Helminthic therapy and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints.
The scientific evidence[edit | edit source]
- 2025 Apr Parasitic helminths and protozoa: Treasure boxes of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs -- Full text
- 2025 Mar 4 Clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory proteins ameliorate inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis -- Full text | PDF
- 2024 Jun Helminth-induced impairment of humoral immunity differently contribute to their anti-arthritic effects in mice: Comparison of Schistosoma mansoni and Trichinella spiralis -- Full text
- 2024 Jan 31 The parasitic worm product ES-62 protects against collagen-induced arthritis by resetting the gut-bone marrow axis in a microbiome-dependent manner -- Full text | PDF
- 2023 Sept Conquering rheumatic diseases: are parasitic worms the answer? -- Full text | PDF (review)
- 2022 Nov 12 Fasciola hepatica extract suppresses fibroblast-like synoviocytes in vitro and alleviates experimental arthritis -- Full text
- 2022 Oct Helminth Infection Modulation of Antigen-Induced-Arthritis: Characterizing the Effects of Heligmosomoides Polygyrus Bakeri Infection on Murine Knee Joint Inflammation (thesis) (intermediate Youtube presentation)
- 2022 Feb 24 Bone erosion in inflammatory arthritis is attenuated by Trichinella spiralis through inhibiting M1 monocyte/macrophage polarization -- Full text | PDF]
- 2021 Nov 8 Suppression of inflammatory arthritis by the parasitic worm product ES-62 is associated with epigenetic changes in synovial fibroblasts -- Full text | PDF
- 2021 Oct 18 Emerging Role of Eosinophils in Resolution of Arthritis -- Full text | PDF
- 2019 Oct 12 Th2 signals are not essential for the anti-arthritic effects of Trichinella spiralis in mice
- 2019 Apr 5 The parasitic worm product ES-62 normalises the gut microbiota bone marrow axis in inflammatory arthritis -- Full text | PDF
- 2019 Jan Helminth-based therapies for rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis -- Full text
- 2018 Aug 8 Helminths-based bi-functional molecule, tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC), ameliorates an established murine arthritis -- Full text | PDF
- 2018 Jul 26 Trichinella spiralis Infection Mitigates Collagen-Induced Arthritis via Programmed Death 1-Mediated Immunomodulation -- Full text | PDF
- 2018 May 14 Protection Against Arthritis by the Parasitic Worm Product ES-62, and Its Drug-Like Small Molecule Analogues, Is Associated With Inhibition of Osteoclastogenesis -- Full text | PDF
- 2017 Sep-Oct Intestinal parasites infection: protective effect in rheumatoid arthritis? -- Full text | PDF
- 2017 Apr Diminished IL-17A levels may protect filarial-infected individuals from development of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus -- Full text
- 2017 Jan 13 Inflammatory arthritis and systemic bone loss are attenuated by gastrointestinal helminth parasites
- 2016 Nov 1 Anti-Arthritic Activity of Schistosoma mansoni and Trichinella spiralis Derived-Antigens in Adjuvant Arthritis in Rats: Role of FOXP3+ Treg Cells -- Full text | PDF
- 2016 Oct Exploiting the helminth-derived immunomodulator, ES-62 and its small molecule analogues to dissect the mechanisms underpinning the development of the pathogenic phenotype of synovial fibroblasts in autoimmune arthritis -- PDF (thesis)
- 2016 Oct Parasitic infection as a potential therapeutic tool against rheumatoid arthritis -- Full text (review)
- 2016 Jun 7 Th2 and eosinophil responses suppress inflammatory arthritis -- Full text | PDF (summary here Mice infected with a parasite show reduced symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis -- Bob Yirka, Medical Xpress). (comment Experimental arthritis: Helminth infection ameliorates arthritis (No abstract)) "N. brasiliensis infection suppresses inflammatory arthritis"
- 2016 Apr Novel therapeutic compound tuftsin–phosphorylcholine attenuates collagen-induced arthritis -- Full text | PDF
- 2015 Jun Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with a synthetic analogue of a parasitic worm product prevents experimental arthritis and inhibits IL-1β production via NRF2-mediated counter-regulation of the inflammasome -- Full text | PDF
- 2015 Apr From the worm to the pill, the parasitic worm product ES-62 raises new horizons in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis -- Full text | PDF
- 2014 Jul Lessons from helminth infections: ES-62 highlights new interventional approaches in rheumatoid arthritis -- Full text | PDF
- 2014 Jun ES-62 protects against collagen-induced arthritis by resetting interleukin-22 toward resolution of inflammation in the joints -- Full text | PDF
- 2014 May Immunomodulation in human and experimental arthritis: including vitamin D, helminths and heat-shock proteins -- Full text
- 2013 Dec 27 Designing anti-inflammatory drugs from parasitic worms: a synthetic small molecule analogue of the Acanthocheilonema viteae product ES-62 prevents development of collagen-induced arthritis -- Full text | PDF
- 2012 Sept 27 The parasitic helminth product ES-62 suppresses pathogenesis in collagen-induced arthritis by targeting the interleukin-17-producing cellular network at multiple sites -- Full text | PDF
- 2012 Helminth antigens enable CpG-activated dendritic cells to inhibit the symptoms of collagen-induced arthritis through Foxp3+ regulatory T cells -- Full text | PDF
- 2011 Aug 8 Impact of Schistosoma japonicum infection on collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice: a murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis -- Full text | PDF
- 2011 Apr 18 Helminth parasites and the modulation of joint inflammation -- Full text | PDF
- 2011 Feb Infection with an intestinal helminth parasite reduces Freund's complete adjuvant-induced monoarthritis in mice -- Full text | PDF (HDC)
- 2011 Impact of Schistosoma japonicum infection on collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice: a murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis -- Full text | PDF
- 2010 Feb 10 Parasitic helminths: new weapons against immunological disorders -- Full text | PDF
- 2008 Jun Protective effect of an extract from Ascaris suum in experimental arthritis models | Full text | PDF
- 2008 Apr The phosphorycholine moiety of the filarial nematode immunomodulator ES-62 is responsible for its anti-inflammatory action in arthritis -- Full text
- 1975 Aug The influence of the nematode Syphacia oblevata on adjuvant arthritis in the rat -- Full text | PDF
see also :
- 2022 Apr 12 The Infection, Coinfection, and Abundance of Intestinal Protozoa Increase the Serum Levels of IFABP2 and TNF-α in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis -- Full text
- 2019 Jul 12 Parasitic Rheumatism among Patients Infected with Intestinal Parasites
Media Coverage[edit | edit source]
- 2016 Jul 5 Helminth Therapy in RA - Stephanie Pappas, Rheumatology Network
The anecdotal evidence[edit | edit source]
These first four reports are more detailed than the quotes that follow them.
- "I was teetering on the edge of being diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, and that seems to have been helped. The 4 rheumatoid nodules I'd developed on my fingers have gone away." (Link expired)
- “I initially started combination therapy September 2011 for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Prior to helminths I had tried Remicade IV infusion and methatrexate. The Remicade worked extremely well however, my immune system was so suppressed I kept getting sinus and ear infections. My rheumatologist switched me to Orencia IV infusion minus the methatrexate in hopes to limit the infections. The infections got better but my arthritis got worse. Finally, my arthritis was so bad I decided to try hookworms and whipworms I figured if nothing else my allergies would go away. I am thrilled to tell you I no longer take any medications for pain or inflammation!” (Reported in a private message, Sept 2012)
- “I wanted to let you know how I am doing. Starting in mid-may i experienced a great increase in energy - not to the "bounce" level, but much better than it's been for the past 4 years. That has remained steady. Also, I have secondary sjogrens, which means I also have rheumatoid arthritis. Luckily it was inactive until December, when it became quite painful in my right hand. In addition to my anti-inflammatory diet, I became stricter by adding another diet I heard about. Soon my hand felt much better. I could not stick to it and realized after I stopped that my hand feeling so much better was due to the worms, not the diet. I now only have rare twinges. I don't know where i'd be without the two improvements i do have.” (Reported in a private message, July 2013)
- “I have moderate to severe RA (I was diagnosed 17 years ago and I have been on most of the drugs at some time or another) and severe allergies (severe reaction to sulphasalazine). I host 35ish hookworms (1year), follow a Paleo diet and take vitamin D, B complex, magnesium and a variety of probiotics, and I'm careful about sleep and stress management. My RA is in remission, I don't get hives in the sun anymore, no anaphylaxis, no depression and I have my energy back. I still have a few food triggers and certain sunscreens still cause problems but nothing too serious. I feel like I got my magic wish and my RA and allergies went away. I feel and look better than I have in 3 years.” (Edited from two sources, including this one. [1]) And an update: "I have had great success from HW. I'm close to the 3 year mark and have been in remission for the majority of the time." [2]
- “Just an update... got my blood work today my crp is .4 and my sed is 24. Considering my sed rate was over 70 in oct that is amazing!!!!! (I’m taking) 60 HDC every 2 weeks. In all fairness though I do hv confounding variables. I am using multiple treatments. Traditional and otherwise. But by God Something is working. I was crippled and almost bedridden a year ago and today I’m working and feeling great!” … I have RA, sjogrens, psoriasis, and colitis. RA being my greatest source of angst and issues. Only one of those that I have much left of in the way of symptoms is sjogrens.” (Link expired)
- “It’s been over a year since I first inoculated (with hookworms), and I haven't had significant joint pain since this March (nine months ago). I still get occasional little flares in the few months after I inoculate (maybe once every week or two), but I’m keeping at a very slow pace and getting more resistant after each inoculation. I can't tell you how great it is to not be limited in what I can do by joint pain!” [3]
- “RA symptoms more or less gone aside from the odd twinge.” (Reported 18 weeks after inoculating with 5 NA and then adding 10-12 more at 12 weeks.) [4]
- "I’ve been a helminth user for 2 years now. I began with NA and did have some improvement with it… I decided to try TSO 2500 every 2 weeks, and for the first time, had some real improvement in my inflammation and pain… I am confident that the TSO will keep me well and functioning while I build up a therapeutic colony of NA, but the long-term goal is to wean off or significantly down on the TSO only for cost reasons. Otherwise, I’d happily stay on TSO forever!" [5]
- ☹️ “I tried NA to treat RA. It didn't work for the RA, but my irritable bowel and food intolerances did go away.” [6]
- “I can tell you 8 weeks in that I feel awesome! My naturopath suggested it months ago when I was first diagnosed with RA but I put it off because I wanted to try LDN which didn't work. Things were getting worse so I decided to try the NA and I am SOOOOO HAPPY I did.” [7]
- "The improvement in RA proved to be real. So funny, after I had decided it would be another year... My biggest problem right now is relearning how to live a normal life. I had so many years of severe illness that I got into habits that are not serving me well now. I tend to think about lying down when I don't really need to, not fatigued or in pain, but because I'm so used to doing that. I have a ton of things I need to get done but I have a habit of basically moping around." [8]
- "I have RA and have had great success from HW. I'm close to the 3 year mark and have been in remission for the majority of the time."
- "I am 58 yrs old and have had RA since I was 32 yrs. I have tried 4 biologic drugs all which have had some side effects. The one that worked best was rituximab so I requested it at half strength which has been great, no side effects noted. However I was finding that the benefits from it wore off around 4 months as I can only access it every 6 months. I introduced NA about 18 months ago, more to treat fibromyalgia and anxiety. I have felt improvement in my wellbeing all round and I don't get a flare up of RA in those last 2 months awaiting my rituximab infusion. I'm also on 10mg methotrexate weekly. It's taken 26 years to find a balance that works for me." [9]
- "My husband had RA. We got it calmed down pre NA and then used NA to help modulate the immune system. His labs are good now (not perfect) but no symptoms at all with no meds… As a functional med Chiro I have seen that the worms can do amazing things at modulating the immune response, and for my patients and my husband worked better than almost $1000/month in supplements and meds." (Edited from this post.)