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Human helminth care manual: Difference between revisions
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infections, but has been largely replaced by other anthelmintics, e.g., mebendazole or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrantel pyrantel pamoate]. | infections, but has been largely replaced by other anthelmintics, e.g., mebendazole or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrantel pyrantel pamoate]. | ||
<span id="piperazine"></span> | |||
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine Piperazine] (also Piperazine hydrate and piperazine) citrate are anthelminthic drugs that kill 60-70% of adult | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine Piperazine] (also Piperazine hydrate and piperazine) citrate are anthelminthic drugs that kill 60-70% of adult | ||
roundworms. | roundworms. | ||
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=== Antihistamines === | === Antihistamines === | ||
==== | ==== Piperazine related antihistamines ==== | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
Popular antihistamines derived from, or closely related to, the anthelminthic drug ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine piperazine] (See the separate entry for piperazine). | Popular antihistamines derived from, or closely related to, the anthelminthic drug ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine piperazine] (See the separate entry for [[#piperazine|piperazine]]). | ||
These include: | These include: | ||
* ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetirizine cetirizine] (Zyrtec, Reactine), | * ⚡ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetirizine cetirizine] (Zyrtec, Reactine), | ||
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronidazole Metronidazole] (Flagyl). This is one of three derivatives of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroimidazole nitroimidazole] that is used against anaerobic bacterial | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronidazole Metronidazole] (Flagyl). This is one of three derivatives of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroimidazole nitroimidazole] that is used against anaerobic bacterial | ||
and parasitic, as well as protozoan, infections. One hookworm host has reported[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/861694407219849/?comment_id=861879177201372&offset=0&total_comments=3&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] losing her colony to this drug, | and parasitic, as well as protozoan, infections. One hookworm host has reported[https://www.facebook.com/groups/htsupport/permalink/861694407219849/?comment_id=861879177201372&offset=0&total_comments=3&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R%22%7D] losing her colony to this drug, | ||
which should never be combined with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebendazole mebendazole] due a risk that, together, they may cause [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447769/ Stevens-Johnson | which should never be combined with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebendazole mebendazole] due a risk that, together, they may cause [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447769/ Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis], something about which many doctors and pharmacists may be unaware, especially in the US. | ||
Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis], something about which many doctors and pharmacists may be unaware, especially in the US. | |||
=== ✅ Antivirals === | === ✅ Antivirals === | ||
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=== ✅ Immunotherapy === | === ✅ Immunotherapy === | ||
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergen_immunotherapy Allergen immunotherapy] -- In the form of sublingual drops/tablets, subcutaneous injections, and allergy “shots”, | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergen_immunotherapy Allergen immunotherapy] -- In the form of sublingual drops/tablets, subcutaneous injections, and [http://www.aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/treatments/allergy-shots-(immunotherapy).aspx allergy “shots”], | ||
this is safe to be used concurrently with helminthic therapy. In fact, many who have used the two therapies together have been very pleased with the combined effects. | this is safe to be used concurrently with helminthic therapy. In fact, many who have used the two therapies together have been very pleased with the combined effects. | ||
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<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13102818.2008.10817529 Piperazine-based recreational drugs] are a group of stimulant drugs with similar effects to ecstasy. | [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13102818.2008.10817529 Piperazine-based recreational drugs] are a group of stimulant drugs with similar effects to ecstasy. | ||
(See separate entry for details on piperazine) The main piperazine-derivatives that have been used for | (See separate entry for details on [[#piperazine|piperazine]]) The main piperazine-derivatives that have been used for | ||
recreational purposes include | recreational purposes include | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylpiperazine BZP] (Benzylpiperazine, A2, Frenzy, Nemesis) | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylpiperazine BZP] (Benzylpiperazine, A2, Frenzy, Nemesis) | ||
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylbenzylpiperazine MBZP] (1-methyl-4-benzylpiperazine) | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylbenzylpiperazine MBZP] (1-methyl-4-benzylpiperazine) | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B-BZP 2C-B-BZP] (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-1-benzylpiperazine) | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B-BZP 2C-B-BZP] (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-1-benzylpiperazine) | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzylpiperazine DBZP] (1,4-Dibenzylpiperazine) | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzylpiperazine DBZP] (1,4-Dibenzylpiperazine) | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine MDBZP] (3,4 Methylenedioxy-1-benzylpiperazine) | |||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel Betel leaves] -- The leaves of the Piper betle vine (part of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperaceae Piperaceae] family, which includes pepper and ⚡kava) are used as a mild stimulant and are thought likely to be safe for human helminths, although there have been no reports from helminth hosts to confirm or contradict this. | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel Betel leaves] -- The leaves of the Piper betle vine (part of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperaceae Piperaceae] family, which includes pepper and ⚡kava) are used as a mild stimulant and are thought likely to be safe for human helminths, although there have been no reports from helminth hosts to confirm or contradict this. | ||
* ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areca_nut betel nut] (or areca nut) seed of the areca palm (and also known as the areca nut palm, betel palm, Pinang palm and Indian nut) is often chewed wrapped in betel leaves - a combination known as | * ❌ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areca_nut betel nut] (or areca nut) seed of the areca palm (and also known as the areca nut palm, betel palm, Pinang palm and Indian nut) is often chewed wrapped in betel leaves - a combination known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paan paan] that is used for its stimulant and psychoactive effects. Betel nuts contain the anthelminthic [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecoline arecoline] and have been used as a tapeworm remedy. Fresh betel nuts are also known to be used very effectively by Torres Straight Islanders as a treatment for all types of intestinal worm, and surveys have found that the betel chewers were almost all worm-free, while others weren't. (Prolonged use of the betel nut can create addiction and the World Health Organization classifies the betel nut as a carcinogen.) | ||
Most other recreational drugs should be safe for use by helminth hosts, including '''tobacco''', '''nicotine''' and most forms of '''alcohol'''. | Most other recreational drugs should be safe for use by helminth hosts, including '''tobacco''', '''nicotine''' and most forms of '''alcohol'''. | ||