Mechanisms underlying helminth colonization
This page aims to describe the different mechanisms underlying helminth colonization. It requires better classification.
There are many different helminth species, belonging to different phyla. Since these may use different mechanisms from each other, the effects of one species can not be generalized to others.
Percutaneous penetration[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Aug 8 Immune response of hosts to antigens of bird schistosomes and immunodiagnostics of infections -- PDF (Thesis) (May not be not relevant to therapeutic helminths.)
- 2025 Aug 7 TRPV1 neurons promote cutaneous immunity against Schistosoma mansoni -- Full text (media coverage Newsweek
- 2025 Mar 1 Myeloid-derived IL-33 drives γδ T cell-dependent resistance against cutaneous infection by Strongyloides ratti (May not be not relevant to therapeutic helminths.)
- 2025 Acquired resistance against penetration by strongylodies ratti is mediated by IL-33-dependent induction of gamma delta T cells -- PDF (Thesis) (May not be not relevant to therapeutic helminths.)
- 2024 Nov MrgprA3 neurons drive cutaneous immunity against helminths through selective control of myeloid-derived IL-33 -- Full text
- 2008 Apr Necator americanus: the Na-ASP-2 protein secreted by the infective larvae induces neutrophil recruitment in vivo and in vitro -- Full text
Tissue protection and repair[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Jun 19 Rapid group-2 innate lymphoid cell mobilization from the intestine aids in early lung defense and repair -- Full text
- 2025 Jun 12 A type 1 immune-stromal cell network mediates disease tolerance against intestinal infection -- Full text
- 2025 May 8 Macrophage-Derived Relmα Promotes Lung Tissue Repair Following Helminth Infection In a Murine Model (Capstone Project)
- 2024 Nov 8 Liver Fluke-Derived Molecules Accelerate Skin Repair Processes in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus -- Full text | PDF
- 2024 Oct 17 Monocytes/Macrophages in Helminth Infections: Key Players in Host Defence, Inflammation, and Tissue Repair (Book chapter about "Monocytes and Macrophages in Development, Regeneration, and Disease")
- 2024 Aug 23 Helminth protein enhances wound healing by inhibiting fibrosis and promoting tissue regeneration -- Full text | PDF (Also reported by Advanced Science News. [1])
- 2024 Apr Exogenous Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Its Helminth-Derived Mimic Attenuate the Heart's Inflammatory Response to Ischemic Injury and Reduce Mature Scar Size -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Oct 13 Myeloid- and epithelial-derived RELMα contribute to tissue repair following lung helminth infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Feb 13 Helminth egg derivatives as proregenerative immunotherapies -- Full text | PDF (improved repair and decreased fibrosis).
- These immunotherapies have the potential to promote wound healing and inhibit fibrosis across multiple tissues and injury types.
- 2022 Dec 14 Wound healing approach based on excretory-secretory product and lysate of liver flukes -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Oct 21 Resident TH2 cells orchestrate adipose tissue remodeling at a site adjacent to infection -- Full text | PDF (Science)
- 2021 Nov Regulation of intestinal immunity and tissue repair by enteric glia -- Full text | PDF (Nature)
- 2019 Dec 2 ILC2s mediate systemic innate protection by priming mucus production at distal mucosal sites -- Full text | PDF
- 2018 Dec 4 B Cells Produce the Tissue-Protective Protein RELMα during Helminth Infection, which Inhibits IL-17 Expression and Limits Emphysema -- Full text
- 2018 Sep 20 Host–Parasite Interactions Promote Disease Tolerance to Intestinal Helminth Infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2017 Jan 27 mTORC2 signalling regulates M2 macrophage differentiation in response to helminth infection and adaptive thermogenesis -- Full text | PDF
- 2016 Aug 25 Role of Macrophages in the Repair Process during the Tissue Migrating and Resident Helminth Infections -- Full text | PDF
- 2013 Dec 16 IL-9-mediated survival of type 2 innate lymphoid cells promotes damage control in helminth-induced lung inflammation -- Full text | PDF
- 2013 Aug Type 2 immunity and wound healing: evolutionary refinement of adaptive immunity by helminths -- Full text | PDF
- 2013 Jan 24 Host responses in tissue repair and fibrosis -- Full text | PDF
- 2012 Jan 15 An essential role for the Th2-type response in limiting tissue damage during helminth infection -- Full text | PDF
Microbiota change[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Dec Helminth reshapes host gut microbiota and immunoregulation by deploying an antimicrobial program of innate immunity -- Full text | PDF
- 2025 Sep 30 The influence of innate immunity, adaptive immunity and diet on intestinal microbiota following Trichuris muris infection (Preprint)
- 2025 Sep 11 Cross-kingdom dialogs in the gut: Integrating bacterial pathogens, helminths, and microbiota interactions for immune homeostasis -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Apr 12 Networking between helminths, microbes, and mammals -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Apr Impact of helminth-microbiome interactions on childhood health and development-A clinical perspective -- Full text
- 2023 Jan 25 Species interactions, stability, and resilience of the gut microbiota - Helminth assemblage in horses -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Nov 1 Helminths and Bacterial Microbiota: The Interactions of Two of Humans’ “Old Friends” -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Jun Microbial regulation of intestinal motility provides resistance against helminth infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Feb 22 Increasing helminth infection burden depauperates the diversity of the gut microbiota and alters its composition in mice -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Dec 21 Helminth-Induced Human Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Reveals Insights into Altered Taxon Diversity and Microbial Gradient Collapse -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Nov 8 Evidence of MHC class I and II influencing viral and helminth infection via the microbiome in a non-human primate -- Full text | PDF
- ✅ 2021 Nov 5 Small proline-rich protein 2A is a gut bactericidal protein deployed during helminth infection -- Full text | PDF (Science)
- 2021 Oct 20 Parasite-Derived Excretory-Secretory Products Alleviate Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Improve Cognitive Impairment Induced by a High-Fat Diet -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Jun 2 The interplay between Trichuris and the microbiota -- Full text | PDF
- 2020 Dec 17 Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Microbiota Interactions -- Full text | PDF
- 2020 Nov 9 Dynamics of the bacterial gut microbiota during controlled human infection with Necator americanus larvae -- Full text | PDF
- 2020 Sep Preconception helminth infection alters offspring microbiota and immune subsets in a mouse model -- Full text | PDF
- 2020 Jul 3 Helminth-induced and Th2-dependent Alterations of the Gut Microbiota Attenuate Obesity Caused by High Fat Diet -- Full text | PDF
- 2020 May 25 Lifestyle and the presence of helminths is associated with gut microbiome composition in Cameroonians -- Full text | PDF
- 2020 May 3 Worm expulsion is independent of alterations in composition of the colonic bacteria that occur during experimental Hymenolepis diminuta-infection in mice -- Full text
- 2020 Mar 28 Beyond Just Bacteria: Functional Biomes in the Gut Ecosystem Including Virome, Mycobiome, Archaeome and Helminths -- Full text
- 2020 Feb 20 Whipworm Infection Promotes Bacterial Invasion, Intestinal Microbiota Imbalance, and Cellular Immunomodulation -- Full text | PDF
- 2018 Oct 8 Parasitic Nematodes Exert Antimicrobial Activity and Benefit From Microbiota-Driven Support for Host Immune Regulation -- Full text | PDF
- 2018 Aug Classic Models for New Perspectives: Delving into Helminth-Microbiota-Immune System Interactions
- 2018 Mar 14 Manipulation of host and parasite microbiotas: Survival strategies during chronic nematode infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2018 Mar Parasite-microbiota interactions potentially affect intestinal communities in wild mammals -- Full text
- 2018 Feb 28 Differential human gut microbiome assemblages during soil-transmitted helminth infections in Indonesia and Liberia -- Full text | PDF
- 2017 Sep 25 - Impact of Enterobius vermicularis infection and mebendazole treatment on intestinal microbiota and host immune response -- Full text | PDF
- ✅ 2016 Apr 14 Helminth infection promotes colonization resistance via type 2 immunity -- Full text | PDF
- 2015 Oct 27 The Intestinal Microbiota Contributes to the Ability of Helminths to Modulate Allergic Inflammation -- Full text | PDF
- 2015 Sep 17 Type 2 immunity-dependent reduction of segmented filamentous bacteria in mice infected with the helminthic parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis -- Full text | PDF
- 2015 Aug 19 Interactions between multiple helminths and the gut microbiota in wild rodents -- Full text | PDF
- 2015 Jul 6 Suppression of inflammation by helminths: a role for the gut microbiota? -- Full text | PDF
- 2015 May 4 Chronic Trichuris muris Infection in C57BL/6 Mice Causes Significant Changes in Host Microbiota and Metabolome: Effects Reversed by Pathogen Clearance -- Full text | PDF
- 2015 Alteration of the rat cecal microbiome during colonization with the helminth Hymenolepis diminuta -- Full text | PDF (HDC)
- 2014 May 22 Helminth colonization is associated with increased diversity of the gut microbiota -- Full text | PDF
- 2013 Oct 4 Patent human infections with the whipworm, Trichuris trichiura, are not associated with alterations in the faecal microbiota -- Full text | PDF
- 2010 Nov Alteration of the murine gut microbiota during infection with the parasitic helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus -- Full text | PDF
See also Helminths and the gut microbiota for more papers.
Intestinal barrier function[edit | edit source]
- 2024 Apr Modulation of intestinal epithelial permeability by chronic small intestinal helminth infections -- Full text
- 2023 Nov Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Aug 27 Regulation and function of adiponectin in the intestinal epithelial cells in response to Trichinella spiralis infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Sep 5 Helminth-induced reprogramming of the stem cell compartment inhibits type 2 immunity -- Full text | PDF (Comment: Helminths revive to survive)
See also (not directly related) :
- 2025 From laboratory to industrial application: an comprehensive evaluation of antihyperglycemic function and consumption safety of Akkermansia muciniphila -- PDF
Effect on lipid metabolism[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Jun 12 Intestinal lymphatic vasculature is functionally adapted to different drainage regions and is altered by helminth infection -- Full text | PDF
- Collectively, these observations demonstrate that helminth infections alter the structure of duodenal lacteals and compromise duodenal lymphatic lipid uptake, leading to lipid accumulation in epithelial cells and, under high fat diet conditions, decreased weight gain.
- 2025 Intestinal helminth Schyzocotyle acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 infection ameliorate lipid metabolism of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) through immune and gut microbiota regulation (May not be not relevant to therapeutic helminths.)
- 2020 Jul 3 Helminth-induced and Th2-dependent Alterations of the Gut Microbiota Attenuate Obesity Caused by High Fat Diet -- Full text | PDF
Brain impact[edit | edit source]
Positive effect
- 2025 Jun 3 An experimental study of the dual modulation of the colchicine-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and the soluble product of Dipylidium caninum adult worm -- Full text -- PDF
- 2024 Jun Maternal gastrointestinal nematode infection alters hippocampal neuroimmunity, enhances long-term potentiation and spatial memory and improves resistance to direct infection in mouse offspring -- PDF (Thesis)
- 2024 May 10 Maternal gastrointestinal nematode infection alters hippocampal neuroimmunity, promotes synaptic plasticity, and improves resistance to direct infection in offspring -- Full text | [2]
- 2023 Nov Type 2 immunity in the brain and brain borders -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Sep 12 Modulation of LPS-Induced Neurodegeneration by Intestinal Helminth Infection in Ageing Mice -- Full Text | PDF
- 2022 Sept 7 Monocytes maintain central nervous system homeostasis following helminth-induced inflammation -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Aug 24 Trichinella Infection Ameliorated Vincristine-Induced Neuroinflammation in Mice -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Jun 13 Maternal gastrointestinal nematode infection enhances spatial memory of uninfected juvenile mouse pups -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Mar 14 Infection with intestinal helminth (Hymenolepis diminuta) impacts exploratory behavior and cognitive processes in rats by changing the central level of neurotransmitters -- Full text
- 2021 Oct 20 Parasite-Derived Excretory-Secretory Products Alleviate Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Improve Cognitive Impairment Induced by a High-Fat Diet -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Sep 29 APOE4 is associated with elevated blood lipids and lower levels of innate immune biomarkers in a tropical Amerindian subsistence population -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Jan Upregulated Th2/treg brain gene expression in pups of nematode-infected mice associated with enhanced expression of leukocyte trans-endothelial cell migration across the blood brain barrier -- PDF (Thesis)
- 2020 Oct 5 IL-4R alpha deficiency influences hippocampal-BDNF signaling pathway to impair reference memory -- Full text | PDF
- 2020 Sept Maternal nematode infection alters neonatal brain gene expression and maternal and neonatal microbiomes -- PDF (Thesis)
- 2016 Jan Got Worms? Perinatal Exposure to Helminths Prevents Persistent Immune Sensitization and Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Early-Life Infection (Also see The “Old Friends” hypothesis: Reopening a can of worms.)
- 2012 Jan Neuroprotective potential beyond immunoregulation of helminth infection as a therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis -- Full text
See also
- 2025 Nov 3 Brain-infiltrating ILC2s boost poststroke angiogenic initiation through α-CGRP production
- 2024 Mar Group 2 innate lymphoid cells suppress neuroinflammation and brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Apr FOXP3+ macrophage represses acute ischemic stroke-induced neural inflammation -- Full text | PDF
- 2005 Feb APOE4 protects the cognitive development in children with heavy diarrhea burdens in Northeast Brazil
The potential negative effects of some helminth species may be dose dependent.
- 2019 Dec Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection inhibits hippocampal neurogenesis in mice
- 2019 May 27 Cognitive and Microbiome Impacts of Experimental Ancylostoma ceylanicum Hookworm Infections in Hamsters -- Full text | PDF
- 2018 Sep 22 Chronic Helminth Infection Perturbs the Gut-Brain Axis, Promotes Neuropathology, and Alters Behavior -- Full text (Dose dependent: 30 Trichuris Muris = chronic gut inflammation = bad for brain, while 6 have no impact)
- 2018 Feb 13 Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection leads to impaired reference memory and myeloid cell interference -- Full text
- 2018 Jan Differential expression of genes in fetal brain as a consequence of maternal protein deficiency and nematode infection -- Full text
- 1995 Jun Reduced spatial learning in mice infected with the nematode, Heligmosomoides polygyrus
Metabolic homeostasis[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Sep 15 Interplay of obesity and parasitic infection: current evidence of immunogenesis, tumorigenesis and leptin receptor involvement -- Full text
- 2022 May 2 Helminth infection modulates number and function of adipose tissue Tregs in high fat diet-induced obesity -- Full text | PDF
- 2018 Jan Enteric parasites can disturb leptin and adiponectin levels in children -- Full text | PDF
- 2017 Apr 11 IGF1 Shapes Macrophage Activation in Response to Immunometabolic Challenge -- Full text | [3]
- 2016 Feb The helminth T2 RNase ω1 promotes metabolic homeostasis in an IL-33- and group 2 innate lymphoid cell-dependent mechanism -- Full text
- 2013 Nov Protective effect of chronic helminth infection against diet-induced obesity
Immunomodulation[edit | edit source]
- 2022 Aug 31 Food for thought - ILC metabolism in the context of helminth infections -- Full text | PDF
"Trichuris muris, depending on the infectious dose, can generate either chronic persistent infections, characterized by a Th1 response and the production of the cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ (low dose infection with ∼25 eggs), or acute infections cleared by a strong Th2 response with the production of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-9, and IL-13 in response to high amounts of eggs (∼150 eggs)."[4],[5]
- 2015 Jun Looking beyond the induction of Th2 responses to explain immunomodulation by helminths -- Full text | PDF
- 2011 Nov Anti-FcεR1 antibody injections activate basophils and mast cells and delay Type 1 diabetes onset in NOD mice -- Full text | PDF
Maternal Protection[edit | edit source]
- 2024 Jun Maternal gastrointestinal nematode infection alters hippocampal neuroimmunity, enhances long-term potentiation and spatial memory and improves resistance to direct infection in mouse offspring -- PDF (Thesis)
- 2024 Jun Gastrointestinal nematode infection during pregnancy and lactation enhances spatial reference memory and reduces indicators of anxiety-like behaviour in uninfected adult female mouse offspring -- Full text | PDF
- 2024 May 10 Maternal gastrointestinal nematode infection alters hippocampal neuroimmunity, promotes synaptic plasticity, and improves resistance to direct infection in offspring -- Full text | [6]
- 2021 Jan Upregulated Th2/treg brain gene expression in pups of nematode-infected mice associated with enhanced expression of leukocyte trans-endothelial cell migration across the blood brain barrier -- PDF (Thesis)
- 2022 Jun 13 Maternal gastrointestinal nematode infection enhances spatial memory of uninfected juvenile mouse pups -- Full text | PDF
- 2020 Sept Maternal nematode infection alters neonatal brain gene expression and maternal and neonatal microbiomes -- PDF (Thesis)
- 2020 Sep Preconception helminth infection alters offspring microbiota and immune subsets in a mouse model -- Full text | PDF
- 2016 Jan Got Worms? Perinatal Exposure to Helminths Prevents Persistent Immune Sensitization and Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Early-Life Infection (Also see The “Old Friends” hypothesis: Reopening a can of worms.)
Other effects
- 2024 Oct 15 Maternal Helminth Infection Causes Dysfunctional B Cell Development in Male Offspring -- Full text | PDF
Effects on specific pathways[edit | edit source]
Epithelial cell and mucus barrier[edit | edit source]
- 2023 Nov Helminths' therapeutic potential to treat intestinal barrier dysfunction -- Full text | PDF
- 2018 Jul Parasitic helminths induce fetal-like reversion in the intestinal stem cell niche -- Full text | PDF
- 2015 Jun 18 Differential alterations in the small intestine epithelial cell turnover during acute and chronic infection with Echinostoma caproni -- Full text | PDF
- 2013 Mar 29 Requirement for core 2 O-glycans for optimal resistance to helminth infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2012 Oct 11 Serine protease(s) secreted by the nematode Trichuris muris degrade the mucus barrier -- Full text | PDF
- 2011 Jun Duodenal helminth infection alters barrier function of the colonic epithelium via adaptive immune activation -- Full text | PDF
- 2011 May 9 Muc5ac: a critical component mediating the rejection of enteric nematodes -- Full text | PDF
- 2010 May Enteric Nematodes Regulates Host Proteolytic Pathway on Immune Cells: Influence on Host Immune Response -- PDF
- 2005 Jun 3 Accelerated intestinal epithelial cell turnover: a new mechanism of parasite expulsion -- Full text
Tuft cell[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Oct Immunoepithelial Crosstalk in Regeneration: The Emerging Role of Tuft Cells: A Review
- 2025 Sep 12 Protective or pathogenic? Tuft cells shape divergent immune outcomes in helminth and viral infections
- 2025 Sep 2 The role of the tuft cell–interleukin-25 axis in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease
- 2025 Jun 20 Excretory/secretory products from Hymenolepis nana adult worms alleviate ulcerative colitis in mice via tuft/IL-13 signaling pathway -- Full text | PDF
- 2025 Apr 21 Metabolomic and functional analyses of small molecules secreted by intestinal nematodes in the activation of epithelial tuft cells -- Full text | PDF
- 2025 Mar 12 Tuft cell IL-17RB restrains IL-25 bioavailability and reveals context-dependent ILC2 hypoproliferation -- Full text | PDF
- 2025 Mar 11 Adult Hymenolepis nana and its excretory-secretory products elicit mouse immune responses via tuft/IL-13 and FOXM1 signaling pathways -- Full text | PDF
- 2024 Sept 26 Tuft cells in the intestine, immunity and beyond -- Full text
- 2024 Jun 11 Tuft cell-derived acetylcholine promotes epithelial chloride secretion and intestinal helminth clearance
- 2024 Jan 11 Tuft cell acetylcholine is released into the gut lumen to promote anti-helminth immunity -- Full text
- 2023 Mar 22 Tuft cell-derived acetylcholine regulates epithelial fluid secretion -- Full text | PDF (preprint)
- 2023 Tuft cell-derived acetylcholine regulates epithelial fluid secretion and helminth clearance (Thesis)
- 2022 Sept 3 Sirtuin 6 maintains epithelial STAT6 activity to support intestinal tuft cell development and type 2 immunity -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Apr 12 Epithelial STAT6 O-GlcNAcylation drives a concerted anti-helminth alarmin response dependent on tuft cell hyperplasia and Gasdermin C -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Feb 14 Tuft Cells and Their Role in Intestinal Diseases -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Differentiation and activation of tuft cells tunes type 2 immunity in the small intestine (thesis)
- 2022 Jan 3 Intestinal epithelial tuft cell induction is negated by a murine helminth and its secreted products -- Full text -- PDF
- 2021 feb Tuning tuft cells: new ligands and effector functions reveal tissue-specific function -- Full text | PDF
- 2020 Jul 30 Helminth Sensing at the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier-A Taste of Things to Come -- Full text | PDF
- 2019 Apr Intestinal epithelial O-GlcNAc signaling is indispensable for anti-helminth type 2 immunity
- 2016 Mar 18 Tuft cells, taste-chemosensory cells, orchestrate parasite type 2 immunity in the gut -- Full text | PDF (Science)
- 2016 Jan 14 Intestinal epithelial tuft cells initiate type 2 mucosal immunity to helminth parasites -- Full text | PDF (Nature)
See also
- 2025 Mar Acute tuft cell ablation in mice induces malabsorption and alterations in secretory and immune cell lineages in the small intestine -- Full text | PDF
STAT6[edit | edit source]
- 2024 Jul The Secretome of Adult Murine Hookworms Is Shaped by Host Expression of STAT6 -- Full text -- PDF
- 2023 Dec 11 Hookworms dynamically respond to loss of Type 2 immune pressure -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Feb Helminth-induced regulation of T-cell transfer colitis requires intact and regulated T cell Stat6 signaling in mice -- Full text
- 2019 Apr Intestinal epithelial O-GlcNAc signaling is indispensable for anti-helminth type 2 immunity
- 2018 Sep 8 STAT6 & IL-10 are required for the anti-arthritic effects of Schistosoma mansoni via different mechanisms
- 2017 Jun Dual genetic absence of STAT6 and IL-10 does not abrogate anti-hyperglycemic effects of Schistosoma mansoni in streptozotocin-treated diabetic mice -- Full text
- 2010 Dec 28 IL-4/STAT6 immune axis regulates peripheral nutrient metabolism and insulin sensitivity -- Full text | PDF
- 1998 Feb IL-13, IL-4Ralpha, and Stat6 are required for the expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis -- Full text
Monocytes[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Jul 8 Ascaris Lumbricoides Cystatin Impairs IL-1β Maturation and CD14 Expression in Human Monocytes -- Full text
- 2024 Aug Helminth induced monocytosis conveys protection from respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice -- Full text
- 2017 Apr 8 Regulatory monocytes in helminth infections: insights from the modulation during human hookworm infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2017 Feb 20 New Data on Human Macrophages Polarization by Hymenolepis diminuta Tapeworm-An In Vitro Study -- Full text | PDF
Alternatively activated macrophages (AAM) / M2 macrophages[edit | edit source]
- 2023 Apr 11 Metabolism in type 2 immune responses -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Sep Exploring the role of macrophages in determining the pathogenesis of liver fluke infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2019 Nov 14 Thioredoxin peroxidase secreted by Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) promotes the alternative activation of macrophages via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway -- Full text | PDF
- 2017 Jan 27 mTORC2 signalling regulates M2 macrophage differentiation in response to helminth infection and adaptive thermogenesis -- Full text | PDF
- 2017 Jan 17 Helminth-induced Ly6Chi monocyte-derived alternatively activated macrophages suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis -- Full text | PDF (Multiple sclerosis)
- 2016 Aug 25 Role of Macrophages in the Repair Process during the Tissue Migrating and Resident Helminth Infections -- Full text | PDF
- 2014 Aug 1 Coinfection. Virus-helminth coinfection reveals a microbiota-independent mechanism of immunomodulation -- Full text | PDF
- 2011 Apr 8 Eosinophils sustain adipose alternatively activated macrophages associated with glucose homeostasis -- Full text | PDF (Science)
- 2009 Mar Alternatively activated macrophages elicited by helminth infection can be reprogrammed to enable microbial killing -- PDF
- 2008 Nov Helminth 2-Cys peroxiredoxin drives Th2 responses through a mechanism involving alternatively activated macrophages -- Full text
- 2006 Sep Innate immune responses to lung-stage helminth infection induce alternatively activated alveolar macrophages -- Full text | PDF
See also
- 2018 Autophagy dictates metabolism and differentiation of inflammatory immune cells -- Full text | PDF
- 2011 Oct 10 Macrophage-mediated inflammation in metabolic disease -- Full text | PDF (review)
Eosinophils[edit | edit source]
- 2024 Feb 5 TRPV1 Channel in Human Eosinophils: Functional Expression and Inflammatory Modulation -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Jun Eosinophils and helminth infection: protective or pathogenic?
- 2019 Aug 5 Allergen presensitization drives an eosinophil-dependent arrest in lung-specific helminth development -- Full text
- 2018 Jan Pre-stimulation of Bone-marrow Derived Eosinophils with CCL24 Alters Responses to TLR Ligands and Helminth Extracts -- PDF
- 2017 Oct Helminth antigens counteract a rapid high-fat diet-induced decrease in adipose tissue eosinophils -- Full text
- 2016 Nov 29 Eosinophils in Homeostasis and Their Contrasting Roles during Inflammation and Helminth Infections
- 2016 Oct Eosinophils in Helminth Infection: Defenders and Dupes -- Full text | PDF
- 2016 Eosinophils in Cancer: Favourable or Unfavourable? -- Full text
- 2012 May Administration of anti-FcER1 antibody injections daily for 10 consecutive days delays type 1 diabetes onset in NOD mice
- 2010 Nov 11 Eosinophils in the zebrafish: prospective isolation, characterization, and eosinophilia induction by helminth determinants -- Full text
- 2000 May The role of eosinophils in parasitic helminth infections: insights from genetically modified mice
- 2000 Mar Do eosinophils have a role in the killing of helminth parasites?
See also
- 2025 Sep 17 Unique Immune Polarization of the Lung Allograft: Implications for Organ-specific Immunoregulation and Tolerance Induction
- 2022 Sep Eosinophil–lymphocyte interactions in the tumor microenvironment and cancer immunotherapy -- Full text | PDF
- 2017 Nov 13 Eosinophils: The unsung heroes in cancer? -- Full text | PDF
Basophils[edit | edit source]
- 2025 May 16 Notch-activated basophils support intestinal CD4+ T cell fate and function during Trichuris muris infection -- Full text
- 2025 Notch-Activated Basophils Support Intestinal CD4+ T Cell Fate and Function During Helminth Infection (Thesis)
- 2023 Aug Basophil responses in susceptible AKR mice upon infection with the intestinal helminth parasite Trichuris muris -- Full text | PDF
- 2020 Oct Basophils prime group 2 innate lymphoid cells for neuropeptide-mediated inhibition -- Full text | PDF
- 2019 Jun 3 The Notch signaling pathway promotes basophil responses during helminth-induced type 2 inflammation -- Full text | PDF
- 2014 Nov 18 Signaling pathways activated by a protease allergen in basophils -- Full text | PDF
- 2011 Nov Anti-FcεR1 antibody injections activate basophils and mast cells and delay Type 1 diabetes onset in NOD mice -- Full text | PDF
- 2010 Sep 24 Basophils orchestrate chronic allergic dermatitis and protective immunity against helminths -- Full text
Dendritic Cells[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Jan 7 Cystatin from the helminth Ascaris lumbricoides upregulates mevalonate and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways and immunomodulatory genes in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells -- Full text | PDF
- 2020 Mar Body fluid from the parasitic worm Ascaris suum inhibits broad-acting pro-inflammatory programs in dendritic cells -- Full text | PDF
- 2019 Jul 15 Cell-Intrinsic Wnt4 Influences Conventional Dendritic Cell Fate Determination to Suppress Type 2 Immunity -- Full text
- 2018 May Modulation of human dendritic cell activity by Giardia and helminth antigens -- Full text
- 2018 Jan 4 Ascaris Suum Infection Downregulates Inflammatory Pathways in the Pig Intestine In Vivo and in Human Dendritic Cells In Vitro -- Full text
- 2015 Nov Adoptive transfer of helminth antigen-pulsed dendritic cells protects against the development of experimental colitis in mice -- Full text | PDF (HDC)
- 2012 Nov 15 How helminths use excretory secretory fractions to modulate dendritic cells -- Full text | PDF
- 2010 Jan Helminth infection inhibits airway allergic reaction and dendritic cells are involved in the modulation process -- Full text | PDF
- 2009 Mar 24 Necator americanus infection: a possible cause of altered dendritic cell differentiation and eosinophil profile in chronically infected individuals -- Full text | PDF (NA)
- 2009 Mar 1 Rapid dendritic cell mobilization to the large intestinal epithelium is associated with resistance to Trichuris muris infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2009 Jan Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: mechanisms underlying helminth modulation of dendritic cell function -- Full text | PDF
- 2008 Aug 15 Inhibition of TLR3 and TLR4 function and expression in human dendritic cells by helminth parasites -- Full text
- 2004 Nov Selective maturation of dendritic cells by Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-secreted proteins drives Th2 immune responses -- Full text
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s)[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Jun 19 Rapid group-2 innate lymphoid cell mobilization from the intestine aids in early lung defense and repair -- Full text
- 2025 Jun 12 Gut ILC2s remember IL-25
- 2022 Aug 31 Food for thought - ILC metabolism in the context of helminth infections -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Apr The neuropeptide VIP potentiates intestinal innate type 2 and type 3 immunity in response to feeding -- Full text (also in French here)
- 2021 Jun Investigating immune responses in peritoneal adipose tissues during helminth infection and cancer metastasis -- PDF (Thesis)
- 2020 Oct Basophils prime group 2 innate lymphoid cells for neuropeptide-mediated inhibition -- Full text | PDF
- 2019 Dec 2 ILC2s mediate systemic innate protection by priming mucus production at distal mucosal sites -- Full text | PDF
- 2019 Oct 15 Neuropeptide CGRP Limits Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Responses and Constrains Type 2 Inflammation -- Full text | PDF
- 2018 Feb Group 2 ILCs: A way of enhancing immune protection against human helminths? -- Full text -- PDF
- 2017 Sep 14 Neuronal regulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cells via neuromedin U -- Full text | PDF (Nature)
- 2017 Sep The role of adipose tissue immune cells in immune responses -- PDF (Thesis)
- 2016 Nov IL-4-producing ILC2s are required for the differentiation of TH2 cells following Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2016 Jun Immune polarization by hookworms: taking cues from T helper type 2, type 2 innate lymphoid cells and alternatively activated macrophages -- Full text
- 2016 Feb The helminth T2 RNase ω1 promotes metabolic homeostasis in an IL-33- and group 2 innate lymphoid cell-dependent mechanism -- Full text
- 2014 Aug 21 MHCII-mediated dialog between group 2 innate lymphoid cells and CD4+ T cells potentiates type 2 immunity and promotes parasitic helminth expulsion -- Full text
- 2013 Dec 16 IL-9-mediated survival of type 2 innate lymphoid cells promotes damage control in helminth-induced lung inflammation -- Full text | PDF
See also (may not be directly related)
- 2025 Nov 3 Brain-infiltrating ILC2s boost poststroke angiogenic initiation through α-CGRP production
- 2025 Aug 21 Piezo1-mediated mechanotransduction regulates the translational activity, function and lung pathogenicity of group 2 innate lymphoid cells -- Full text
- 2025 Aug 2 TLR4+group 2 innate lymphoid cells contribute to persistent type 2 immunity in airway diseases -- Full text
- 2025 May 6 RAG suppresses group 2 innate lymphoid cells -- Full text | PDF
- 2024 Aug Colostrum is required for the postnatal ontogeny of small intestine innate lymphoid type 2 cells and successful anti-helminth defences -- Full text
- 2024 Mar Group 2 innate lymphoid cells suppress neuroinflammation and brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Oct Cancer immunosurveillance by ILC2s
- 2022 Jun 3 An innate IL-25-ILC2-MDSC axis creates a cancer-permissive microenvironment for Apc mutation-driven intestinal tumorigenesis -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Fev Regulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cells at barrier sites -- PDF (Thesis)
- 2021 Feb 1 Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Protect against Colorectal Cancer Progression and Predict Improved Patient Survival -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Aug 31 PD-1 Blockade on Tumor Microenvironment-Resident ILC2s Promotes TNF-α Production and Restricts Progression of Metastatic Melanoma -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Jul Blockade of the co-inhibitory molecule PD-1 unleashes ILC2-dependent antitumor immunity in melanoma
- 2016 Jun Regulation of metabolic health and adipose tissue function by group 2 innate lymphoid cells -- Full text
- 2014 Mar 4 Polarization of ILC2s in peripheral blood might contribute to immunosuppressive microenvironment in patients with gastric cancer -- Full text | PDF
[edit | edit source]
- 2019 Oct 15 Neuropeptide CGRP Limits Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Responses and Constrains Type 2 Inflammation -- Full text | PDF
See also
- 2025 Nov 3 Brain-infiltrating ILC2s boost poststroke angiogenic initiation through α-CGRP production
- 2025 Apr 4 Is repurposing of CGRP antagonists for asthma a strategy worth pursuing? -- PDF (Bachelor's Research Project)
- "To further investigate the effect of CGRP on inflammation, a study examining lung lymphocytes during helminth infection in vivo using RNA sequencing found that ILC2 cells stimulated by CGRP reversed pro-inflammatory mediators, such as NMU, IL-33, and IL-25. This, in turn, decreased IL-13 production and ILC2 proliferation, effectively suppressing type 2 immunity by inhibiting mast cell degranulation, ILC2 proliferation, IL-13 secretion, and dendritic cell migration. These findings again suggest an anti-inflammatory effect."
NLRP6[edit | edit source]
Restraint of TVM cell expansion[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Feb 7 IL-4 induces CD22 expression to restrain the effector program of virtual memory T cells (Also reported by ScienceDaily [7])
CD4+ Th2 responses[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Jul 10 Hypoxia-inducible factor 2α promotes protective Th2 cell responses during intestinal helminth infection -- Full text
- 2024 Aug 13 The amalgam of naive CD4+ T cell transcriptional states is reconfigured by helminth infection to dampen the amplitude of the immune response -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Sep The parasite cytokine mimic Hp-TGM potently replicates the regulatory effects of TGF-β on murine CD4+ T cells -- Full text | PDF
- 2020 Sep Preconception helminth infection alters offspring microbiota and immune subsets in a mouse model -- Full text | PDF
- 2018 Jul 26 Trichinella spiralis Infection Mitigates Collagen-Induced Arthritis via Programmed Death 1-Mediated Immunomodulation -- Full text | PDF
- 2017 Feb Intestinal helminth infection induces highly functional resident memory CD4+ T cells in mice -- Full text
- 2017 Jan Primary Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri infection induces myeloid-derived suppressor cells that suppress CD4+ Th2 responses and promote chronic infection -- Full text
- 2016 Feb The helminth T2 RNase ω1 promotes metabolic homeostasis in an IL-33- and group 2 innate lymphoid cell-dependent mechanism -- Full text
- 2014 Oct 15 The Differentiation of CD4(+) T-Helper Cell Subsets in the Context of Helminth Parasite Infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2008 May Functional analysis of effector and regulatory T cells in a parasitic nematode infection -- Full text | PDF
See also
CD8+ regulatory T cells[edit | edit source]
Treg cells[edit | edit source]
- 2018 Oct 8 Parasitic Nematodes Exert Antimicrobial Activity and Benefit From Microbiota-Driven Support for Host Immune Regulation -- Full text | PDF
- 2016 Mar Low-level regulatory T-cell activity is essential for functional type-2 effector immunity to expel gastrointestinal helminths -- Full text | PDF
- 2008 May Functional analysis of effector and regulatory T cells in a parasitic nematode infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2007 Jul Expansion and activation of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection -- Full text | PDF
Breg cells[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Jan Regulatory B cells in parasitic infections: roles and therapeutic potential -- Full text | PDF
- 2010 May Regulatory B cells prevent and reverse allergic airway inflammation via FoxP3-positive T regulatory cells in a murine model -- Full text
Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin[edit | edit source]
- 2023 Jan Role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in allergy and beyond -- Full text -- PDF
- 2022 Dec TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25: Not just for allergy and helminth infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2012 Nov 1 Thymic stromal lymphopoietin-dependent basophils promote Th2 cytokine responses following intestinal helminth infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2009 Aug 18 Helminth products bypass the need for TSLP in Th2 immune responses by directly modulating dendritic cell function -- Full text | PDF
- 2009 May 15 Regulation of Helminth-Induced Th2 Responses by Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin -- Full text | PDF
- 2009 Mar 16 TSLP regulates intestinal immunity and inflammation in mouse models of helminth infection and colitis -- Full text | PDF
See also (may not be related)
- 2016 Apr 1 Thymic stromal lymphopoietin blocks early stages of breast carcinogenesis -- Full text
- 2012 Oct 16 Loss of cutaneous TSLP-dependent immune responses skews the balance of inflammation from tumor protective to tumor promoting -- Full text
- 2012 Oct 16 Elevated epidermal thymic stromal lymphopoietin levels establish an antitumor environment in the skin -- Full text | PDF
IL-2[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Aug 26 The Role of IL-2 in Type 2 Immunity
IL-4[edit | edit source]
- 2024 Aug 13 The amalgam of naive CD4+ T cell transcriptional states is reconfigured by helminth infection to dampen the amplitude of the immune response -- Full text | PDF
- 2020 Sept 29 The Helminth Parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus Attenuates EAE in an IL-4Rα-Dependent Manner -- Full text | PDF
- 2016 Nov IL-4-producing ILC2s are required for the differentiation of TH2 cells following Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection -- Full text | PDF
- 1993 Mar 1 IgE production in human helminth infection. Reciprocal interrelationship between IL-4 and IFN-gamma
- 1991 Aug 15 Antibodies to IL-3 and IL-4 suppress helminth-induced intestinal mastocytosis
See also (may not be related)
- 2020 Oct 5 IL-4R alpha deficiency influences hippocampal-BDNF signaling pathway to impair reference memory -- Full text | PDF
- 2010 May 10 Regulation of learning and memory by meningeal immunity: a key role for IL-4 -- Full text | PDF
- 1994 Dec 15 An efficient Th2-type memory follows CD8+ lymphocyte-driven and eosinophil-mediated rejection of a spontaneous mouse mammary adenocarcinoma engineered to release IL-4
- 1993 Apr 1 Ultrastructural evidence of the mechanisms responsible for interleukin-4-activated rejection of a spontaneous murine adenocarcinoma
- 1990 Nov 1 Low doses of IL-4 injected perilymphatically in tumor-bearing mice inhibit the growth of poorly and apparently nonimmunogenic tumors and induce a tumor-specific immune memory
IL-10[edit | edit source]
- 2022 Jun Tissue-based IL-10 signalling in helminth infection limits IFNγ expression and promotes the intestinal Th2 response -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 May 4 Helminthic dehydrogenase drives PGE2 and IL-10 production in monocytes to potentiate Treg induction -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Feb Helminth-induced CD9+ B-cell subset alleviates obesity-associated inflammation via IL-10 production -- Full text
- 1991 Oct 15 Production of IL-10 by CD4+ T lymphocytes correlates with down-regulation of Th1 cytokine synthesis in helminth infection
IL-15[edit | edit source]
IL-22[edit | edit source]
- 2013 Oct 13 IL-22 Mediates Goblet Cell Hyperplasia and Worm Expulsion in Intestinal Helminth Infection -- Full text | PDF
IL-25[edit | edit source]
- 2022 Dec TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25: Not just for allergy and helminth infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2018 Aug Classic Models for New Perspectives: Delving into Helminth-Microbiota-Immune System Interactions
- 2016 Apr 7 IL-22 Restrains Tapeworm-Mediated Protection against Experimental Colitis via Regulation of IL-25 Expression -- Full text | PDF
See also (may not be related)
- 2011 Apr 13 IL-25 causes apoptosis of IL-25R-expressing breast cancer cells without toxicity to nonmalignant cells -- Full text | PDF
IL-33[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Acquired resistance against penetration by strongylodies ratti is mediated by IL-33-dependent induction of gamma delta T cells -- PDF (Thesis) (May not be not relevant to therapeutic helminths.)
- 2024 Jun 19 Structural basis for IL-33 recognition and its antagonism by the helminth effector protein HpARI2 -- Full text | PDF
- 2020 Nov 20 Interleukin-33 promotes serotonin release from enterochromaffin cells for intestinal homeostasis -- Full text | PDF (comment : 2021 Jan 12 IL-33 Changes Our "Gut Feelings" about Serotonin -- Full text)
- 2020 Sep IL-33 is essential to prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice infected with an intestinal helminth -- Full text
- 2017 Oct 17 HpARI Protein Secreted by a Helminth Parasite Suppresses Interleukin-33 -- Full text | PDF (Allergy, asthma)
- 2016 Feb The helminth T2 RNase ω1 promotes metabolic homeostasis in an IL-33- and group 2 innate lymphoid cell-dependent mechanism -- Full text
- 2014 Sept Blockade of IL-33 release and suppression of type 2 innate lymphoid cell responses by helminth secreted products in airway allergy -- Full text | PDF
- 2013 Jan 2 IL-33 drives biphasic IL-13 production for noncanonical Type 2 immunity against hookworms -- Full text
- 2012 Mar 12 Trefoil factor 2 rapidly induces interleukin 33 to promote type 2 immunity during allergic asthma and hookworm infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2010 Aug Immunity to helminth infection
See also Amphiregulin cytokine.
See also (may not be related):
Amphiregulin[edit | edit source]
- 2022 Oct 21 Resident TH2 cells orchestrate adipose tissue remodeling at a site adjacent to infection -- Full text | PDF (Science)
- 2006 Dec 15 Amphiregulin, a TH2 cytokine enhancing resistance to nematodes -- Full text (Science)
See also
- 2018 Jul 17 Amphiregulin-Producing Pathogenic Memory T Helper 2 Cells Instruct Eosinophils to Secrete Osteopontin and Facilitate Airway Fibrosis -- Full text
- 2015 Aug 27 A Distinct Function of Regulatory T Cells in Tissue Protection -- Full text | PDF
CD40/CD154[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Sept 27 CD154 restricts helminth-induced macrophage polarization and proliferation while promoting tissue residence -- PDF (Preprint)
- 2021 Mar CD40-CD154: A perspective from type 2 immunity -- Full text
- 2006 Sep 1 CD40/CD154 interactions are required for the optimal maturation of skin-derived APCs and the induction of helminth-specific IFN-gamma but not IL-4 -- Full text | PDF
Adiponectin[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Jun 5 Lower BMI in Tanzanian Adults with Schistosoma mansoni Infection is Not Explained by Differences in Serum Adipocytokine Levels -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Aug 27 Regulation and function of adiponectin in the intestinal epithelial cells in response to Trichinella spiralis infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 May 2 Helminth infection modulates number and function of adipose tissue Tregs in high fat diet-induced obesity -- Full text | PDF
- 2019 Oct 29 Adiponectin Limits IFN-γ and IL-17 Producing CD4 T Cells in Obesity by Restraining Cell Intrinsic Glycolysis -- Full text | PDF
- 2017 Oct 16 Effect of anthelmintic treatment on leptin, adiponectin and leptin to adiponectin ratio: a randomized-controlled trial -- Full text | PDF (diabete)
See also
- 2017 Jun 21 Adiponectin, a Therapeutic Target for Obesity, Diabetes, and Endothelial Dysfunction -- Full text | PDF
- 2016 Apr Adiponectin: a versatile player of innate immunity -- Full text | PDF
- 2015 Dec 3 Adiponectin/adiponectin receptor in disease and aging -- Full text | PDF
Trefoil factor[edit | edit source]
- 2022 Mar Trefoil Factor Family: A Troika for Lung Repair and Regeneration -- Full text
- 2021 Oct 18 Parasitic helminth infections in humans modulate Trefoil Factor levels in a manner dependent on the species of parasite and age of the host -- Full text
- 2019 Sep 27 TFF3 interacts with LINGO2 to regulate EGFR activation for protection against colitis and gastrointestinal helminths -- Full text | PDF
- 2019 Jan Macrophages promote epithelial proliferation following infectious and non-infectious lung injury through a Trefoil factor 2-dependent mechanism -- Full text
- 2018 May Trefoil Factor 2 Promotes Type 2 Immunity and Lung Repair through Intrinsic Roles in Hematopoietic and Nonhematopoietic Cells -- Full text
- 2012 Mar 12 Trefoil factor 2 rapidly induces interleukin 33 to promote type 2 immunity during allergic asthma and hookworm infection -- Full text | PDF
Foxp3 / Foxp3+[edit | edit source]
- 2021 Sep Induction of stable human FOXP3+ Tregs by a parasite-derived TGF-β mimic -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Sep The parasite cytokine mimic Hp-TGM potently replicates the regulatory effects of TGF-β on murine CD4+ T cells -- Full text | PDF
- 2017 Jul 13 A. suum infection modulates inflammation: implication of CD4+CD25hi Foxp3+ T cells and IL-10
- 2016 Nov 1 Anti-Arthritic Activity of Schistosoma mansoni and Trichinella spiralis Derived-Antigens in Adjuvant Arthritis in Rats: Role of FOXP3+ Treg Cells -- Full text | PDF
- 2014 Mar 15 Regulatory T cells limit induction of protective immunity and promote immune pathology following intestinal helminth infection -- Full text
- 2013 Aug 15 Schistosoma mansoni-mediated suppression of allergic airway inflammation requires patency and Foxp3+ Treg cells -- Full text | PDF
- 2012 Helminth antigens enable CpG-activated dendritic cells to inhibit the symptoms of collagen-induced arthritis through Foxp3+ regulatory T cells -- Full text | PDF
- 2010 Oct 25 Helminth secretions induce de novo T cell Foxp3 expression and regulatory function through the TGF-β pathway -- Full text | PDF
- 2010 May Regulatory B cells prevent and reverse allergic airway inflammation via FoxP3-positive T regulatory cells in a murine model -- Full text
- 2009 Aug Inhibition of type 1 diabetes in filaria-infected non-obese diabetic mice is associated with a T helper type 2 shift and induction of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells -- Full text | PDF
- 2009 Jan Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate experimental allergic asthma in a murine model: a major role for CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T cells independent of interleukin-10 -- Full text | PDF
See also (may not be related)
- 2023 Apr FOXP3+ macrophage represses acute ischemic stroke-induced neural inflammation -- Full text | PDF
TGF-β[edit | edit source]
- 2018 Oct 5 Helminth-Induced Production of TGF-β and Suppression of Graft-versus-Host Disease Is Dependent on IL-4 Production by Host Cells -- Full text | PDF
- 2014 Mar Intestinal Helminthic Infection Increases Serum Levels of IL-2 and Decreases Serum TGF-Beta Levels in Nigerian Asthmatic Patients -- Full text | PDF
- 2012 Jan 15 Helminth protection against autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice is independent of a type 2 immune shift and requires TGF-β -- Full text | PDF
- 2010 May Helminths Regulate Acute Graft Versus Host Disease and Colitis in a TGFβ Dependent Manner in Mice
- 2009 Aug 1 Infection with a Helminth Parasite Attenuates Autoimmunity through TGF-β-Mediated Suppression of Th17 and Th1 Responses -- Full text | PDF
Serotonin[edit | edit source]
- 2020 Nov 20 Interleukin-33 promotes serotonin release from enterochromaffin cells for intestinal homeostasis -- Full text | PDF (comment : 2021 Jan 12 IL-33 Changes Our "Gut Feelings" about Serotonin -- Full text)
- 2019 May 15 TLR2 Plays a Pivotal Role in Mediating Mucosal Serotonin Production in the Gut -- Full text
- 2018 Sept 3 Modulation of the immune response by helminths: a role for serotonin? -- Full text | PDF
See also
- 2024 Mar 15 Gut bacteria-derived serotonin promotes immune tolerance in early life -- Full text | PDF
Endocannabinoids[edit | edit source]
- 2021 Jun Cannabinoid Receptor Subtype-1 Regulates Allergic Airway Eosinophilia During Lung Helminth Infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2020 May 28 Endocannabinoid Regulation of Helminth Induced Hypophagia -- PDF (capstone project)
- 2018 Oct 25 Host- and Helminth-Derived Endocannabinoids That Have Effects on Host Immunity Are Generated during Infection -- Full text | PDF (media coverage "Getting high on worms")
See also
- 2022 Jun 3 The Endocannabinoids-Microbiota Partnership in Gut-Brain Axis Homeostasis: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorders -- Full text | [8]
- 2021 Feb 16 High and Mighty? Cannabinoids and the microbiome in pain -- Full text | PDF (review)
Cholecystokinin[edit | edit source]
- 2013 Jan Adaptive immunity alters distinct host feeding pathways during nematode induced inflammation, a novel mechanism in parasite expulsion -- Full text | PDF
- 1985 Dec Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: changes in plasma levels of gastrointestinal hormones in the infected rat -- Full text
Bile acid homeostasis[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Jul 15 Associations between helminth infection status and the composition and concentration of fecal bile acids in school-age children in Uganda -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Jul 6 Chronic small intestinal helminth infection perturbs bile acid homeostasis and disrupts bile acid signaling in the murine small intestine -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Mar 7 Down with the shp-1: chronic helminth infection disrupts bile acid homeostasis and signalling receptor activation in the murine small intestine to potentially impact gut immunity -- PDF
RAGE signaling pathway[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Sep 8 Receptor for advanced glycation end products regulates the pulmonary and intestinal host responses to the infection with the parasitic nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis -- Full text
Neutrophil extracellular traps[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Jul 28 Neutrophil extracellular traps induced by Haemonchus contortus excretory–secretory proteins varies among goats, gerbils, and mice -- Full text
Suppressor Of Cytokine Signalling 3 (socs3)[edit | edit source]
- 2017 Sep Intestinal epithelial suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) impacts on mucosal homeostasis in a model of chronic inflammation -- Full text | PDF
- 2014 Suppressor Of Cytokine Signalling 3 (socs3) Impacts On Intestinal Epithelial Cell Proliferation During Intestinal Helminth Infection
See also :
- 2024 Mar 13 Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Focus on the Role of Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) Proteins -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Nov Aberrant expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) molecules contributes to the development of allergic diseases
- 2012 Jan The role of SOCS3 signaling in ulcerative colitis and ulcerative colitis-related carcinogenesis (Thesis)
- 2011 May Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins and JAK/STAT pathways: regulation of T-cell inflammation by SOCS1 and SOCS3 -- Full text
Hemostatic system[edit | edit source]
- 2023 Mar 10 Hidden in plain sight: How helminths manage to thrive in host blood -- Full text
- 2022 Jul 14 Interaction of helminth parasites with the haemostatic system of their vertebrate hosts: a scoping review -- Full text
Resistin and Resistin-like (Relmα)[edit | edit source]
- 2025 May 8 Macrophage-Derived Relmα Promotes Lung Tissue Repair Following Helminth Infection In a Murine Model (Capstone Project)
- 2023 Oct 13 Myeloid- and epithelial-derived RELMα contribute to tissue repair following lung helminth infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Sep 25 Choline metabolism underpins macrophage IL-4 polarization and RELMα up-regulation in helminth infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2018 Dec 4 B Cells Produce the Tissue-Protective Protein RELMα during Helminth Infection, which Inhibits IL-17 Expression and Limits Emphysema -- Full text
- 2017 Mar Human Resistin Regulates Immunity to Helminths and Sepsis (thesis)
- 2015 Jan 8 Macrophage-derived human resistin is induced in multiple helminth infections and promotes inflammatory monocytes and increased parasite burden -- Full text | PDF
- 2009 Apr Retnla (Relmα/Fizz1) Suppresses Helminth-Induced Th2-Type Immunity -- Full text | PDF
Antimicrobial protein (AMP)[edit | edit source]
- 2022 Jan 12 Helminths are positively AMPing up gut de-bugging -- Full text
- ✅ 2021 Nov 5 Small proline-rich protein 2A is a gut bactericidal protein deployed during helminth infection -- Full text | PDF (Science)
Angiopoietin-like proteins (AGPTLs)[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Sep 30 Circulating Angiopoietin-like proteins in Strongyloides Stercoralis infection and reversal following treatment -- Full text | PDF
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)[edit | edit source]
- 2024 Jun Maternal gastrointestinal nematode infection alters hippocampal neuroimmunity, enhances long-term potentiation and spatial memory and improves resistance to direct infection in mouse offspring -- PDF (Thesis)
- 2024 May 10 Maternal gastrointestinal nematode infection alters hippocampal neuroimmunity, promotes synaptic plasticity, and improves resistance to direct infection in offspring -- Full text | [9]
- 2022 Jun 13 Maternal gastrointestinal nematode infection enhances spatial memory of uninfected juvenile mouse pups -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Oct 20 Parasite-Derived Excretory-Secretory Products Alleviate Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Improve Cognitive Impairment Induced by a High-Fat Diet -- Full text | PDF
- 2020 Oct 5 IL-4R alpha deficiency influences hippocampal-BDNF signaling pathway to impair reference memory -- Full text | PDF
- 2013 Dec 19 Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) in multiple sclerosis patients with Trichuris suis ova therapy -- Full text | PDF
- 2010 May 10 Regulation of learning and memory by meningeal immunity: a key role for IL-4 -- Full text | PDF
- 2008 Aug Helminth infections associated with multiple sclerosis induce regulatory B cells
See also
- 2025 Mar 29 Relationship Between Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Multiple Intelligence Profiles
- 2021 Mar Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Serum And Intelligence Levels of Elementary School Children in Rural Areas, Seluma Regency
Intrinsic enteric neurons[edit | edit source]
see also
- 2025 Jul 2 Gut sensory neurons as regulators of neuro-immune-microbial interactions: from molecular mechanisms to precision therapy for IBD/IBS -- Full text | PDF
Excretory/secretory (E/S) products[edit | edit source]
Extracellular vesicles[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Jan Helminth extracellular vesicles co-opt host monocytes to drive T cell anergy -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Jun Overview of the interaction of helminth extracellular vesicles with the host and their potential functions and biological applications -- Full text
- 2020 Aug Unique glycan and lipid composition of helminth-derived extracellular vesicles may reveal novel roles in host-parasite interactions
- 2019 Feb 14 Exploration of extracellular vesicles from Ascaris suum provides evidence of parasite-host cross talk -- Full text | PDF
- 2018 May 23 Extracellular Vesicles From the Helminth Fasciola hepatica Prevent DSS-Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis in a T-Lymphocyte Independent Mode -- Full text | PDF
- 2016 Dec Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis in Helminths: More than One Route to the Surface?
- 2016 Jul Host parasite communications-Messages from helminths for the immune system: Parasite communication and cell-cell interactions -- Full text | PDF
- 2012 Extracellular vesicles from parasitic helminths contain specific excretory/secretory proteins and are internalized in intestinal host cells -- Full text | PDF
MicroRNA[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Mar 27 A secreted helminth microRNA suppresses gastrointestinal cell differentiation required for innate immunity -- Full text | PDF
- Gastrointestinal nematodes exploit a host miRNA regulatory network to suppress host innate responses, promote tissue regeneration and establish a favourable environment for chronic infection
- 2014 Mar 24 microRNAs of parasitic helminths - Identification, characterization and potential as drug targets -- Full text
Antagonist of TLR4 signaling pathway[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Aug 27 Opisthorchis viverrini Helminth Defense Molecule: Structural features, molecular interactions, and dual immunomodulatory roles -- Full text
- 2025 Jun 23 Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Fh15 as an Antagonist of TLR4 Downregulating the Activation of NF-κB, Inducible Nitric Oxide, Phagosome Signaling Pathways, and Oxidative Stress of LPS-Stimulated Macrophages (preprint)
- 2015 Feb A parasitic helminth-derived peptide that targets the macrophage lysosome is a novel therapeutic option for autoimmune disease -- Full text
- 2011 May 12 A family of helminth molecules that modulate innate cell responses via molecular mimicry of host antimicrobial peptides -- Full text | PDF
Antagonist of RAGE signaling pathway[edit | edit source]
- 2021 Jun 3 Venestatin from parasitic helminths interferes with receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-mediated immune responses to promote larval migration -- Full text | PDF
Transforming Growth Factor-β mimic (TGM, TGF-β mimic)[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Apr 29 Cytokines from parasites: manipulating host responses by molecular mimicry -- Full text | PDF
- 2025 Feb 21 TGM6 is a helminth secretory product that mimics TGF-β binding to TGFBR2 to antagonize signaling in fibroblasts -- Full text | PDF
- 2025 Jan The TGF-β mimic TGM4 achieves cell specificity through combinatorial surface co-receptor binding -- Full text | PDF
- 2024 Dec 28 Molecular and biological characterization of transforming growth factor-β homolog derived from Trichinella spiralis -- Full text | PDF
- 2024 Aug 23 Helminth protein enhances wound healing by inhibiting fibrosis and promoting tissue regeneration -- Full text | PDF (Also reported by Advanced Science News. [10]) (Wound healing)
- 2024 Apr Exogenous Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Its Helminth-Derived Mimic Attenuate the Heart's Inflammatory Response to Ischemic Injury and Reduce Mature Scar Size -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Nov 15 The helminth TGF-β mimic TGM4 is a modular ligand that binds CD44, CD49d and TGF-β receptors to preferentially target myeloid cells -- Full text | PDF (Preprint)
- 2023 Sep 4 Convergent Evolution in a Murine Intestinal Parasite Rapidly Created the TGM Family of Molecular Mimics to Suppress the Host Immune Response -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Aug 22 CD44 acts as a coreceptor for cell-specific enhancement of signaling and regulatory T cell induction by TGM1, a parasite TGF-β mimic -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Jan 18 Protection from T cell-dependent colitis by the helminth-derived immunomodulatory mimic of transforming growth factor-β, Hp-TGM -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Oct 4 Identification and expression of a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) homologue in the tropical liver fluke Fasciola gigantica -- Full text
- 2022 Oct Suppression of airway allergic eosinophilia by Hp-TGM, a helminth mimic of TGF-β -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Jun 27 Suppression of airway allergic eosinophilia by Hp-TGM, a helminth mimic of TGF-β
- 2021 Nov 10 Oral delivery of a functional algal-expressed TGF-β mimic halts colitis in a murine DSS model -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Sep Induction of stable human FOXP3+ Tregs by a parasite-derived TGF-β mimic -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Sep The parasite cytokine mimic Hp-TGM potently replicates the regulatory effects of TGF-β on murine CD4+ T cells -- Full text | PDF
- 2018 Apr TGF-β mimic proteins form an extended gene family in the murine parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus -- Full text | PDF
- 2017 Nov 23 A structurally distinct TGF-β mimic from an intestinal helminth parasite potently induces regulatory T cells -- Full text | PDF
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Interaction of antimicrobial peptides with bacterial membranes revealed by microscale thermophoresis
- 2025 Revealing the membrane related mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptide TSO8 from Taenia solium and its fragments
SCP/TAPS proteins[edit | edit source]
- 2020 May 26 Comprehensive analysis of the secreted proteome of adult Necator americanus hookworms -- Full text | PDF
- 2012 May-Jun Hookworm SCP/TAPS protein structure--A key to understanding host-parasite interactions and developing new interventions -- PDF
Helminth defense molecules (HDMs)[edit | edit source]
- 2024 Apr 5 The helminth-derived peptide, FhHDM-1, reverses the trained phenotype of NOD bone-marrow-derived macrophages and regulates proinflammatory responses -- Full text (diabetes)
- 2023 Oct Modulation of macrophage metabolism and function by the helminth peptide FhHDM-1 -- PDF (Thesis)
- 2017 Jan The immune modulatory peptide FhHDM-1 secreted by the helminth Fasciola hepatica prevents NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inhibiting endolysosomal acidification in macrophages -- Full text
- 2012 Nov A helminth cathelicidin-like protein suppresses antigen processing and presentation in macrophages via inhibition of lysosomal vATPase -- Full text
Various[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Jun 11 Modulation of the Immune Response by Nematode Derived Molecules -- Full text | PDF
- 2024 Aug 2 Identifying Novel Helminth Immunomodulatory Molecules -- PDF (Thesis)
- 2023 Jan 20 Immunomodulators secreted from parasitic helminths act on pattern recognition receptors -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Aug Antigens from the parasitic nematode Trichuris suis induce metabolic reprogramming and trained immunity to constrain inflammatory responses in macrophages | Full text
- 2022 Sept 9 Immunomodulatory and biological properties of helminth-derived small molecules: Potential applications in diagnostics and therapeutics -- Full text | PDF
- 2022 Sep 6 Novel antiinflammatory biologics shaped by parasite-host coevolution -- Full text | PDF (critique 2022 Sept 13 Does Co-Evolution Explain Helminth Therapy?
- 2022 Jan 3 Intestinal epithelial tuft cell induction is negated by a murine helminth and its secreted products -- Full text -- PDF
- 2022 Apr Targeting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in pancreatic β-cells to enhance their survival and function: An emerging therapeutic strategy for type 1 diabetes -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Apr Mining Helminths for Novel Therapeutics -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Feb The helminth glycoprotein omega-1 improves metabolic homeostasis in obese mice through type 2 immunity-independent inhibition of food intake -- Full text | PDF
- 2019 Nov 14 Thioredoxin peroxidase secreted by Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) promotes the alternative activation of macrophages via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway -- Full text | PDF
- 2019 Jul 9 The helminth-derived peptide GK-1 induces an anti-tumoral CD8 T cell response associated with downregulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway (Cancer)
- 2019 May Effects of Ascaris and Trichuris antigens on cytokine production in porcine blood mononuclear and epithelial cells -- Full text
- 2018 Nov 20 Modulation of Host Immunity by Helminths: The Expanding Repertoire of Parasite Effector Molecules
- 2018 Nov 12 Immunoproteomics and Surfaceomics of the Adult Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta -- Full text
- 2018 Oct 29 Analysis of the Trichuris suis excretory/secretory proteins as a function of life cycle stage and their immunomodulatory properties -- Full text | PDF
- 2017 May Study on the mitochondrial apoptosis pathways of small cell lung cancer H446 cells induced by Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae ESPs -- Full text
- 2015 Oct The helminth parasite proteome at the host-parasite interface - Informing diagnosis and control -- Full text
- 2015 Feb The unusual lipid binding proteins of parasitic helminths and their potential roles in parasitism and as therapeutic targets -- Full text
- 2012 Dec 13 Helminth secretome database (HSD): a collection of helminth excretory/secretory proteins predicted from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) -- Full text
- 2012 Nov 15 How helminths use excretory secretory fractions to modulate dendritic cells -- Full text | PDF
- 2012 Nov Immunomodulatory glycan LNFPIII alleviates hepatosteatosis and insulin resistance through direct and indirect control of metabolic pathways -- Full text | PDF
- 2012 Mar Novel roles of peroxiredoxins in inflammation, cancer and innate immunity -- Full text | PDF
- 2011 Oct Proteomic analysis of excretory-secretory products of Heligmosomoides polygyrus assessed with next-generation sequencing transcriptomic information -- full text
- 2011 Aug 24 Proteomic analysis of secretory products from the model gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus reveals dominance of venom allergen-like (VAL) proteins -- Full text | [11]
- 2008 Nov Helminth 2-Cys peroxiredoxin drives Th2 responses through a mechanism involving alternatively activated macrophages -- Full text
- 2005 Feb Excretory/secretory products of sheep abomasal nematode parasites cause vacuolation and increased neutral red uptake by HeLa cells -- Full text
- 2004 Jan Immune biasing by helminth glycans -- Full text
Others yet to be classified[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Oct 14 Gasdermin C cleavage by Cathepsin S modulates Rab7 vesicles in intestinal epithelial cells to amplify anti-helminth immunity -- Full text (Comment Cutting the Gordian knot: Untangling gasdermin C from pyroptosis)
- 2025 Jul 24 In vitro immunomodulatory effect of opisthorchis felineus hemozoin on dendritic cells of children with bronchial asthma -- PDF (russian)
- 2024 Jan-Dec Gut microbiota-mediated polyphenol metabolism is restrained by parasitic whipworm infection and associated with altered immune function in mice -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Dec 28 The Roles of Various Immune Cell Populations in Immune Response against Helminths -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Dec 11 Hookworms dynamically respond to loss of Type 2 immune pressure -- Full text
- 2023 Sep 25 Choline metabolism underpins macrophage IL-4 polarization and RELMα up-regulation in helminth infection -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Jun Dangerous liaisons: how helminths manipulate the intestinal epithelium
- 2022 Jun “Every cell is an immune cell; contributions of non-hematopoietic cells to anti-helminth immunity” -- Full text | PDF (review)
- 2022 Jun Tissue-specific immunity in helminth infections -- Full text | PDF (review)
- 2022 Jun "Every cell is an immune cell; contributions of non-hematopoietic cells to anti-helminth immunity" -- Full text (review)
- 2021 Nov 8 Evidence of MHC class I and II influencing viral and helminth infection via the microbiome in a non-human primate -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Aug Gut-microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles: Overlooked mediators in host-helminth interactions?
- 2021 Feb Schistosome and intestinal helminth modulation of macrophage immunometabolism -- Full text | PDF
- 2020 Feb Organoids - New Models for Host-Helminth Interactions -- Full text | PDF
- 2019 Feb 15 Role of mast cells in the generation of a T-helper type 2 dominated anti-helminthic immune response -- Full text
- 2018 Nov 30 Mast cell deficiency in mice results in biomass overgrowth and delayed expulsion of the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta -- Full textl
- 2018 Oct 12 Immunomodulation by Helminths: Intracellular Pathways and Extracellular Vesicles -- Full text | PDF
- 2018 Aug 15 Silent Witness: Dual-Species Transcriptomics Reveals Epithelial Immunological Quiescence to Helminth Larval Encounter and Fostered Larval Development -- Full text | PDF
- 2018 Mar 14 Predicting the effects of parasite co-infection across species boundaries -- Full text | PDF
- 2017 Nov 29 The Mannose Receptor in Regulation of Helminth-Mediated Host Immunity -- Full text | PDF
- 2017 Nov Helminth-induced apoptosis: a silent strategy for immunosuppression
- 2017 Sep Intestinal helminth infection impacts the systemic distribution and function of the naive lymphocyte pool -- Full text
- 2016 Apr 8 Comprehensive Transcriptome Meta-analysis to Characterize Host Immune Responses in Helminth Infections -- Full text | PDF
- 2016 Feb Expression of growth-related genes in the mouse placenta is influenced by interactions between intestinal nematode (Heligmosomoides bakeri) infection and dietary protein deficiency
- 2014 Aug 1 Virus-helminth co-infection reveals a microbiota-independent mechanism of immuno-modulation -- Full text (Science)
- 2014 Feb 14 Helminth Allergens, Parasite-Specific IgE, and Its Protective Role in Human Immunity -- Full text | PDF
- 2011 Apr Angiogenesis and parasitic helminth-associated neovascularization
- 2010 Apr Basophils are transiently recruited into the draining lymph nodes during helminth infection via IL-3 but infection-induced Th2 immunity can develop without basophil lymph node recruitment or IL-3 (also published 2009 Dec 28 Basophils are transiently recruited into the draining lymph nodes during helminth infection via IL-3 but infection-induced Th2 immunity can develop without basophil lymph node recruitment or IL-3 -- Full text)
- 2009 Oct 8 Systems metabolic effects of a necator americanus infection in Syrian hamster
- 1997 Feb A role for the enteric nervous system in the response to helminth infections
- 1995 Nov Anorexia induced by the parasitic nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: effects on NPY and CRF gene expression in the rat hypothalamus
- 1991 Jul Hymenolepis diminuta: changes in the levels of certain intestinal regulatory peptides in infected C57 mice -- Full text
- 1987 Aug Fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in mice infected with the tapeworm Hymenolepis microstoma -- Full text
- 1985 Dec Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: changes in plasma levels of gastrointestinal hormones in the infected rat -- Full text
Negative effects of some helminths[edit | edit source]
- 2015 May 7 Not all parasites are protective -- Full text | PDF
Studies of Necator americanus[edit | edit source]
Necator americanus is the most commonly used worm in helminth therapy. Here is an incomplete list of papers about this worm.
- 2020 Nov 9 Dynamics of the bacterial gut microbiota during controlled human infection with Necator americanus larvae -- Full text | PDF
- 2020 May 26 Comprehensive analysis of the secreted proteome of adult Necator americanus hookworms -- Full text | PDF
- 2020 Mar 6 Crude Necator americanus worm extract diminishes pancreatic islets destruction in diabetic non-obese mice (NOD) (preprint)
- 2014 Mar Genome of the human hookworm Necator americanus -- Full text | PDF (NA)
- 2009 Oct 8 Systems metabolic effects of a necator americanus infection in Syrian hamster
- 2009 Mar 24 Necator americanus infection: a possible cause of altered dendritic cell differentiation and eosinophil profile in chronically infected individuals -- Full text | PDF (NA)
- 2008 Apr Necator americanus: the Na-ASP-2 protein secreted by the infective larvae induces neutrophil recruitment in vivo and in vitro -- Full text
- 2007 Jul Stage-specific immune responses in human Necator americanus infection -- Full text | PDF (NA)
- 2004 Aug 15 A secreted protein from the human hookworm necator americanus binds selectively to NK cells and induces IFN-gamma production
- 2001 Apr Is Necator americanus approaching a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with humans? (NA)