.x/epdf PDF]
* 2006 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16384780 The hygiene hypothesis and atopy: bring back the parasites?]
* ✅ 2006 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16344586 A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856386/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856386/pdf/136.pdf PDF] Investigated whether Crohn’s disease patients would tolerate a hookworm infection, and the practical issues associated with establishing reservoir donors for this species. (NA)
* 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16413997 Geohelminth infections: impact on allergic diseases]
* 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210905 Glycans modulate immune responses in helminth infections and allergy]
* 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210899 Helminth-induced immunoregulation of an allergic response to food] (food allergy)

=== 2005 ===
* 2005 Nov 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275759 Suppression of allergic airway inflammation by helminth-induced regulatory T cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2213237/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2213237/pdf/20042572.pdf PDF]
* 2005 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16232230 Immune responses following experimental human hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809522/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809522/pdf/cei0142-0398.pdf PDF]
* ✅ 2005 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16008666 Old friends for breakfast] Suggested that a symbiotic relationship exists between humans and the fauna that have co-evolved in the human GI tract.
* 2005 Jun 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905584 Neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibody blocks the protective effect of tapeworm infection in a murine model of chemically induced colitis] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/11/7368.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/11/7368.full.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2005 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15825065 Trichuris suis therapy for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial] -- [http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(05)00025-9/pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2005 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780835 Parasite role reversal: worms on trial]
* 2005 Mar 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15771680/ The immunoepidemiology of human hookworm infection]
* 2005 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15730384 Low dose chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection increases susceptibility to Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection in mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809318/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809318/pdf/cei0139-0398.pdf PDF]
* 2005 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15677912 Gastrointestinal parasites: potential therapy for refractory inflammatory bowel diseases] (IBD)
* ✅ 2005 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591509 Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774382/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774382/pdf/gut05400087.pdf PDF] TSO is shown to offer a unique, safe and effective alternative treatment for Crohn's disease, and potentially protection against other immunological disorders.
* 2005 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591496 Will worms really cure Crohn's disease?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774348/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774348/pdf/gut05400006.pdf PDF](see pages 6-8)
* 2005 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15687885 Helminths and the modulation of mucosal inflammation]
* 2005 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591883 The hygiene hypothesis and asthma]
* 2005 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780483 Can worms defend our hearts? Chronic helminthic infections may attenuate the development of cardiovascular diseases]
* 2005 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16249415 Helminth infection during pregnancy and development of infantile eczema]

=== 2004 ===
* 2004 Dec 14 [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/17767.php Parasitic worms may offer effective treatment for Crohn's disease Medical] News Today
* 2004 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15554921 Parasitic helminths tip the balance: potential anti-inflammatory therapies] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/pdf/imm0113-0438.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Nov 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15528374 Helminth infection protects mice from anaphylaxis via IL-10-producing B cells] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/10/6346.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/10/6346.full.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Oct 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486631 Schistosoma mansoni infection modulates the immune response against allergic and auto-immune diseases] -- [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0074-02762004000900005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Full text] | [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/mioc/v99s1/v99s1a05.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15361235 Helminth parasites--masters of regulation]
* 2004 Aug 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15294988 A Secreted Protein from the Human Hookworm Necator americanus Binds Selectively to NK Cells and Induces IFN-{gamma} Production] -- [https://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/4/2699.long Full text] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/8/8a/A_Secreted_Protein.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Aug 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15265954 Schistosoma mansoni and alpha-galactosylceramide: prophylactic effect of Th1 Immune suppression in a mouse model of Graves' hyperthyroidism] -- [https://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/3/2167.long Full text] | [https://www.jimmunol.org/content/jimmunol/173/3/2167.full.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Jul 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15247451 Immunotherapy. Can worms tame the immune system?]
* 2004 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15196202 The increased prevalence of allergy and the hygiene hypothesis: missing immune deviation, reduced immune suppression, or both?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782506/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782506/pdf/imm0112-0352.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15330453 A review of autism and the immune response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2270714/pdf/CDI-11-165.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15039389 Helminth infection modulates the development of allergen-induced airway inflammation] -- [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/585.long Full text] | [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/585.full.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15279624 Inhibition of neutrophil recruitment by ES of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00692.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00692.x/epdf PDF]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755074 Regulation of allergy and autoimmunity in helminth infection]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755076 The innate allergenicity of helminth parasites]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15007629 Mycobacteria and other environmental organisms as immunomodulators for immunoregulatory disorders]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755072 Parasites and the hygiene hypothesis: regulating the immune system?]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755073 Helminth infections and allergic diseases: from the Th2 paradigm to regulatory networks]
* 2004 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684583 Concurrent infection with Schistosoma mansoni attenuates inflammation induced changes in colonic morphology, cytokine levels, and smooth muscle contractility of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid induced colitis in rats] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773910/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773910/pdf/gut05300099.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14723608 Review article: helminths as therapeutic agents for inflammatory bowel disease] (IBD)
* 2004 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684567 Helminths and harmony] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773927/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773927/pdf/gut05300007.pdf PDF](Pages 7-9)

=== 2003 ===
* 2003 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12933842 Schistosomiasis decreases central nervous system inflammation and alters the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187318/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187318/pdf/0223.pdf PDF]
* ✅ 2003 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14499784 Trichuris suis seems to be safe and possibly effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease] (IBD) This trial showed that pig whipworm ova (TSO) can reduce symptoms of Crohn’s disease without producing side effects.
* 2003 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12949497 Immune regulation by helminth parasites: cellular and molecular mechanisms]
* 2003 Aug 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12902519 A Novel Therapeutic Approach Targeting Articular Inflammation Using the Filarial Nematode-Derived Phosphorylcholine-Containing Glycoprotein ES-62] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/171/4/2127.long PDF]
* 2003 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12743563 Reduced risk of atopy among school-age children infected with geohelminth parasites in a rural area of the tropics]
* 2003 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071 Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the activity of the innate immune response and prevent onset of type 1 diabetes] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200323910/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200323910/epdf PDF]
* 2003 Mar 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12431903 Exposure to schistosome eggs protects mice from TNBS-induced colitis] -- [https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpgi.00049.2002 Full text]
* 2003 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12502726 Immunomodulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by helminth ova immunization] -- [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/1/59.long Full text] | [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/1/59.full.pdf PDF]

=== 2002 ===
* ✅ 2002 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12379667 Intestinal nematode infection ameliorates experimental colitis in mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130294/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130294/pdf/0150.pdf PDF]
* 2002 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12458825 An anti-atherogenic effect of Schistosoma mansoni infections in mice associated with a parasite-induced lowering of blood total cholesterol] (cardiovascular / cholesterol / atherosclerosis)
* 2002 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12569989 Eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness are profoundly inhibited by a helminth (Ascaris suum) extract in a murine model of asthma]
* 2002 Sept 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12239261 The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases]
* 2002 Sept 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12218148 An enteric helminth infection protects against an allergic response to dietary antigen] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/169/6/3284.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/169/6/3284.full.pdf PDF]
* 2002 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12067292 Can intestinal helminth infections (geohelminths) affect the development and expression of asthma and allergic disease?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1906269/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1906269/pdf/cei0128-0398.pdf PDF]
* 2002 Apr 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964470 Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis]

=== 2001 ===
* 2001 Nov 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11705561 Independent effects of intestinal parasite infection and domestic allergen exposure on risk of wheeze in Ethiopia: a nested case-control study]
* 2001 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752881 The prevalence of parasite infestation and house dust mite sensitization in Gabonese schoolchildren]
* 2001 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11585781 Immune responses in hookworm infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC89000/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC89000/pdf/cm0401000689.pdf PDF]
* 2001 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11429321 Th2 responses without atopy: immunoregulation in chronic helminth infections and reduced allergic disease]
* 2001 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11282505 Is Necator americanus approaching a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with humans?] (NA)

=== 2000 ===
* 2000 Nov 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11095260 Decreased atopy in children infected with Schistosoma haematobium: a role for parasite-induced interleukin-10]
* ✅ 2000 Oct 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11032865 Chronic immune activation associated with intestinal helminth infections results in impaired signal transduction and anergy] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314342/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314342/pdf/JCI0010182.pdf PDF] This Research found reduced immune responses in patients infected with helminths.
* ✅ 2000 Sept 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10973934 Does the failure to acquire helminthic parasites predispose to Crohn's disease?] -- [http://www.fasebj.org/content/14/12/1848.long Full text] | [http://www.fasebj.org/content/14/12/1848.full.pdf PDF] This paper linking a failure to acquire helminths to the prevalence of Crohn’s disease was key in the development of the Hygiene Hypothesis.
* 2000 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10784608 Antigen-specific cellular hyporesponsiveness in a chronic human helminth infection is mediated by T(h)3/T(r)1-type cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta but not by a T(h)1 to T(h)2 shift] -- [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/5/623.long Full text] | [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/5/623.full.pdf PDF]
* 2000 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2560630/pdf/11143198.pdf Eradication of helminthic infections may be essential for successful vaccination against HIV and tuberculosis]

=== 1999 ===
* 1999 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614 Infection with Schistosoma mansoni prevents insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in non-obese diabetic mice] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3024.1999.00213.x/epdf PDF]

=== 1998 ===
* 1998 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9698148/ Epidemiological evidence for a differential effect of hookworm species, Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus, on iron status of children]

=== 1997 ===

* 1997 [https://web.archive.org/web/20210127052808/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/193176053.pdf The Pro-allergic Influences of Helminth Parasites] (PDF)

=== 1996 ===
* 1996 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8872184 IgE, allergies and helminth parasites: a new perspective on an old conundrum]
* 1996 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8565306 Immune dysregulation in Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: relevance to helminth infections?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2200340/pdf/cei0103-0239.pdf PDF]
* 1996 Jan 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8600620 Prolongation of rat kidney allograft survival by nematodes]
* 1996 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8537675 Impairment of tetanus toxoid-specific Th1-like immune responses in humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni] -- [http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/173/1/269.long Full text] | [http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/173/1/269.full.pdf PDF]

=== 1995 ===
* 1995 Feb [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7761110/ Immunity in humans to Necator americanus: IgE, parasite weight and fecundity] (... / human observational / NA)

=== 1993 ===
* 1993 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8409444 Modulation of murine cytokine responses to mycobacterial antigens by helminth-induced T helper 2 cell responses]
* 1993 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8403522/ Ascaris reinfection of slum children: relation with the IgE response] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1534372/pdf/ PDF] (... / Human / AL / Oxantel+Pyrantel)
* 1993 Sept 1 [https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/of-parasites-and-pollens Of Parasites and Pollens] - Peter Radetsky, Discover Magazine
* 1993 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8361773 Modulation of the allergic reactivity of slum children by helminthic infection]

=== 1992 ===
* 1992 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1399239 The partial characterization of proteases present in the excretory/secretory products and exsheathing fluid of the infective (L3) larva of Necator americanus] (NA)
* 1992 May 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1533656 Infection with Schistosoma mansoni alters Th1/Th2 cytokine responses to a non-parasite antigen]

=== 1991 ===
* 1991 Oct 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1680917 Production of IL-10 by CD4+ T lymphocytes correlates with down-regulation of Th1 cytokine synthesis in helminth infection]

=== 1989 ===
* ✅ 1989 Nov 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2513902 Hay fever, hygiene, and household size] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1838109/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1838109/pdf/bmj00259-0027.pdf PDF] This paper linked exposure to pathogens whilst young to the development of allergic diseases, and was key to the development of the Hygiene Hypothesis.

=== 1987 ===
* 1987 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3605493/ The clinical and immunologic responses of normal human volunteers to low dose hookworm (Necator americanus) infection] (NA)
* 1987 Jul [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15462956/ Do hookworms elicit protective immunity in man?]

=== 1985 ===
* 1985 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4054238/ Parasites and asthma--predictive or protective?] (A / comparative)

=== 1982 ===
* 1982 Jul Modulation of immune responses by commensal bacteria and intestinal helminth [http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:5334/eth-5334-02.pdf PDF]
=== 1979 ===
* ✅ 1979 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/447497 Epidemiology of chronic intestinal disease in middle Africa] This was one of several papers noting a North-South gradient for many autoimmune diseases, including Crohn’s, a fact that informed later studies on autoimmunity.

=== 1978 ===
* 1978 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/635980 Antibody responses in self-infections with Necator americanus] (NA)

=== 1976 ===
* ✅ 1976 Sept 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/60540 Letter: IgE, parasites, and allergy] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/f/fd/Letter_-_IgE%2C_parasites%2C_and_allergy_%28Turton%29.pdf PDF] This letter reported the first known successful therapeutic use of the hookworm, Necator americanus, in this case to resolve hay fever. (NA)
* ✅ 1976 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/987744 Serum IgE levels in white and metis communities in Saskatchewan] This paper's author suggested that atopic disease is the price paid by some members of the white community of northern Saskatchewan for their relative freedom from helminth infestation and viral and bacterial infection.

=== 1970 ===
* 1970 (winter) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5498517/ The biology of the atopic response] Twelve naval officers suffering from hay-fever “for some years” were free from hay-fever for an average of 2 years following colonisation with the large roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides.

=== 1968 ===
* ✅ 1968 Aug 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4174413 Autoimmune disease and parasitic infections in Nigerians] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/1/1f/Autoimmune_disease_and_parasitic_infections_in_Nigerians.pdf PDF] The author of this paper suggested a possible relationship between parasitic infections and the reduced incidence of autoimmune disease in parts of tropical Africa.

=== 1948 ===
* ✅ 1948 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5190334/ The Treatment of Polycythemia by Artificial Infection with Ancylostoma Duodenale] This was the first report of the clinical application of helminthic therapy.

=== 1932 ===
* ✅ 1932 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10828911 Regional ileitis: a pathologic and clinical entity] Disease characterised by inflammation of the terminal ileum was first described in this paper. This condition was later to become known as Crohn’s disease.

== Papers published in high impact factor journals ==

This is a selection of articles published in high impact factor journals. The impact factor value for each journal is shown in parentheses immediately after the journal's name.

Inclusion in this list in no way means that these articles are better than others. The list is also not exhaustive and requires further development.

* Zou Y, Pu L, Guo A, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Ding Y, Du X, Guo X, Zhang S, Cai X, Wang S. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40266093/ Helminth reshapes host gut microbiota and immunoregulation by deploying an antimicrobial program of innate immunity]. Gut Microbes (12.2). 2025 Dec;17(1):2496447. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2496447. Epub 2025 Apr 23. PMID: 40266093; PMCID: PMC12026035.

* Mules TC, Inns S, Le Gros G. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37449458/ Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction]. Allergy (12.6). 2023 Nov;78(11):2892-2905. doi: 10.1111/all.15812. Epub 2023 Jul 14. PMID: 37449458.

* Pierce DR, McDonald M, Merone L, Becker L, Thompson F, Lewis C, Ryan RYM, Hii SF, Zendejas-Heredia PA, Traub RJ, Field MA, Rahman T, Croese J, Loukas A, McDermott R, Giacomin PR. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37495576/ Effect of experimental hookworm infection on insulin resistance in people at risk of type 2 diabetes]. Nat Commun (14.7). 2023 Jul 26;14(1):4503. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40263-4. PMID: 37495576; PMCID: PMC10372076.

* Gurven MD, Finch CE, Wann LS. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29659774/ Are intestinal worms nature's anti-atherosclerosis vaccine?] Eur Heart J (37.6). 2018 May 7;39(18):1653. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy129. PMID: 29659774.

* Loukas A, Hotez PJ, Diemert D, Yazdanbakhsh M, McCarthy JS, Correa-Oliveira R, Croese J, Bethony JM. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27929101/ Hookworm infection]. Nat Rev Dis Primers (76.9). 2016 Dec 8;2:16088. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.88. PMID: 27929101.

* Savage N. [https://doi.org/10.1038/540S103a Q&A: Joel Weinstock]. Nature (50.2). 2016 Dec 21;540(7634):S103. doi: 10.1038/540S103a. PMID: 28002396.

* Weinstock JV. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23135449/ Autoimmunity: The worm returns]. Nature (50.2). 2012 Nov 8;491(7423):183-5. doi: 10.1038/491183a. PMID: 23135449; PMCID: PMC3744107.

* Croese J, O'neil J, Masson J, Cooke S, Melrose W, Pritchard D, Speare R. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16344586/ A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors]. Gut (24.5). 2006 Jan;55(1):136-7. doi: 10.1136/gut.2005.079129. PMID: 16344586; PMCID: PMC1856386.

* Summers RW, Elliott DE, Urban JF Jr, Thompson R, Weinstock JV. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1774382/ Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease]. Gut (24.5). 2005 Jan;54(1):87-90. doi: 10.1136/gut.2004.041749. PMID: 15591509; PMCID: PMC1774382.

* Turton JA. [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/f/fd/Letter_-_IgE%2C_parasites%2C_and_allergy_%28Turton%29.pdf Letter: IgE, parasites, and allergy]. Lancet (98.4). 1976 Sep 25;2(7987):686. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)92492-2. PMID: 60540.

== Further reading ==
These pages contain further research papers and articles relevant to each page title.

* [[Helminths and the gut microbiota | '''Helminths and the gut microbiota''']]
* [[Deworming debunked | '''Deworming debunked''']]
* [[Helminthic therapy for well people | '''Helminthic therapy for well people''']]

Helminthic therapy research

2025-05-18T17:54:29Z

Laurel: /* What Researchers Say About Helminthic Therapy */

{{Breadcrumb}}
{{SEO
|title=Helminthic therapy research
|description=Comprehensive index of over 1,000 scientific studies and reports supporting helminthic therapy, biome reconstitution, and the Hygiene Hypothesis.
|keywords=helminthic therapy research, helminth studies, hygiene hypothesis, biome depletion, immune disorders, self-treatment
|og:image=[[File:wiki.png]]
}}

Helminthic therapy is the deliberate introduction of controlled, non-replicating helminths to improve immune regulation and reduce chronic inflammation. This page provides a curated index of over 1,000 scientific studies and reports related to this therapy and its theoretical foundations, including:

* the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis Hygiene Hypothesis]
* the [http://evmedreview.com/?p=103 Old Friends' Hypothesis]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mismatch_theory Evolutionary Mismatch Theory]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21741180 Biome Depletion Theory] / [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133248 Biota Alteration Theory]

This resource is maintained quarterly by volunteers. '''Last major update: May 2025.''' To suggest edits or updates, use the [[Talk:Helminthic therapy research]] page.

== Therapeutic Helminths ==
Four organisms are currently used in helminthic therapy:

* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necator_americanus Necator americanus]'' (NA) – human hookworm
* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuris_trichiura Trichuris trichiura]'' (TTO) – human whipworm
* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuris_suis Trichuris suis]'' (TSO) – pig whipworm
* ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenolepis_diminuta Hymenolepis diminuta]'' (HDC) – rat tapeworm

Some additional studies include other helminth species or helminth-derived molecules. These are included where they offer relevant insights into immune function, inflammation, and host-parasite interactions.

<div style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 1px solid #EEDD82; padding:8px; margin:16px 0;">
'''Navigation tip''': To search by condition (e.g., asthma, MS, autism), use your browser’s “Find in page” function (⌘F or Ctrl+F). For access tips, see the [[#Obtaining copies of scientific papers]] section below.
</div>

== Recommended Starting Points ==
<div style="background-color:#F0F8FF; border:1px solid #ADD8E6; padding:8px;">
'''New to the topic? Start here:'''
* ✅ [[media:Overcoming_Evolutionary_Mismatch_by_Self-Treatment_with_Helminths.pdf]] – Landmark paper on patient-led outcomes
* ✅ [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744090 Helminth–host immunological interactions (2012)] – Summary of core science
* ✅ [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737071 Socio-medical insight on trial limitations (2022)] – Why RCTs may not reflect real-world outcomes
</div>

== Related Pages ==
* [[Introduction to helminthic therapy]]
* [[Hookworm dosing and response]]
* [[Human helminth care manual]]
* [[Helminthic therapy for multiple sclerosis]]
* [[Glossary of helminthic therapy terms]]

<div class="toclimit-2">__TOC__</div>

== What Researchers Say About Helminthic Therapy ==

=== Scientific conclusions from clinical and lab studies ===

{{Quote|indent}}Although some helminths are known to cause disease and have been labeled parasites, it is now clear that some exposure to this class of organisms is necessary for human health. (Bono-Lunn et al) [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10601333.2016.1210159]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}The results strongly support previous indications that helminth therapy can effectively treat a wide range of allergies, autoimmune conditions and neuropsychiatric disorders. (Liu et al) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27240605/]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}Although self-treatment with helminths cannot be recommended by medical professionals due to a lack of blinded, placebo controlled trials, neither should it be discouraged since the available evidence suggests that it is beneficial in most cases when practiced by knowledgeable individuals. (Parker and Morey) [https://evmedreview.com/progress-on-reconstituting-the-depleted-biome-to-prevent-immune-disorders/]{{Quote|/indent}}

=== Researcher commentary, policy vision, and future outlook ===

{{Quote|indent}}What was a costly and sometimes risky venture into the unknown, undertaken by only a few 10 years ago, is rapidly becoming a readily available and well-established resource currently used by thousands of individuals. (Cheng et al, 2015) [[media:Overcoming_Evolutionary_Mismatch_by_Self-Treatment_with_Helminths.pdf]]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}We need to embrace the view that helminths are a necessary component of the ecosystem of a healthy body, and that helminths should be cultivated for population-wide biota restoration. (Villeneuve et al) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1286457917301855?via%3Dihub]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}Biome reconstitution… must be considered a fundamental human right worthy of government support rather than an option for pharmaceutical development. (Parker and Ollerton) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481190]{{Quote|/indent}}

{{Quote|indent}}Twenty years from now… every single human being needs a helminth. It’s part of our biology. (Prof William Parker, Duke University) [https://web.archive.org/web/202212]()

== '''Research papers & articles''' ==

===2025===

* 2025 Apr 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40302223/ Cytokines from parasites: manipulating host responses by molecular mimicry]

* 2025 Apr 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40298402/ mGem: Decoding transmicrobe messaging-the growing impact of extracellular vesicles] -- [https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mbio.03130-24?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed Full text] | [https://journals.asm.org/doi/epub/10.1128/mbio.03130-24 PDF]

* 2025 Apr 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40266093/ Helminth reshapes host gut microbiota and immunoregulation by deploying an antimicrobial program of innate immunity] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12026035/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12026035/pdf/KGMI_17_2496447.pdf PDF]

* 2025 Apr 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40265426/ Modulation of the Inflammatory Signature in an Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model through Treatment with Fasciola hepatica-Derived Recombinant Fatty Acid Binding Protein (rFh15)]

* 2025 Apr 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40257648/ Metabolomic and functional analyses of small molecules secreted by intestinal nematodes in the activation of epithelial tuft cells] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12011944/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12011944/pdf/11306_2025_Article_2248.pdf PDF]

* 2025 Apr 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40297577/ Helminth-induced immune modulation in colorectal cancer: exploring therapeutic applications] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12034720/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12034720/pdf/fimmu-16-1484686.pdf PDF]

* 2025 Apr 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40226135/ Impact of helminth co-infection and treatment on mycobacterial growth inhibition in UK migrants with TB infection] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11984527/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11984527/pdf/ijtldopen24-0528.pdf PDF]

* 2025 Apr 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40214509/ Behavioral Cooperation or Conflict of Human Intestinal Roundworms and Microbiomes: A Bio-Activity Perspective] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11988915/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11988915/pdf/cells-14-00556.pdf PDF]

* 2025 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39592081/ Parasitic helminths and protozoa: Treasure boxes of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S138357692400151X?via%3Dihub Full text]

* 2025 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39954371/ Protein families secreted by nematodes to modulate host immunity] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369527425000049?via%3Dihub Full text] | [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369527425000049/pdfft?md5=929e987286efcae7887f17e3ad9818e2&pid=1-s2.0-S1369527425000049-main.pdf PDF]

* 2025 Mar 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40196473/ IL-25-induced memory ILC2s mediate long-term small intestinal adaptation] -- [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645270v1.full.pdf PDF]

* 2025 Mar 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40196466/ Helminth infection favors reprogramming and proliferation of lung neutrophils] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11974826/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11974826/pdf/nihpp-2025.03.25.645229v1.pdf PDF]

* 2025 Mar 27 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40213548/ A secreted helminth microRNA suppresses gastrointestinal cell differentiation required for innate immunity] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11983496/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11983496/pdf/fimmu-16-1558132.pdf PDF]

* 2025 Mar 23 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40266230/ Robust COVID-19 Vaccine Responses Despite Filarial Co-Infection: Insights from a Lymphatic Filariasis Cohort in Ghana] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11945955/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11945955/pdf/vaccines-13-00312.pdf PDF]

* 2025 Mar 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40074948/ Tuft cell IL-17RB restrains IL-25 bioavailability and reveals context-dependent ILC2 hypoproliferation] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11957993/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11957993/pdf/41590_2025_Article_2104.pdf PDF]

* 2025 Mar 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40032982/ Nematode serine protease inhibitor SPI-I8 negatively regulates host NF-κB signalling by hijacking MKRN1-mediated polyubiquitination of RACK1] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876351/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11876351/pdf/42003_2025_Article_7803.pdf]

* 2025 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39988282/ The proteome of human adult whipworm Trichuris trichiura: A source of potential immunomodulatory molecules]

* 2025 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39952796/ Helminths target macrophage epigenetics and metabolism to evade immunity]

* 2025 Feb 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39950309/ An immunoregulatory amphipathic peptide derived from Fasciola hepatica helminth defense molecule (FhHDM-1.C2) exhibits potent biotherapeutic activity in a murine model of multiple sclerosis] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11826375/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11826375/pdf/FSB2-39-e70380.pdf PDF]

* 2025 Feb 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40266113/ Helminth Seropositivity Inversely Correlated with Th1 and Th17 Cytokines and Severe COVID-19] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/40266113/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11946601/pdf/vaccines-13-00252.pdf PDF]

* 2025 Feb 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40149862/ Natural Alternatives in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer: A Mechanisms Perspective] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11940303/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11940303/pdf/biomolecules-15-00326.pdf PDF]

* 2025 Feb 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39984487/ TGM6 is a helminth secretory product that mimics TGF-β binding to TGFBR2 to antagonize signaling in fibroblasts] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11845725/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11845725/pdf/41467_2025_Article_56954.pdf PDF]

* 2025 Feb 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39938480/ Nerve-racking worms]

* 2025 Feb 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39975173/ Hookworm genes encoding intestinal excreted-secreted proteins are transcriptionally upregulated in response to the host's immune system] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11838427/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11838427/pdf/nihpp-2025.02.01.636063v1.pdf PDF]

* 2025 Feb 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39899646/ Experimental trichuriasis: Changes in the immune response and bacterial translocation during acute phase development illustrated with 3D model animation] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11805410/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/39899646/ PDF]

* 2025 Feb [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39638106/ Insights into extracellular vesicle biogenesis and secretion of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta: host interaction and cultivation dynamics] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0020751924002066?via%3Dihub Full text]

* 2025 Feb [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39528097/ Update on type 2 immunity]

* 2025 Feb [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39491642/ The gut microbiome-helminth-immune axis in autoimmune diseases] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576924001363?via%3Dihub Full text]

* 2025 Jan 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39853513/ Laminated Layer Extract from Echinococcus Granulosus cyst Attenuates Ocular Damages and Inflammatory Responses in an Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis Model] -- [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11686-024-00944-6 Full text]

* 2025 Jan 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39815783/ Helminth extracellular vesicles co-opt host monocytes to drive T cell anergy] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11735955/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11735955/pdf/JEV2-14-e70027.pdf PDF]

* 2025 Jan 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39916482/ Helminths in alternative therapeutics of inflammatory bowel disease] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11834367/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11834367/pdf/ir-2023-00059.pdf PDF]

* 2025 Jan 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40109582/ Immunotherapy in gastrointestinal cancers: current strategies and future directions - a literature review] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11918700/pdf/ms9-87-151.pdf Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11918700/pdf/ms9-87-151.pdf PDF]

* 2025 Jan 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39780006/ Reinventing type 2 immunity in cancer] (Nature review)

* 2025 Jan 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39773250/ Helminthiasis and mpox vaccination: challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa]

* 2025 Jan 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39776172/ Helminth infection induces innate immune priming in plasmacytoid dendritic cells]

* 2025 Jan [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39638178/ Cathepsin L of Fasciola hepatica meliorates colitis by altering the gut microbiome and inflammatory macrophages]

* 2025 Jan [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39608199/ Host, parasite, and microbiome interaction: Trichuris ovis and its effect on sheep gut microbiota] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304401724002450?via%3Dihub Full text]

===2024===

* 2024 Dec 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39749005/ Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Helminth-Derived Products: Potential Applications and Challenges in Diabetes Mellitus Management] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11694023/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11694023/pdf/jir-17-11789.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Dec 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39666730/ Hymenolepis nana antigens alleviate ulcerative colitis by promoting intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation via AhR/IL-22 signaling pathway] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11670978/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11670978/pdf/pntd.0012714.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Dec 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39642243/ A helminth enzyme subverts macrophage-mediated immunity by epigenetic targeting of prostaglandin synthesis]

* 2024 Dec 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39620820/ Intestinal Helminth Infection Impairs Oral and Parenteral Vaccine Efficacy] -- [https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/154/Supplement%204/S51/200114/Intestinal-Helminth-Infection-Impairs-Oral-and?autologincheck=redirected Full text] | [https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-pdf/154/Supplement%204/S51/1745169/peds.2024-069114n.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Nov 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39609640/ The TGF-β mimic TGM4 achieves cell specificity through combinatorial surface co-receptor binding] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11723922/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11723922/pdf/44319_2024_Article_323.pdf PDF]
* 2024 Nov 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39651252/ The IL-33/ST2 signaling axis drives pathogenesis in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11623585/ Full text] | [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.625579v1 PDF]

* 2024 Nov 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39596084/ A Small Intestinal Helminth Infection Alters Colonic Mucus and Shapes the Colonic Mucus Microbiome] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11593901/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11593901/pdf/ijms-25-12015.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Nov 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39569198/ Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles from Ascaris lumbricoides antigen exposure enhance Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth control, reduce IL-1β, and contain miR-342-5p, miR-516b-5p, and miR-570-3p that regulate PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11576181/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11576181/pdf/fimmu-15-1454881.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Nov 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39495798/ The gut microbiota is essential for Trichinella spiralis-evoked suppression of colitis] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11563474/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11563474/pdf/pntd.0012645.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Nov 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38899778/ Probiotic Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis with Trichuris Suis Ova: A Randomised, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial (the PROCTO Trial)]

* 2024 Oct 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39530086/ Roles of helminth extracellular vesicle-derived let-7 in host-parasite crosstalk] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11551607/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11551607/pdf/fimmu-15-1449495.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Oct 17 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39406912/ Monocytes/Macrophages in Helminth Infections: Key Players in Host Defence, Inflammation, and Tissue Repair] -- [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-65944-7_13 Full text]

* 2024 Oct 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39458384/ Parasites and Microbiota: Dual Interactions and Therapeutic Perspectives] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11510500/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11510500/pdf/microorganisms-12-02076.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Oct 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39406758/ Immunomodulatory effect of Dicrocoelium dendriticum ova on DSS-induced experimental colitis in C57BL/6 mouse] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11480399/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11480399/pdf/41598_2024_Article_73692.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Oct 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39385244/ The role of helminths and their antigens in cancer therapy: insights from cell line models] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11465614/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11465614/pdf/13027_2024_Article_613.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Oct 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39444692/ Immuno-therapeutic and prophylactic potential of Trichinella spiralis antigens for inflammatory bowel diseases] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11497370/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11497370/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Oct 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39367471/ Parasites revive hope for cancer therapy] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11453045/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11453045/pdf/40001_2024_Article_2057.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39159711/ Helminth derivative tuftsin-phopshorylcholine to treat autoimmunity]

* 2024 Sept 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39314046/ Helminth-derived molecules: pathogenic and pharmacopeial roles] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11629161/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11629161/pdf/jbr-38-6-547.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Sept 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39263744/ Health-promoting worms? Prospects and pitfalls of helminth therapy] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bies.202400080 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bies.202400080 PDF]

* 2024 Sept 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39243554/ Excretory/secretory antigens from Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae ameliorate HFD-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via driving macrophage anti-inflammatory activity] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1567576924016242?via%3Dihub Full text]

* 2024 Sept 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39234909/ Immune-mediated Bowel Disease: Role of Intestinal Parasites and Gut Microbiome]

* 2024 Aug 23 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39179288/ Helminth protein enhances wound healing by inhibiting fibrosis and promoting tissue regeneration] (Also reported by Advanced Science News. [https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/molecules-secreted-by-parasitic-worms-found-to-reduce-scarring-during-wound-healing/]) (Wound healing)

* 2024 Aug 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39204303/ Geohelminths: Use in the Treatment of Selected Human Diseases] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11356798/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11356798/pdf/pathogens-13-00703.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Aug 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39037247/ Echinococcus multilocularis serpin regulates macrophage polarization and reduces gut dysbiosis in colitis] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11320943/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11320943/pdf/iai.00232-24.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Aug 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39211070/ Helminth-derived metabolites induce tolerogenic] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11360915/ Full text] | [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525718v2.full.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Jul 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39013877/ Controlled human hookworm infection remodels plasmacytoid dendritic cells and regulatory T cells towards profiles seen in natural infections in endemic areas] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11252261/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11252261/pdf/41467_2024_Article_50313.pdf PDF]

* ✅ 2024 Jun 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38947109/ Reevaluating Biota Alteration: Reframing Environmental Influences on Chronic Immune Disorders and Exploring Novel Therapeutic Opportunities] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11202117/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11202117/pdf/yjbm_97_2_253.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Jun 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39065669/ Pharmaceutical Potential of Remedial Plants and Helminths for Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11279646// Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11279646/pdf/pharmaceuticals-17-00819.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Apr 30 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38687096/ Gut-lung axis and asthma: A historical review on mechanism and future perspective] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11060082/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11060082/pdf/CLT2-14-e12356.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Apr 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38637733/ Helminth-derived proteins as immune system regulators] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11025257/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11025257/pdf/12865_2024_Article_614.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Apr 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38581085/ The helminth-derived peptide, FhHDM-1, reverses the trained phenotype of NOD bone-marrow-derived macrophages and regulates proinflammatory responses] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.202350643 Full text]

* 2024 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38648862/ Modulation of intestinal epithelial permeability by chronic small intestinal helminth infections] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imcb.12749 Full text]

* 2024 Mar 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38517214/ Association between helminth infection and allergic disorders among children in Batu, Ethiopia] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10959016/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10959016/pdf/IID3-12-e1222.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38325266/ Serine protease inhibitor from the muscle larval Trichinella spiralis ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice via anti-inflammatory properties and gut-liver crosstalk] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332224001045?via%3Dihub Full text]

* 2024 Jan 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38500783/ The parasitic worm product ES-62 protects against collagen-induced arthritis by resetting the gut-bone marrow axis in a microbiome-dependent manner] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7615750/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7615750/pdf/EMS194623.pdf PDF]

* 2024 Jan 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38357280/ Effect of Trichinella spiralis-Derived Antigens on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by High-Fat Diet in Mice] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10863434/Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10863434/pdf/pt3c00276.pdf PDF]

===2023===

* 2023 Nov 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38016013/ Immunosuppressive ability of Trichinella spiralis adults can ameliorate type 2 inflammation in a murine allergy model]

* ✅ 2023 Nov [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37449458/ Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/all.15812 Full text] | [[media:Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction.pdf | PDF]]

* 2023 Sept 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37762428/ The Impact of Intestinal Inflammation on Nematode's Excretory-Secretory Proteome] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10531923/ Full Text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10531923/pdf/ijms-24-14127.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Sept 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37760328/ Severely Asthmatic Horses Residing in a Mediterranean Climate Shed a Significantly Lower Number of Parasite Eggs Compared to Healthy Farm Mates] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10525552/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10525552/pdf/animals-13-02928.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Sept 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37762297/ Modulation of LPS-Induced Neurodegeneration by Intestinal Helminth Infection in Ageing Mice] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10530578/ Full Text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10530578/pdf/ijms-24-13994.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Sept [https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/esploro/outputs/doctoral/Helminths-modulation-of-intestinal-barrier-function/9926503779101891 Helminths' modulation of intestinal barrier function] (doctoral thesis)

* 2023 Aug 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37745942/ Hookworm infection induces glycometabolic modulation in South Indian individuals with type 2 diabetes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10514067/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10514067/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Aug 21 [https://www.labonline.com.au/content/life-scientist/article/hookworms-could-offer-protection-from-severe-covid-1149206477 Hookworms could offer protection from severe COVID]

* 2023 Aug 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37585413/ The gut microbiota contributes to changes in the host immune response induced by Trichinella spiralis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431649/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10431649/pdf/pntd.0011479.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Aug 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37580819/ Inhibition of GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis triggered by Trichinella spiralis intervention contributes to the alleviation of DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10424392/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10424392/pdf/13071_2023_Article_5857.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Aug 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37579625/ A target-based discovery from a parasitic helminth as a novel therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases] -- [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(23)00316-X/fulltext Full text]

* 2023 Aug 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37566678/ Exposure to lung-migrating helminth protects against murine SARS-CoV-2 infection through macrophage-dependent T cell activation]

* 2023 Jul 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37495576/ Effect of experimental hookworm infection on insulin resistance in people at risk of type 2 diabetes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10372076/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10372076/pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jun 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37355675/ Interaction between tissue-dwelling helminth and the gut microbiota drives mucosal immunoregulation] -- [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41522-023-00410-7 Full text]

* 2023 Jun 23 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37292031/ The mouse model of chronic asthma: Airway remodelling and disease exacerbation by somatic antigen of Echinococcus granulosus]

* 2023 Jun 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37383608/ The Potential Nexus between Helminths and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Literature Review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10299886/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10299886/pdf/JIR2023-5544819.pdf PDF]

* 2023 June 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37318363/ Controlled Hookworm Infection for Medication-free Maintenance in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Pilot, Double-blind, Randomized Control Trial] -- [https://academic.oup.com/ibdjournal/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ibd/izad110/7198522?login=false Full Text]

* 2023 Jun 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37292031/ The mouse model of chronic asthma: Airway remodelling and disease exacerbation by somatic antigen of Echinococcus granulosus]

* 2023 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37207504/ Proteomic profile of Trichinella spiralis infected mice with acute spinal cord injury: A 4D label-free quantitative analysis]

* 2023 Jun [https://repository.univ-msila.dz/items/7987d3ff-f6e5-48dc-aabb-d19a00049b5f/full Echinococcose kystique et l'helmintho-thérapie] -- [https://repository.univ-msila.dz/server/api/core/bitstreams/de28cb6f-60a2-4af2-af13-116215e0a57b/content PDF] (mémoire de master en français / in french)

* 2023 Apr 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37119907/ Helminth-derived biomacromolecules as therapeutic agents for treating inflammatory and infectious diseases: What lessons do we get from recent findings?]

* 2023 Apr 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37189818/ Helminth Lessons in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD)] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135676/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135676/pdf/biomedicines-11-01200.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36848791/ The Trichinella spiralis-derived antigens alleviate HFD-induced obesity and inflammation in mice]

* 2023 Feb 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36827239/ Effects of helminths and anthelmintic treatment on cardiometabolic diseases and risk factors: A systematic review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9956023/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9956023/pdf/pntd.0011022.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Feb 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36788341/ Maternal helminth infection protects offspring from high-fat-diet-induced obesity through altered microbiota and SCFAs]

* 2023 Feb 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36780522/ Helminth egg derivatives as proregenerative immunotherapies]

* 2023 Feb 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36785786/ COVID-19 morbidity in lower versus higher income populations underscores the need to restore lost biodiversity of eukaryotic symbionts] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9908430/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jan 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36761766/ The helminth derived peptide FhHDM-1 redirects macrophage metabolism towards glutaminolysis to regulate the pro-inflammatory response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9905698/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9905698/pdf/fimmu-14-1018076.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jan 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36855464/ Protection from T cell-dependent colitis by the helminth-derived immunomodulatory mimic of transforming growth factor-β, Hp-TGM] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9958376/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9958376/pdf/kyad001.pdf PDF]

* 2023 Jan 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36641059/ Heat shock protein 60 in parasitic helminths: a role in immune responses and therapeutic applications]

===2022===

* 2022 Dec 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36601618/ Does the trained immune system play an important role in the extreme longevity that is seen in the Sardinian blue zone?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9806115/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9806115/pdf/fragi-03-1069415.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Dec 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36569142/ The impact of Helicobacter pylori and intestinal helminth infections on gastric adenocarcinoma and inflammatory bowel disease in Sub-Saharan Africa] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780450/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780450/pdf/fmed-09-1013779.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Dec 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36476263/ Gut microbiome of helminth-infected indigenous Malaysians is context dependent] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9727879/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9727879/pdf/40168_2022_Article_1385.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Nov 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36558772/ The Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta as an Important Model Organism in the Experimental Parasitology of the 21st Century] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9784563/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9784563/pdf/pathogens-11-01439.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Nov 10 [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515832v1 Helminth exposure protects against murine SARS-CoV-2 infection through macrophage dependent T cell activation] -- [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515832v1.full Full text] | [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515832v1.full.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Nov 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39816470/ The immunology of parasite infections: Grand challenges] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11732110/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11732110/pdf/fpara-01-1069205.pdf PDF] (editorial)

* 2022 Nov 1 [https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/21/13358 Helminths and Bacterial Microbiota: The Interactions of Two of Humans’ “Old Friends”] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/21/13358/htm Full text]

* 2022 Oct 27 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36289514/ Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and antigen B may decrease inflammatory bowel disease through regulation of M1/2 polarization] -- [https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05498-y Full text]

* 2022 Oct 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36297265/ Inhibition Effects of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Its Derivatives against Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- Mice through Anti-Inflammatory Response] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/10/1208/htm Full text]

* 2022 Oct 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36263053/ Helminth infection and helminth-derived products: A novel therapeutic option for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9573989/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9573989/pdf/fimmu-13-999412.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Sept 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36175934/ Whipworm secretions and their roles in host-parasite interactions] -- [https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05483-5 Full text]

*2022 Sept 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36084127/ Cysteine protease of Clonorchis sinensis alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9491586/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9491586/pdf/pntd.0010774.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Sept [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35712983/ The effect of helminth infection on vaccine responses in humans and animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pim.12939 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/pim.12939 PDF]

* 2022 Aug 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36045216/ Food for thought - ILC metabolism in the context of helminth infections] -- [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41385-022-00559-y Full text]

* 2022 Aug 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36105811/ The parasitic worm product ES-62 protects the osteoimmunology axis in a mouse model of obesity-accelerated ageing] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9465317/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9465317/pdf/fimmu-13-953053.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Aug 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36116939/ Role of alternative activation of macrophages in hookworm therapy for inflammatory diseases: a review]

* 2022 Aug 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35964125/ Immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus by adjuvant-free Schistosoma japonicum-egg tip-loaded asymmetric microneedle patch (STAMP)] -- [https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12951-022-01581-9 Full text]

* 2022 Aug 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36040420/ Early life mebendazole exposure increases the risk of adult-onset ulcerative colitis: a population-based cohort study]

* 2022 Aug 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35955110/ Hymenolepis diminuta Infection Affects Apoptosis in the Small and Large Intestine] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368115/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368115/pdf/ijerph-19-09753.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Aug 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36045216/ Food for thought - ILC metabolism in the context of helminth infections] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9705246/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9705246/pdf/41385_2022_Article_559.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Aug 1 [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/8/1235?fbclid=IwAR2Y4zm19t6UklmkK0WiNZEJyzDWZpqYKNYygzA1UkEFoaMUt9djgtn0vHk Harnessing Immune Evasion Strategy of Lymphatic Filariae: A Therapeutic Approach against Inflammatory and Infective Pathology] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/8/1235/htm Full text]

* 2022 Jul 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35804460/ The production of Necator americanus larvae for use in experimental human infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9264692/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9264692/pdf/13071_2022_Article_5371.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35764965/ Helminth antigens differentially modulate the activation of CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes of convalescent COVID-19 patients in vitro] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9241220/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9241220/pdf/12916_2022_Article_2441.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 27 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35758054/ Suppression of airway allergic eosinophilia by Hp-TGM, a helminth mimic of TGF-β]

* 2022 Jun 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35748460/ "Out of the box" new therapeutic strategies for Crohn’s disease: moving beyond biologics] | [https://online.reed.es/DOI/PDF/ArticuloDOI_9010.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35732819/ Effects of helminths on the human immune response and the microbiome] -- [https://www.mucosalimmunology.org/article/S1933-0219(22)01749-4/fulltext Full text] | [https://www.mucosalimmunology.org/action/showPdf?pii=S1933-0219%2822%2901749-4 PDF]

* 2022 Jun 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35747061/ Multiple sclerosis and the microbiota: Progress in understanding the contribution of the gut microbiome to disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9211007/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9211007/pdf/eoac009.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35675339/ Clinical helminth infections alter host gut and saliva microbiota] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9212162/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9212162/pdf/pntd.0010491.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35774197/ Nematode surface functionalization with hydrogel sheaths tailored in situ] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590006422001260 Full text] |

* 2022 May 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35615625/ Trichinella-induced immunomodulation: Another tale of helminth success] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9125654/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9125654/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2022 May 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35499991/ Helminth infection modulates number and function of adipose tissue Tregs in high fat diet-induced obesity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9098094/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9098094/pdf/pntd.0010105.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Mar 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35357756/ A Good Day for Helminths: how parasite-derived GDH suppresses inflammatory responses] -- [https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.15252/embr.202255054 Full text]

* 2022 Mar 30 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35353624/ Ascarosides from helminths pack a punch against allergy] -- [https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2202250119 Full text] | [https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.2202250119 PDF]

* 2022 Mar 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35386686/ Parasitomimetics: Can We Utilize Parasite-Derived Immunomodulatory Molecules for Interventions to Immunological Disorders?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977410/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977410/pdf/fimmu-13-824695.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Mar 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35286352/ Infection with intestinal helminth (Hymenolepis diminuta) impacts exploratory behavior and cognitive processes in rats by changing the central level of neurotransmitters] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1010330 Full text]

* 2022 Mar 10 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35359963/ Not All Worms Were Created Equal] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8960138/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8960138/pdf/fimmu-13-877707.pdf PDF] (NB. This paper does not include all the facts that are pertinent to the case discussed. For additional important details, see: [[Helminthic therapy safety#Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease? | Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease?]])

* 2022 Mar 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35435987/ Review of the role of parasitic nematode excretory/secretory proteins in host immunomodulation]

* 2022 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34861106/ Immunomodulation of COVID-19 severity by helminth co-infection: Implications for COVID-19 vaccine efficacy] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iid3.573 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iid3.573 PDF]

* 2022 Feb 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35281054/ Helminth and Host Crosstalk: New Insight Into Treatment of Obesity and Its Associated Metabolic Syndromes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8913526/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8913526/pdf/fimmu-13-827486.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Feb 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35281745/ Bone erosion in inflammatory arthritis is attenuated by Trichinella spiralis through inhibiting M1 monocyte/macrophage polarization] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8914552/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8914552/pdf/main.pdf PDF]]

* 2022 Feb 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35202548/ Helminth products modulate innate immune recognition of nucleic acids in systemic lupus erythematosus]

* 2022 Feb 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35188279/ Concurrent allergy and helminthiasis in underprivileged urban South African adults previously residing in rural areas] (NB. Ascarids are known to be associated with asthma, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778161/] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25702830] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17698018] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30249744] unlike the species used in helminthic therapy.)

* 2022 Feb 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35222441/ The Fight Against Severe COVID-19: Can Parasitic Worms Contribute?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8874793/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8874793/pdf/fimmu-13-849465.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jan-Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36046565/ Anti-Tumor Effect of Marshallagia marshalli Somatic Antigen on Inhibition Cell Growth of K562] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9375725/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9375725/pdf/IJPA-17-28.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jan 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35115243/ Helminths and COVID-19 susceptibility, disease progression, and vaccination efficacy] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471492222000083 Full text]

* 2022 Jan 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35087284/ Helminth Therapy for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Current and Future Perspectives] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8789313/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8789313/pdf/jir-15-475.pdf PDF]

* 2022 Jan 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35031905/ Na-AIP-1 secreted by human hookworms suppresses collagen-induced arthritis]

* 2022 Jan [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014489421001260 Potential of human helminth therapy for resolution of inflammatory bowel disease: The future ahead]

===2021===

* 2021 Dec 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34933444/ Helminth-Induced Human Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Reveals Insights into Altered Taxon Diversity and Microbial Gradient Collapse] -- [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8689561/ Full text] | [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8689561/pdf/mbio.02890-21.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Dec 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34930198/ Rapidly progressive respiratory failure after helminth larvae ingestion] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8686539/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8686539/pdf/12890_2021_Article_1788.pdf PDF] (NB. This report omits important facts about the case described, and includes incorrect and misleading details. For a more accurate account, see, [[Helminthic therapy safety#Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease? | Do hookworms pose a threat to patients with respiratory disease?]])

* 2021 Dec 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35046625/ Recombinant protein Schistosoma japonicum-derived molecule attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by inhibiting miRNA-217-5p to alleviate apoptosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8678816/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8678816/pdf/WJG-27-7982.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Dec 9 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34882670/Experimental human hookworm infection: a narrative historical review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8659326/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8659326/pdf/pntd.0009908.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Dec 6 [https://evmedreview.com/evolutionary-medicine-helps-explain-pandemic-dynamics-predictions-regarding-clinical-impact-of-covid-19-borne-out/ Evolutionary medicine helps explain pandemic dynamics: Predictions regarding clinical impact of COVID-19 borne out]

* 2021 Dec 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34863801/ Helminth-induced CD9 + B-cell subset alleviates obesity-associated inflammation via IL-10 production]

* 2021 Dec Treatment of Refractory Chronic Migraine with Worm Eggs: A Therapy Rooted in Evolution (no abstract) | [[media:Treatment_of_Refractory_Chronic_Migraine_with_Worm_Eggs.pdf |PDF]] (TSO)

* 2021 Nov 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34748611/ Suppression of inflammatory arthritis by the parasitic worm product ES-62 is associated with epigenetic changes in synovial fibroblasts] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8601611/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8601611/pdf/ppat.1010069.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Nov 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34735226/ Small proline-rich protein 2A is a gut bactericidal protein deployed during helminth infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977106/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8977106/pdf/nihms-1788060.pdf PDF]

* ✅ 2021 Nov [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737071/ Socio-medical studies of individuals self-treating with helminths provide insight into clinical trial design for assessing helminth therapy] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576921002063 Full text] | [[media:Socio-medical_studies_of_individuals_self-treating_with_helminths_provide_insight_into_clinical_trial_design_for_assessing_helminth_therapy.pdf | PDF]]

* 2021 Nov [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34197631/ Interleukin-35 is a critical regulator of immunity during helminth infections associated with multiple sclerosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8517594/ Full text]

* 2021 Oct 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34717799/ Enteric pathogens induce tissue tolerance and prevent neuronal loss from subsequent infections]

* 2021 Oct 27 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34737582/ The Influence of Helminth Immune Regulation on COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes: Is it Beneficial or Detrimental?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558425/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558425/pdf/idr-14-4421.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Oct 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34868595/ Helminth infection is associated with dampened cytokine responses to viral and bacterial stimulations in Tsimane forager-horticulturalists] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8634526/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8634526/pdf/eoab035.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Oct 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34745091/ Parasite-Derived Excretory-Secretory Products Alleviate Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Improve Cognitive Impairment Induced by a High-Fat Diet] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8564115/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8564115/pdf/fimmu-12-710513.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Oct 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34733292/ Emerging Role of Eosinophils in Resolution of Arthritis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558534/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558534/pdf/fimmu-12-764825.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Sept 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34579797/ The use of helminth therapy for management of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a systematic review]

* 2021 Sept 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34583903/ Commandeering the mammalian Ago2 miRNA network: a newly discovered mechanism of helminth immunomodulation]

* 2021 Sept 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34517928/ Cooperation between host immunity and the gut bacteria is essential for helminth-evoked suppression of colitis] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354561896 Full text]

* 2021 Sept 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34488863/ Schistosoma japonicum peptide SJMHE1 inhibits acute and chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8422783/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8422783/pdf/13071_2021_Article_4977.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Sept [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34368662/ Effect of co-infection with intestinal parasites on COVID-19 severity: A prospective observational cohort study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8324426/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8324426/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Aug 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34425258/ Safety and tolerability of medicinal parasite ova (Trichuris suis) in healthy Japanese volunteers: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial]

* 2021 Aug 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34406855/ Exposure to Parasitic Protists and Helminths Changes the Intestinal Community Structure of Bacterial Communities in a Cohort of Mother-Child Binomials from a Semirural Setting in Mexico] -- [https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00083-21 Full text] | [https://journals.asm.org/doi/epub/10.1128/mSphere.00083-21 PDF]

* 2021 Aug 17 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34433129/ Infection by Strongyloides venezuelensis attenuates chronic colitis induced by Dextran Sodium Sulfate ingestion in BALB/c mice]

* 2021 Aug 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34445445/ Lectin-Mediated Bacterial Modulation by the Intestinal Nematode Ascaris suum] — [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353903554 Full text]

* 2021 Aug 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34456879/ The Impact of Helminth Infection on the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8397462/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8397462/pdf/fendo-12-728396.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Aug 6 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34451458/ Infection with Hymenolepis diminuta Blocks Colitis and Hastens Recovery While Colitis Has Minimal Impact on Expulsion of the Cestode from the Mouse Host] — [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353740657 Full text]

* 2021 Aug 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34413850/ Mycobacterium-Induced Th1, Helminths-Induced Th2 Cells and the Potential Vaccine Candidates for Allergic Asthma: Imitation of Natural Infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8369065/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8369065/pdf/fimmu-12-696734.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Jun 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34154932/ Gut-microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles: Overlooked mediators in host-helminth interactions?]

* 2021 Jun 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34135384/ Helminth derived factors inhibit neutrophil extracellular trap formation and inflammation in bacterial peritonitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8209178/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8209178/pdf/41598_2021_Article_92001.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Jun 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34171587/ SARS-CoV-2 and helminth co-infections, and environmental pollution exposure: An epidemiological and immunological perspective] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8205275/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8205275/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Jun 10 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34111180/ Hookworm treatment induces a decrease of suppressive regulatory T cell associated with a Th2 inflammatory response] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0252921 Full text] Allergic sensitisation increased following treatment with albendazole.

* 2021 Jun 7 [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2533 The New Status of Parasitic Diseases in the COVID-19 Pandemic—Risk Factors or Protective Agents?] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2533/htm Full text] (Review)

* 2021 May 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34051231/ Synthetic hookworm-derived peptides are potent modulators of primary human immune cell function that protect against experimental colitis in vivo] -- [https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(21)00632-3/fulltext Full text] | [https://www.jbc.org/action/showPdf?pii=S0021-9258%2821%2900632-3 PDF]

* 2021 May 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34051352/ Emerging issues in COVID-19 vaccination in Tropical Areas: Impact of the Immune Response against Helminths in Endemic Areas]

* 2021 May 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34029332/ COVID-19 and helminth infection: Beyond the Th1/Th2 paradigm] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8143422/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8143422/pdf/pntd.0009402.pdf PDF]

* 2021 May 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34017599/ Extreme lifespan extension in tapeworm-infected ant workers] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8131941/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8131941/pdf/rsos.202118.pdf PDF]

* 2021 May 18 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34002262/ The effects of helminth infections against type 2 diabetes]

* 2021 Apr 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33895144/ Immunoprotective inference of experimental chronic Trichinella spiralis infection on house dust mites induced allergic airway remodeling]

* 2021 Apr 16 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33935986/ Interrogating the Impact of Intestinal Parasite-Microbiome on Pathogenesis of COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8086792/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8086792/pdf/fmicb-12-614522.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Apr 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33853585/ Experimental infection with the hookworm, Necator americanus, is associated with stable gut microbial diversity in human volunteers with relapsing multiple sclerosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8048248/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8048248/pdf/12915_2021_Article_1003.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Apr 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33579723/ Helminth Imprinting of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Sustains Anti-Inflammatory Trained Innate Immunity That Attenuates Autoimmune Disease]

* 2021 Mar 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33842398/ Therapeutic Efficacy of Excretory-Secretory Products of Trichinella spiralis Adult Worms on Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury in a Mouse Model] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8024484/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8024484/pdf/fcimb-11-653843.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 24 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33760829/ Trichuris trichiura egg extract proteome reveals potential diagnostic targets and immunomodulators] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8021180/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8021180/pdf/pntd.0009221.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33841657/ Schistosoma japonicum-derived peptide SJMHE1 promotes peripheral nerve repair through a macrophage-dependent mechanism] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8014408/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8014408/pdf/ajtr0013-1290.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33732246/ Understanding Asthma and Allergies by the Lens of Biodiversity and Epigenetic Changes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7957070/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7957070/pdf/fimmu-12-623737.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Mar 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33646858/ Immune System Investigation Using Parasitic Helminths]

* 2021 Feb 25 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33717104/ Clonorchis sinensis-Derived Protein Attenuates Inflammation and New Bone Formation in Ankylosing Spondylitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7947613/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7947613/pdf/fimmu-12-615369.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33692793/ Schistosome Infection and Schistosome-Derived Products as Modulators for the Prevention and Alleviation of Immunological Disorders] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7937812/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7937812/pdf/fimmu-12-619776.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33732461/ Between a hygiene rock and a hygienic hard place: Avoiding SARS-CoV-2 while needing environmental exposures for immunity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7928958/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7928958/pdf/eoab006.pdf PDF]

:* 2021 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34168878/ Comment on Parker et al. (Evolution, Medicine and Public Health 2021;9:120–30.)] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8219121/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8219121/pdf/eoab011.pdf PDF]

:* 2021 Apr [https://academic.oup.com/emph/article/9/1/206/6220325 Authors’ response to Graham Rook’s commentary]

* 2021 Feb 12 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33738103/ Hymenolepis diminuta-based helminth therapy in C3(1)-TAg mice does not alter breast tumor onset or progression] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7953836/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7953836/pdf/eoab007.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 5 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33613446/ Gastrointestinal Helminth Infection Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Decreases Systemic Inflammation, and Alters the Composition of Gut Microbiota in Distinct Mouse Models of Type 2 Diabetes] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7892786/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7892786/pdf/fendo-11-606530.pdf PDF]

* 2021 Feb 2 [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.21250995v1 Effect of co-infection with parasites on severity of COVID-19] -- [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.21250995v1.full.pdf PDF] (medRxiv preprints) (Also reported by NewsMedical. [https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210204/Research-shows-intestinal-parasite-infestations-reduce-COVID-19-severity.aspx])

* 2021 Feb 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33526169/ Gross ways to live long: Parasitic worms as an anti-inflammaging therapy?] -- [https://elifesciences.org/articles/65180 Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7853715/pdf/elife-65180.pdf PDF] (Also reported by EurekAlert. [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-02/e-cph020221.php])

* 2021 Jan 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33572978/ The Worm-Specific Immune Response in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Receiving Controlled Trichuris suis Ova Immunotherapy] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/2/101/htm Full text] (MS)

* 2021 Jan 22 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33499240/ Helminth Interactions with Bacteria in the Host Gut Are Essential for Its Immunomodulatory Effect] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/2/226/htm Full text]

* 2021 Jan 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33552447/ Evolution of bacteria in the human gut in response to changing environments: An invisible player in the game of health] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7829112/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7829112/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

===2020===

* 2020 Dec [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33512796/ Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of Experimental Hookworm Infection for Improving Gluten Tolerance in Celiac Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7678792/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7678792/pdf/ct9-11-e00274.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Dec [https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/nv9357710 The role of helminth and microbiome-derived metabolites in the healing of inflammatory bowel diseases related wounds in vitro] -- [https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/2b88qj182?locale=en PDF] (thesis)

* 2020 Oct 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33678958/ Historical analysis of inverse correlation between soil-transmitted helminthiasis and pancreatic cancer] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7901387/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7901387/pdf/UBMC_34_1836712.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Oct 22 [https://sci-hub.se/10.3390/ijms21217845 Gastrointestinal Nematode-Derived Antigens Alter Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration through Regulation of Cell Cycle and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Proteins]

* 2020 Oct 20 [https://academic.oup.com/emph/advance-article/doi/10.1093/emph/eoaa037/5930904 Old Friends Meet a New Foe -- A potential role for immune-priming parasites in mitigating COVID-19 morbidity and mortality] Includes link to PDF.

*2020 Oct 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33116652/ Helminth Induced Immunoregulation and Novel Therapeutic Avenue of Allergy] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7548329/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7548329/pdf/jaa-13-439.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Oct 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33012113/ Immunopathology and modulation induced by hookworms: from understanding to intervention]

* 2020 Oct 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33117347/ Excretory/Secretory Products From Trichinella spiralis Adult Worms Attenuated DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice by Driving PD-1-Mediated M2 Macrophage Polarization] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7575908/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7575908/pdf/fimmu-11-563784.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32653475/ Does the hygiene hypothesis apply to COVID-19 susceptibility?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7347347/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7347347/pdf/main.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Sept 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33117327/ The Helminth Parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus Attenuates EAE in an IL-4Rα-Dependent Manner] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7552805/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7552805/pdf/fimmu-11-01830.pdf PDF] (MS)

* 2020 Sept 21 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32951619/ Trichinella spiralis: inflammation modulator]

* 2020 Sept 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33013887/ What Can Parasites Tell Us About the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Asthma and Allergic Diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7516051/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7516051/pdf/fimmu-11-02106.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Sept 8 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32901341/ Immunomodulatory action of excretory-secretory products of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in a mouse tumour model] (Cancer)

* 2020 Sept 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32983184/ Fasciola hepatica-Derived Molecules as Regulators of the Host Immune Response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7492538/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7492538/pdf/fimmu-11-02182.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 31 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32984066/ Helminth Mediated Attenuation of Systemic Inflammation and Microbial Translocation in Helminth-Diabetes Comorbidity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7488178/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7488178/pdf/fcimb-10-00431.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 28 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32872342/ An Absence of Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation and Associations with Disease Activity in People with Multiple Sclerosis Undergoing Therapeutic Hookworm Vaccination] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/3/487/htm Full text]

* 2020 Aug 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32828819/ Succinate Produced by Intestinal Microbes Promotes Specification of Tuft Cells to Suppress Ileal Inflammation] (IBD)

* 2020 Aug 17 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32804930/ Helminth coinfection and COVID-19: An alternate hypothesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7430705/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7430705/pdf/pntd.0008628.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 13 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32903582/ Clinical Use of Schistosoma mansoni Antigens as Novel Immunotherapies for Autoimmune Disorders] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7438586/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7438586/pdf/fimmu-11-01821.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32849543/ Effectiveness of Helminth Therapy in the Prevention of Allograft Rejection: A Systematic Review of Allogeneic Transplantation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7426368/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7426368/pdf/fimmu-11-01604.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Aug [https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.07.002 Helminth extracellular vesicles: great balls of wonder]

* 2020 Jul [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32153025/ Regulatory T‐cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/?fbclid=IwAR27hCP5tDaVkO0KnyBMdlH7O4tzzcE0YfKWqFy_Xgy46l18amE1t1ET2dY Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/pdf/IMM-160-248.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Jul 3 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32629118/ Helminth-induced and Th2-dependent Alterations of the Gut Microbiota Attenuate Obesity Caused by High Fat Diet] -- [https://www.cmghjournal.org/article/S2352-345X(20)30105-3/pdf PDF]

* 2020 Jul 2 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32614822/ Schistosoma haematobium infection is associated with lower serum cholesterol levels and improved lipid profile in overweight/obese individuals]

* 2020 Jun 23 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32655568/ Immunity to Soil-Transmitted Helminths: Evidence From the Field and Laboratory Models] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7324686/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7324686/pdf/fimmu-11-01286.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Jun 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32570037/ Effect of Recombinant Serine Protease From Adult Stage of Trichinella Spiralis on TNBS-induced Experimental Colitis in Mice]

* ✅ 2020 Jun 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32539079/ Hookworm Treatment for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7296452/ Full text] (While the primary statistical endpoint of this trial - the cumulative number of new/enlarging T2 and new enhancing T1 lesions at month 9 - was not significantly different between the hookworm group (154) and the placebo group (164), a closer examination of the data reveals that '''more than half the patients given hookworms did not have any new lesions'''. “The findings of the research… show that infecting MS patients with a safe dose of… Necator americanus induces immunoregulatory responses and boosts the number of cells which help keep the immune system under control.” [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200618150223.htm] The trial’s lead researcher concluded, “I think there would be a niche for this approach - for individuals with mild disease who don't want to take immunomodulating drugs for life and would prefer a more natural approach.” [https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/932593])

* 2020 Jun 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32595641/ Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Trichinella spiralis Muscle Larvae Ameliorate TNBS-Induced Colitis in Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7300183/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7300183/pdf/fimmu-11-01174.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 29 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32480001/ Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, the Hygiene Hypothesis and the Other Side of the Microbiota: Parasites and Fungi]

* 2020 May 28 [https://www.qeios.com/read/IWKQH9.2 The global helminth belt and Covid-19: the new eosinophilic link]

* 2020 May 26 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32453752/ Comprehensive analysis of the secreted proteome of adult Necator americanus hookworms] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7274458/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7274458/pdf/pntd.0008237.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 20 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32436176/ Changes in the Severity of Gastric Mucosal Inflammation Associated With Helicobacter Pylori in Humans Coinfected With Intestinal Helminths]

* 2020 May 19 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32508831/ The Gastrointestinal Helminth Heligmosomoides bakeri Suppresses Inflammation in a Model of Contact Hypersensitivity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7249854/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7249854/pdf/fimmu-11-00950.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 18 [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.20098053v1.full.pdf Parasites and their protection against COVID-19 - Ecology or Immunology?] (PDF)

* 2020 May 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33623561/ Immunity, parasites, genetics and sex hormones: contributors to mild inflammatory responses in COVID-19?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7875730/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7875730/pdf/PAMJ-SUPP-35-2-36.pdf PDF]

* 2020 May 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32407385 Harnessing helminth-driven immunoregulation in the search for novel therapeutic modalities] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1008508 Full text] | [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1008508&type=printable PDF]

* 2020 May 7 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32448639/ Microbes, Helminths, and Rheumatic Diseases]

* 2020 May 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32372471 Systematic review: gastrointestinal infection and incident inflammatory bowel disease] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/apt.15770 Full text] (IBD)

* 2020 May 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32367051 Heterogeneity in the initiation, development and function of type 2 immunity]

* 2020 May 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32358579 Will helminth co-infection modulate COVID-19 severity in endemic regions?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193760/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193760/pdf/41577_2020_Article_330.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Apr 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32341115 The Potential Role of Schistosome-Associated Factors as Therapeutic Modulators of the Immune System]

* 2020 Apr 27 [https://www.qeios.com/read/5IY4IF Asthma and COVID-19: The Eosinophilic Link]

* 2020 Apr 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32321922 CD8+ regulatory T cells are critical in prevention of autoimmune-mediated diabetes]

* 2020 Apr 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32321863 An anti-inflammatory eicosanoid switch mediates the suppression of type-2 inflammation by helminth larval products] (TSO)

* 2020 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30230399/ Randomized crossover feasibility trial of helminthic Trichuris suis ova versus placebo for repetitive behaviors in adult autism spectrum disorder] (TSO)

* 2020 Mar 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32200170 Effects of the dietary fibre inulin and Trichuris suis products on inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages] (TSO)

* 2020 Mar 14 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32171305/ Twenty-five-year research progress in hookworm excretory/secretory products] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071665/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071665/pdf/13071_2020_Article_4010.pdf PDF] (NA)

* 2020 Mar 10 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32153025/ Regulatory T-cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341546/pdf/IMM-160-248.pdf PDF]

* 2020 Mar 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32194529 Dietary Inulin and Trichuris suis Infection Promote Beneficial Bacteria Throughout the Porcine Gut] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064446/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7064446/pdf/fmicb-11-00312.pdf PDF] (TSO)

* 2020 Mar 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32126084 Helminth infection modulates systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines implicated in type 2 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008101 Full text]

* 2020 Mar 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32135180 Helminths, polyparasitism, and the gut microbiome in the Philippines]

* 2020 Feb 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32027755 IL-33 is essential to prevent high fat diet-induced obesity in mice infected with an intestinal helminth]

* 2020 Jan-Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32123528 Perspectives of People with Multiple Sclerosis About Helminth Immunotherapy] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7041615 Full text]

* 2020 Jan 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32005978 The gut microbiota response to helminth infection depends on host sex and genotype]

* 2020 Jan 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31976564 Wuchereria bancrofti macrophage migration inhibitory factor-2 (rWbaMIF-2) ameliorates experimental colitis]

* 2020 Jan 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31971074 A critical analysis of helminth immunotherapy in multiple sclerosis]

* 2020 Jan 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31954872 Suppression of systemic lupus erythematosus in NZBWF1 mice infected with Hymenolepis microstoma]

* 2020 Jan 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31894102 Helminth infections drive heterogeneity in human type 2 and regulatory cells]

* 2020 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31914677 Fasciola helminth defense molecule-1 protects against experimental arthritis by inhibiting osteoclast formation and function without modulating the systemic immune response]

===2019===

* 2019 Dec 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31888063 Immunomodulation of Murine Chronic DSS-Induced Colitis by Tuftsin-Phosphorylcholine] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/1/65/htm Full text]

* 2019 Dec 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31878146 Safety of P28GST, a Protein Derived from a Schistosome Helminth Parasite, in Patients with Crohn's Disease: A Pilot Study (ACROHNEM)] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/1/41/htm Full text]

* 2019 Dec 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31885223 Toxicity of parasites and their unconventional use in medicine]

* 2019 Dec 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31845020 Amelioration of type 1 diabetes by recombinant fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and cystatin derived from Schistosoma japonicum in a murine model]

* 2019 Dec 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31836772 Immunomodulatory effect of Syphacia obvelata in treatment of experimental DSS-induced colitis in mouse model]

* 2019 Dec 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31834940 Chronic infection with a tissue invasive helminth attenuates sublethal anaphylaxis and reduces granularity and number of mast cells]

* 2019 Dec 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31829172 Safety and tolerability of experimental hookworm infection in humans with metabolic disease: study protocol for a phase 1b randomised controlled clinical trial]

* 2019 Nov 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31781154 The Effect of Gut Microbiome Composition on Human Immune Responses: An Exploration of Interference by Helminth Infections] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6856646/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6856646/pdf/fgene-10-01028.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Nov 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31719981 The interplay of type 2 immunity, helminth infection and the microbiota in regulating metabolism] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6837856/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6837856/pdf/CTI2-8-e01089.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Oct 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31673002 Intestinal helminth infection enhances bacteria-induced recruitment of neutrophils to the airspace]

* 2019 Oct 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31683117 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis] (MS)

* 2019 Oct 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31605645 Th2 signals are not essential for the anti-arthritic effects of Trichinella spiralis in mice]

* 2019 Sept 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31649786 Therapeutic applicability of helminths in autoimmune diseases - literature overview] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6807663/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6807663/pdf/PG-14-37798.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Sept 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31611876 Ascaris lumbricoides Cystatin Prevents Development of Allergic Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6777510/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6777510/pdf/fimmu-10-02280.pdf PDF] (But also see the details [[Ascaris lumbricoides | '''here''']] regarding the potentially adverse effects of infection with ascaris lumbricoides.)

* 2019 Sept 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31541662 Helminth-microbiota cross-talk - a journey through the vertebrate digestive system]

* 2019 Sept 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31508807 Public health deworming programmes for soil-transmitted helminths in children living in endemic areas]

* 2019 Sept 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31496071 Schistosoma japonicum peptide SJMHE1 suppresses airway inflammation of allergic asthma in mice] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jcmm.14661 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcmm.14661 PDF]

* 2019 Sept 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31487324 Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) and recombinant Omega-1 modulate induced CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses and HIV-1 infection in vitro] -- [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1007924 Full text] | [https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1007924&type=printable PDF] (Also reported by Healio. [https://www.healio.com/infectious-disease/hiv-aids/news/online/%7Bafe40491-17f2-456b-b151-8cf73288c38b%7D/helminth-infection-may-reduce-hiv-transmission-disease])

* 2019 Sept 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31492623 Immune Regulation of Metabolic Homeostasis by Helminths and Their Molecules]

* 2019 Aug 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31504336 The effect of helminth infections and their treatment on metabolic outcomes: results of a cluster-randomised trial]

* 2019 Aug 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31407335 Helminth-derived molecules inhibit colitis-associated colon cancer development through NF-kB and STAT3 regulation]

* 2019 Aug 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31397879 Critical roles of regulatory B and T cells in helminth parasite-induced protection against allergic airway inflammation]

* 2019 Aug [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31284930/ Helminths and asthma: Risk and protection]

* 2019 Jul 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31352539 Potential application of helminth therapy for resolution of neuroinflammation in neuropsychiatric disorders]

* 2019 Jul 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31299381 The helminth-derived peptide GK-1 induces an anti-tumoral CD8 T cell response associated with downregulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway] (Cancer)

* 2019 Jul 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31260090 Soil-transmitted helminth infection and intestinal inflammation among the Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador] (TTO)

* 2019 Jul-Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31579670 The endosymbiotic role of intestinal helminths in multiple sclerosis: Promising probiotic hypothesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6767793/ Full text]

* 2019 Jun 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31253164 Preventive and therapeutic effects of Trichinella spiralis adult extracts on allergic inflammation in an experimental asthma mouse model] -- [https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-019-3561-1 Full text]

* 2019 Jun 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31255915 The immune response to Hymenolepis nana in mice decreases tumorigenesis induced by 7,12 dimethylbenz-anthracene] (For a very readable commentary on this paper, see, [https://biomebuzz.com/2019/07/09/more-on-helminths-and-the-prevention-of-cancer/ More on Helminths and the Prevention of Cancer].)

* 2019 Jun 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31209366 Helminths and microbiota — partners in arthritis prevention?]

* 2019 Jun 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31212833 Contribution of the Gut Microbiota in P28GST-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Experimental and Clinical Insights] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/6/577/htm Full text]

* 2019 Jun 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31187881 Regulation of Immunity and Allergy by Helminth Parasites]

* 2019 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30716463 An advanced protocol for the purification of whipworm eggs from feces for use as therapeutic agents]

* 2019 May 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31236458 Pre-conception maternal helminth infection transfers via nursing long-lasting cellular immunity against helminths to offspring] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6587632/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6587632/pdf/aav3058.pdf PDF]

* 2019 May 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31153721 Helminth Therapy – From the Parasite Perspective] | [[media:Helminth_Therapy_–_From_the_Parasite_Perspective.pdf | PDF]]

* 2019 May 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31138616 Schistosoma mansoni worm infection regulates the intestinal microbiota and susceptibility to colitis]

* 2019 May 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31205419 Inverse Associations of Schistosoma mansoni Infection and Metabolic Syndromes in Humans: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northeast Ethiopia] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537292/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537292/pdf/10.1177_1178636119849934.pdf PDF]

* 2019 May 21 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31178861 Anti-inflammatory Trained Immunity Mediated by Helminth Products Attenuates the Induction of T Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537856/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537856/pdf/fimmu-10-01109.pdf PDF]

* 2019 May [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30986403 Removal of adult cyathostomins alters faecal microbiota and promotes an inflammatory phenotype in horses] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751919300815?via%3Dihub Full text]

* 2019 Apr 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31016721 Helminths products directly modulate T cells that mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis]

* 2019 Apr 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31004803 Cytokine production in allergic and Trichuris trichiura-infected children from an urban region of the Brazilian northeast] (TTO)

* 2019 Apr 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30991712 Characterization of Tapeworm Metabolites and Their Reported Biological Activities] — [https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/8/1480/htm Full text]

* 2019 Apr 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30980897 Genetic diversity of the potentially therapeutic tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea)] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576918302800?fbclid=IwAR37HAgKvovhcjr5FkSQAK3NVpoW_7_n79WOyeqKBgCbJHtHaByAC6tRzlc Full text]

* 2019 Apr 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30962398 Suppression of obesity by an intestinal helminth through interactions with intestinal microbiota] -- [https://iai.asm.org/content/iai/early/2019/03/19/IAI.00042-19.full.pdf PDF] (Also reported by EurekAlert. [https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-04/asfm-ihb040819.php])

* 2019 Apr 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30952846 The parasitic worm product ES-62 normalises the gut microbiota bone marrow axis in inflammatory arthritis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6451002/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6451002/pdf/41467_2019_Article_9361.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30902137 Helminth therapy for autism under gut-brain axis- hypothesis] -- [https://tanawisa.com/downloads/Helminth_therapy_for%20autism_under_gut-brain%20axis-_hypothesis.pdf PDF] (TSO)

* 2019 Mar 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30879759 Therapeutic Potential of Helminths and Helminth-Derived Antigens for Resolution of Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease] (IBD)

* 2019 Mar 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31016928 Progress of research on the interplay between helminth and intestinal protozoa and gut microbiota]

* 2019 Mar 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30852293 Dendritic cells treated by Trichinella spiralis muscle larval excretory/secretory products alleviate TNBS-induced colitis in mice]

* 2019 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30905098 Helminth-Related Tuftsin-Phosphorylcholine Compound and its Interplay with Autoimmune Diseases] -- [https://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/344/172407.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30638709/ The therapeutic potential of tuftsin-phosphorylcholine in giant cell arteritis]

* 2019 Feb 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30807258 Filarial extract of Litomosoides sigmodontis induces a type 2 immune response and attenuates plaque development in hyperlipidemic ApoE-knockout mice]

* 2019 Feb 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30801028 Helminth-Based Product and the Microbiome of Mice with Lupus] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6381224/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6381224/pdf/mSystems.00160-18.pdf PDF]

* 2019 Feb 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30758662 Helminths protect against type 1 diabetes: effects and mechanisms]

* 2019 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30623233 Chinese liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis infection changes the gut microbiome and increases probiotic Lactobacillus in mice]

* 2019 Jan 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30670631 Role of mast cells in the generation of a T-helper type 2 dominated anti-helminthic immune response] (HDC)

* 2019 Jan 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30668930 Macrophages treated with antigen from the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta condition CD25+ T cells to suppress colitis] (HDC)

* 2019 Jan 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30626617 Cross-Domain and Viral Interactions in the Microbiome] (Includes a 10-page section on microbiota/helminth interactions and their effects on immune function.)

* 2019 Jan 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30640950 Exclusive dependence of IL-10Rα signalling on intestinal microbiota homeostasis and control of whipworm infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6347331/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6347331/pdf/ppat.1007265.pdf PDF] (This study contributes to understanding of the actions of TSO and TTO on diseases such as IBD.)

* 2019 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30413272 Effect of Trichinella spiralis intervention on TNBS-induced experimental colitis in mice]

* 2019 [http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/parasitic-worms-for-the-treatment-of-neurodegeneration-12989.html Parasitic Worms for the Treatment of Neurodegeneration] -- [http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/parasitic-worms-for-the-treatment-of-neurodegeneration.pdf PDF]

===2018===

* 2018 Dec 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30592734 Treatment with P28GST, a schistosome-derived enzyme, after acute colitis induction in mice: Decrease of intestinal inflammation associated with a down regulation of Th1/Th17 responses]
* 2018 Dec 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30554380 Tuftsin phosphorylcholine-a novel compound harnessing helminths to fight autoimmunity]
* 2018 Dec 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30619265 Human Hookworm Infection Enhances Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition and Associates With Reduced Risk of Tuberculosis Infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6302045/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6302045/pdf/fimmu-09-02893.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2018 Dec 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30292284 The Schistosoma mansoni lipidome: Leads for immunomodulation] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003267017313363 Full text] | [https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0003267017313363?token=BE837298629AA0AF5C0E7F7891E97CA7FBF2194B7348A12FD0CCFD79C45F12DF3E6C69079090C901826FD2CA09ADDD16 PDF]
* 2018 Dec 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30638679 Modulation of autoimmune arthritis by environmental 'hygiene' and commensal microbiota]
* 2018 Dec 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30529501 Helminth-based therapies for rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis]
* 2018 Dec 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517865 B Cells Produce the Tissue-Protective Protein RELMa during Helminth Infection, which Inhibits IL-17 Expression and Limits Emphysema] -- [https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(18)31801-1 Full text] (Wound healing)
* 2018 Dec 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517697 The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries]
* 2018 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30567900 Fh15 Blocks the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Storm While Modulating Peritoneal Macrophage Migration and CD38 Expression within Spleen Macrophages in a Mouse Model of Septic Shock] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6300687/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6300687/pdf/mSphere.00548-18.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Nov 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30462997 Modulation of Host Immunity by Helminths: The Expanding Repertoire of Parasite Effector Molecules]
* 2018 Nov 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30483256 Schistosoma mansoni Infection-Induced Transcriptional Changes in Hepatic Macrophage Metabolism Correlate With an Athero-Protective Phenotype] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6240656/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6240656/pdf/fimmu-09-02580.pdf PDF] (Metabolic syndrome)
* 2018 Nov 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30473696 Mucosal Barrier and Th2 Immune Responses Are Enhanced by Dietary Inulin in Pigs Infected With Trichuris suis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6237860/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6237860/pdf/fimmu-09-02557.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2018 Nov 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30407548 Metabolic consequences of concomitant Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Type 2 diabetes mellitus]
* 2018 Nov 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30401814 Intestinal helminth infection promotes IL-5- and CD4+ T cell-dependent immunity in the lung against migrating parasites]
* 2018 Oct 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30379806 The Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell population requires IL-4Rα signaling to control inflammation during helminth infections]
* 2018 Oct 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30375396 Helminth-induced IL-4 expands bystander memory CD8+ T cells for early control of viral infection]
* 2018 Oct 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30372527 Maternal helminth infections and the shaping of offspring immunity]
* 2018 Oct 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30374177 Analysis of the Trichuris suis excretory/secretory proteins as a function of life cycle stage and their immunomodulatory properties] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206011/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206011/pdf/41598_2018_Article_34174.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2018 Oct 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30361537 Virtual memory CD8 T cells expanded by helminth infection confer broad protection against bacterial infection]
* 2018 Oct 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30416709 Helminth parasites and immune regulation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206608/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206608/pdf/f1000research-7-17014.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Oct 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30353019 A comprehensive analysis of the faecal microbiome and metabolome of Strongyloides stercoralis infected volunteers from a non-endemic area] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199319/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199319/pdf/41598_2018_Article_33937.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Oct 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30341242 Mast Cell Deficiency in Mice Results in Biomass Overgrowth and Delayed Expulsion of the Rat Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta] (HDC)
* 2018 Oct 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30336585 Failure of the Anti-Inflammatory Parasitic Worm Product ES-62 to Provide Protection in Mouse Models of Type I Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease] -- [https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/10/2669/htm Full text]
* 2018 Oct 16 [https://www.arc.gov.au/news-publications/media/feature-articles/combatting-autoimmune-diseases-humble-hookworm?fbclid=IwAR0DxQ-uGjksCaC1gkCgpXhw2_ImRwgswkbyTukwHbLY2ZbNbWQD53KlXvc Combatting autoimmune diseases with the humble hookworm]
* 2018 Oct 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30369927 Immunomodulation by Helminths: Intracellular Pathways and Extracellular Vesicles] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6194161/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6194161/pdf/fimmu-09-02349.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Oct 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30316775 Immunomodulatory effects of Trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory antigens on macrophages]
* 2018 Oct 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30291167 Helminth-Induced Production of TGF-β and Suppression of Graft-versus-Host Disease Is Dependent on IL-4 Production by Host Cells]
* 2018 Sept 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30266743 Parasites as negative regulators of cancer] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6200699/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6200699/pdf/bsr-38-bsr20180935.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Sept 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30319571 The Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis and Therapeutics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6167487/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6167487/pdf/fmicb-09-02247.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2018 Sept 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30229947 Soil-transmitted helminth parasites and allergy: observations from Ecuador]
* 2018 Sept 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30230399 Randomized Crossover Feasibility Trial of Helminthic Trichuris Suis Ova vs. Placebo for Repetitive Behaviors in Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder] (TSO) This research used a novel TSO formulation at pH 5 that is known to be less effective than the original formulation at pH 2.4. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335]
* 2018 Sept 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30216486 Parasites and allergy: observations from Africa]
* 2018 Sept 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30205385 A Trypsin-Sensitive Proteoglycan from the Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta Inhibits Murine Neutrophil Chemotaxis in vitro by Suppressing p38 MAP Kinase Activation] (HDC)
* 2018 Sept 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30194773 STAT6 & IL-10 are required for the anti-arthritic effects of Schistosoma mansoni via different mechanisms]
* 2018 Sept 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30177522 Modulation of the immune response by helminths: a role for serotonin?]
* 2018 Aug 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165069 The hygiene hypothesis at a glance: early exposures, immune mechanism and novel therapies]
* 2018 Aug 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30121255 Helminth Antigen-Conditioned Dendritic Cells Generate Anti-Inflammatory CD4 T Cells Independent of Antigen Presentation via MHC II] (HDC) (Colitis)
* 2018 Aug 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30113218 Interactions of helminths with macrophages: therapeutic potential for inflammatory intestinal disease]
* 2018 Aug 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30118915 Acute infection with Strongyloides venezuelensis increases intestine production IL-10, reduces Th1/Th2/Th17 induction in colon and attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced colitis in BALB/c mice]
* 2018 Aug 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30107039 Isolated Schistosoma mansoni eggs prevent allergic airway inflammation] (Allergic asthma)
* 2018 Aug 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30104215 Host and helminth-derived endocannabinoids are generated during infection with effects on host immunity] (Also reported by EurekAlert. [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-08/uoc--gho082218.php])
* 2018 Aug 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30089122 Helminths-based bi-functional molecule, tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC), ameliorates an established murine arthritis] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200615 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200615&type=printable PDF]
* 2018 Aug 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30131945 The Intestinal Roundworm Ascaris suum Releases Antimicrobial Factors Which Interfere With Bacterial Growth and Biofilm Formation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6090379/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6090379/pdf/fcimb-08-00271.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Aug 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30069018 Hookworm exposure decreases human papillomavirus uptake and cervical cancer cell migration through systemic regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker expression] -- [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30058-9 Full text] | [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30058-9.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30142867 Trichuris suis ova therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: A meta-analysis] -- [https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/08240/Trichuris_suis_ova_therapy_in_inflammatory_bowel.119.aspx Full text] (IBD) The 6 papers analysed in this study all have significant design flaws. All but one had a treatment period of only 12 weeks, which is inadequate when assessing the efficacy of helminths, and the only study with a longer treatment period was designed to assess the safety and tolerability, and not the efficacy, of a ''single'' dose of TSO. Four of the six studies selected had also used a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study are therefore not reliable.
* 2018 Jul 31 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30108588 A Role for Epitope Networking in Immunomodulation by Helminths] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6079203/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6079203/pdf/fimmu-09-01763.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30093899 Trichinella spiralis Infection Mitigates Collagen-Induced Arthritis via Programmed Death 1-Mediated Immunomodulation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6070611/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6070611/pdf/fimmu-09-01566.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30043455 Worms: Pernicious Parasites or Allies Against Allergies?]
* 2018 Jul 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30021142 Getting a Taste for Parasites in the Gut]
* 2018 Jul 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30061834 Influence of NOD2 Variants on Trichuris suis ova Treatment Outcome in Crohn's Disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6054957/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6054957/pdf/fphar-09-00764.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30003599 Hookworms Make Us Human: The Microbiome, Eco-immunology, and a Probiotic Turn in Western Health Care] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/2/2d/Hookworms_Make_Us_Human-_The_Microbiome%2C_Eco-immunology%2C_and_a_Probiotic_Turn_in_Western_Health_Care.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2018 Jul 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29992625 Hematopoietic cell-derived RELMα regulates hookworm immunity through effects on macrophages] (Also reported by Science Daily. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180806145207.htm])
* 2018 Jul 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30057915 Macrophage Activation and Functions during Helminth Infection: Recent Advances from the Laboratory Mouse] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6051086/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6051086/pdf/JIR2018-2790627.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30072827 SXP-RAL Family Filarial Protein, rWbL2, Prevents Development of DSS-Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6052733/ Full text]
* 2018 Jun 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29915224 Characteristics of the bacterial microbiome in association with common intestinal parasites in irritable bowel syndrome] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6006308/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6006308/pdf/41424_2018_Article_27.pdf PDF] (IBS)
* 2018 Jun 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29909781 The benign helminth Hymenolepis diminuta ameliorates chemically induced colitis in a rat model system] (HDC)
* 2018 Jun 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29796663 The therapeutic prospect of crosstalk between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms in the human gut]
* 2018 May 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29808496 Immunobiology of parasitic worm extracellular vesicles]
* 2018 May 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29852470 Helminth-induced regulatory T cells and suppression of allergic responses]
* 2018 May 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29875750 Extracellular Vesicles From the Helminth Fasciola hepatica Prevent DSS-Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis in a T-Lymphocyte Independent Mode] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5974114/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5974114/pdf/fmicb-09-01036.pdf PDF]
* 2018 May 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29867986 Protection Against Arthritis by the Parasitic Worm Product ES-62, and Its Drug-Like Small Molecule Analogues, Is Associated With Inhibition of Osteoclastogenesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5967578/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5967578/pdf/fimmu-09-01016 PDF]
* 2018 May 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29867790 Parasite-Microbiota Interactions With the Vertebrate Gut: Synthesis Through an Ecological Lens] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5960673/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5960673/pdf/fmicb-09-00843.pdf PDF]
* 2018 May 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29746467 Disentangling complex parasite interactions: Protection against cerebral malaria by one helminth species is jeopardized by co-infection with another] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963812/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963812/pdf/pntd.0006483.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29760697 Hookworm Secreted Extracellular Vesicles Interact With Host Cells and Prevent Inducible Colitis in Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5936971/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5936971/pdf/fimmu-09-00850.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29698559 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC) equally effective to methylprednisolone in ameliorating lupus nephritis in a mice model] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6046477/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6046477/pdf/CEI-193-160.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr 11 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29659774 Are intestinal worms nature’s anti-atherosclerosis vaccine?] [https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/18/1653/4967832 abstract]
* 2018 Apr 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653264 Helminth infection in mice improves insulin sensitivity via modulation of gut microbiota and fatty acid metabolism]
* 2018 Apr 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29670630 Helminth Infections: Recognition and Modulation of the Immune Response by Innate Immune Cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893867/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893867/pdf/fimmu-09-00664.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29623983 Symptomatic hypereosinophilia associated with Necator americanus self-inoculation] (NA)
* 2018 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29355990 A sticky end for gastrointestinal helminths; the role of the mucus barrier] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5900928/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5900928/pdf/PIM-40-na.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Mar 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29574798 Modulation of human dendritic cell activity by Giardia and helminth antigens]
* 2018 Mar 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29569735 Anisakis pegreffii impacts differentiation and function of human dendritic cells]
* 2018 Mar 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29567298 Associations between Gut Microbiota and Common Luminal Intestinal Parasites]
* 2018 Mar 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29545532 Helminth infection protects against high fat diet-induced obesity via induction of alternatively activated macrophages] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5854586/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5854586/pdf/41598_2018_Article_22920.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Mar 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29546242 Manipulation of host and parasite microbiotas: Survival strategies during chronic nematode infection] -- [http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/3/eaap7399.full Full text] | [http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/3/eaap7399/tab-pdf PDF]
* 2018 Feb 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29486796 Differential human gut microbiome assemblages during soil-transmitted helminth infections in Indonesia and Liberia] -- [https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-018-0416-5 Full text]
* 2018 Feb 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29486173 Soil-transmitted helminth infections and intestinal and systemic inflammation in schoolchildren] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001706X1830233X?via%3Dihub Full text] | [https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0001706X1830233X/1-s2.0-S0001706X1830233X-main.pdf?_tid=40509b04-c3e5-4baf-9f89-dfd29ef353d6&acdnat=1520445863_d2042c3fffa57972d2a29a072cebca94 PDF]
* 2018 Feb 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29453411 The impact of a helminth-modified microbiome on host immunity]
* 2018 Feb 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29402395 Intestinal worms eating neuropsychiatric disorders? Apparently so] | [[media:Intestinal_worms_eating_neuropsychiatric_disorders%3F_Apparently_so.pdf | PDF]]
* 2018 Jan 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31662622 Helminth Therapy: Advances in the use of Parasitic Worms Against Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and its Challenges] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6799527/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6799527/pdf/helm-55-001.pdf PDF]
* 2018 Jan 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29355617 Serine protease inhibitors containing a Kunitz domain: their role in modulation of host inflammatory responses and parasite survival]
* 2018 Jan 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29346656 Host responses to intestinal nematodes]
* 2018 Jan 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29339033 Helminth Modulation of Lung Inflammation] (Asthma)
* 2018 Jan 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29351392/ Young mice expel the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and are protected from colitis by triggering a memory response with worm antigen] -- [http://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/ajpgi.00295.2017 PDF] (HDC)
* 2018 Jan 4 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29300114 The tropics, helminth infections and hygiene hypotheses]
* 2018 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29956141 Production of Hymenolepis diminuta in the Laboratory: An Old Research Tool with New Clinical Applications] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/5/5c/Production_of_Hymenolepis_diminuta_in_the_Laboratory-_An_Old_Research_Tool_with_New_Clinical_Applications.pdf PDF]] (HDC)

=== 2017 ===

* 2017 Winter [https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1430&context=honorstheses A Critical View of Helminthic Therapy: Is It a Viable Form of Treatment for Immune Disorders Under the Category of Inflammatory Bowel Disease?] Alyssa Murphy, undergraduate thesis
* 2017 Dec 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29491533 Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine treatment of autoimmune diseases – a benefit and a message from helminths?] (No abstract) -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5825963/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5825963/pdf/RU-55-31448.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Dec 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29312343 Review: Impact of Helminth Infection on Antimycobacterial Immunity - A Focus on the Macrophage] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5743664/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5743664/pdf/fimmu-08-01864.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Dec 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29262347 Recent Advances in Type-2-Cell-Mediated Immunity: Insights from Helminth Infection]
* 2017 Dec 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29224909 Hygiene Hypothesis in Asthma Development: Is Hygiene to Blame?]
* 2017 Nov 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29238348 The Mannose Receptor in Regulation of Helminth-Mediated Host Immunity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5712593/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5712593/pdf/fimmu-08-01677.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29184071 Preventive Trichuris suis ova (TSO) treatment protects immunocompetent rabbits from DSS colitis but may be detrimental under conditions of immunosuppression] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5705695/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5705695/pdf/41598_2017_Article_16287.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 24 [https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-11-discovery-potent-parasite-protein-therapeutic.html Discovery of potent parasite protein may lead to new therapeutic options for inflammatory bowel conditions] Medical News Today (IBD)
* 2017 Nov 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29171863 Schistosoma mansoni-specific immune responses and allergy in Uganda]
* 2017 Nov 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29170498 A structurally distinct TGF-β mimic from an intestinal helminth parasite potently induces regulatory T cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5701006/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5701006/pdf/41467_2017_Article_1886.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29162324 Modulation of human macrophage activity by Ascaris antigens is dependent on macrophage polarization state]
* 2017 Nov 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133417 Human resistin protects against endotoxic shock by blocking LPS-TLR4 interaction] (For media comment on this study linking helminths with potential sepsis treatment, see [https://highlandernews.org/31486/ucr-researchers-discovered-effective-treatment-sepsis/ here].)
* ✅ 2017 Nov 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133248 Evolution of the hygiene hypothesis into biota alteration theory: What are the paradigms and where are the clinical applications?] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1286457917301855?via%3Dihub Full text] | [[media:Evolution_of_the_hygiene_hypothesis_into_biota_alteration_theory-_what_are_the_paradigms_and_where_are_the_clinical_applications%3F.pdf | PDF]]
* 2017 Nov 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29249872 Taenia crassiceps Antigens Control Experimental Type 1 Diabetes by Inducing Alternatively Activated Macrophages] — [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5698814/pdf/MI2017-8074329.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29163443 Parasite-Derived Proteins for the Treatment of Allergies and Autoimmune Diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5682104/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5682104/pdf/fmicb-08-02164.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 4 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29115241/ Diet, atherosclerosis, and helmintic infection in Tsimane] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042967/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042967/pdf/nihms976321.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Nov 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29095820 "Omic" investigations of protozoa and worms for a deeper understanding of the human gut "parasitome"] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005916 Full text]
* 2017 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28546083 Mechanisms of tolerance and potential therapeutic interventions in Alopecia Areata] -- [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725817301274 Full text] (See section 4: Gut microbiota and helminths, autoimmunity and tolerance.)
* 2017 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29108604 Global issues in allergy and immunology: Parasitic infections and allergy]
* 2017 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29068485 Is the hygiene hypothesis relevant for the risk of multiple sclerosis?]
* 2017 Oct 30 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29141759 Cell Type-Specific Immunomodulation Induced by Helminthes: Effect on Metainflammation, Insulin Resistance and Type-2 Diabetes] (Metabolic syndrome)
* 2017 Oct 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29109850 Liver cystic echinococcosis and human host immune and autoimmune follow-up: A review] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5666304/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5666304/pdf/WJH-9-1176.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Oct 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29073139 Composition of the Schistosoma mansoni worm secretome: Identification of immune modulatory Cyclophilin A] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006012 Full text]
* 2017 Oct 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29064448 Production and Use of Hymenolepis diminuta Cysticercoids as Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics] -- [http://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/6/10/98/htm Full text] (HDC)
* 2017 Oct 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29045903 HpARI Protein Secreted by a Helminth Parasite Suppresses Interleukin-33] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5655542/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5655542/pdf/main.pdf PDF] (Allergy, asthma)
* 2017 Oct 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29034905 The hygiene hypothesis in autoimmunity: the role of pathogens and commensals]
* 2017 Oct 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29036211 Orally administered Taenia solium Calreticulin prevents experimental intestinal inflammation and is associated with a type 2 immune response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5643116/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5643116/pdf/pone.0186510.pdf PDF] (Colitis)
*2017 Oct 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29027962 Novel Therapeutics for Multiple Sclerosis Designed by Parasitic Worms] -- [http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/10/2141/htm Full text]
* 2017 Oct 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29114386 Suppression of inflammation and tissue damage by a hookworm recombinant protein in experimental colitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5671989/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5671989/pdf/cti201742a.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2017 Oct 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28975357 The Effects of Intestinal Nematode L4 Stage on Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis] (Multiple sclerosis)
* 2017 Oct 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29064315 Safety and efficacy of helminth treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of the HINT 2 clinical trial] -- [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1352458517736377 PDF] This trial employed a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
* 2017 Oct [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-medical-knowledge-commons/chronic-disease-new-thinking-and-outlaw-innovation-patients-on-the-edge-in-the-knowledge-commons/8105C66FEBA55446E15538FD4B164005/core-reader# Chronic Disease, New Thinking, and Outlaw Innovation: Patients on the Edge in the Knowledge Commons] (Chapter 14 of the book, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-medical-knowledge-commons/C4CAF56DF197BA93E850E65509EB36E8 Governing Medical Knowledge Commons], Cambridge University Press.)
* 2017 Oct [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28779539 Effect of ES products from Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae) on experimentally induced colitis in adult zebrafish]
* 2017 Oct [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28970236 Cardioprotective manifestations of chronic helminth infections: new aspects of an old disease]
* 2017 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28196762/ Enteric helminth-induced type I interferon signaling protects against pulmonary virus infection through interaction with the microbiota] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485385/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485385/pdf/emss-79828.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Fall [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28948806 Toxocara spp. seronegativity in Czech patients with early form of multiple sclerosis - clinically isolated syndrome]
* 2017 Sep 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28960280 Functional specialization of intestinal dendritic cell subsets during Th2 helminth infection in mice]
* 2017 Sep 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28970717 Helminths as an alternative therapy for intestinal diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5597493/ Full text] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5597493/pdf/WJG-23-6009.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Sep 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28892562 Triggering immunological memory against the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta to protect against colitis] (HDC)
* 2017 Sep 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28892494 Infections by human gastrointestinal helminths are associated with changes in faecal microbiota diversity and composition] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593201/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593201/pdf/pone.0184719.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Aug 21 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28883695 Schistosoma japonicum attenuates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice via reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569284/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569284/pdf/WJG-23-5700.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Aug 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28815724 Secreted products of Fasciola hepatica inhibit the induction of T cell responses that mediate allergy]
* 2017 Aug 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28779539 Effect of ES-products from Anisakis (Nematoda: Anisakidae) on experimentally induced colitis in adult zebrafish]
* 2017 Aug 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28771620 A benign helminth alters the host immune system and the gut microbiota in a rat model system] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5542714/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5542714/pdf/pone.0182205.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2017 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28877578 Syphacia obvelata: A New Hope to Induction of Intestinal Immunological Tolerance in C57BL/6 Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5594727/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5594727/pdf/kjp-55-4-439.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jul 24 [http://trjfas.org/uploads/pdf_1183.pdf Role of Parasitic Helminths in Bioremediating Some Heavy Metal Accumulation in the Tissues of Lethrinus mahsena]
* ⚡ 2017 Jul 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335 Not infection with parasitic worms, but rather colonization with therapeutic helminths] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/1/10/Not_infection_with_parasitic_worms_but_rather_colonization_with_therapeutic_helminths.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jul 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28703913 A. suum infection modulates inflammation: implication of CD4+CD25hi Foxp3+ T cells and IL-10]
* 2017 Jul 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28689246 Parasites and asthma]
* 2017 Jun 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28659212 Helminth-induced apoptosis: a silent strategy for immunosuppression]
* 2017 Jun 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28664463 Therapeutic potential of helminths in autoimmune diseases: helminth-derived immune-regulators and immune balance]
* 2017 Jun 28 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28744067 Helminth Products Potently Modulate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Downregulating Neuroinflammation and Promoting a Suppressive Microenvironment] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5506484/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5506484/pdf/MI2017-8494572.pdf PDF] (Multiple Sclerosis)
* 2017 Jun 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28676845 Th2/1 Hybrid Cells Occurring in Murine and Human Strongyloidiasis Share Effector Functions of Th1 Cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5476698/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5476698/pdf/fcimb-07-00261.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jun 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28614408 Schistosoma japonicum infection downregulates house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0179565 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0179565&type=printable PDF] (Asthma)
* 2017 Jun 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28638627 Environmental factors influencing multiple sclerosis in Latin America] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5472234/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5472234/pdf/10.1177_2055217317715049.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jun 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28606411 Can Parasitic Worms Cure the Modern World's Ills?]
* 2017 Jun 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28602842 Immune responses and parasitological observations induced during probiotic treatment with medicinal Trichuris suis ova in a healthy volunteer] (TSO)
* 2017 Jun 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28492420 Helminthic Therapy: A New Era in Immune-Mediated Diseases] -- [http://journals.lww.com/jclinrheum/Citation/2017/06000/Helminthic_Therapy__A_New_Era_in_Immune_Mediated.19.aspx Full text] (Mixed connective tissue disease/MCTD, Raynaud phenomenon)
* 2017 May 16 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28526605 Microevolutionary response of a gut nematode to intestinal inflammation]
* 2017 May 12 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28494800 Somatic extracts of Marshallagia marshalli downregulate the Th2 associated immune responses in ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in BALB/c mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427607/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427607/pdf/13071_2017_Article_2159.pdf PDF] (Asthma)
* 2017 May 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28482922 Therapeutic effect of Schistosoma japonicum cystatin on bacterial sepsis in mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5422996/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5422996/pdf/13071_2017_Article_2162.pdf PDF]
* 2017 May 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472383 Effect of Anthelmintic Treatment on Insulin Resistance: A Cluster-Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial in Indonesia] (Diabetes)
* 2017 Apr 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28476343 Immune responses to fungal aeroallergen in Heligmosomoides polygyrus infected-mice vary by age]
* 2017 Apr 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28484453 Helminth Immunomodulation in Autoimmune Disease] -- [http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00453/full Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5401880/pdf/fimmu-08-00453.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Apr 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28450853 Micromanagement of Immune System: Role of miRNAs in Helminthic Infections] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390025/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390025/pdf/fmicb-08-00586.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Apr 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28390393 Regulatory monocytes in helminth infections: insights from the modulation during human hookworm infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385058/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385058/pdf/12879_2017_Article_2366.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Apr 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28385494 Schistosome-induced pulmonary B cells inhibit allergic airway inflammation and display a reduced Th2-driving function]
* 2017 Apr 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28204053 Whipping Crohn's With Helminth Therapies? Not Yet]
* 2017 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28031319 Apolipoprotein E4 is associated with improved cognitive function in Amazonian forager-horticulturalists with a high parasite burden] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5349792/ Full text]
* 2017 Mar 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28342137 Skewed Exposure to Environmental Antigens Complements Hygiene Hypothesis in Explaining the Rise of Allergy] -- [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10441-017-9306-7 Full text] | [http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/689/art%253A10.1007%252Fs10441-017-9306-7.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10441-017-9306-7&token2=exp=1490739158~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F689%2Fart%25253A10.1007%25252Fs10441-017-9306-7.pdf%3ForiginUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Farticle%252F10.1007%252Fs10441-017-9306-7*~hmac=9a64ec6d20433c8458c2148266ee7c346fa819eaa97422b8a79fccc79d005885 PDF]
* 2017 Mar 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28342825 Association between parasitic infections and tuberculin skin test results in refugees] (Tuberculosis)
* 2017 Mar 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28340138 A life without worms] -- [https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/trstmh/trx010 Full text]
* 2017 Mar 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28302598 Helminths in the gastrointestinal tract as modulators of immunity and pathology] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5495915/ Full text]
* 2017 Mar 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28295446 A recombinant cystatin from Ascaris lumbricoides attenuates inflammation of DSS-induced colitis]
* 2017 Mar 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28284979 Effect of polymorphisms on TGFB1 on allergic asthma and helminth infection in an African admixed population]
* 2017 Mar 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28271497 Chronic schistosomiasis during pregnancy epigenetically reprograms T cell differentiation in offspring of infected mothers] (Allergy)
* 2017 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28030334 Trichuris suis secrete products that reduce disease severity in a multiple sclerosis model] (TSO)
* 2017 Feb 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235148 Parasites, nutrition, immune responses, and biology of metabolic tissues]
* 2017 Feb 23 [[media:Parasites, ghosts and mutualists- a relational geography of microbes for global health.pdf | Parasites, ghosts and mutualists - a relational geography of microbes for global health]] (PDF) -- Jamie Lorimer, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Royal Geographical Society.
* 2017 Feb 21 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28224678 Microbiome, autoimmunity, allergy, and helminth infection: The importance of the pregnancy period]
* 2017 Feb 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28265273 New Data on Human Macrophages Polarization by Hymenolepis diminuta Tapeworm - An In Vitro Study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5316519/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5316519/pdf/fimmu-08-00148.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2017 Feb 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28201853 Antigenic cross-reactivity between Schistosoma mansoni and peanut: a role for cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) and implications for the hygiene hypothesis] (Allergy)
* 2017 Feb 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28192437 Species dependent impact of helminth-derived antigens on human macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Direct effect on the innate anti-mycobacterial response] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005390 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005390&type=printable PDF]
* 2017 Feb 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28191818 Changes in protein expression after treatment with Ancylostoma caninum excretory/secretory products in a mouse model of colitis] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep41883 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep41883 PDF]
* 2017 Feb 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28196762 Enteric helminth-induced type-I interferon signalling protects against pulmonary virus infection through interaction with the microbiota]
* 2017 Feb 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28178298 The impact of prenatal exposure to parasitic infections and to anthelmintic treatment on antibody responses to routine immunisations given in infancy: Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005213 Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5298230/pdf/pntd.0005213.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28094319 Helminth-induced Ly6Chi monocyte-derived alternatively activated macrophages suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep40814 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep40814 PDF]
* 2017 Jan 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28094779 Suppression of colitis by adoptive transfer of helminth antigen-treated dendritic cells requires interleukin-4 receptor-α signaling] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep40631 Full text] | [http://readcube.com/view/10.1038/srep40631 PDF]
* 2017 Jan 13 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28084120 Inflammatory arthritis and systemic bone loss are attenuated by gastrointestinal helminth parasites]
* 2017 Jan 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27665994 Regulation of type 2 diabetes by helminth-induced Th2 immune response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240765/pdf/jvms-77-1855.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28073356 Gut microbiota disturbance during helminth infection: can it affect cognition and behaviour of children?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5225537/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5225537/pdf/12879_2016_Article_2146.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066896 Parasite excretory-secretory products and their effects on metabolic syndrome]
* 2017 Jan 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28452686 Helminths and intestinal barrier function] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362995/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5362995/pdf/ktib-05-01-1283385.pdf PDF]
* 2017 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25919312 Downregulation of immune responses in asthmatic humans by ES products of Marshallagia marshalli]

=== 2016 ===

* 2016 Dec 23 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28009488 Chronic infections with viruses or parasites: breaking bad to make good]
* 2016 Dec 21 [https://www.nature.com/articles/540S103a Q&A: Joel Weinstock] in Nature
* 2016 Dec 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27977856 Nematodes and human therapeutic trials for inflammatory disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5580940/ Full text]
* 2016 Dec 14 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27978433 Exploiting Old Pathogens to Create New Therapeutics]
* 2016 Dec 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27929101 Hookworm infection] -- [https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/Hookworm.pdf?token=AWzMLBAlpXkIHpPpw3EdbRqiiT4JSi4ZoDqfcymC1Alc7o-QnI_R551leXxADrssmY6JUD-rmWi1TBK-U-oWnp-fb1Ykc7iXN1_ipiK-ZV-rkifcTolyviSZEt9QY13wjPqx_rtLRXrUUawrv52tyE5l PDF]
* 2016 Dec 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27925245 Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes]
* 2016 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28087937 Myeloid Cell Phenotypes in Susceptibility and Resistance to Helminth Parasite Infections]
* 2016 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30144791 Effect of Helminthic Infection on the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Mechanisms] (IBD)
* 2016 Nov 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883079 A parasite-derived 68-mer peptide ameliorates autoimmune disease in murine models of Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep37789 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep37789 PDF]
* 2016 Nov 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27872476 New insights into the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus] -- [https://sci-hub.wf/10.1038/nrrheum.2016.186 Full text]
* 2016 Nov 18 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27672083 Treatment with Cestode Parasite Antigens Results in Recruitment of CCR2+ Myeloid Cells, the Adoptive Transfer of Which Ameliorates Colitis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5116724/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5116724/pdf/zii3471.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2016 Nov 11 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27956844 Helminth infection during pregnancy: insights from evolutionary ecology]
* 2016 Nov 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27861815 Intestinal helminth infection induces highly functional resident memory CD4+ T cells in mice]
* 2016 Nov 10 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27862000 Immunomodulation by helminths: similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes?]
* 2016 Nov 9 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27827438 Changes in duodenal tissue-associated microbiota following hookworm infection and consecutive gluten challenges in humans with coeliac disease] -- [http://www.nature.com/articles/srep36797 Full text] | [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/srep36797 PDF]
* 2016 Nov 7 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27905107 Co-operative suppression of inflammatory responses in human dendritic cells by plant proanthocyanidins and products from the parasitic nematode Trichuris suis] (TSO)
* 2016 Nov 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27806992 The whipworm (Trichuris suis) secretes prostaglandin E2 to suppress proinflammatory properties in human dendritic cells] (TSO)
* 2016 Nov 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27802332 Anti-Arthritic Activity of Schistosoma mansoni and Trichinella spiralis Derived-Antigens in Adjuvant Arthritis in Rats: Role of FOXP3+ Treg Cells] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089557/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089557/pdf/pone.0165916.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27548652 Aberrant immune response with consequent vascular and connective tissue remodeling - causal to scleroderma and associated syndromes such as Raynaud phenomenon and other fibrosing syndromes?] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5114306/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5114306/pdf/nihms821879.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Oct 27 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27983971 Immune-protective effect of echinococcosis on colitis experimental model is dependent of down regulation of TNF-α and NO production]
* 2016 Oct 26 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27797959 Hookworm recombinant protein promotes regulatory T cell responses that suppress experimental asthma]
* 2016 Oct 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27791067 Community deworming alleviates geohelminth-induced immune hyporesponsiveness]
* 2016 Oct 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27743501 Mucosal and systemic immune modulation by Trichuris trichiura in a self-infected individual] -- [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/6/6a/Mucosal_and_systemic_immune_modulation_by_Trichuris_trichiura_in_a_self-infected_individual.pdf PDF] (TTO)
* 2016 Oct 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863931 The Multibiome: The Intestinal Ecosystem's Influence on Immune Homeostasis, Health, and Disease] -- [http://www.ebiomedicine.com/article/S2352-3964(16)30462-5/fulltext Full text] | [http://www.ebiomedicine.com/article/S2352-3964(16)30462-5/pdf PDF]
* 2016 Oct 5 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27707789 A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Trichuris suis ova in Active Crohn's disease] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5881737/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5881737/pdf/jjw184.pdf PDF] This trial employed a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
* 2016 Oct-Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28127363 Anti-inflammatory Potentials of Excretory/Secretory (ES) and Somatic Products of Marshallagia marshalli on Allergic Airway Inflammation in BALB/c Mice] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5251180/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5251180/pdf/IJPA-11-515.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Sept 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666719 Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: a critical role for helminths] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5101910/ Full text] | [http://emph.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/09/24/emph.eow028.full.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Sept 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27587063 Dendritic cells and parasites: from recognition and activation to immune response instruction]
* 2016 Aug 29 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27573628 Human Helminths and Allergic Disease: The Hygiene Hypothesis and Beyond]
* 2016 Aug 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27575495 Helminth Regulation of Immunity: A Three-pronged Approach to Treat Colitis] -- [https://tanawisa.com/publications/Helminth_Regulation_of_Immunity.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2016 Aug 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27596058 Do worms protect against the metabolic syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis] -- [http://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/fulltext Full text] [http://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(16)30437-5/pdf PDF] (Diabetes)
* 2016 Aug 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27560829 The Helminth-Derived Immunomodulator AvCystatin Reduces Virus Enhanced Inflammation by Induction of Regulatory IL-10+ T Cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4999285/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4999285/pdf/pone.0161885.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Aug 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27559049 Downregulation of the Syk Signaling Pathway in Intestinal Dendritic Cells Is Sufficient To Induce Dendritic Cells That Inhibit Colitis]
* 2016 Aug 20 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544668 Filarial Infection or Antigen Administration Improves Glucose Tolerance in Diet-Induced Obese Mice]
* 2016 Aug 12 [https://www.dovepress.com/experimental-human-hookworm-infection-therapeutic-potential-peer-reviewed-article-RIP Experimental human hookworm infection: therapeutic potential] -- [https://www.dovepress.com/experimental-human-hookworm-infection-therapeutic-potential-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RIP?utm_content=bufferc5704&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer Full text] | [https://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=31876 PDF](download)
* 2016 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27563682 3 Effects of Invariant NKT Cells on Parasite Infections and Hygiene Hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4987483/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4987483/pdf/JIR2016-2395645.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27116368 Macrobiota - helminths as active participants and partners of the microbiota in host intestinal homeostasis]
* 2016 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27480900 Role in Allergic Diseases of Immunological Cross-Reactivity between Allergens and Homologues of Parasite Proteins]
* 2016 Jul 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27476889 Regulation of the host immune system by helminth parasites] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010150/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010150/pdf/main.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27215921 Opening (and Swallowing) A Can of Worms to Treat My Crohn's Disease]
* 2016 Jun 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27348757 Molecular events by which dendritic cells promote Th2 immune protection in helminth infection]
* 2016 Jun 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27424065 Intestinal parasites infection: protective effect in rheumatoid arthritis?] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2255502116300426 Full text] | [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2255502116300426/pdfft?md5=4749d7bd9eac36329b3f1e5412ef2a28&pid=1-s2.0-S2255502116300426-main.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jun 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27344656 How the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta affects zinc and cadmium accumulation in a host fed a hyperaccumulating plant (Arabidopsis halleri)] (HDC)
* 2016 Jun 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26908751 Maternal Helminth Infection Is Associated With Higher Infant Immunoglobulin A Titers to Antigen in Orally Administered Vaccines]
* 2016 Jun 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27297236 Intimate gut interactions: helminths and the microbiota]
* 2016 Jun 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27297184 Host parasite communications-Messages from helminths for the immune system]
* 2016 Jun 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27278123 Experimental arthritis: Helminth infection ameliorates arthritis] (No abstract)
* 2016 Jun 8 [http://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-06-mice-infected-parasite-symptoms-rheumatoid.html Mice infected with a parasite show reduced symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis] -- Bob Yirka, Medical Xpress
* 2016 Jun 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27273006 Th2 and eosinophil responses suppress inflammatory arthritis] -- [http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160607/ncomms11596/full/ncomms11596.html Full text] | [http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160607/ncomms11596/pdf/ncomms11596.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jun 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27183598 Myeloid-Restricted AMPKα1 Promotes Host Immunity and Protects against IL-12/23p40-Dependent Lung Injury during Hookworm Infection]
* 2016 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27403907 Hygienic hypothesis in immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease] (IBD)
* ✅ ⚡ 2016 May 31 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27240605 Practices and outcomes of self-treatment with helminths based on physicians' observations] -- [[media:Practices_and_outcomes_of_self-treatment_with_helminths_based_on_physicians_observations.pdf | PDF]]. The first study to probe, through the eyes of their physicians, the practices and experiences of those who are self-treating with helminths.
* 2016 May 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27234811 Helminths and Intestinal Flora Team Up to Improve Gut Health]
* 2016 May 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27194189 The relationship between helminth infections and low haemoglobin levels in Ethiopian children with blood type A]
* 2016 May 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27160906 Lymphotoxin-Dependent B Cell-FRC Crosstalk Promotes De Novo Follicle Formation and Antibody Production following Intestinal Helminth Infection] -- [http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(16)30436-3 Full text] | [http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdf/S2211-1247(16)30436-3.pdf PDF]
* 2016 May 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27172808 Parasitic helminth infections and the control of human allergic and autoimmune disorders]
* 2016 May 5 [http://actu.epfl.ch/news/intestinal-worms-boost-immune-system-in-a-surprisi/ Intestinal worms boost immune system in a surprising way] -- Nik Papageorgiou, Mediacom
* 2016 May 1 [[media:Gut Buddies - Multispecies Studies and the Microbiome.pdf | Gut Buddies - Multispecies Studies and the Microbiome’]] (PDF) -- Jamie Lorimer, Duke University Press
* 2016 Apr 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27120222 Interaction between Helminths and Toll-Like Receptors: Possibilities and Potentials for Asthma Therapy]
* 2016 Apr 23 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27116368 Macrobiota - helminths as active participants and partners of the microbiota in host intestinal homeostasis]
* 2016 Apr 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27101372 Diplomatic Assistance: Can Helminth-Modulated Macrophages Act as Treatment for Inflammatory Disease?] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005480 Full text] | [http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/asset?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005480.PDF PDF]
* 2016 Apr 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27095802 Treatment with Trichuris suis soluble products during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation reduces inflammatory responses through epigenetic remodeling] (TSO)
* 2016 Apr 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27080105 Helminth infection promotes colonization resistance via type 2 immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4905769/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4905769/pdf/nihms790698.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Apr 14 [http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/04/parasitic-worms-may-prevent-crohn-s-disease-altering-bacterial-balance Parasitic worms may prevent Crohn’s disease by altering bacterial balance] -- Mitch Leslie, Science. (Also reported by Science Daily. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160414145513.htm])
* 2016 Apr 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27058578 Comprehensive Transcriptome Meta-analysis to Characterize Host Immune Responses in Helminth Infections] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004624 Full text]
* 2016 Apr 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27062712 Cellular gene expression induced by parasite antigens and allergens in neonates from parasite-infected mothers]
* 2016 Mar 29 [https://ucrtoday.ucr.edu/36044 To Keep or Not to Keep a Hookworm] -- Iqbal Pittalwala, UCR Today
* 2016 Mar 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26965184 Immune-regulatory mechanisms of classical and experimental multiple sclerosis drugs: a special focus on helminth-derived treatments]
* 2016 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26947981 Microbes and asthma: Opportunities for intervention]
* 2016 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27228627 Are Helminths to be Trusted as Allies in the War against Autoimmunity and Chronic Inflammation?] -- [http://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/193/96901.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26174763 The schistosome glutathione S-transferase P28GST, a unique helminth protein, prevents intestinal inflammation in experimental colitis through a Th2-type response with mucosal eosinophils] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4801903/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4801903/pdf/mi201562a.pdf PDF]
* 2016 (Mar?) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28008805 Eosinophils in Homeostasis and Their Contrasting Roles during Inflammation and Helminth Infections]
* 2016 Feb 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26852392 Malaria, helminths, co-infection and anaemia in a cohort of children from Mutengene, south western Cameroon] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744422/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744422/pdf/12936_2016_Article_1111.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan 21 [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10601333.2016.1210159 Policy and regulations in light of the human body as a ‘superorganism’ containing multiple, intertwined symbiotic relationships] | [[media:Policy and regulations in light of the human body as a ‘superorganism’ containing multiple, intertwined symbiotic relationships.pdf | PDF]]
* 2016 Jan 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26816384 Transkingdom control of viral infection and immunity in the mammalian intestine] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4751997/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4751997/pdf/nihms757312.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26763929 The parasitic worm-derived immunomodulator, ES-62 and its drug-like small molecule analogues exhibit therapeutic potential in a model of chronic asthma] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725896/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4725896/pdf/srep19224.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan 11 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26752538 The Role of Helminth Infection and Environment in the Development of Allergy: A Prospective Study of Newly-Arrived Ethiopian Immigrants in Israel] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004208 Full text]
* 2016 Jan 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26728323 Therapeutic potential of recombinant cystatin from Schistosoma japonicum in TNBS-induced experimental colitis of mice] - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700642/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700642/pdf/13071_2015_Article_1288.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26345715 Interactions between the intestinal microbiome and helminth parasites] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019230/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019230/pdf/PIM-38-5.pdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26577605 Mast cells: new therapeutic target in helminth immune modulation] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12295/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12295/epdf PDF]
* 2016 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26650734 Sweet secrets of a therapeutic worm: mass-spectrometric N-glycomic analysis of Trichuris suis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712359/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712359/pdf/emss-66410.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2016 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27592717 Enteric Ecosystem Disruption in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can the Microbiota and Macrobiota be Restored?]
* 2016 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27088850 A Helminth Protease Inhibitor Modulates the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Proinflammatory Phenotype of Microglia in vitro]

=== 2015 ===
* 2015 Dec 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26673140 Helminth Products Protect against Autoimmunity via Innate Type 2 Cytokines IL-5 and IL-33, Which Promote Eosinophilia]
* 2015 Dec 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26644379 Low-Dose Intestinal Trichuris muris Infection Alters the Lung Immune Microenvironment and Can Suppress Allergic Airway Inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730564/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730564/pdf/zii491.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26571397 Helminth-induced arginase-1 exacerbates lung inflammation and disease severity in tuberculosis]
* 2015 Nov 17 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26588776 Worming Their Way into the Picture: Microbiota Help Helminths Modulate Host Immunity]
* 2015 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26477048 Cohabitation in the Intestine: Interactions among Helminth Parasites, Bacterial Microbiota, and Host Immunity]
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26604162 Can Helminth Infection Reverse Microbial Dysbiosis?]
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26085597 Drug-like analogues of the parasitic worm-derived immunomodulator ES-62 are therapeutic in the MRL/Lpr model of systemic lupus erythematosus] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4616909/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4616909/pdf/10.1177_0961203315591031.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25698173 Trichuris suis ova therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis is safe but without signals of beneficial effect] This study used a treatment period of only 12 weeks, which is inadequate when assessing the efficacy of helminths, and it also used a novel TSO formulation with a pH of 5, when it is known that storage of TSO at a pH above 4 may impede its therapeutic effect in humans. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28720335] The conclusions drawn by the authors of this study about the efficacy of TSO are therefore not reliable.
* 2015 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26586763 Helminth infection, fecundity, and age of first pregnancy in women] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5953513/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5953513/pdf/nihms961168.pdf PDF] (Also see [[Helminthic therapy and fertility | '''Helminthic therapy and fertility''']].)
* 2015 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26332354 Adoptive transfer of helminth antigen-pulsed dendritic cells protects against the development of experimental colitis in mice] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eji.201545579 Full text] | [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eji.201545579 PDF] (HDC)
* 2015 Oct 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26522986 The Intestinal Microbiota Contributes to the Ability of Helminths to Modulate Allergic Inflammation] -- [http://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(15)00397-0 Full text] | [http://www.cell.com/immunity/pdf/S1074-7613(15)00397-0.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Oct 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25326880 Do We Need Worms to Promote Immune Health?]
* 2015 Sept 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26381211 Experimental hookworm infection and escalating gluten challenges are associated with increased microbial richness in celiac subjects] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4585380/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4585380/pdf/srep13797.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Sep 17 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26377648 Type 2 immunity-dependent reduction of segmented filamentous bacteria in mice infected with the helminthic parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574229/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574229/pdf/40168_2015_Article_103.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Sept 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26345715 The interaction of commensal intestinal bacteria with helminth parasites]
* 2015 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26093162 Effect of different helminth extracts on the development of asthma in mice: The influence of early-life exposure and the role of IL-10 response]
* 2015 Aug 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26150661 Interactions between multiple helminths and the gut microbiota in wild rodents] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4528493/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4528493/pdf/rstb20140295.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Aug 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26270819 Are Human Intestinal Eukaryotes Beneficial or Commensals?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4536199/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4536199/pdf/ppat.1005039.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Aug 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26248316 Asymptomatic Helminth Infection in Active Tuberculosis Is Associated with Increased Regulatory and Th-2 Responses and a Lower Sputum Smear Positivity] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4527760/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4527760/pdf/pntd.0003994.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Aug 5 [http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2015/08/tapeworms-may-be-good-your-brain Tapeworms may be good for your brain] Hanae Armitage, Science
* 2015 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26672222 The Role of Adoptive Transfer of Immune Cells in Helminth- induced Regulation of Allergy and Autoimmune Diseases]
* 2015 Jul 27 The hygiene hypothesis: current perspectives and future therapies -- [https://www.dovepress.com/the-hygiene-hypothesis-current-perspectives-and-future-therapies-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-ITT Full text] has a PDF download link.
* 2015 Jul 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26205402 Trichuris suis induces human non-classical patrolling monocytes via the mannose receptor and PKC: implications for multiple sclerosis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4513676/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4513676/pdf/40478_2015_Article_223.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2015 Jul 20 [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150720145207.htm Gut worms protect babies' brains from inflammation] Science Daily
* 2015 Jul 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26188364 Enteric nematodes and the path to up-regulation of type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13] (Includes mention of increased cell turnover to maintain an effective gut barrier in the presence of helminths.)
* 2015 Jul 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26162711 Got Worms? Perinatal Exposure to Helminths Prevents Persistent Immune Sensitization and Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Early-Life Infection]
* 2015 Jul 6 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26148848 Epigenetic Modulation of Microglial Inflammatory Gene Loci in Helminth-Induced Immune Suppression: Implications for Immune Regulation in Neurocysticercosis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4552224/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4552224/pdf/10.1177_1759091415592126.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jul 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26150662 Suppression of inflammation by helminths: a role for the gut microbiota?] -- [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1675/20140296 Full text] | [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/370/1675/20140296.full.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jul 3 [http://evmedreview.com/?p=2767%23_ENREF_4 Progress on reconstituting the depleted biome to prevent immune disorders] Parker and Morey, The Evolution and Medicine Review
* 2015 Jul 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26207885 Helminth therapy for organic diseases?]
* 2015 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26380461 Of worms and men - administration of helminth products as an innovative approach to treatment of autoimmune diseases]
* 2015 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26393130 Significance of Diagnosing Parasitic Infestation in Evaluation of Unexplained Eosinophilia] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572961/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572961/pdf/jcdr-9-DC22.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25852044 Chronic helminth infection and helminth-derived egg antigens promote adipose tissue M2 macrophages and improve insulin sensitivity in obese mice]
* 2015 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809087 The potential long-term effect of previous schistosome infection reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome among Chinese men]
* 2015 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26145982 The allergy epidemics: 1870-2010] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617537/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617537/pdf/nihms697397.pdf PDF] This historical analysis of the allergy epidemic highlights the role of helminth control as one of the explanations for the trends from 1870 to 2010.
* 2015 Jun 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26139475 Atopy and Asthma in Migrants: The Function of Parasites]
* 2015 Jun 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119261 Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes]
* 2015 Jun 22 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26098783 Prevention of Type 1 diabetes through parasite infection]
* 2015 Jun 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061042 Infection with Soil-Transmitted Helminths Is Associated with Increased Insulin Sensitivity] -- [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0127746 Full text] | [http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127746&representation=PDF PDF]
* 2015 Jun 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26142923 The gut microbiome in the helminth infected host]
* 2015 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25600983 Clinical trials of helminth therapy in autoimmune diseases: rationale and findings]
* 2015 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25975491 Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with a synthetic analogue of a parasitic worm product prevents experimental arthritis and inhibits IL-1β production via NRF2-mediated counter-regulation of the inflammasome] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459730/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459730/pdf/main.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25854639 Identifying the immunomodulatory components of helminths]
* 2015 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25869420 Helminths and the microbiota: parts of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428757/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428757/pdf/nihms684423.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26057788 The structure of hookworm platelet inhibitor (HPI), a CAP superfamily member from Ancylostoma caninum] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4461323/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4461323/pdf/f-71-00643.pdf PDF]
* 2015 May 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25996526 Trichuris suis soluble products induce Rab7b expression and limit TLR4 responses in human dendritic cells] (TSO)
* 2015 May 20 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25989836 Immune responses in children infected with the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis in central Greece]
* 2015 May 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25991556 A worm of one's own: how helminths modulate host adipose tissue function and metabolism] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4567404/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4567404/pdf/nihms684209.pdf PDF]
* 2015 May 11 [https://www.facebook.com/tanawisa/posts/746878402097165 Comments on TSO for Autism from a European Biomedical Center for Autism Research]
* 2015 May 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25403350 Not all parasites are protective] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12160/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pim.12160/epdf PDF]
* 2015 May 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25956237 Approaches to studying and manipulating the enteric microbiome to improve autism symptoms] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425814/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425814/pdf/MEHD-26-26878.pdf PDF]
* 2015 May 5 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25942385 Alteration of the rat cecal microbiome during colonization with the helminth Hymenolepis dimunita] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/pdf/kgmi-06-03-1047128.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2015 May 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25938477 Chronic Trichuris muris Infection in C57BL/6 Mice Causes Significant Changes in Host Microbiota and Metabolome: Effects Reversed by Pathogen Clearance] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418675/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418675/pdf/pone.0125945.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 28 [http://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v11/n6/full/nrendo.2015.68.html Helminths improve insulin sensitivity and enhance M2 macrophage numbers in WAT of obese mice] (No abstract)
* 2015 Apr 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25941654 Type 1 diabetes pathogenesis - Prevention???] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4413393/ Full text]
* ✅⚡2015 Apr 18 [[media:Overcoming_Evolutionary_Mismatch_by_Self-Treatment_with_Helminths.pdf | Overcoming Evolutionary Mismatch by Self-Treatment with Helminths: Current Practices and Experience]] (PDF) This was the first study to probe the methods and outcomes reported by individuals self-treating with helminths.
* 2015 Apr 17 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26040054 Helminths and autoimmunity: the good, the bad and the ugly] -- [https://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/142/71371.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25879741 Unraveling the Hygiene Hypothesis of helminthes and autoimmunity: origins, pathophysiology, and clinical applications] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4396177/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4396177/pdf/12916_2015_Article_306.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25869420 Helminths and the microbiota: parts of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Png_Loke/publication/274965905_Helminths_and_the_microbiota_parts_of_the_hygiene_hypothesis/links/55898a6308ae9076016f9ad9.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25853852 Increased Biodiversity in the Environment Improves the Humoral Response of Rats] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4390306/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4390306/pdf/pone.0120255.pdf PDF] (Also reported by Science Daily. [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150408145242.htm])
* 2015 Apr 6 The Hygiene Hypothesis - Redefine, Rename, or Just Clean It Up? -- [http://www.paediatrix.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/The-Hygiene-Hypothesis-Redefine-Rename-or-Just-Clean-It-Up.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25665856/ Biome depletion in conjunction with evolutionary mismatches could play a role in the etiology of neurofibromatosis 1]
* 2015 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25546822 The parasitic worm product ES-62 targets myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent effector mechanisms to suppress antinuclear antibody production and proteinuria in MRL/lpr mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409857/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409857/pdf/art0067-1023.pdf PDF] (A worm-derived immunomodulator protects against kidney damage in lupus/SLE)
* 2015 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25712154 Exosome-transported microRNAs of helminth origin: new tools for allergic and autoimmune diseases therapy?]
* 2015 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25801883 From the worm to the pill, the parasitic worm product ES-62 raises new horizons in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://lup.sagepub.com/content/24/4-5/400.full Full text] | [http://lup.sagepub.com/content/24/4-5/400.full.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25683374 Potential long-term effects of previous schistosome infection may reduce the atherogenic index of plasma in Chinese men]
* 2015 Mar 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25884706 Human helminth therapy to treat inflammatory disorders - where do we stand?] -- [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/16/12 Full text] | [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/s12865-015-0074-3.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Mar 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25806513 Immune Antibodies and Helminth Products Drive CXCR2-Dependent Macrophage-Myofibroblast Crosstalk to Promote Intestinal Repair] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373753/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373753/pdf/ppat.1004778.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25624401 Epidemiological study of the association between malaria and helminth infections in Nigeria] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350553/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350553/pdf/tropmed-92-578.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656764 Does Strongyloides stercoralis infection protect against type 2 diabetes in humans? Evidence from Australian Aboriginal adults]
* 2015 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25666929 The immunomodulatory parasitic worm product ES-62 reduces lupus-associated accelerated atherosclerosis in a mouse model] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4355381/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4355381/pdf/nihms662074.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Spring. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25926937 The relationship between intestinal parasites and some immune-mediated intestinal conditions] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4403024/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4403024/pdf/GHFBB-8-123.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26312872 A role for helminth parasites in achieving immunological tolerance in transplantation]
* 2015 Feb 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25888525 Helminth infections and type 2 diabetes: a cluster-randomized placebo controlled SUGARSPIN trial in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4389675/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4389675/pdf/12879_2015_Article_873.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067 A novel regulatory macrophage induced by a helminth molecule protects against mucosal inflammation and mitigates allergic airway inflammation and colitis in mice]
* 2015 Feb 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589067 A novel regulatory macrophage induced by a helminth molecule instructs IL-10 in CD4+ T cells and protects against mucosal inflammation] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/4/1555.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/4/1555.full.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25527786 Intestinal helminths regulate lethal acute graft-versus-host disease and preserve the graft-versustumor effect in mice] (Helminths improve the outcome of bone marrow transplantation in mice)
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25547076 Helminthes and insects: maladies or therapies]
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25248819 Experimental hookworm infection and gluten microchallenge promote tolerance in celiac disease] -- [http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)01010-0/fulltext Full text] | [http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)01010-0/pdf PDF] (Also reported by EurekAlert [https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-09/jcu-aws092414.php] and ABC Austrailia. [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-25/hookworms-coeliac-disease-research/5768732])
* 2015 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25174866 Worms as therapeutic agents for allergy and asthma: understanding why benefits in animal studies have not translated into clinical success] -- [https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2814%2900960-9/fulltext Full text] | [https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(14)00960-9/pdf PDF]
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25459578 Potential Treatments for Food Allergy]
* 2015 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449677 The mechanisms behind helminth's immunomodulation in autoimmunity]
* 2015 Jan 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25634608 A model for the induction of autism in the ecosystem of the human body: the anatomy of a modern pandemic?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310853/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310853/pdf/MEHD-26-26253.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jan 22 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25611587 Chronic filarial infection provides protection against bacterial sepsis by functionally reprogramming macrophages] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303312/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303312/pdf/ppat.1004616.pdf PDF]
* 2015 Jan 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25452561 Splenic B cells from Hymenolepis diminuta-infected mice ameliorate colitis independent of T cells and via cooperation with macrophages] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/194/1/364.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/jimmunol/194/1/364.full.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2015 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25437821 Treatment with egg antigens of Schistosoma mansoni ameliorates experimental colitis in mice through a colonic T-cell-dependent mechanism]
* 2015 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26046559 Multiple sclerosis and environmental factors: the role of vitamin D, parasites, and Epstein-Barr virus infection]
* 2015 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25942385 Alteration of the rat cecal microbiome during colonization with the helminth Hymenolepis diminuta] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615828/pdf/kgmi-06-03-1047128.pdf PDF] (HDC)

=== 2014 ===
* 2014 Dec 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25472634 Helminth Therapy for MS] (multiple sclerosis)
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24975567 Reduced asthma morbidity in endemic areas for helminth infections: a longitudinal ecological study in Brazil]
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25441298 In utero priming by worms protects against respiratory allergies]
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25554978 The emerging role of helminths in treatment of the inflammatory bowel disorders] -- [http://www.jpp.krakow.pl/journal/archive/12_14/pdf/741_12_14_article.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042744 Maternal immune response to helminth infection during pregnancy determines offspring susceptibility to allergic airway inflammation]
* 2014 Winter [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25436093 Potential treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a review of helminths therapy] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017549/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017549/pdf/GHFBB-7-009.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Nov 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25375117 Coincident helminth infection modulates systemic inflammation and immune activation in active pulmonary tuberculosis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222842/pdf/pntd.0003289.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24795483 Impact of experimental hookworm infection on the human gut microbiota] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195438/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195438/pdf/jiu256.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25069662?dopt=Abstract Therapeutic potential of larval excretory/secretory proteins of the pig whipworm Trichuris suis in allergic disease] (TSO)
* 2014 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24981042 Helminth therapy or elimination: epidemiological, immunological, and clinical considerations]
* 2014 Oct 20 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25368615 Priming dendritic cells for th2 polarization: lessons learned from helminths and implications for metabolic disorders] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202775/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202775/pdf/fimmu-05-00499.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Oct 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24782451 Suppression of basophil histamine release and other IgE-dependent responses in childhood Schistosoma mansoni/hookworm coinfection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176447/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176447/pdf/jiu234.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Oct 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25240019 Helminth infections decrease host susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244645/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244645/pdf/nihms616872.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Oct Treating Inflammatory Bowel disease: from Helminths to ova -- [http://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/95/47594.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25281198 Allergy and worms: let's bring back old friends]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24901211 The microbiota and helminths: sharing the same niche in the human host]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25201407 Mucosal immune responses following intestinal nematode infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312905/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312905/pdf/pim0036-0439.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24891519 Kv1.3 channel-blocking immunomodulatory peptides from parasitic worms: implications for autoimmune diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4139903/ Full text] | [http://www.fasebj.org/content/28/9/3952.full.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24496315 Blockade of IL-33 release and suppression of type 2 innate lymphoid cell responses by helminth secreted products in airway allergy] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4016792/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4016792/pdf/mi2013123a.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Aug 28 Parasitic infection and immunomodulation: A possible explanation for the hygiene hypothesis in autoimmune and allergic disease -- [http://www.slideshare.net/Apollo_Hospitals/final-8-38449965 Full text]
* 2014 Aug 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25161287 The "hygiene hypothesis" for allergic disease is a misnomer] (No abstract)
* 2014 Aug 24 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25210492 Extraintestinal helminth infection reduces the development of colitis-associated tumorigenesis] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159685/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159685/pdf/ijbsv10p0948.pdf PDF] (IBD) (Cancer)
* 2014 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25171741 Maternal hookworm modifies risk factors for childhood eczema: results from a birth cohort in Uganda] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312885/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312885/pdf/pai0025-0481.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24471654 Pregnancy and helminth infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260141/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260141/pdf/pim0036-0328.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25033775 (Self-) infections with parasites: re-interpretations for the present] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263892316_Self-_infections_with_parasites_Re-interpretations_for_the_present Full text]
* 2014 Jul 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24992724 Helminth infections, type-2 immune response, and metabolic syndrome] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081794/pdf/ppat.1004140.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24666108 Lessons from helminth infections: ES-62 highlights new interventional approaches in rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089150/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089150/pdf/cei0177-0013.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736234 Systemic impact of intestinal helminth infections] -- [http://www.nature.com/mi/journal/v7/n4/pdf/mi201423a.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24749722 Helminths in the hygiene hypothesis: sooner or later?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089153/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089153/pdf/cei0177-0038.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24401109 Microbial 'old friends', immunoregulation and socioeconomic status] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089149/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089149/pdf/cei0177-0001.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24704440 Secretory products of helminth parasites as immunomodulators]
* 2014 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24497523 ES-62 protects against collagen-induced arthritis by resetting interleukin-22 toward resolution of inflammation in the joints] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737104/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737104/pdf/ART-66-1492.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24744099 Helminth/Parasite treatment of multiple sclerosis]
* 2014 May 22 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24851867 Helminth colonization is associated with increased diversity of the gut microbiota] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031128/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4031128/pdf/pntd.0002880.pdf PDF]
* 2014 May 8 [http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=geography_etds The human–hookworm assemblage: contingency and the practice of helminthic therapy] Sophia Ann Strosberg, PhD thesis
* 2014 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24712468 Induction of regulatory cells by helminth parasites: exploitation for the treatment of inflammatory diseases]
* 2014 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24325393 Parasitic worms and allergies in childhood: insights from population studies 2008-2013]
* 2014 Apr 29 [http://www.neurology.org/content/82/10_Supplement/P3.149 Clinical Trial of Helminth-induced Immunomodulatory Therapy (HINT 2) in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (P3.149)] (TSO)
* 2014 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24441737 Genome of the human hookworm Necator americanus] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978129/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978129/pdf/nihms-551116.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2014 Mar [http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=43790 Intestinal Helminthic Infection Increases Serum Levels of IL-2 and Decreases Serum TGF-Beta Levels in Nigerian Asthmatic Patients] -- [http://file.scirp.org/Html/1-1410098_43790.htm Full text] | [http://file.scirp.org/pdf/OJI_2014031415322712.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Feb 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24592267 Helminth Allergens, Parasite-Specific IgE, and Its Protective Role in Human Immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924148/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924148/pdf/fimmu-05-00061.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24355423 A multimodal Darwinian strategy for alleviating the atherosclerosis pandemic]
* 2014 Jan 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24466007 Secreted proteins from the helminth Fasciola hepatica inhibit the initiation of autoreactive T cell responses and prevent diabetes in the NOD mouse] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897667/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897667/pdf/pone.0086289.pdf PDF]
* 2014 Jan 20 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24442917 Helminth therapy (worms) for induction of remission in inflammatory bowel disease] -- [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009400.pub2/full Full text] | [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009400.pub2/epdf/full PDF] (IBD)
* 2014 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24043262 Reprogramming macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype by helminth antigens reduces murine atherosclerosis] -- [http://www.fasebj.org/content/28/1/288.long Full text] | [http://www.fasebj.org/content/28/1/288.full.pdf PDF]
* 2014 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24997041 Microbiota, immunoregulatory old friends and psychiatric disorders]
* 2014 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25654942 Of poops and parasites: unethical FDA overregulation]

=== 2013 ===
* 2013 Dec 19 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24351232 Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) in multiple sclerosis patients with Trichuris suis ova therapy] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3866952/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3866952/pdf/parasite-20-55.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2013 Dec 12 [http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2013/12/12/596603/10061345/en/Coronado-Biosciences-Announces-Presentation-of-Interim-Data-From-Autism-Study-at-Neuropsychopharmacology-Meeting.html Presentation of Interim Data From Autism Study at Neuropsychopharmacology Meeting]
* 2013 Nov 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24154724 Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: an ecosystem service essential to health] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3831972/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3831972/pdf/pnas.201313731.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929557 Helminths and their implication in sepsis - a new branch of their immunomodulatory behaviour?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4285315/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4285315/pdf/fim0069-0127.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Oct 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23975865 Parasite infections in multiple sclerosis modulate immune responses through a retinoic acid-dependent pathway] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/191/7/3827.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/191/7/3827.full.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23325330 The hygiene theory harnessing helminths and their ova to treat autoimmunity]
* 2013 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23968688 Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection reduces severity of type 1 diabetes induced by multiple low-dose streptozotocin in mice via STAT6- and IL-10-independent mechanisms]
* 2013 Sept [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23792298 Chronic Opisthorchis felineus infection attenuates atherosclerosis – an autopsy study]
* 2013 Aug 29 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985691 Effect of nematode Trichinella infection on glucose tolerance and status of macrophage in obese mice] -- [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/endocrj/60/11/60_EJ13-0312/_pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug 29 [http://www.news.ucsb.edu/2013/013611/dueling-infections-one-keeps-other-bay-say-ucsb-anthropologists Dueling Infections: One Keeps the Other at Bay, Say UCSB Anthropologists] Andrea Estrada, The Current, University of California, Santa Barbara
* 2013 Aug 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23986108 Antagonism between two intestinal parasites in humans: the importance of co-infection for infection risk and recovery dynamics] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768312/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768312/pdf/rspb20131671.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug 20 Parasitic Helminths: A Useful Resource for Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disease Therapy -- [http://www.omicsonline.org/parasitic-helminths-a-useful-resource-for-inflammatory-and-autoimmune-disease-therapy-1948-593X.1000084.php?aid=16479 Full text] | [http://www.omicsonline.org/parasitic-helminths-a-useful-resource-for-inflammatory-and-autoimmune-disease-therapy-1948-593X.1000084.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23967364 Schistosoma mansoni-mediated suppression of allergic airway inflammation requires patency and Foxp3+ Treg cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744427/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744427/pdf/pntd.0002379.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23730956 Randomised clinical trial: the safety and tolerability of Trichuris suis ova in patients with Crohn's disease] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apt.12366/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apt.12366/epdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2013 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23827958 Type 2 immunity and wound healing: evolutionary refinement of adaptive immunity by helminths] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789590/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789590/pdf/nihms516840.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23597946 Possible use of Trichuris suis ova in autism spectrum disorders therapy] (TSO)
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23273955 Coassociations between IL10 polymorphisms, IL-10 production, helminth infection, and asthma/ wheeze in an urban tropical population in Brazil]
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23545299 Hookworm excretory/secretory products induce interleukin-4 (IL-4)+ IL-10+ CD4+ T cell responses and suppress pathology in a mouse model of colitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676036/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676036/pdf/zii2104.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509143 Parasitic nematode-induced modulation of body weight and associated metabolic dysfunction in mouse models of obesity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676010/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3676010/pdf/zii1905.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523576 Previous contact with Strongyloides venezuelensis contributed to prevent insulitis in MLD-STZ diabetes] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014489413000775 Full text] (includes a PDF download link)
* 2013 April 25 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23782752 Trichuris suis ova in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome (TRIOMS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680966/ Full text] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680966/pdf/1745-6215-14-112.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2013 Apr 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23566643 The development of TH2 responses from infancy to 4 years of age and atopic sensitization in areas endemic for helminth infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3635885/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3635885/pdf/1710-1492-9-13.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23220043/ Trichuris suis-induced modulation of human dendritic cell function is glycan-mediated] -- [https://tanawisa.com/downloads/Trichuris_suis-induced_modulation_of_human_dendritic_cell_function_is_glycan-mediated.pdf Full text]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23178750 A role for IL-22 in the relationship between intestinal helminths, gut microbiota and mucosal immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955947/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955947/pdf/nihms423088.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291460 Changed gluten immunity in celiac disease by Necator americanus provides new insights into autoimmunity] (NA)
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291461 The helminth product, ES-62, protects against airway inflammation by resetting the Th cell phenotype] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584281/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584281/pdf/main.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23174104 A nematode immunomodulator suppresses grass pollen-specific allergic responses by controlling excessive Th2 inflammation]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23298637 Helminth therapy and multiple sclerosis] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751912003153 Full text]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23380935 Childhood helminth exposure is protective against inflammatory bowel disease: a case control study in South Africa] (IBD)
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806101 Prevention of type 1 diabetes through infection with an intestinal nematode parasite requires IL-10 in the absence of a Th2-type response]
* 2013 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291464 Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D)]
* 2013 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23291462/ Prerequisites for the pharmaceutical industry to develop and commercialise helminths and helminth-derived product therapy]
* 2013 Mar [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23178819/ Translatability of helminth therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683647/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683647/pdf/nihms423391.pdf PDF]
* 2013 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275524 Association of previous schistosome infection with diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in rural China]
* 2013 Jan-Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23406942 Evolutionary immune response to conserved domains in parasites and aeroallergens]
* ✅ 2013 Jan 10 [[media:Patients_self-treat_with_parasitic_worms_-_Flowers_et_al.pdf | Patients self-treat with parasitic worms.]] In this letter to the journal, Nature, two researchers called on the scientific community to adopt a different approach to helminth therapeutics that would recognise and utilise the insights and evidence being gained by patients self-treating with helminths.
* 2013 Jan 8 [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130108112451.htm Parasitic worms may help treat diseases associated with obesity Science Daily]
* 2013 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23302848 Autoimmune disease: Patients self-treat with parasitic worms] (Comment on [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23135449 Autoimmunity: The worm returns].)
* 2013 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481186 Microbial 'Old Friends', immunoregulation and stress resilience] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868387/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868387/pdf/eot004.pdf PDF]
* ⚡ 2013 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481190 Evolutionary biology and anthropology suggest biome reconstitution as a necessary approach toward dealing with immune disorders] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868394/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868394/pdf/eot008.pdf PDF] This paper explains how the modern pandemics of autoimmune, inflammatory and allergic disease are due to the loss of species, especially helminths, from the human ecosystem.
* 2013 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23278885 Protection against allergic airway inflammation during the chronic and acute phases of Trichinella spiralis infection]
* 2013 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23365679 Relationship between carotid intima media thickness and helminth infections on Flores Island, Indonesia] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554693/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554693/pdf/pone.0054855.pdf PDF] (atherosclerosis / cholesterol)
* 2013 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23637593 Immune regulation during helminth infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630086/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630086/pdf/ppat.1003250.pdf PDF]

=== 2012 ===
* 2012 Winter [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23804266 Helminth infection and type 1 diabetes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740696/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740696/pdf/RevDiabeticStud-09-272.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Dec 5 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23220091 The hookworm pharmacopoeia for inflammatory diseases] -- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751912003062 Full text]
* 2012 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23593834 Anti-atherogenic effect and its mechanisms of soluble egg antigen of Schistosomia japonicum in ApoE-/- mice (atherosclerosis)]
* 2012 Nov 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166490 Therapeutic helminth infection of macaques with idiopathic chronic diarrhea alters the inflammatory signature and mucosal microbiota of the colon] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499566/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499566/pdf/ppat.1003000.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Nov 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23221477 How helminths use excretory secretory fractions to modulate dendritic cells] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3545949/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3545949/pdf/viru-3-668.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Nov 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23135449 Autoimmunity: The worm returns] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744107/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744107/pdf/nihms-492926.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Nov 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23129304 Helminth infection in populations undergoing epidemiological transition: a friend or foe?] -- [http://staff.ui.ac.id/system/files/users/aprilianto.eddy/publication/wiria2012helminthinpopulationsundergoingepidemiologicaltransition.pdf Author’s personal full text copy]
* 2012 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23079675 Where are we on worms?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744105/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744105/pdf/nihms492925.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23034321/ Helminth Infections and Host Immune Regulation] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485755/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485755/pdf/zcm585.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22086188 Nematode modulation of inflammatory bowel disease] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459088/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459088/pdf/709_2011_Article_342.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2012 Oct [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22886766 Worming their way into the pharmacy: use of worms and worm products to treat inflammatory diseases] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/art.34635 PDF]
* 2012 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22898371 Heligmosomoides polygyrus: EAE remission is correlated with different systemic cytokine profiles provoked by L4 and adult nematodes] (Multiple sclerosis)
* 2012 Sept 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22729944 The parasitic helminth product ES-62 suppresses pathogenesis in collagen-induced arthritis by targeting the interleukin-17-producing cellular network at multiple sites] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.34581/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.34581/epdf PDF]
* 2012 Sept 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23021370 Advances in immunotherapy for food allergy] -- [http://www.discoverymedicine.com/Yamini-V-Virkud/2012/09/21/advances-in-immunotherapy-for-food-allergy/ Full text] Yamini Virkud and Brian Vickery, Discovery Magazine
* 2012 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21838960 Immune monitoring of Trichuris suis egg therapy in multiple sclerosis patients] (TSO in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS))
* 2012 Sept The Hygiene Hypothesis and its implications for home hygiene, lifestyle and public health -- [http://www.naturaleater.com/science-articles/Hygiene-old-friends-ISFHH-2012.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Aug 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22937527 Does helminth activation of toll-like receptors modulate immune response in multiple sclerosis patients?] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426839/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426839/pdf/fcimb-02-00112.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22742834 Trichuris suis ova: testing a helminth-based therapy as an extension of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [https://web.archive.org/web/20210921041516/https://parasitology.cvm.ncsu.edu/vmp930/supplement/trichuris_treatment_allergies.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2012 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22608572 Helminth infection is associated with decreased basophil responsiveness in human beings] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387338/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387338/pdf/nihms372243.pdf PDF]
* ⚡ 2012 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22612580 A prescription for clinical immunology: the pills are available and ready for testing. A review] | [[media:A_prescription_for_clinical_immunology-_the_pills_are_available_and_ready_for_testing._A_review.pdf | PDF]]

* 2012 Jun 26 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928103 Is autism a member of a family of diseases resulting from genetic/cultural mismatches? Implications for treatment and prevention] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420574/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420574/pdf/AURT2012-910946.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22482518 Soluble helminth products suppress clinical signs in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and differentially modulate human dendritic cell activation]
* 2012 May 28 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464690 Helminthic therapy: improving mucosal barrier function] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015520/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015520/pdf/nihms545476.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Apr 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513973 Helminth therapy (worms) for allergic rhinitis] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashley_Croft/publication/224708548_Helminth_therapy_(worms)_for_allergic_rhinitis/links/09e4150b0b21ddf09b000000.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22168433 Parasitic worm therapy for allergy: is this incongruous or avant-garde medicine?]
* 2012 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22360486 Granulocytes in helminth infection -- who is calling the shots?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394172/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394172/pdf/CMC-19-1567.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Mar 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22398631 Atopy is inversely related to schistosome infection intensity: a comparative study in Zimbabwean villages with distinct levels of Schistosoma haematobium infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3398828/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3398828/pdf/iaa-0158-0288.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214332 Schistosoma mansoni antigens as modulators of the allergic inflammatory response in asthma]
* 2012 Feb 1 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22566894/ TLRs, Treg, and B Cells, an Interplay of Regulation during Helminth Infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342019/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342019/pdf/fimmu-03-00008.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355800 The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281594/pdf/cshperspectmed-DIA-a007799.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22346753 Characterising the mucosal and systemic immune responses to experimental human hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276555/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276555/pdf/ppat.1002520.pdf PDF]
* 2012 Feb [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245779 An essential role for the Th2-type response in limiting tissue damage during helminth infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3274634/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3274634/pdf/nihms341991.pdf PDF] (Wound healing)
* ⚡ 2012 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22239614 Helminth-host immunological interactions: prevention and control of immune-mediated diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744090/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744090/pdf/nihms492922.pdf PDF] Summarises the science underpinning helminthic therapy.
* 2012 Jan [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21983081/ Helminth infection does not reduce risk for chronic inflammatory disease in a population-based cohort study] (There are several critical weaknesses in this study, the data from which do not support the authors' broad conclusion that helminthic colonization does not reduce the risk for various immune-mediated diseases. See a rebuttal of this research by the late Joel Weinstock [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4129650/ here].)
* 2012 Jan [http://www.asmscience.org/content/journal/microbe/10.1128/microbe.7.173.1 A Darwinian View of the Hygiene or “Old Friends” Hypothesis] Graham A. W. Rook, Microbe Magazine
* 2012 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22848374 Helminth antigens enable CpG-activated dendritic cells to inhibit the symptoms of collagen-induced arthritis through Foxp3+ regulatory T cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405066/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405066/pdf/pone.0040356.pdf PDF]
* 2012 [http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12411/ Asthma and allergic disease: their relation with Necator americanus and other helminth infections] Johanna Feary, PhD Thesis -- [http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12411/1/JRF_Thesis_appendix_A_removed.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2012 [https://webshares.northseattle.edu/jgward/Microbe%20paper.pdf A Darwinian View of the Hygiene or “Old Friends” Hypothesis] (PDF)

=== 2011 ===
* 2011 Nov 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22147983 Schistosoma japonicum ova maintains epithelial barrier function during experimental colitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3229631/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3229631/pdf/WJG-17-4810.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21290484 Hookworm products ameliorate dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in BALB/c mice]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980148 The impact of environmental infections (parasites) on MS activity] (multiple sclerosis)
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21741180 Reconstitution of the human biome as the most reasonable solution for epidemics of allergic and autoimmune diseases] | [[media:Reconstitution_of_the_human_biome_as_the_most_reasonable_solution_for_epidemics_of_allergic_and_autoimmune_diseases.pdf | PDF]]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810307 Treatment with anthelminthics during pregnancy: what gains and what risks for the mother and child?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178871/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178871/pdf/S0031182011001053a.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21831135 Effects of Helicobacter pylori, geohelminth infection and selected commensal bacteria on the risk of allergic disease and sensitization in 3-year-old Ethiopian children]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21684587 Regulatory B-cell induction by helminths: implications for allergic disease]
* 2011 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21848628 Exposure to hookworms in patients with Crohn's disease: a case-control study] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04824.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04824.x/epdf PDF]
* 2011 Sept 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21943110 Toll-like receptor activation by helminths or helminth products to alleviate inflammatory bowel disease] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199248/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199248/pdf/1756-3305-4-186.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2011 Sept 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21949691 Suppression of inflammatory immune responses in celiac disease by experimental hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174943/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174943/pdf/pone.0024092.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072824 Parasitic helminth cystatin inhibits DSS-induced intestinal inflammation via IL-10(+)F4/80(+) macrophage recruitment] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210841/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210841/pdf/kjp-49-245.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Aug 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21858123 Impact of Schistosoma japonicum infection on collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice: a murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/pdf/pone.0023453.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Aug 2 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21829616 Symptoms after Ingestion of Pig Whipworm Trichuris suis Eggs in a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149054/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149054/pdf/pone.0022346.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 Jul 25 The neuroimmunoendocrine network during worm helminth infections -- [http://www.isj.unimo.it/articoli/ISJ242.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Jul 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21785696 Parasites or cohabitants: cruel omnipresent usurpers or creative "éminences grises"?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140032/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140032/pdf/JPR2011-214174.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Jun 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21772981 Excretory-secretory products from hookworm l(3) and adult worms suppress proinflammatory cytokines in infected individuals] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135091/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135091/pdf/JPR2011-512154.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21610741 Diversity and dialogue in immunity to helminths]
* 2011 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21372112/ Probiotic helminth administration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 1 study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/pdf/nihms536054.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 May 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21576944 Atopic dermatitis and the hygiene hypothesis revisited]
* 2011 May 6 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21573157 Schistosome infection intensity is inversely related to auto-reactive antibody levels] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089602/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089602/pdf/pone.0019149.pdf PDF]
* 2011 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255083 Anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of infantile eczema: randomised-controlled trial results] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130136/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130136/pdf/pai0022-0305.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21277637 The impact of parasite infections on the course of multiple sclerosis]
* 2011 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21295861 Helminths and multiple sclerosis: will old friends give us new treatments for MS?] (No abstract)
* 2011 Mar 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21408161 Effect of hookworm infection on wheat challenge in celiac disease - a randomised double-blinded placebo controlled trial] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3050888/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3050888/pdf/pone.0017366.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Mar 3 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21372112 Probiotic helminth administration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 1 study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894910/pdf/nihms536054.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 Apr 22 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21440530 Clonorchis sinensis-derived total protein attenuates airway inflammation in murine asthma model by inducing regulatory T cells and modulating dendritic cell functions]
* 2011 Apr 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21584243 Helminth parasites and the modulation of joint inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092582/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092582/pdf/JPR2011-942616.pdf PDF]
* 2011 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20967852 Infection with an intestinal helminth parasite reduces Freund's complete adjuvant-induced monoarthritis in mice] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.30098/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.30098/epdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2011 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21044628 Trichinella spiralis: infection reduces airway allergic inflammation in mice]
* 2011 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21887281 The transcriptome of Trichuris suis -- first molecular insights into a parasite with curative properties for key immune diseases of humans] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160910/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160910/pdf/pone.0023590.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2011 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21858123 Impact of Schistosoma japonicum infection on collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice: a murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152573/pdf/pone.0023453.pdf PDF]

=== 2010 ===
* 2010 Dec 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21123809 IL-22+ CD4+ T cells are associated with therapeutic trichuris trichiura infection in an ulcerative colitis patient] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Png_Loke/publication/49650965_IL-22_CD4_T_Cells_Are_Associated_with_Therapeutic_Trichuris_trichiura_Infection_in_an_Ulcerative_Colitis_Patient/links/00b7d535585b829413000000.pdf PDF] (TTO)
* 2010 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20848461 Alteration of the murine gut microbiota during infection with the parasitic helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2959136/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2959136/pdf/nihms220920.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21039971 Long-term periodic anthelmintic treatments are associated with increased allergen skin reactivity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3034193/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3034193/pdf/cea0040-1669.pdf PDF]
* 2010 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21500453 Atopic diseases and intestinal helminth infections]
* ⚡ 2010 Oct 13 [https://evmedreview.com/reconstituting-the-depleted-biome-to-prevent-immune-disorders/ Reconstituting the depleted biome to prevent immune disorders] William Parker, Duke University. Explains why replacing absent "old friends" may be the only reasonable therapy for a wide range of immune-associated disorders, including allergy, autoimmunity and autism.
* 2010 Aug 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20067426 Effects of Deworming during Pregnancy on Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes in Entebbe, Uganda: A Randomized Controlled Trial] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857962/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857962/pdf/ukmss-29622.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20404082 Chronic intestinal helminth infections are associated with immune hyporesponsiveness and induction of a regulatory network] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2897394/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2897394/pdf/1228-09.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jun 14 [http://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/how-the-parasitic-worm-has-turned/ How the parasitic worm has turned] (Web archive copy)
* 2010 Jun 11 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538949 Exploitation of the intestinal microflora by the parasitic nematode Trichuris muris] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428897/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428897/pdf/ukmss-49377.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20306466 Helminth-induced CD19+CD23hi B cells modulate experimental allergic and autoimmune inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179601/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179601/pdf/eji0040-1682.pdf PDF]
* 2010 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20132231 Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the allergic response in a murine model of ovalbumininduced airway inflammation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857950/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857950/pdf/cei0160-0266.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20415854 99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: darwinian medicine and the 'hygiene' or 'old friends' hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841838/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841838/pdf/cei0160-0070.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23105895 Immunomodulators of helminthes: Promising therapeutics for autoimmune disorders and allergic diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3453099/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3453099/pdf/12291_2010_Article_21.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044996 In vitro-derived alternatively activated macrophages reduce colonic inflammation in mice] (Colitis) (HDC)
* 2010 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20224568 Helminth-derived immunomodulators: can understanding the worm produce the pill?]
* 2010 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20028812 Extracts of the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, suppress macrophage activation in vitro and alleviate chemically induced colitis in mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825920/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825920/pdf/1349-08.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2010 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19691904 The immune response to and immunomodulation by Hymenolepis diminuta] (HDC)
* 2010 Feb 10 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20169100 Parasitic helminths: new weapons against immunological disorders] (Diabetes) -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821776/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821776/pdf/JBB2010-743758.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20101628 Worms to the rescue: can worm glycans protect from autoimmune diseases?] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iub.304/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iub.304/epdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan 4 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20069130 Taenia crassiceps infection attenuates multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/pdf/JBB2010-850541.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19800680 Trichuris suis ova therapy for allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lars_Poulsen/publication/26866959_Trichuris_suis_ova_therapy_for_allergic_rhinitis_a_randomized_double-blind_placebo-controlled_clinical_trial/links/00b4952a7f6c89aaa2000000.pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19758373 Reduced helminth burden increases allergen skin sensitization but not clinical allergy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Vietnam]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844667 Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2863045/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2863045/pdf/nihms182968.pdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042008 Helminth infection inhibits airway allergic reaction and dendritic cells are involved in the modulation process] -- [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01161.x Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01161.x/epdf PDF]
* 2010 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20425508 Chronic helminth infections protect against allergic diseases by active regulatory processes] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816799/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816799/pdf/11882_2009_Article_85.pdf PDF]

* 2010 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20224759 Dendritic cells in the gut: interaction with intestinal helminths] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836138/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836138/pdf/JBB2010-250563.pdf PDF]
* 2010 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20069130 Taenia crassiceps infection attenuates multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804118/pdf/JBB2010-850541.pdf PDF]

=== 2009 ===
* 2009 Dec 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030661 Experimental hookworm infection: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in asthma] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2814083/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2814083/pdf/cea0040-0299.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19752032 Helminth infection can reduce insulitis and type 1 diabetes through CD25- and IL-10-independent mechanisms] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2786463/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2786463/pdf/1170-08.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19996438 Early helminth infections are inversely related to anemia, malnutrition, and malaria and are not associated with inflammation in 6- to 23-month-old Zanzibari children] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/6/1062.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/6/1062.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19812189 Helminth antigens modulate immune responses in cells from multiple sclerosis patients through TLR2-dependent mechanisms] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/9/5999.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/9/5999.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19861631 Immunologic profiles of persons recruited for a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/5/911.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/5/911.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19880560 Parasitic infection and autoimmunity] -- [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0961203309345735 PDF] (Lupus/SLE)
* 2009 Oct 22 [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-10-22/worms-linked-to-coeliac-relief/1113232 Worms linked to coeliac relief]
* 2009 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19744885 Survival of the fittest: allergology or parasitology?]
* 2009 Sept 29 [http://www.news-medical.net/news/20090929/Hookworms-can-prevent-asthma.aspx Hookworms can prevent asthma] News Medical
* 2009 Sept 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19786773 Prebiotics, probiotics and helminths: the 'natural' solution?]
* 2009 Sept 16 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=20011066 Infection with Hymenolepis diminuta Is More Effective than Daily Corticosteroids in Blocking Chemically Induced Colitis in Mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789531/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789531/pdf/JBB2010-384523.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2009 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19406170 Helminth immunoregulation: the role of parasite secreted proteins in modulating host immunity] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2706953/ Full text]
* 2009 Aug 1 [Infection with a Helminth Parasite Attenuates Autoimmunity through TGF-β-Mediated Suppression of Th17 and Th1 Responses] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/3/1577.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/183/3/1577.full.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19400893 Safety of hookworm infection in individuals with measurable airway responsiveness: a randomized placebo-controlled feasibility study] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728895/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728895/pdf/cea0039-1060.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19321388 Advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693446/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693446/pdf/nihms100270.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jun 8 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=19468064 Parasites represent a major selective force for interleukin genes and shape the genetic predisposition to autoimmune conditions] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715056/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715056/pdf/JEM_20082779.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19223020 Helminths and our immune system: friend or foe?]
* 2009 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19388947 Immune and genetic aspects of asthma, allergy and parasitic worm infections: evolutionary links] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01104.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01104.x/epdf PDF]
* 2009 Apr 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370621 Effect of administration of antihelminthics for soil transmitted helminths during pregnancy]
* 2009 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19291704 Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens induce Treg that participate in diabetes prevention in NOD mice] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200838871/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200838871/epdf PDF]
* 2009 Mar 24 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19308259 Necator americanus infection: a possible cause of altered dendritic cell differentiation and eosinophil profile in chronically infected individuals] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654967/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654967/pdf/pntd.0000399.pdf PDF] (NA)
* ✅ 2009 Mar 5 [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01470521?term=WIRMS&rank=1 Worms for Immune Regulation of Multiple Sclerosis (WIRMS)] Proposal for the first Phase 2 trial using a controlled number of Necator americanus in the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. (Also reported by Science Daily [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090304091818.htm] and the Mail Online. [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2108228/Parasitic-worms-offer-hope-cure-multiple-sclerosis.html?ito=feeds-newsxml]) (NA)
* 2009 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19167926 The therapeutic helminth?]
* 2009 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18835272 Schistosoma mansoni infection reduces severity of collagen-induced arthritis via down-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators]
* 2009 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19138565 Can helminths or helminth-derived products be used in humans to prevent or treat allergic diseases?]
* 2009 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19136071 Schistosoma mansoni infection alters co-stimulatory molecule expression and cell activation in asthma]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18608175 Spontaneous arthritis in MRL/lpr mice is aggravated by Staphylococcus aureus and ameliorated by Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120496 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: mechanisms underlying helminth modulation of dendritic cell function] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632707/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632707/pdf/imm0126-0028.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120493 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: the broader implications of the hygiene hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632706/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632706/pdf/imm0126-0003.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120495 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: immunity against helminths and immunological phenomena in modern human populations: coevolutionary legacies?] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632709/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632709/pdf/imm0126-0018.pdf PDF]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120494 Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: how might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes?] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632708/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632708/pdf/imm0126-0012.pdf PDF]
* ✅⚡2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18680198 Helminths and the IBD hygiene hypothesis] This paper proposed that failure to acquire helminths in early life negatively affects immune development, leading to immunological diseases such as IBD later in life.
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19128351 Do helminth parasites protect against atopy and allergic disease?]
* 2009 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016806 Helminth antigen-based strategy to ameliorate inflammation in an experimental model of colitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665684/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665684/pdf/cei0155-0088.pdf PDF]
* 2009 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20054982 Helminthic therapy: using worms to treat immune-mediated disease] | [[media:Using Worms to Treat Immune-Mediated Disease.pdf | PDF]]
* 2009 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19436745 Early exposure of infants to GI nematodes induces Th2 dominant immune responses which are unaffected by periodic anthelminthic treatment] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677666/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677666/pdf/pntd.0000433.pdf PDF]

=== 2008 ===
* 2008 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18547322 Early infection with Trichuris trichiura and allergen skin test reactivity in later childhood] (TTO)
* 2008 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18654798 Schistosoma japonicum infection modulates the development of allergen-induced airway inflammation in mice]
* 2008 Sept 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20525133 The changing microbial environment and chronic inflammatory disorders] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868866/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868866/pdf/1710-1492-4-3-117.pdf PDF]
* 2008 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682103 Parasitic nematode modulation of allergic disease]
* 2008 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18655096 Helminth infections associated with multiple sclerosis induce regulatory B cells]
* 2008 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509678 Decreased basal non-insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by diaphragm in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni]
* 2008 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18578001 The role of regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis]
* 2008 May 21 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509490 Worms and the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: are molecules the answer?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2396220/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2396220/pdf/CDI2008-567314.pdf PDF] (IBD)
* 2008 May 4 [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/e/e4/Hookworm.pdf Potential Transmission of Pathogens Between Human Hosts by the Hookworm, Necator Americanus] (PDF)
* 2008 Apr 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18462167 Intensity of intestinal infection with multiple worm species is related to regulatory cytokine output and immune hyporesponsiveness]
* 2008 Mar 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322239 A helminth immunomodulator reduces allergic and inflammatory responses by induction of IL-10- producing macrophages] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/6/4265.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/6/4265.full.pdf PDF]
* 2008 Feb 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18209076 Helminth infection with Litomosoides sigmodontis induces regulatory T cells and inhibits allergic sensitization, airway inflammation, and hyperreactivity in a murine asthma model] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/3/1792.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/3/1792.full.pdf PDF]
* 2008 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18207251 Soluble egg antigen from Schistosoma japonicum modulates the progression of chronic progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via Th2-shift response]
* 2008 Jan 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18186549 Hygiene hypothesis in inflammatory bowel disease: a critical review of the literature] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675108/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675108/pdf/WJG-14-165.pdf PDF] (IBD)

=== 2007 ===

* 2007 Dec [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18007680 Protective immune mechanisms in helminth infection] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258092/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258092/pdf/nihms40971.pdf PDF]
* 2007 Nov [http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v13/n11/full/nm1107-1288.html Worms tame mast cells]
* 2007 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17952092 Inhibition of Fc epsilon RI-mediated mast cell responses by ES-62, a product of parasitic filarial nematodes]
* 2007 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17619029 The hygiene hypothesis and the increasing prevalence of chronic inflammatory disorders]
* 2007 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17433300 Schistosoma japonicum eggs modulate the activity of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs and prevent development of colitis in mice]
* 2007 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17576364 Stage-specific immune responses in human Necator americanus infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1976388/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1976388/pdf/pim0029-0347.pdf PDF] (NA)
* 2007 May-Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17906796 Interrelationship among asthma, atopy, and helminth infections] -- [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1806-37132007000300016&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Full text] | [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/jbpneu/v33n3/en_14.pdf PDF]
* 2007 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17488925 An inverse relationship between autoimmune liver diseases and Strongyloides stercoralis infection] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/76/5/972.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/76/5/972.full.pdf PDF]
* 2007 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17447233 Helminths, allergic disorders and IgE-mediated immune responses: where do we stand?] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200737314/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200737314/epdf PDF]
* 2007 Apr 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17372014 Infection with a helminth parasite prevents experimental colitis via a macrophage-mediated mechanism] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/178/7/4557.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/178/7/4557.full.pdf PDF]
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17206504 The use of Trichuris suis and other helminth therapies to treat Crohn's disease] (TSO)
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17313951 Helminths as governors of immune-mediated inflammation]
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17504662 Modulation of anaphylaxis by helminth-derived products in animal models]
* 2007 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17408663 Helminth infection enhances disease in a murine TH2 model of colitis]
* 2007 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17360880 Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasites are not detrimental to the nutritional status of Amerindians] -- [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6446118_Helicobacter_pylori_and_intestinal_parasites_are_not_detrimental_to_the_nutritional_status_of_Amerindians Full text (PDF)]
* 2007 Feb 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17122383 Helminth-derived products inhibit the development of allergic responses in mice]
* ✅⚡2007 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17230481 Association between parasite infection and immune responses in multiple sclerosis] -- [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/e/ec/Association_Between_Parasite_Infection_and_Immune_Responses_in_Multiple_Sclerosis_.pdf PDF] (Also reported by Science Daily [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070117091058.htm] and the BBC. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6268585.stm]) This was the first study to explore the effect of helminth infection on immune response and the natural course of Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. It showed that MS progressed much more slowly in patients who hosted intestinal worms.
* 2007 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17284099 Iatrogenic Trichuris suis infection] (TSO)
* 2007 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043101 Inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by gastrointestinal helminth infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828378/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828378/pdf/0664-06.pdf PDF]
* 2007 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042799 Schistosoma japonicum egg antigens stimulate CD4 CD25 T cells and modulate airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1890919/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1890919/pdf/imm0120-0008.pdf PDF]
* 2007 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17534075 Regulation of the immune system in metazoan parasite infections]
* 2007 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17412520 Autism, asthma, inflammation, and the hygiene hypothesis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2048743/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2048743/pdf/nihms-29963.pdf PDF]

=== 2006 ===
* 2006 Dec 12 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17159130 Multiple sclerosis and the hygiene hypothesis]
* 2006 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17157661 Poor sanitation and helminth infection protect against skin sensitization in Vietnamese children: A cross-sectional study]
* 2006 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042933 Helminths and HIV infection: epidemiological observations on immunological hypotheses] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/pdf/pim0028-0613.pdf PDF]
* ✅ 2006 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17123987 Dose-ranging study for trials of therapeutic infection with Necator americanus in humans] -- [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/75/5/914.long Full text] | [http://www.ajtmh.org/content/75/5/914.full.pdf PDF] This study explored the dose of hookworms that would be required to have a therapeutic effect on asthma. (NA)
* 2006 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042933 Helminths and HIV infection: epidemiological observations on immunological hypotheses] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636684/pdf/pim0028-0613.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Oct-Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17343086 Intestinal helminths: a clue explaining the low incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases in Subsaharan Africa? Potential benefits and hazards of helminth therapy] (IBD)
* 2006 Oct-Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17343085 The hygiene hypothesis and inflammatory bowel diseases: role of helminths] (IBD)
* 2006 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965287 Parasitic worms and inflammatory diseases] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618732/pdf/pim0028-0515.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17068271 What is the origin of ulcerative colitis? Still more questions than answers] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653902/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653902/pdf/620.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965288 Worms and allergy] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00894.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00894.x/epdf PDF]
* 2006 Sept 8 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965284 Immune modulation by helminthic infections: worms and viral infections]
* 2006 Sept 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778161 Asthma and current intestinal parasite infection: systematic review and meta-analysis]
* 2006 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17308794 Schistosoma mansoni antigen-driven interleukin-10 production in infected asthmatic individuals] -- [https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/LXLmtQzKbnJKMgZTzv7RfdL/?lang=en Full text] | [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/mioc/v101s1/v101s1a55.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Aug 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16849471 Intestinal helminths protect in a murine model of asthma] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/3/1628.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/3/1628.full.pdf PDF]
* 2006 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16890593 Allergy controls the population density of Necator americanus in the small intestine] (NA)
* 2006 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17057216 Helminths and mucosal immune modulation]
* 2006 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16750534 A time course study of immunological responses in Trichuris suis infected pigs demonstrates induction of a local type 2 response associated with worm burden] (TSO)
* 2006 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16689863 Prevention of psoriasis-like lesions development in fsn/fsn mice by helminth glycans]
* 2006 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16630018 Regulatory T cells in human disease and their potential for therapeutic manipulation] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782265/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782265/pdf/imm0118-0001.pdf PDF]
* 2006 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16673007 Mechanisms of disease: the hygiene hypothesis revisited]
* 2006 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16512799 Environmental exposures, genetic predisposition and allergic diseases: one size never fits all] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01104.x/abstract Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01104.x/epdf PDF]
* 2006 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16512800 Helminths can protect themselves against rejection inhibiting hostile respiratory allergy symptoms] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00983.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00983.x/epdf PDF]
* 2006 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16384780 The hygiene hypothesis and atopy: bring back the parasites?]
* ✅ 2006 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16344586 A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856386/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856386/pdf/136.pdf PDF] Investigated whether Crohn’s disease patients would tolerate a hookworm infection, and the practical issues associated with establishing reservoir donors for this species. (NA)
* 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16413997 Geohelminth infections: impact on allergic diseases]
* 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210905 Glycans modulate immune responses in helminth infections and allergy]
* 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210899 Helminth-induced immunoregulation of an allergic response to food] (food allergy)

=== 2005 ===
* 2005 Nov 7 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275759 Suppression of allergic airway inflammation by helminth-induced regulatory T cells] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2213237/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2213237/pdf/20042572.pdf PDF]
* 2005 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16232230 Immune responses following experimental human hookworm infection] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809522/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809522/pdf/cei0142-0398.pdf PDF]
* ✅ 2005 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16008666 Old friends for breakfast] Suggested that a symbiotic relationship exists between humans and the fauna that have co-evolved in the human GI tract.
* 2005 Jun 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905584 Neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibody blocks the protective effect of tapeworm infection in a murine model of chemically induced colitis] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/11/7368.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/11/7368.full.pdf PDF] (HDC)
* 2005 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15825065 Trichuris suis therapy for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial] -- [http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(05)00025-9/pdf PDF] (TSO)
* 2005 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780835 Parasite role reversal: worms on trial]
* 2005 Mar 15 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15771680/ The immunoepidemiology of human hookworm infection]
* 2005 Mar [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15730384 Low dose chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection increases susceptibility to Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection in mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809318/ Full text] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809318/pdf/cei0139-0398.pdf PDF]
* 2005 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15677912 Gastrointestinal parasites: potential therapy for refractory inflammatory bowel diseases] (IBD)
* ✅ 2005 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591509 Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774382/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774382/pdf/gut05400087.pdf PDF] TSO is shown to offer a unique, safe and effective alternative treatment for Crohn's disease, and potentially protection against other immunological disorders.
* 2005 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591496 Will worms really cure Crohn's disease?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774348/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774348/pdf/gut05400006.pdf PDF](see pages 6-8)
* 2005 Jan [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15687885 Helminths and the modulation of mucosal inflammation]
* 2005 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591883 The hygiene hypothesis and asthma]
* 2005 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780483 Can worms defend our hearts? Chronic helminthic infections may attenuate the development of cardiovascular diseases]
* 2005 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16249415 Helminth infection during pregnancy and development of infantile eczema]

=== 2004 ===
* 2004 Dec 14 [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/17767.php Parasitic worms may offer effective treatment for Crohn's disease Medical] News Today
* 2004 Dec [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15554921 Parasitic helminths tip the balance: potential anti-inflammatory therapies] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782598/pdf/imm0113-0438.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Nov 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15528374 Helminth infection protects mice from anaphylaxis via IL-10-producing B cells] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/10/6346.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/10/6346.full.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Oct 13 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486631 Schistosoma mansoni infection modulates the immune response against allergic and auto-immune diseases] -- [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0074-02762004000900005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Full text] | [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/mioc/v99s1/v99s1a05.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15361235 Helminth parasites--masters of regulation]
* 2004 Aug 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15294988 A Secreted Protein from the Human Hookworm Necator americanus Binds Selectively to NK Cells and Induces IFN-{gamma} Production] -- [https://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/4/2699.long Full text] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/8/8a/A_Secreted_Protein.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Aug 1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15265954 Schistosoma mansoni and alpha-galactosylceramide: prophylactic effect of Th1 Immune suppression in a mouse model of Graves' hyperthyroidism] -- [https://www.jimmunol.org/content/173/3/2167.long Full text] | [https://www.jimmunol.org/content/jimmunol/173/3/2167.full.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Jul 9 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15247451 Immunotherapy. Can worms tame the immune system?]
* 2004 Jul [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15196202 The increased prevalence of allergy and the hygiene hypothesis: missing immune deviation, reduced immune suppression, or both?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782506/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1782506/pdf/imm0112-0352.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Jun [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15330453 A review of autism and the immune response] -- [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2270714/pdf/CDI-11-165.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15039389 Helminth infection modulates the development of allergen-induced airway inflammation] -- [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/585.long Full text] | [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/585.full.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Mar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15279624 Inhibition of neutrophil recruitment by ES of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00692.x/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00692.x/epdf PDF]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755074 Regulation of allergy and autoimmunity in helminth infection]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755076 The innate allergenicity of helminth parasites]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15007629 Mycobacteria and other environmental organisms as immunomodulators for immunoregulatory disorders]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755072 Parasites and the hygiene hypothesis: regulating the immune system?]
* 2004 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755073 Helminth infections and allergic diseases: from the Th2 paradigm to regulatory networks]
* 2004 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684583 Concurrent infection with Schistosoma mansoni attenuates inflammation induced changes in colonic morphology, cytokine levels, and smooth muscle contractility of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid induced colitis in rats] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773910/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773910/pdf/gut05300099.pdf PDF]
* 2004 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14723608 Review article: helminths as therapeutic agents for inflammatory bowel disease] (IBD)
* 2004 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684567 Helminths and harmony] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773927/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773927/pdf/gut05300007.pdf PDF](Pages 7-9)

=== 2003 ===
* 2003 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12933842 Schistosomiasis decreases central nervous system inflammation and alters the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187318/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187318/pdf/0223.pdf PDF]
* ✅ 2003 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14499784 Trichuris suis seems to be safe and possibly effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease] (IBD) This trial showed that pig whipworm ova (TSO) can reduce symptoms of Crohn’s disease without producing side effects.
* 2003 Sept [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12949497 Immune regulation by helminth parasites: cellular and molecular mechanisms]
* 2003 Aug 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12902519 A Novel Therapeutic Approach Targeting Articular Inflammation Using the Filarial Nematode-Derived Phosphorylcholine-Containing Glycoprotein ES-62] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/171/4/2127.long PDF]
* 2003 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12743563 Reduced risk of atopy among school-age children infected with geohelminth parasites in a rural area of the tropics]
* 2003 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12731071 Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the activity of the innate immune response and prevent onset of type 1 diabetes] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200323910/full Full text] | [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200323910/epdf PDF]
* 2003 Mar 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12431903 Exposure to schistosome eggs protects mice from TNBS-induced colitis] -- [https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpgi.00049.2002 Full text]
* 2003 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12502726 Immunomodulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by helminth ova immunization] -- [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/1/59.long Full text] | [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/1/59.full.pdf PDF]

=== 2002 ===
* ✅ 2002 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12379667 Intestinal nematode infection ameliorates experimental colitis in mice] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130294/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130294/pdf/0150.pdf PDF]
* 2002 Nov [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12458825 An anti-atherogenic effect of Schistosoma mansoni infections in mice associated with a parasite-induced lowering of blood total cholesterol] (cardiovascular / cholesterol / atherosclerosis)
* 2002 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12569989 Eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness are profoundly inhibited by a helminth (Ascaris suum) extract in a murine model of asthma]
* 2002 Sept 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12239261 The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases]
* 2002 Sept 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12218148 An enteric helminth infection protects against an allergic response to dietary antigen] -- [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/169/6/3284.long Full text] | [http://www.jimmunol.org/content/169/6/3284.full.pdf PDF]
* 2002 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12067292 Can intestinal helminth infections (geohelminths) affect the development and expression of asthma and allergic disease?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1906269/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1906269/pdf/cei0128-0398.pdf PDF]
* 2002 Apr 19 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964470 Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis]

=== 2001 ===
* 2001 Nov 3 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11705561 Independent effects of intestinal parasite infection and domestic allergen exposure on risk of wheeze in Ethiopia: a nested case-control study]
* 2001 Nov [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752881 The prevalence of parasite infestation and house dust mite sensitization in Gabonese schoolchildren]
* 2001 Oct [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11585781 Immune responses in hookworm infections] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC89000/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC89000/pdf/cm0401000689.pdf PDF]
* 2001 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11429321 Th2 responses without atopy: immunoregulation in chronic helminth infections and reduced allergic disease]
* 2001 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11282505 Is Necator americanus approaching a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with humans?] (NA)

=== 2000 ===
* 2000 Nov 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11095260 Decreased atopy in children infected with Schistosoma haematobium: a role for parasite-induced interleukin-10]
* ✅ 2000 Oct 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11032865 Chronic immune activation associated with intestinal helminth infections results in impaired signal transduction and anergy] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314342/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314342/pdf/JCI0010182.pdf PDF] This Research found reduced immune responses in patients infected with helminths.
* ✅ 2000 Sept 14 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10973934 Does the failure to acquire helminthic parasites predispose to Crohn's disease?] -- [http://www.fasebj.org/content/14/12/1848.long Full text] | [http://www.fasebj.org/content/14/12/1848.full.pdf PDF] This paper linking a failure to acquire helminths to the prevalence of Crohn’s disease was key in the development of the Hygiene Hypothesis.
* 2000 May [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10784608 Antigen-specific cellular hyporesponsiveness in a chronic human helminth infection is mediated by T(h)3/T(r)1-type cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta but not by a T(h)1 to T(h)2 shift] -- [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/5/623.long Full text] | [http://intimm.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/5/623.full.pdf PDF]
* 2000 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2560630/pdf/11143198.pdf Eradication of helminthic infections may be essential for successful vaccination against HIV and tuberculosis]

=== 1999 ===
* 1999 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320614 Infection with Schistosoma mansoni prevents insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in non-obese diabetic mice] -- [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3024.1999.00213.x/epdf PDF]

=== 1998 ===
* 1998 Jun [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9698148/ Epidemiological evidence for a differential effect of hookworm species, Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus, on iron status of children]

=== 1997 ===

* 1997 [https://web.archive.org/web/20210127052808/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/193176053.pdf The Pro-allergic Influences of Helminth Parasites] (PDF)

=== 1996 ===
* 1996 Aug [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8872184 IgE, allergies and helminth parasites: a new perspective on an old conundrum]
* 1996 Feb [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8565306 Immune dysregulation in Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: relevance to helminth infections?] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2200340/pdf/cei0103-0239.pdf PDF]
* 1996 Jan 27 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8600620 Prolongation of rat kidney allograft survival by nematodes]
* 1996 Jan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8537675 Impairment of tetanus toxoid-specific Th1-like immune responses in humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni] -- [http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/173/1/269.long Full text] | [http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/173/1/269.full.pdf PDF]

=== 1995 ===
* 1995 Feb [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7761110/ Immunity in humans to Necator americanus: IgE, parasite weight and fecundity] (... / human observational / NA)

=== 1993 ===
* 1993 Nov 1 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8409444 Modulation of murine cytokine responses to mycobacterial antigens by helminth-induced T helper 2 cell responses]
* 1993 Oct [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8403522/ Ascaris reinfection of slum children: relation with the IgE response] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1534372/pdf/ PDF] (... / Human / AL / Oxantel+Pyrantel)
* 1993 Sept 1 [https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/of-parasites-and-pollens Of Parasites and Pollens] - Peter Radetsky, Discover Magazine
* 1993 Jun [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8361773 Modulation of the allergic reactivity of slum children by helminthic infection]

=== 1992 ===
* 1992 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1399239 The partial characterization of proteases present in the excretory/secretory products and exsheathing fluid of the infective (L3) larva of Necator americanus] (NA)
* 1992 May 15 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1533656 Infection with Schistosoma mansoni alters Th1/Th2 cytokine responses to a non-parasite antigen]

=== 1991 ===
* 1991 Oct 15 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1680917 Production of IL-10 by CD4+ T lymphocytes correlates with down-regulation of Th1 cytokine synthesis in helminth infection]

=== 1989 ===
* ✅ 1989 Nov 18 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2513902 Hay fever, hygiene, and household size] -- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1838109/ Full text] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1838109/pdf/bmj00259-0027.pdf PDF] This paper linked exposure to pathogens whilst young to the development of allergic diseases, and was key to the development of the Hygiene Hypothesis.

=== 1987 ===
* 1987 Jul [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3605493/ The clinical and immunologic responses of normal human volunteers to low dose hookworm (Necator americanus) infection] (NA)
* 1987 Jul [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15462956/ Do hookworms elicit protective immunity in man?]

=== 1985 ===
* 1985 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4054238/ Parasites and asthma--predictive or protective?] (A / comparative)

=== 1982 ===
* 1982 Jul Modulation of immune responses by commensal bacteria and intestinal helminth [http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:5334/eth-5334-02.pdf PDF]
=== 1979 ===
* ✅ 1979 Apr [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/447497 Epidemiology of chronic intestinal disease in middle Africa] This was one of several papers noting a North-South gradient for many autoimmune diseases, including Crohn’s, a fact that informed later studies on autoimmunity.

=== 1978 ===
* 1978 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/635980 Antibody responses in self-infections with Necator americanus] (NA)

=== 1976 ===
* ✅ 1976 Sept 25 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/60540 Letter: IgE, parasites, and allergy] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/f/fd/Letter_-_IgE%2C_parasites%2C_and_allergy_%28Turton%29.pdf PDF] This letter reported the first known successful therapeutic use of the hookworm, Necator americanus, in this case to resolve hay fever. (NA)
* ✅ 1976 Aug [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/987744 Serum IgE levels in white and metis communities in Saskatchewan] This paper's author suggested that atopic disease is the price paid by some members of the white community of northern Saskatchewan for their relative freedom from helminth infestation and viral and bacterial infection.

=== 1970 ===
* 1970 (winter) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5498517/ The biology of the atopic response] Twelve naval officers suffering from hay-fever “for some years” were free from hay-fever for an average of 2 years following colonisation with the large roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides.

=== 1968 ===
* ✅ 1968 Aug 17 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4174413 Autoimmune disease and parasitic infections in Nigerians] | [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/1/1f/Autoimmune_disease_and_parasitic_infections_in_Nigerians.pdf PDF] The author of this paper suggested a possible relationship between parasitic infections and the reduced incidence of autoimmune disease in parts of tropical Africa.

=== 1948 ===
* ✅ 1948 Apr [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5190334/ The Treatment of Polycythemia by Artificial Infection with Ancylostoma Duodenale] This was the first report of the clinical application of helminthic therapy.

=== 1932 ===
* ✅ 1932 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10828911 Regional ileitis: a pathologic and clinical entity] Disease characterised by inflammation of the terminal ileum was first described in this paper. This condition was later to become known as Crohn’s disease.

== Papers published in high impact factor journals ==

This is a selection of articles published in high impact factor journals. This list is not exhaustive and requires further development.

This in no way means that these articles are better than others.

''Impact factor values for the journals mentioned below after the name of the journal''<br>

* Zou Y, Pu L, Guo A, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Ding Y, Du X, Guo X, Zhang S, Cai X, Wang S. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40266093/ Helminth reshapes host gut microbiota and immunoregulation by deploying an antimicrobial program of innate immunity]. Gut Microbes (12.2). 2025 Dec;17(1):2496447. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2496447. Epub 2025 Apr 23. PMID: 40266093; PMCID: PMC12026035.

* Mules TC, Inns S, Le Gros G. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37449458/ Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction]. Allergy (12.6). 2023 Nov;78(11):2892-2905. doi: 10.1111/all.15812. Epub 2023 Jul 14. PMID: 37449458.

* Pierce DR, McDonald M, Merone L, Becker L, Thompson F, Lewis C, Ryan RYM, Hii SF, Zendejas-Heredia PA, Traub RJ, Field MA, Rahman T, Croese J, Loukas A, McDermott R, Giacomin PR. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37495576/ Effect of experimental hookworm infection on insulin resistance in people at risk of type 2 diabetes]. Nat Commun (14.7). 2023 Jul 26;14(1):4503. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40263-4. PMID: 37495576; PMCID: PMC10372076.

* Gurven MD, Finch CE, Wann LS. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29659774/ Are intestinal worms nature's anti-atherosclerosis vaccine?] Eur Heart J (37.6). 2018 May 7;39(18):1653. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy129. PMID: 29659774.

* Loukas A, Hotez PJ, Diemert D, Yazdanbakhsh M, McCarthy JS, Correa-Oliveira R, Croese J, Bethony JM. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27929101/ Hookworm infection]. Nat Rev Dis Primers (76.9). 2016 Dec 8;2:16088. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.88. PMID: 27929101.

* Savage N. [https://doi.org/10.1038/540S103a Q&A: Joel Weinstock]. Nature (50.2). 2016 Dec 21;540(7634):S103. doi: 10.1038/540S103a. PMID: 28002396.

* Weinstock JV. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23135449/ Autoimmunity: The worm returns]. Nature (50.2). 2012 Nov 8;491(7423):183-5. doi: 10.1038/491183a. PMID: 23135449; PMCID: PMC3744107.

* Croese J, O'neil J, Masson J, Cooke S, Melrose W, Pritchard D, Speare R. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16344586/ A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors]. Gut (24.5). 2006 Jan;55(1):136-7. doi: 10.1136/gut.2005.079129. PMID: 16344586; PMCID: PMC1856386.

* Summers RW, Elliott DE, Urban JF Jr, Thompson R, Weinstock JV. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1774382/ Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease]. Gut (24.5). 2005 Jan;54(1):87-90. doi: 10.1136/gut.2004.041749. PMID: 15591509; PMCID: PMC1774382.

* Turton JA. [https://helminthictherapywiki.org/wiki/images/f/fd/Letter_-_IgE%2C_parasites%2C_and_allergy_%28Turton%29.pdf Letter: IgE, parasites, and allergy]. Lancet (98.4). 1976 Sep 25;2(7987):686. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)92492-2. PMID: 60540.

== Further reading ==
These pages contain further research papers and articles relevant to each page title.

* [[Helminths and the gut microbiota | '''Helminths and the gut microbiota''']]
* [[Deworming debunked | '''Deworming debunked''']]
* [[Helminthic therapy for well people | '''Helminthic therapy for well people''']]